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<span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parentage_and_birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parentage_and_birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Parentage and birth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parentage_and_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upbringing_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upbringing_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Upbringing and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upbringing_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accession_to_the_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_to_the_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Accession to the throne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession_to_the_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Consolidation of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Campaigns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaigns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campaigns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_the_Greek_mainland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_the_Greek_mainland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Invasion of the Greek mainland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_the_Greek_mainland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Thermopylae_and_destruction_of_Athens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Thermopylae_and_destruction_of_Athens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Battle of Thermopylae and destruction of Athens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Thermopylae_and_destruction_of_Athens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battles_of_Salamis_and_Plataea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battles_of_Salamis_and_Plataea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Battles of Salamis and Plataea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battles_of_Salamis_and_Plataea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Construction projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death and succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wives_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wives_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Wives and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wives_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Ancient sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Modern sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Xerxes I</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahasveros" title="Ahasveros – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ahasveros" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I." title="Xerxes I. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Xerxes I." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84" title="خشايارشا الأول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خشايارشا الأول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I_de_Persia" title="Xerxes I de Persia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xerxes I de Persia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Kserks" title="I Kserks – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Kserks" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="خشایارشا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="خشایارشا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_1-s%C3%A8" title="Xerxes 1-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Xerxes 1-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81_I" title="Ксеркс I – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ксеркс I" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81_I" title="Ксеркс I – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ксеркс I" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kserks_I_od_Perzije" title="Kserks I od Perzije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kserks I od Perzije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kserses_Ia%C3%B1" title="Kserses Iañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kserses Iañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I_de_P%C3%A8rsia" title="Xerxes I de Pèrsia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xerxes I de Pèrsia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81_I" title="Ксеркс I – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ксеркс I" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerx%C3%A9s_I." title="Xerxés I. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Xerxés I." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I,_brenin_Persia" title="Xerxes I, brenin Persia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Xerxes I, brenin Persia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_1._af_Persien" title="Xerxes 1. af Persien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Xerxes 1. af Persien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I." title="Xerxes I. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Xerxes I." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Xerxes I" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9E%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ξέρξης Α΄ της Περσίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ξέρξης Α΄ της Περσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerjes_I" title="Jerjes I – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jerjes I" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kserkso_la_1-a_(Persio)" title="Kserkso la 1-a (Persio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kserkso la 1-a (Persio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I.a" title="Xerxes I.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xerxes I.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="خشایارشا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خشایارشا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerx%C3%A8s_Ier" title="Xerxès Ier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Xerxès Ier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeirx%C3%A9as_I" title="Xeirxéas I – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Xeirxéas I" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xerxes I" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EC%84%B8%EC%8A%A4_1%EC%84%B8" title="크세르크세스 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크세르크세스 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%BD_I" title="Քսերքսես I – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քսերքսես I" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="क्षयार्ष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्षयार्ष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kserkso_I." title="Kserkso I. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kserkso I." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahasyweros_I_dari_Persia" title="Ahasyweros I dari Persia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ahasyweros I dari Persia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serse_I_di_Persia" title="Serse I di Persia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Serse I di Persia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F" title="חשיארש הראשון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חשיארש הראשון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94_I" title="ქსერქსე I – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქსერქსე I" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Ксеркс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ксеркс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Xerxes I" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xe%C5%9Feyer%C5%9Fa_I" title="Xeşeyerşa I – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xeşeyerşa I" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Ксеркс – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ксеркс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I_(rex_Persarum)" title="Xerxes I (rex Persarum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Xerxes I (rex Persarum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kserkss_I" title="Kserkss I – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kserkss I" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I." title="Xerxes I. – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Xerxes I." data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kserksas_I" title="Kserksas I – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kserksas I" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Khsaj%C3%A1rs%C3%A1_perzsa_kir%C3%A1ly" title="I. Khsajársá perzsa király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Khsajársá perzsa király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kserksesy_I" title="Kserksesy I – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kserksesy I" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="झेरेक्सिस पहिला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="झेरेक्सिस पहिला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94_I" title="ქსერქსე I – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქსერქსე I" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="خشايارشا الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خشايارشا الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="گت خشایارشا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گت خشایارشا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I_dari_Parsi" title="Xerxes I dari Parsi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Xerxes I dari Parsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Xerxes I" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B91%E4%B8%96" title="クセルクセス1世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クセルクセス1世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I_av_Persia" title="Xerxes I av Persia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Xerxes I av Persia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I_av_Persia" title="Xerxes I av Persia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Xerxes I av Persia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A8rxes_Ier" title="Xèrxes Ier – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Xèrxes Ier" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kserks_I" title="Kserks I – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kserks I" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="خشیارشا اول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خشیارشا اول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="خشايارشا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خشايارشا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kserkses_I" title="Kserkses I – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kserkses I" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xerxes I" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Xerxes I" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81_I" title="Ксеркс I – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ксеркс I" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="اخسویرس – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="اخسویرس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Xerxes I" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Xerxes I" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I." title="Xerxes I. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Xerxes I." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kserks_I." title="Kserks I. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kserks I." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81_I" title="Ксеркс I – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ксеркс I" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kserks_I" title="Kserks I – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kserks I" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kserkses_I" title="Kserkses I – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kserkses I" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Xerxes I" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I_ng_Persia" title="Xerxes I ng Persia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Xerxes I ng Persia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="முதலாம் செர்கஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதலாம் செர்கஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1" title="จักรพรรดิเซิร์กซีสที่ 1 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิเซิร์กซีสที่ 1" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%91%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B8_I" title="Хашоёршои I – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хашоёршои I" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Serhas" title="I. Serhas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Serhas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81_I" title="Ксеркс I – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ксеркс I" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="خشیارشا اول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خشیارشا اول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xerxes I" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I_han_Persia" title="Xerxes I han Persia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Xerxes I han Persia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="薛西斯一世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="薛西斯一世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_1k_P%E1%BA%B9%CC%81rs%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Xerxes 1k Pẹ́rsíà – Yoruba" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 486 to 465 BC</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Xerxes I<br /><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><span lang="peo">𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠</span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Iran_Darafsh_(785).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/National_Museum_of_Iran_Darafsh_%28785%29.JPG/220px-National_Museum_of_Iran_Darafsh_%28785%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/National_Museum_of_Iran_Darafsh_%28785%29.JPG/330px-National_Museum_of_Iran_Darafsh_%28785%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/National_Museum_of_Iran_Darafsh_%28785%29.JPG/440px-National_Museum_of_Iran_Darafsh_%28785%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">Rock relief</a> of Xerxes I, found in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, kept at <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pharaohs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pharaohs">Pharaoh of Egypt</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">October 486 – August 465 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 518 BC</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 465 BC (aged approximately 53)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amestris" title="Amestris">Amestris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darius_(son_of_Xerxes_I)" title="Darius (son of Xerxes I)">Darius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hystaspes_(son_of_Xerxes_I)" title="Hystaspes (son of Xerxes I)">Hystaspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodogune" title="Rhodogune">Rhodogune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amytis_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amytis of Persia">Amytis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atossa" title="Atossa">Atossa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Iranian religion">Indo-Iranian religion</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="<" alt="<" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M12.png?2f65f" height="38" title="M12 [xA]" alt="xA" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M8.png?bc894" height="19" title="M8 [SA]" alt="SA" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="38" title="G1 [A]" alt="A" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E23.png?e613a" height="15" title="E23 [rw]" alt="rw" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M8.png?bc894" height="19" title="M8 [SA]" alt="SA" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="38" title="G1 [A]" alt="A" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title=">" alt=">" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: navajowhite; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid peru; padding: 0.5em">Xerxes (Xašayaruša/Ḫašayaruša)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Xerxes I</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɜː/: r-less 'ur' in 'nurse'">ɜː</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ZURK</span>-seez</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 518</span> – August 465 BC), commonly known as <b>Xerxes the Great</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Warfare_in_the_Ancient_World_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warfare_in_the_Ancient_World-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Persian ruler</a> who served as the fourth <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, reigning from 486 BC until his assassination in 465 BC. He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atossa" title="Atossa">Atossa</a>, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>. In Western history, Xerxes is best known for his <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">invasion of Greece</a> in 480 BC, which ended in Persian defeat. Xerxes was designated successor by Darius over his elder brother Artobazan and inherited a large, multi-ethnic empire upon his father's death. He consolidated his power by crushing revolts in <a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_revolts_(484_BC)" title="Babylonian revolts (484 BC)">Babylon</a>, and renewed his father's campaign to subjugate <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a> and punish <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a> and its allies for their interference in the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</a>. In 480 BC, Xerxes personally led a large army and crossed the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a> into Europe. He achieved victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a> before <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_destruction_of_Athens" title="Achaemenid destruction of Athens">capturing and razing Athens</a>. His forces gained control of mainland Greece north of the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Corinth" title="Isthmus of Corinth">Isthmus of Corinth</a> until their defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a>. Fearing that the Greeks might trap him in Europe, Xerxes retreated with the greater part of his army back to Asia, leaving behind <a href="/wiki/Mardonius_(nephew_of_Darius_I)" title="Mardonius (nephew of Darius I)">Mardonius</a> to continue his campaign. Mardonius was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Plataea</a> the following year, effectively ending the Persian invasion. </p><p>After returning to Persia, Xerxes dedicated himself to large-scale construction projects, many of which had been left unfinished by his father. He oversaw the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Gate_of_All_Nations" title="Gate of All Nations">Gate of All Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tachara" title="Tachara">Tachara</a> at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, and continued the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa" title="Palace of Darius in Susa">Palace of Darius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>. He also maintained the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a> built by his father. In 465 BC, Xerxes and his heir <a href="/wiki/Darius_(son_of_Xerxes_I)" title="Darius (son of Xerxes I)">Darius</a> were assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_of_Persia" title="Artabanus of Persia">Artabanus</a>, the commander of the royal bodyguard. He was succeeded by his third son, who took the throne as <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Xérxēs</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%9E%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Ξέρξης">Ξέρξης</a></span></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> (<i>Xerxes</i>, <i>Xerses</i>) transliteration of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Iranian">Old Iranian</a> <i>Xšaya-ṛšā</i> ("ruling over heroes"), which can be seen by the first part <i>xšaya</i>, meaning "ruling", and the second <i>ṛšā</i>, meaning "hero, man".<sup id="cite_ref-NAME_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAME-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of Xerxes was known in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> as <i>Ḫi-ši-ʾ-ar-šá</i> and in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> as <i>ḥšyʾrš</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xerxes would become a popular name among the rulers of the Achaemenid Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-NAME_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAME-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parentage_and_birth">Parentage and birth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Parentage and birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xerxes' father was <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 522–486 BC</span>), the incumbent monarch of the Achaemenid Empire, albeit himself not a member of the family of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, the founder of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201770_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201770-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters199611,_18_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters199611,_18-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xerxes' mother was <a href="/wiki/Atossa" title="Atossa">Atossa</a>, a daughter of Cyrus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002132_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002132-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darius and Atossa married in 522 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002520_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002520-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Xerxes was born around 518 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman20151_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman20151-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upbringing_and_education">Upbringing and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Upbringing and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caylus_vase_1762.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Caylus_vase_1762.jpg/170px-Caylus_vase_1762.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Caylus_vase_1762.jpg/255px-Caylus_vase_1762.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Caylus_vase_1762.jpg/340px-Caylus_vase_1762.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Caylus_vase" title="Caylus vase">Caylus vase</a>", a quadrilingual <a href="/wiki/Alabaster_jar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabaster jar">alabaster jar</a> with cuneiform and hieroglyphic inscriptions in the name of "Xerxes, the Great King". <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet des Médailles">Cabinet des Médailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a><sup id="cite_ref-RMN_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMN-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the Greek dialogue <a href="/wiki/First_Alcibiades" title="First Alcibiades">First Alcibiades</a>, which describes typical upbringing and education of Persian princes, they were raised by <a href="/wiki/Eunuchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunuchs">eunuchs</a>. Starting at the age of seven, they learned how to ride and hunt; after reaching the age of fourteen, they were each taught by four teachers from aristocratic backgrounds, who taught them how to be "wise, just, prudent, and brave."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman201527_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman201527-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persian princes also learned the basics of the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> religion, and were taught to be truthful, to be courageous, and to have self-restraint.