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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Madison's proposed amendments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madison's_proposed_amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crafting_amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crafting_amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Crafting amendments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crafting_amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">James Madison</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Madison(cropped)(c).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/James_Madison%28cropped%29%28c%29.jpg/220px-James_Madison%28cropped%29%28c%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/James_Madison%28cropped%29%28c%29.jpg/330px-James_Madison%28cropped%29%28c%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/James_Madison%28cropped%29%28c%29.jpg/440px-James_Madison%28cropped%29%28c%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="820" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/John_Vanderlyn" title="John Vanderlyn">John Vanderlyn</a>, 1816</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1809–1812)</li> <li><i>None</i> (1812–1813)<sup id="cite_ref-vp_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><i>None</i> (1814–1817)<sup id="cite_ref-vp_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 2, 1801 – March 3, 1809</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the<br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1789 – March 4, 1797</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Delegate from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> <span class="nowrap">to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 6, 1786 – October 30, 1787</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 1, 1781 – November 1, 1783</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1751-03-16</span>)</span>March 16, 1751<br /><a href="/wiki/Port_Conway,_Virginia" title="Port Conway, Virginia">Port Conway, Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 28, 1836<span style="display:none">(1836-06-28)</span> (aged 85)<br /><a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier, Virginia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic–Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Todd</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="September 15, 1794">1794</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Sr." title="James Madison Sr.">James Madison Sr.</a></li><li>Nelly Madison</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Madison_by_Gilbert_Stuart_(3x4_close_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/James_Madison_by_Gilbert_Stuart_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/75px-James_Madison_by_Gilbert_Stuart_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/James_Madison_by_Gilbert_Stuart_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/113px-James_Madison_by_Gilbert_Stuart_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/James_Madison_by_Gilbert_Stuart_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/150px-James_Madison_by_Gilbert_Stuart_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="789" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">James Madison</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_and_slavery" title="James Madison and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Grove_(Port_Conway,_Virginia)" title="Belle Grove (Port Conway, Virginia)">Belle Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacificus-Helvidius_Debates" title="Pacificus-Helvidius Debates">Pacificus-Helvidius Debates</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Father of the Constitution</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Constitution#1776" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Constitution">Virginia Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">1786 Annapolis Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)#James_Madison's_blueprint" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">1787 Constitutional Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Constitution of the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_Debates_in_the_Federal_Convention_of_1787" title="Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787">Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">27th amendment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Constitution drafting and ratification timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1789" title="Tariff of 1789">Tariff of 1789</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._14" title="Federalist No. 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._18" title="Federalist No. 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._19" title="Federalist No. 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._20" title="Federalist No. 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._37" title="Federalist No. 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._38" title="Federalist No. 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._39" title="Federalist No. 39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._40" title="Federalist No. 40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._41" title="Federalist No. 41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._42" title="Federalist No. 42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._43" title="Federalist No. 43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._44" title="Federalist No. 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._45" title="Federalist No. 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._46" title="Federalist No. 46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._47" title="Federalist No. 47">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._48" title="Federalist No. 48">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._49" title="Federalist No. 49">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._50" title="Federalist No. 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._51" title="Federalist No. 51">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._52" title="Federalist No. 52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._53" title="Federalist No. 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._54" title="Federalist No. 54">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._55" title="Federalist No. 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._56" title="Federalist No. 56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._57" title="Federalist No. 57">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._58" title="Federalist No. 58">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._62" title="Federalist No. 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._63" title="Federalist No. 63">63</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">4th President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency</a></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="First inauguration of James Madison">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="Second inauguration of James Madison">second</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Tenure</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_letters" title="Henry letters">Henry letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Burning of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Octagon_House" title="The Octagon House">The Octagon House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Buildings" title="Seven Buildings">Seven Buildings residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Results of the War of 1812">results</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a></li> <li>State of the Union Addresses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1810_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1810 State of the Union Address">1810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1814_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1814 State of the Union Address">1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1815 State of the Union Address">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1816 State of the Union Address">1816</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison#Cabinet" title="Presidency of James Madison">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Madison" title="List of federal judges appointed by James Madison">Federal judiciary appointments</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Electoral history</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1788–89 United States House of Representatives elections">1788–89 House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1789_Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district_election" title="1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election">1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1799_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1799 Virginia gubernatorial election">1799 Virginia gubernatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808 presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812 presidential</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Legacy</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_Madison" title="List of memorials to James Madison">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Museum" title="James Madison Museum">Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Fellowship_Foundation" title="James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation">Memorial Fellowship Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Center_for_Free_Speech" title="James Madison Center for Free Speech">Center for Free Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_James_Madison" title="The Papers of James Madison">The Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_James_Madison" title="Bibliography of James Madison">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_Madisonianism" title="Cognitive Madisonianism">Cognitive Madisonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madisonian_model" title="Madisonian model">Madisonian model</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison's signature"><img alt="James Madison's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/James_Madison_sig.svg/175px-James_Madison_sig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/James_Madison_sig.svg/263px-James_Madison_sig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/James_Madison_sig.svg/350px-James_Madison_sig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="78" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:James_Madison_series" title="Template:James Madison series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:James_Madison_series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:James Madison series (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:James_Madison_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:James Madison series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (March 16, 1751<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – June 28, 1836) was an American statesman, diplomat, and <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Father</a> who served as the 4th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> from 1809 to 1817. He is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>. Disillusioned by the weak national government established by the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>, he helped organize the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a>, which produced a new constitution. Madison's <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a> served as the basis for the Constitutional Convention's deliberations, and he was one of the most influential individuals at the convention. He became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify the Constitution, and he joined with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> in writing <i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i>, a series of pro-ratification essays that was one of the most influential works of <a href="/wiki/Political_science_in_the_United_States" title="Political science in the United States">political science</a> in American history. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_calling_for_a_convention">Background and calling for a convention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and calling for a convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation Period">Confederation Period</a></div> <p>As a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, Madison continued to advocate for religious freedom, and, along with Jefferson, drafted the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Statute_for_Religious_Freedom" title="Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom">Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom</a>. That amendment, which guaranteed freedom of religion and disestablished the Church of England, was passed in 1786.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madison also became a land speculator, purchasing land along the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_River" title="Mohawk River">Mohawk River</a> in a partnership with another Jefferson protege, <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1780s, Madison advocated for reform of the Articles of Confederation. He became increasingly worried about the disunity of the states and the weakness of the central government after the end of the Revolutionary War in 1783.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that "excessive democracy" caused social decay, and was particularly troubled by laws that legalized <a href="/wiki/Paper_money" title="Paper money">paper money</a> and denied <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">diplomatic immunity</a> to ambassadors from other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also concerned about the inability of Congress to capably conduct foreign policy, protect American trade, and foster the settlement of the lands between the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> and the Mississippi River.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Madison wrote, "a crisis had arrived which was to decide whether the American experiment was to be a blessing to the world, or to blast for ever the hopes which the republican cause had inspired."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He committed to an intense study of law and political theory and also was heavily influenced by Continental Enlightenment texts sent by Jefferson from France.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He especially sought out works on international law and the constitutions of "ancient and modern confederacies" such as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederation">Swiss Confederation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He came to believe that the United States could improve upon past republican experiments by its size; with so many distinct interests competing against each other, Madison hoped to minimize the abuses of <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, navigation rights to the Mississippi River highly concerned Madison. He disdained a proposal by <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> that the United States acquiesce claims to the river for 25 years, and, according to historian John Ketcham, his desire to fight the proposal played a major role in motivating Madison to return to Congress in 1787.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetcham2003177–179_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham2003177–179-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madison helped arrange the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">1785 Mount Vernon Conference</a>, which settled disputes regarding navigation rights on the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> and also served as a model for future interstate conferences.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">1786 Annapolis Convention</a>, he joined with Hamilton and other delegates in calling for another convention to consider amending the Articles.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After winning the election to another term in Congress, Madison helped convince the other Congressmen to authorize the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Philadelphia Convention</a> to propose amendments.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though many members of Congress were wary of the changes the convention might bring, nearly all agreed that the existing government needed some sort of reform.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madison ensured that General Washington, who was popular throughout the country, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a>, who was influential in the casting the critical vote of the state of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, would both broadly support Madison's plan to implement a new constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a> in 1786 reinforced the necessity for constitutional reform in the eyes of Washington and other American leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Philadelphia_Convention_and_the_Virginia_Plan">The Philadelphia Convention and the Virginia Plan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Philadelphia Convention and the Virginia Plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Convention">Philadelphia Convention</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitution_of_the_United_States,_page_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of handwritten copy of the Constitution." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Constitution_of_the_United_States%2C_page_1.jpg/220px-Constitution_of_the_United_States%2C_page_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Constitution_of_the_United_States%2C_page_1.jpg/330px-Constitution_of_the_United_States%2C_page_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Constitution_of_the_United_States%2C_page_1.jpg/440px-Constitution_of_the_United_States%2C_page_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7258" data-file-height="8785" /></a><figcaption>Page one of the original copy<br />of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Supportive image of signing of the Constitution with various signers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg/220px-Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg/330px-Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg/440px-Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> witnesses <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a> sign the Constitution while Madison sits in front of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> and next to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a> in <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Hintermeister" title="John Henry Hintermeister">John Henry Hintermeister</a>'s 1925 painting, <i>Foundation of the American Government</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Before a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a> was reached at the Philadelphia Convention on May 25, 1787,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madison worked with other members of the Virginia delegation, especially <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">George Mason</a>, to create and present the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Plan was an outline for a new federal constitution; it called for three branches of government (legislative, executive, and judicial), a bicameral Congress (consisting of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>) apportioned by population, and a federal <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Revision" title="Council of Revision">Council of Revision</a> that would have the right to veto laws passed by Congress. Reflecting the centralization of power envisioned by Madison, the Virginia Plan granted the Senate the power to overturn any law passed by state governments.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Virginia Plan did not explicitly lay out the structure of the executive branch, but Madison himself favored a single executive.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many delegates were surprised to learn that the plan called for the abrogation of the Articles and the creation of a new constitution, to be ratified by special conventions in each state rather than by the state legislatures. With the assent of prominent attendees such as Washington and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, the delegates went into a secret session to consider a new constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the Virginia Plan was extensively changed during the debate and presented as an outline rather than a draft of a possible constitution, its use at the convention has led many to call Madison the "Father of the Constitution".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madison spoke over 200 times during the convention, and his fellow delegates held him in high esteem. Delegate <a href="/wiki/William_Pierce_(Georgia_politician)" title="William Pierce (Georgia politician)">William Pierce</a> wrote that "in the management of every great question he evidently took the lead in the Convention [...] he always comes forward as the best informed man of any point in debate."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madison believed that the constitution produced by the convention "would decide for ever the fate of republican government" throughout the world, and he kept <a href="/wiki/Notes_of_Debates_in_the_Federal_Convention_of_1787" title="Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787">copious notes</a> to serve as a historical record of the convention.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In crafting the Virginia Plan, Madison looked to develop a system of government that adequately prevented the rise of factions believing that a Constitutional Republic would be most fitting to do so. Madison's definition of faction was similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>. Madison borrowed from Hume's definition of a faction when describing the dangers they impose upon the American Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the essay <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">Federalist No. 10</a> Madison described a faction as a "number of citizens [...] who are united by a common impulse of passion or interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or permanent and aggregate interest of the community".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madison drew further influence from the Scottish Economist <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> who believed that every civilized society developed into economic factions based on the different interests of individuals. Madison, throughout his writing, alluded to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i> on multiple occasions as he advocated for a free system of commerce among the states that he believed would be beneficial to society.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madison had hoped that a coalition of Southern states and populous Northern states would ensure the approval of a constitution largely similar to the one proposed in the Virginia Plan. However, delegates from small states successfully argued for more power for state governments and presented the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Plan" title="New Jersey Plan">New Jersey Plan</a> as an alternative. In response, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Compromise" title="Connecticut Compromise">Connecticut Compromise</a>, which sought to balance the interests of small and large states. During the convention, Madison's Council of Revision was not used, and each state was given equal representation in the Senate, and the state legislatures, rather than the House of Representatives, were given the power to elect members of the Senate. Madison convinced his fellow delegates to have the Constitution ratified by ratifying conventions rather than state legislatures, which he distrusted. He also helped ensure that the president would have the ability to veto federal laws and would be elected independently of Congress through the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>. By the end of the convention, Madison believed that the new constitution failed to give enough power to the federal government compared to the state governments, but he still viewed the document as an improvement on the Articles of Confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ultimate question before the convention, historian Gordon Wood notes, was not how to design a government but whether the states should remain sovereign, whether sovereignty should be transferred to the national government, or whether the constitution should settle somewhere in between.<sup id="cite_ref-WoodGordon_a_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoodGordon_a-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the delegates at the Philadelphia Convention wanted to empower the federal government to raise revenue and protect <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who, like Madison, thought democracy in the state legislatures was excessively subjective, wanted sovereignty transferred to the national government, while those who did not think this a problem wanted to retain the model of the Articles of Confederation. Even many delegates who shared Madison's goal of strengthening the central government reacted strongly against the extreme change to the <i>status quo</i> envisioned in the Virginia Plan. Though Madison lost most of his debates and discussions over how to amend the Virginia Plan, in the process, however, he increasingly shifted the debate away from a position of pure state sovereignty. Since most disagreements over what to include in the constitution were ultimately disputes over the balance of sovereignty between the states and national government, Madison's influence was critical. Wood notes that Madison's ultimate contribution was not in designing any particular constitutional framework, but in shifting the debate toward a compromise of "shared sovereignty" between the national and state governments.<sup id="cite_ref-WoodGordon_a_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoodGordon_a-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(54–51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1531)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1649)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1656)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1698)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1755)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1787–1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1794)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇasaṅgha</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Greek coup d'état attempt">1935 Greek coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">1969 Libyan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbadian Republic Proclamation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Republicanism in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Bahamas" title="Republicanism in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in 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the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes" title="The Emperor's New Clothes">The Emperor's New Clothes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_republics" title="List of republics">List of republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">Primus inter pares</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_without_republicans" title="Republic without republicans">Republic without republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Republican empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Republican Party (disambiguation)">Republican Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Federalist_Papers_and_ratification_debates"><i>The Federalist Papers</i> and ratification debates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Federalist Papers and ratification debates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Philadelphia Convention ended in September 1787, Madison convinced his fellow congressmen to remain neutral in the ratification debate and allow each state to vote upon the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the United States, opponents of the Constitution, known as <a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalists</a>, began a public campaign against ratification. In response, Hamilton and Jay began publishing a series of pro-ratification newspaper articles in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Jay dropped out from the project, Hamilton approached Madison, who was in New York on congressional business, to write some of the essays.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altogether, Hamilton, Madison, and Jay wrote the 85 essays of what became known as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> in six months, with Madison writing 29 of the essays. <i>The Federalist Papers</i> successfully defended the new Constitution and argued for its ratification to the people of New York. The articles were also published in book form and became a virtual debater's handbook for the supporters of the Constitution in the ratifying conventions. Historian <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Rossiter" title="Clinton Rossiter">Clinton Rossiter</a> called <i>The Federalist Papers</i> "the most important work in <a href="/wiki/Political_science_in_the_United_States" title="Political science in the United States">political science</a> that ever has been written, or is likely ever to be written, in the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Federalist No. 10, Madison's first contribution to <i>The Federalist Papers</i>, became highly regarded in the 20th century for its advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Federalist 10, Madison describes the dangers posed by factions and argues that their negative effects can be limited through the formation of a large republic. He states that in large republics the significant sum of factions that emerge will successfully dull the effects of others.