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman201527_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman201527-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dialogue further added that "fear, for a Persian, is the equivalent of slavery."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman201527_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman201527-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of 16 or 17, they began their mandatory 10 years of national service, which included practicing archery and javelin, competing for prizes, and hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman201528_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman201528-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, they served in the military for around 25 years, after which they were elevated to the status of elders and advisers to the king. Families<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman201528_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman201528-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in this time, including Xerxes', would intermarry. </p><p>This account of education among the Persian elite is supported by <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s description of the 5th-century BC Achaemenid prince <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Younger" title="Cyrus the Younger">Cyrus the Younger</a>, with whom he was well-acquainted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman201528_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman201528-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stoneman suggests that this was the type of upbringing and education that Xerxes experienced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman201529_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman201529-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown if Xerxes ever learned to read or write, with the Persians favoring oral history over written literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman201529_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman201529-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stoneman suggests that Xerxes' upbringing and education was possibly not much different from that of the later Iranian kings, such as <a href="/wiki/Abbas_the_Great" title="Abbas the Great">Abbas the Great</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Empire</a> in the 17th-century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman201529_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman201529-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting from 498 BC, Xerxes resided in the royal palace of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1989183_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1989183-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession_to_the_throne">Accession to the throne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Accession to the throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Darius was preparing for another war against Greece, a revolt began in Egypt in 486 BC due to heavy taxes and the deportation of craftsmen to build the royal palaces at Susa and Persepolis. The king was required by Persian law to choose a successor before setting out on dangerous expeditions; when Darius decided to leave for Egypt (487–486 BC), he prepared his tomb at <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> (five kilometers from his royal palace at Persepolis) and appointed Xerxes, his eldest son by <a href="/wiki/Atossa" title="Atossa">Atossa</a>, as his successor. However, Darius could not lead the campaign due to his failing health; he died in October 486 BC at the age of 64.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1989178–179_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1989178–179-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Artobazan" class="mw-redirect" title="Artobazan">Artobazan</a> claimed that he should take the crown as the eldest of all Darius' children, while Xerxes argued for his own claim on the grounds that he was the son of Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus, and that Cyrus had won the Persians their freedom. Xerxes' claim was supported by a Spartan king in exile who was present in Persia at the time, the <a href="/wiki/Eurypontid" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurypontid">Eurypontid</a> king <a href="/wiki/Demaratus" title="Demaratus">Demaratus</a>, who also argued that the eldest son did not universally have the best claim to the crown, citing Spartan law, which stated that the first son born while the father is king was the heir to the kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modern scholars also view the unusual decision of Darius to give the throne to Xerxes as a result of his consideration of the particular prestige that Cyrus the Great and his daughter Atossa enjoyed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Artobazan" class="mw-redirect" title="Artobazan">Artobazan</a> was born to "Darius the subject", while Xerxes was the eldest son "<a href="/wiki/Born_in_the_purple" title="Born in the purple">born in the purple</a>" after Darius' rise to the throne. Furthermore, while Artobazan's mother was a commoner, Xerxes' mother was the daughter of the founder of the Achaemenid Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xerxes was crowned and succeeded his father in October–December 486 BC<sup id="cite_ref-chi-v2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chi-v2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he was about 32 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1989180_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1989180-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transition of power to Xerxes was smooth, due again in part to the great authority of Atossa<sup id="cite_ref-atossa-EI_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atossa-EI-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his accession to royal power was not challenged by any person at court or in the Achaemenian family, or by any subject nation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consolidation_of_power">Consolidation of power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consolidation of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Histoire_universelle_depuis_le_commencement_du_monde_jusqu%27%C3%A0_pr%C3%A9sent_(1742)_(14598039057).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Histoire_universelle_depuis_le_commencement_du_monde_jusqu%27%C3%A0_pr%C3%A9sent_%281742%29_%2814598039057%29.jpg/220px-Histoire_universelle_depuis_le_commencement_du_monde_jusqu%27%C3%A0_pr%C3%A9sent_%281742%29_%2814598039057%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Histoire_universelle_depuis_le_commencement_du_monde_jusqu%27%C3%A0_pr%C3%A9sent_%281742%29_%2814598039057%29.jpg/330px-Histoire_universelle_depuis_le_commencement_du_monde_jusqu%27%C3%A0_pr%C3%A9sent_%281742%29_%2814598039057%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Histoire_universelle_depuis_le_commencement_du_monde_jusqu%27%C3%A0_pr%C3%A9sent_%281742%29_%2814598039057%29.jpg/440px-Histoire_universelle_depuis_le_commencement_du_monde_jusqu%27%C3%A0_pr%C3%A9sent_%281742%29_%2814598039057%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3510" data-file-height="2384" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> by H. Fletcher, 1690</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time of Xerxes' accession, trouble was brewing in some of his domains. A revolt occurred in <a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Egypt</a>, which seems dangerous enough for Xerxes to personally lead the army to restore order (which also gave him the opportunity to begin his reign with a military campaign).