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._51" title="Federalist No. 51">Federalist No. 51</a>, he goes on to explain how the separation of powers between three branches of the federal government, as well as between state governments and the federal government, established a system of checks and balances that ensured that no one institution would become too powerful.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Madison and Hamilton continued to write <i>The Federalist Papers</i>, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and several smaller states voted to ratify the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After finishing his last contributions to <i>The Federalist Papers</i>, Madison returned to Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, Madison did not want to stand for election to the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a>, but he was persuaded to do so by the strength of the Anti-Federalists.<sup id="cite_ref-LabunskiRichard_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LabunskiRichard-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virginians were divided into three main camps: Washington and Madison led the faction in favor of ratification of the Constitution, Randolph and Mason headed a faction that wanted ratification but also sought amendments to the Constitution, and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a> was the most prominent member of the faction opposed to the ratification of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Virginia Ratifying Convention began on June 2, 1788, the Constitution had been ratified by eight of the required nine states. New York, the second-largest state and a bastion of anti-federalism would likely not ratify it without the stated commitment of Virginia, and in the event of Virginia's failure to join the new government there would be the disquieting disqualification of George Washington from being the first president.<sup id="cite_ref-LabunskiRichard_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LabunskiRichard-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of the convention in Virginia, Madison knew that most delegates had already made up their minds, and he focused his efforts on winning the support of the relatively small number of undecided delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His long correspondence with Randolph paid off at the convention as Randolph announced that he would support unconditional ratification of the Constitution, with amendments to be proposed after ratification.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Henry gave several persuasive speeches arguing against ratification, Madison's expertise on the subject he had long argued for allowed him to respond with rational arguments to Henry's emotional appeals.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his final speech to the ratifying convention, Madison implored his fellow delegates to ratify the Constitution as it had been written, arguing that the failure to do so would lead to the collapse of the entire ratification effort as each state would seek favorable amendments.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 25, 1788, the convention voted 89–79 to ratify the Constitution, making Virginia the tenth state to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New York ratified the constitution the following month, and Washington won the country's <a href="/wiki/1788-89_United_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1788-89 United States presidential election">first presidential election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Bill_of_Rights">The Bill of Rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Bill of Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">Bill of rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anticipating_amendments">Anticipating amendments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anticipating amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1st_United_States_Congress" title="1st United States Congress">1st United States Congress</a>, which met in New York City's <a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall</a>, was a triumph for the Federalists. The Senate of eleven states contained 20 Federalists with only two Anti-Federalists, both from Virginia. The House included 48 Federalists to 11 Anti-Federalists, the latter of whom were from only four states: Massachusetts, New York, Virginia and South Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier433_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier433-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Virginia delegation to the House was James Madison, Patrick Henry's chief opponent in the Virginia ratification battle. In retaliation for Madison's victory in that battle at Virginia's ratification convention, Henry and other Anti-Federalists, who controlled the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a>, had <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandered</a> a hostile district for Madison's planned congressional run and recruited Madison's future presidential successor, <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, to oppose him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrookhiser76_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrookhiser76-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madison defeated Monroe after offering a campaign pledge that he would introduce constitutional amendments forming a bill of rights at the First Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabunski2006159,_174_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006159,_174-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This pledge was a significant change from Madison's rhetoric from just a few months earlier. In Federalist No. 49, he had raised concerns that proposing amendments might upset the country's delicate political situation and cause public chaos.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One year later, when speaking before the Virginia Ratifying Convention, Madison warned against the potential for chaos on the state level as well: "If amendments are to be proposed by one state, other states have the same right, and will also propose alterations. These cannot but be dissimilar, and opposite in their nature."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Hamilton, Madison believed that the enumerated powers in the Constitution were sufficient to protect the peoples' rights. His opinion changed after a prolonged correspondence with his close friend and political ally Thomas Jefferson, who was firmly convinced of the need for a bill of rights to protect essential liberties like the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, and the right to jury trials.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Jefferson's influence, political circumstances forced Madison to reconsider the necessity of a bill of rights. Several states had only ratified the Constitution on the condition that a bill of rights would be included and many were calling for a second constitutional convention if that promise was not fulfilled, a situation that Madison considered to be disastrous.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To prevent that from happening, Madison resolved to sponsor a bill of rights and head off his opponents who threatened to undo the difficult compromises of 1787 and open the entire Constitution to reconsideration, thus risking the dissolution of the new federal government. Writing to Jefferson, he stated, "The friends of the Constitution, some from an approbation of particular amendments, others from a spirit of conciliation, are generally agreed that the System should be revised. But they wish the revisal to be carried no farther than to supply additional guards for liberty."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabunski2006161_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006161-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also felt that amendments guaranteeing personal liberties would "give to the Government its due popularity and stability".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabunski2006162_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006162-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, he hoped that the amendments "would acquire by degrees the character of fundamental maxims of free government, and as they become incorporated with the national sentiment, counteract the impulses of interest and passion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrookhiser77_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrookhiser77-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians continue to debate the degree to which Madison considered the amendments of the Bill of Rights necessary, and to what degree he considered them politically expedient; in the outline of his address, he wrote, "Bill of Rights—useful—not essential—".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabunski2006192_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006192-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the occasion of his April 30, 1789 <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="First inauguration of George Washington">inauguration</a> as the nation's first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a>, George Washington addressed the subject of amending the Constitution. He urged the legislators, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>whilst you carefully avoid every alteration which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective government, or which ought to await the future lessons of experience; a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen, and a regard for public harmony, will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the question, how far the former can be impregnably fortified or the latter be safely and advantageously promoted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabunski2006188_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006188-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madison's_proposed_amendments"><span id="Madison.27s_proposed_amendments"></span>Madison's proposed amendments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Madison's proposed amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James Madison introduced a series of Constitutional amendments in the House of Representatives for consideration. Among his proposals was one that would have added introductory language stressing natural rights to the preamble.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabunski2006198_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006198-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another would apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government. Several sought to protect individual personal rights by limiting various <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Constitutional powers of Congress</a>. Like Washington, Madison urged Congress to keep the revision to the Constitution "a moderate one", limited to protecting individual rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabunski2006198_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006198-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madison was deeply read in the history of government and used a range of sources in composing the amendments. The English <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> of 1215 inspired the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">right to petition</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_jury" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial by jury">trial by jury</a>, for example, while the English <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_of_1689" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill of Rights of 1689">Bill of Rights of 1689</a> provided an early precedent for the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">right to keep and bear arms</a> (although this applied only to <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Protestants</a>) and prohibited <a href="/wiki/Cruel_and_unusual_punishment" title="Cruel and unusual punishment">cruel and unusual punishment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrookhiser80_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrookhiser80-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The greatest influence on Madison's text, however, was existing state constitutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabunski2006199_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006199-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levy35_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy35-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of his amendments, including his proposed new preamble, were based on the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Virginia Declaration of Rights</a> drafted by Anti-Federalist George Mason in 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To reduce future opposition to ratification, Madison also looked for recommendations shared by many states.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy35_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy35-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did provide one, however, that no state had requested: "No state shall violate the equal rights of conscience, or the freedom of the press, or the trial by jury in criminal cases."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis210_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis210-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not include an amendment that every state had asked for, one that would have made tax assessments voluntary instead of contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis212_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis212-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crafting_amendments">Crafting amendments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Crafting amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Federalist representatives were quick to attack Madison's proposal, fearing that any move to amend the new Constitution so soon after its implementation would create an appearance of instability in the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabunski2006203–205_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006203–205-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House, unlike the Senate, was open to the public, and members such as <a href="/wiki/Fisher_Ames" title="Fisher Ames">Fisher Ames</a> warned that a prolonged "dissection of the constitution" before the galleries could shake public confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabunski2006215_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006215-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A procedural battle followed, and after initially forwarding the amendments to a select committee for revision, the House agreed to take Madison's proposal up as a full body beginning on July 21, 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabunski2006201_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006201-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrookhiser81_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrookhiser81-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eleven-member committee made some significant changes to Madison's nine proposed amendments, including eliminating most of his preamble and adding the phrase "freedom of speech, and of the press".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabunski2006217_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006217-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House debated the amendments for eleven days. <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a> of Connecticut persuaded the House to place the amendments at the Constitution's end so that the document would "remain inviolate", rather than adding them throughout, as Madison had proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabunski2006218–220_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006218–220-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis207_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis207-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendments, revised and condensed from twenty to seventeen, were approved and forwarded to the Senate on August 24, 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabunski2006235_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006235-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate edited these amendments still further, making 26 changes of its own. Madison's proposal to apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government was eliminated, and the seventeen amendments were condensed to twelve, which were approved on September 9, 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabunski2006237_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006237-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate also eliminated the last of Madison's proposed changes to the preamble.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabunski2006221_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006221-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 21, 1789, a House–Senate <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee" title="United States congressional conference committee">Conference Committee</a> convened to resolve the numerous differences between the two Bill of Rights proposals. On September 24, 1789, the committee issued this report, which finalized 12 Constitutional Amendments for House and Senate to consider. This final version was approved by <a href="/wiki/Joint_resolution" title="Joint resolution">joint resolution</a> of Congress on September 25, 1789, to be forwarded to the states on September 28.<sup id="cite_ref-adamson2008p93_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adamson2008p93-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the debates and legislative maneuvering that went into crafting the Bill of Rights amendments was done, many personal opinions had shifted. A number of Federalists came out in support, thus silencing the Anti-Federalists' most effective critique. Many Anti-Federalists, in contrast, were now opposed, realizing that Congressional approval of these amendments would greatly lessen the chances of a second constitutional convention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood200971_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood200971-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-Federalists such as Richard Henry Lee also argued that the Bill left the most objectionable portions of the Constitution, such as the federal judiciary and direct taxation, intact.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madison remained active in the progress of the amendments throughout the legislative process. Historian <a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood" title="Gordon S. Wood">Gordon S. Wood</a> writes that "there is no question that it was Madison's personal prestige and his dogged persistence that saw the amendments through the Congress. There might have been a federal Constitution without Madison but certainly no Bill of Rights."