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002525_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002525-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xerxes suppressed the revolt in January 484 BC and appointed his full-brother <a href="/wiki/Achaemenes_(satrap)" title="Achaemenes (satrap)">Achaemenes</a> as <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a> of Egypt, replacing the previous satrap <a href="/wiki/Pherendates" title="Pherendates">Pherendates</a>, who was reportedly killed during the revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1983414_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1983414-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1989183_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1989183-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suppression of the Egyptian revolt expended the army, which had been mobilized by Darius over the previous three years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002525_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002525-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xerxes, therefore, had to raise another army for his expedition into Greece, which took another four years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002525_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002525-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also unrest in Babylon, which revolted at least twice against Xerxes during his reign. The first revolt broke out in June or July of 484 BC and was led by a rebel of the name <a href="/wiki/Bel-shimanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel-shimanni">Bel-shimanni</a>. Bel-shimmani's revolt was short-lived; Babylonian documents written during his reign only account for a period of two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199341_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199341-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two years later, Babylon produced another rebel leader, <a href="/wiki/Shamash-eriba" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-eriba">Shamash-eriba</a>. Beginning in the summer of 482 BC, Shamash-eriba seized Babylon itself and other nearby cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Borsippa" title="Borsippa">Borsippa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dilbat" title="Dilbat">Dilbat</a>, and was only defeated in March 481 BC after a lengthy siege of Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199341_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199341-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precise cause of the unrest in Babylon is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002525_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002525-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may have been due to tax increases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman2015111_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman2015111-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to these revolts, Babylon had occupied a special position within the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>; the Achaemenid kings had held the titles of "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Babylon">King of Babylon</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Lands" title="King of the Lands">King of the Lands</a>," implying that they perceived <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> as a somewhat separate entity within their empire, united with their own kingdom in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>. After the revolts, however, Xerxes dropped "King of Babylon" from his titulature and divided the previously large Babylonian satrapy (accounting for most of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>'s territory) into smaller sub-units.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1989185–186_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1989185–186-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on texts written by classical authors, it is often assumed that Xerxes enacted a brutal vengeance on Babylon following the two revolts. According to ancient writers, Xerxes destroyed Babylon's fortifications and damaged the temples in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199341_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199341-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Esagila" title="Esagila">Esagila</a> was allegedly subject to great damage, and Xerxes allegedly carried the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Marduk" title="Statue of Marduk">statue of Marduk</a> away from the city,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESancisi-Weerdenburg2002579_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESancisi-Weerdenburg2002579-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly bringing it to Iran and melting it down (classical authors hold that the statue was made entirely of gold, which would have made melting it down possible).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199341_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199341-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern historian <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Kuhrt" title="Amélie Kuhrt">Amélie Kuhrt</a> considers it unlikely that Xerxes destroyed the temples, but believes that the story of him doing so may derive from an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">anti-Persian sentiment</a> among the Babylonians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeloucas201639_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeloucas201639-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is doubtful if the statue was removed from Babylon at all<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199341_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199341-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some have even suggested that Xerxes did remove a statue from the city, but that this was the golden statue of a man rather than the statue of the god <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaerzeggersSeire20183_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaerzeggersSeire20183-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002544_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002544-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though mentions of it are lacking considerably compared to earlier periods, contemporary documents suggest that the Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">New Year's Festival</a> continued in some form during the Achaemenid period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeloucas201640_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeloucas201640-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the change in rulership from the Babylonians themselves to the Persians and due to the replacement of the city's elite families by Xerxes following its revolt, it is possible that the festival's traditional rituals and events had changed considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeloucas201641_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeloucas201641-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaigns">Campaigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_the_Greek_mainland">Invasion of the Greek mainland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Invasion of the Greek mainland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">Second Persian invasion of Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerxes_all_ethnicities.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Xerxes_all_ethnicities.jpg/330px-Xerxes_all_ethnicities.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Xerxes_all_ethnicities.jpg/495px-Xerxes_all_ethnicities.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Xerxes_all_ethnicities.jpg/660px-Xerxes_all_ethnicities.