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood200969_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood200969-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis206_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis206-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vp-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vp_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vp_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vice President Clinton and Vice President Gerry both died in office. Neither was replaced for the remainder of their respective terms, as the Constitution did not have a provision for filling a vice presidential vacancy prior to the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment</a> in 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> March 5, 1750)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWills2002">Wills 2002</a>, pp. 17–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeldman2017">Feldman 2017</a>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBursteinIsenberg2010">Burstein & Isenberg 2010</a>, pp. 96–97, 128–130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood2011">Wood 2011</a>, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBursteinIsenberg2010">Burstein & Isenberg 2010</a>, pp. 129–130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRutland1987">Rutland 1987</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBursteinIsenberg2010">Burstein & Isenberg 2010</a>, pp. 136–137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeldman2017">Feldman 2017</a>, pp. 56–57, 74–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeldman2017">Feldman 2017</a>, pp. 98–99, 121–122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham2003177–179-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetcham2003177–179_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetcham2003">Ketcham 2003</a>, pp. 177–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBursteinIsenberg2010">Burstein & Isenberg 2010</a>, pp. 137–138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeldman2017">Feldman 2017</a>, pp. 78–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWills2002">Wills 2002</a>, pp. 24–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeldman2017">Feldman 2017</a>, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBursteinIsenberg2010">Burstein & Isenberg 2010</a>, pp. 138–139, 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeldman2017">Feldman 2017</a>, pp. 82–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+Religion%2C+the+First+Amendment%2C+and+the+Supreme+Court%3A+How+the+Court+Flunked+History&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781455604586&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTgw-rCrNYacC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraham2009" class="citation book cs1">Graham, John Remington (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7fOeMT99m44C&pg=PA193"><i>Free, Sovereign, and Independent States: The Intended Meaning of the American Constitution</i></a>. 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(1986). "Bill of Rights (United States)". Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood200969-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood200969_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood2009">Wood 2009</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis206-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis206_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllis">Ellis</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_James_Madison" title="Bibliography of James Madison">Bibliography of James Madison </a> and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Bibliography of the United States Constitution"> Bibliography of the United States Constitution</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBordewich2016" class="citation book cs1">Bordewich, Fergus M. (2016). <i>The First Congress: How James Madison, George Washington, and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-9193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-9193-1"><bdi>978-1-4516-9193-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Congress%3A+How+James+Madison%2C+George+Washington%2C+and+a+Group+of+Extraordinary+Men+Invented+the+Government&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-9193-1&rft.aulast=Bordewich&rft.aufirst=Fergus+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroadwater2012" class="citation book cs1">Broadwater, Jeff. (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesmadisonsono00broa"><i>James Madison: A Son of Virginia and a Founder of a Nation</i></a></span>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3530-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3530-2"><bdi>978-0-8078-3530-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Madison%3A+A+Son+of+Virginia+and+a+Founder+of+a+Nation&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3530-2&rft.aulast=Broadwater&rft.aufirst=Jeff.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesmadisonsono00broa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrookhiser" class="citation book cs1">Brookhiser, Richard (2011). <i>James Madison</i>. Basic Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Madison&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Brookhiser&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBursteinIsenberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Burstein, Andrew; Isenberg, Nancy (2010). <i>Madison and Jefferson</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81297-9008" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81297-9008"><bdi>978-0-81297-9008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madison+and+Jefferson&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-81297-9008&rft.aulast=Burstein&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Isenberg%2C+Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllis" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Joseph J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z31oBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Quartet: Orchestrating the Second American Revolution</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385353410" title="Special:BookSources/9780385353410"><bdi>9780385353410</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724161633/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z31oBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quartet%3A+Orchestrating+the+Second+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780385353410&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ31oBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2017" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Noah (2017). <i>The Three Lives of James Madison: Genius, Partisan, President</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9275-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9275-5"><bdi>978-0-8129-9275-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Lives+of+James+Madison%3A+Genius%2C+Partisan%2C+President&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-9275-5&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerling2003" class="citation book cs1">Ferling, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leapindark00ferl"><i>A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515924-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515924-0"><bdi>978-0-19-515924-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Leap+in+the+Dark%3A+The+Struggle+to+Create+the+American+Republic&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515924-0&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleapindark00ferl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen1982" class="citation book cs1">Green, Michael D. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ORecl5zNlgC"><i>The Politics of Indian Removal</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Paperback)</span>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7015-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7015-2"><bdi>978-0-8032-7015-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Indian+Removal&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-7015-2&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ORecl5zNlgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2019" class="citation web cs1">Hopkins, Callie (August 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehousehistory.org/slavery-in-the-james-madison-white-house">"The Enslaved Household of President James Madison"</a>. <i>whitehousehistory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehousehistory.org&rft.atitle=The+Enslaved+Household+of+President+James+Madison&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Callie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehousehistory.org%2Fslavery-in-the-james-madison-white-house&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowe2007" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Daniel Walker (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe"><i>What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America 1815–1848</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507894-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Hath+God+Wrought%3A+The+Transformation+of+America+1815%E2%80%931848&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507894-7&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhathathgodwroug00howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKappler1904" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kappler, Charles J. (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanindian.si.edu/static/nationtonation/pdf/Treaty-of-Fort-Wayne-1809.pdf"><i>Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. II (Treaties). Washington: Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Affairs.+Laws+and+Treaties.&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Kappler&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanindian.si.edu%2Fstatic%2Fnationtonation%2Fpdf%2FTreaty-of-Fort-Wayne-1809.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKetcham1990" class="citation book cs1">Ketcham, Ralph (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hCAjgs4mmQ4C&dq=%22Brant+The+Fourth+President%22"><i>James Madison: A Biography</i></a> (paperback ed.). Univ. of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1265-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1265-3"><bdi>978-0-8139-1265-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Madison%3A+A+Biography&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1265-3&rft.aulast=Ketcham&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhCAjgs4mmQ4C%26dq%3D%2522Brant%2BThe%2BFourth%2BPresident%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKetcham2002" class="citation book cs1">Ketcham, Ralph (2002). "James Madison". In Graff, Henry F. (ed.). <i>The Presidents A Reference History</i> (Third ed.). Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31226-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31226-2"><bdi>978-0-684-31226-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+Madison&rft.btitle=The+Presidents+A+Reference+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-684-31226-2&rft.aulast=Ketcham&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKetcham2003" class="citation book cs1">Ketcham, Ralph (2003). <i>James Madison: A Biography</i>. American Political Biography Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Madison%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=American+Political+Biography+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ketcham&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeysaar2009" class="citation book cs1">Keysaar, Alexander (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/righttovote00alex"><i>The Right to Vote</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02969-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02969-3"><bdi>978-0-465-02969-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+to+Vote&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02969-3&rft.aulast=Keysaar&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frighttovote00alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLabunski2006" class="citation book cs1">Labunski, Richard (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesmadisonstru00rich"><i>James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights</i></a></span>. Oxford Univ. Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Madison+and+the+Struggle+for+the+Bill+of+Rights&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Labunski&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesmadisonstru00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLandry2016" class="citation news cs1">Landry, Alysa (January 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/james-madison-pushed-intermarriage-between-settlers-and-indians-uBrBn2QTLEK5yW58L9mgYQ">"James Madison: Pushed Intermarriage Between Settlers and Indians"</a>. <i>Ict News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ict+News&rft.atitle=James+Madison%3A+Pushed+Intermarriage+Between+Settlers+and+Indians&rft.date=2016-01-26&rft.aulast=Landry&rft.aufirst=Alysa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiancountrytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fjames-madison-pushed-intermarriage-between-settlers-and-indians-uBrBn2QTLEK5yW58L9mgYQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangguth2006" class="citation book cs1">Langguth, A. J. (2006). <i>Union 1812:The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2618-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2618-9"><bdi>978-0-7432-2618-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Union+1812%3AThe+Americans+Who+Fought+the+Second+War+of+Independence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2618-9&rft.aulast=Langguth&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy1989" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, Drew R. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastoffathers00drew_0"><i>The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+of+the+Fathers%3A+James+Madison+and+the+Republican+Legacy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Drew+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastoffathers00drew_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatts1990" class="citation journal cs1">Watts, Steven (1990). "The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>95</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1288–</span>1289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2163682">10.2307/2163682</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2163682">2163682</a>. Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Last+of+the+Fathers%3A+James+Madison+and+the+Republican+Legacy&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1288-%3C%2Fspan%3E1289&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2163682&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2163682%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1976" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Forrest (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofthom0000mcdo"><i>The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson</i></a></span>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0330-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0330-5"><bdi>978-0-7006-0330-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0330-5&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Forrest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofthom0000mcdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaier" class="citation book cs1">Maier, Pauline (2010). <i>Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788</i>. Simon & Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ratification%3A+The+People+Debate+the+Constitution%2C+1787%E2%80%931788&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontpelier_The_People,_The_Place,_The_Idea" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724042259/https://www.montpelier.org/the-story-of-montpelier">"Montpelier The People, The Place, The Idea"</a>. <i>montpelier.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.montpelier.org/the-story-of-montpelier">the original</a> on July 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=montpelier.org&rft.atitle=Montpelier+The+People%2C+The+Place%2C+The+Idea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.montpelier.org%2Fthe-story-of-montpelier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOwens2007" class="citation book cs1">Owens, Robert M. (2007). <i>Mr. Jefferson's Hammer: William Henry Harrison and the Origins of American Indian Policy</i>. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3842-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3842-8"><bdi>978-0-8061-3842-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+Jefferson%27s+Hammer%3A+William+Henry+Harrison+and+the+Origins+of+American+Indian+Policy&rft.place=Norman%2C+Oklahoma&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3842-8&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRutland1987" class="citation book cs1">Rutland, Robert A. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1pKyAAAAIAAJ"><i>James Madison: The Founding Father</i></a>. Macmillan Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-927601-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-927601-3"><bdi>978-0-02-927601-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Madison%3A+The+Founding+Father&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-02-927601-3&rft.aulast=Rutland&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pKyAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRutland1990" class="citation book cs1">Rutland, Robert A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofjame0000rutl"><i>The Presidency of James Madison</i></a>. Univ. Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0465-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0465-4"><bdi>978-0-7006-0465-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+James+Madison&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0465-4&rft.aulast=Rutland&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofjame0000rutl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStewart2007" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, David (2007). <i>The Summer of 1787: The Men Who Invented the Constitution</i>. Simon and Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Summer+of+1787%3A+The+Men+Who+Invented+the+Constitution&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWills2002" class="citation book cs1">Wills, Garry (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesmadison00will"><i>James Madison</i></a>. Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6905-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6905-1"><bdi>978-0-8050-6905-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Madison&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6905-1&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Garry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesmadison00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWood2011" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Gordon S. (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideaofamericaref00wood_0"><i>The Idea of America: Reflections on the Birth of the United States</i></a></span>. The Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-290-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-290-2"><bdi>978-1-59420-290-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+America%3A+Reflections+on+the+Birth+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=The+Penguin+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-290-2&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fideaofamericaref00wood_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWood2009" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Gordon S. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireoflibertyh00wood"><i>Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-83246-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-83246-0"><bdi>978-0-199-83246-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Liberty%3A+A+History+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-199-83246-0&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireoflibertyh00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison+as+Father+of+the+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/madison/">James Madison: A Resource Guide</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Madison%2C%20James%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20Madison%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Madison%2C%20James%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20Madison%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Madison%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20Madison%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Madison%2C%20James%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20Madison%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about James Madison as Father of the Constitution</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1973">Works by James Madison as Father of the Constitution</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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aria-labelledby="James_Madison1091" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:James_Madison" title="Template:James Madison"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:James_Madison" title="Template talk:James Madison"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:James_Madison" title="Special:EditPage/Template:James Madison"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="James_Madison1091" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">4th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1809–1817)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">5th</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> (1801–1809)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> (1789–1797)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (1781–1783)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> (1776–1779, 1784–1786)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention</a> (1776)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">"Father of the <br />Constitution"</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Constitution#1776" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Constitution">Co-wrote, 1776 Virginia Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">1786 Annapolis Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)#James_Madison's_blueprint" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">1787 Constitutional Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Constitution of the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_Debates_in_the_Federal_Convention_of_1787" title="Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787">Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State">Department of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_James_Madison" title="Category:Federalist Papers by James Madison">written by Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">No. 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._51" title="Federalist No. 51">No. 51</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">27th amendment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Constitution drafting and ratification timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1789" title="Tariff of 1789">Tariff of 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="First inauguration of James Madison">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="Second inauguration of James Madison">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_letters" title="Henry letters">Henry letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Burning of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Octagon_House" title="The Octagon House">The Octagon House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Buildings" title="Seven Buildings">Seven Buildings residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Results of the War of 1812">results</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1810 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address (1810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1814_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1814 State of the Union Address">1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1815 State of the Union Address">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1816 State of the Union Address"> 1816)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison#Administration_and_cabinet" title="James Madison">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Madison" title="List of federal judges appointed by James Madison">Federal judiciary appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other noted<br />accomplisments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Whig%E2%80%93Cliosophic_Society" title="American Whig–Cliosophic Society">Co-founder, American Whig Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">Co-author, George Washington's Farewell Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Supervised the Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress#History" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_J._Bunche_Library" title="Ralph J. Bunche Library">Library of the State Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_1800" title="Report of 1800">Report of 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacificus-Helvidius_Debates" title="Pacificus-Helvidius Debates">Pacificus-Helvidius Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_James_Madison" title="The Papers of James Madison">The Papers of James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison#Early_life_and_career" title="James Madison">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_and_slavery" title="James Madison and slavery">James Madison and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Grove_(Port_Conway,_Virginia)" title="Belle Grove (Port Conway, Virginia)">Belle Grove Plantation, birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1789_Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district_election" title="1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election">1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_and_1791_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_and_1793_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794_and_1795_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election, 1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_James_Madison" title="Bibliography of James Madison">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_Madison" title="List of memorials to James Madison">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_Madison" title="Statue of James Madison">statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_University" title="James Madison University">James Madison University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_College" class="mw-redirect" title="James Madison College">James Madison College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Park" title="James Madison Park">James Madison Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel_Phillips_Memorial_High_School" title="Vel Phillips Memorial High School">James Madison Memorial High School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_and_Madison_Square_Park" title="Madison Square and Madison Square Park">Madison Square</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_River" title="Madison River">Madison River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Madison" title="Mount Madison">Mount Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Street_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Madison Street (disambiguation)">Madison Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#James_Madison" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Fellowship_Foundation" title="James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation">James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Freedom_of_Information_Award" title="James Madison Freedom of Information Award">James Madison Freedom of Information Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Award" title="James Madison Award">James Madison Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Institute" title="James Madison Institute">James Madison Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Museum" title="James Madison Museum">James Madison Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USRC_James_Madison_(1807)" class="mw-redirect" title="USRC James Madison (1807)">USRC <i>James Madison</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Madison_(1812)" title="USS Madison (1812)">USS <i>Madison</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_James_Madison_(SSBN-627)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS James Madison (SSBN-627)">USS <i>James Madison</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnificent_Doll" title="Magnificent Doll">Magnificent Doll</a></i> (1946 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)"><i>A More Perfect Union</i> (1989 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids"><i>Liberty's Kids</i> (2002 series)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">musical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(2020_film)" title="Hamilton (2020 film)">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(miniseries)" title="Washington (miniseries)"><i>Washington</i> (2020 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jennings_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Jennings (slave)">Paul Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madisonian_model" title="Madisonian model">Madisonian model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_Madisonianism" title="Cognitive Madisonianism">Cognitive Madisonianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)"><i>The American Museum</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Payne_Todd" title="John Payne Todd">John Payne Todd</a> (stepson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Sr." title="James Madison Sr.">James Madison Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Madison" title="Eleanor Madison">Eleanor Madison</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Madison" title="William Madison">William Madison</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Madison" title="Ambrose Madison">Ambrose Madison</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">← Thomas Jefferson</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe →</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:James_Madison" title="Category:James Madison">Category:James Madison</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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