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4770" data-file-height="2335" /></a><figcaption>The soldiers of Xerxes I, of all ethnicities,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the tomb of Xerxes I, at <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Darius died while in the process of preparing a second army to invade the Greek mainland, leaving to his son the task of punishing the <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naxos_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxos Island">Naxians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretrians</a> for their interference in the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</a>, the burning of <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>, and their victory over the Persians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" title="Battle of Marathon">Marathon</a>. From 483 BC, Xerxes prepared his expedition: The <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_Canal" title="Xerxes Canal">Xerxes Canal</a> was dug through the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> of the peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>, provisions were stored in the stations on the road through <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_bridge" title="Pontoon bridge">pontoon bridges</a> later known as <a href="/wiki/Xerxes%27_Pontoon_Bridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges">Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges</a> were built across the <a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a>. Soldiers of many nationalities served in the armies of Xerxes from all over his multi-ethnic massive Eurasian-sized empire and beyond, including the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonians</a>, European <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thracians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paionia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paionia">Paeonians</a>, Achaean <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean islanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolians</a>, Greeks from <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colchians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colchians">Colchians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a> and many more. </p><p>According to the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, Xerxes's first attempt to bridge the Hellespont ended in failure when a storm destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> cables of the bridges. In retaliation, Xerxes ordered the Hellespont (the strait itself) whipped three hundred times, and had <a href="/wiki/Fetters" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetters">fetters</a> thrown into the water. Xerxes's second attempt to bridge the Hellespont was successful.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthaginian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Wars#The_First_Sicilian_War_(480_BC)" title="Sicilian Wars">invasion of Sicily</a> deprived Greece of the support of the powerful monarchs of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse, Italy">Syracuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agrigentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrigentum">Agrigentum</a>; ancient sources assume Xerxes was responsible, modern scholarship is skeptical.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many smaller Greek states, moreover, took the side of the Persians, especially <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a>. Xerxes was victorious during the initial battles. </p><p>Xerxes set out in the spring of 480 BC from <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a> with a fleet and army which <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> estimated was roughly one million strong along with 10,000 elite warriors named the <a href="/wiki/Immortals_(Achaemenid_Empire)" title="Immortals (Achaemenid Empire)">Immortals</a>. More recent estimates place the Persian force at around 60,000 combatants.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Thermopylae_and_destruction_of_Athens">Battle of Thermopylae and destruction of Athens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battle of Thermopylae and destruction of Athens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_king_killing_a_Greek_hoplite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Achaemenid_king_killing_a_Greek_hoplite.jpg/220px-Achaemenid_king_killing_a_Greek_hoplite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Achaemenid_king_killing_a_Greek_hoplite.jpg/330px-Achaemenid_king_killing_a_Greek_hoplite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Achaemenid_king_killing_a_Greek_hoplite.jpg/440px-Achaemenid_king_killing_a_Greek_hoplite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>Achaemenid king killing a Greek <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplite</a>. Impression from a <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a>, sculpted c. 500–475 BC, at the time of Xerxes I <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Battle of Thermopylae</a>, a small force of Greek warriors led by King <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_I" title="Leonidas I">Leonidas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> resisted the much larger Persian forces, but were ultimately defeated. According to Herodotus, the Persians broke the Spartan <a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">phalanx</a> after a Greek man called <a href="/wiki/Ephialtes_of_Trachis" title="Ephialtes of Trachis">Ephialtes</a> betrayed his country by telling the Persians of another pass around the mountains. At <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a>, large storms had destroyed ships from the Greek side and so the battle stopped prematurely as the Greeks received news of the defeat at Thermopylae and retreated. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foundations_of_the_Old_Athena_Temple_(foreground).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Foundations_of_the_Old_Athena_Temple_%28foreground%29.jpg/220px-Foundations_of_the_Old_Athena_Temple_%28foreground%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Foundations_of_the_Old_Athena_Temple_%28foreground%29.jpg/330px-Foundations_of_the_Old_Athena_Temple_%28foreground%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Foundations_of_the_Old_Athena_Temple_%28foreground%29.jpg/440px-Foundations_of_the_Old_Athena_Temple_%28foreground%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>Foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Temple_of_Athena" title="Old Temple of Athena">Old Temple of Athena</a>, destroyed by the armies of Xerxes I during the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of Athens">Destruction of Athens</a> in 480 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>After Thermopylae, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> was captured. Most of the Athenians had abandoned the city and fled to the island of <a href="/wiki/Salamis_Island" title="Salamis Island">Salamis</a> before Xerxes arrived. A small group attempted to defend the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_Acropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian Acropolis">Athenian Acropolis</a>, but they were defeated. Xerxes ordered the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of Athens">Destruction of Athens</a> and burnt the city, leaving an archaeologically attested <a href="/wiki/Destruction_layer" title="Destruction layer">destruction layer</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Perserschutt" title="Perserschutt">Perserschutt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Persians thus gained control of all of mainland Greece to the north of the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Corinth" title="Isthmus of Corinth">Isthmus of Corinth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Warfare_in_the_Ancient_World_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warfare_in_the_Ancient_World-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battles_of_Salamis_and_Plataea">Battles of Salamis and Plataea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Battles of Salamis and Plataea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xerxes was induced, by the message of <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> (against the advice of <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Halicarnassus" title="Halicarnassus">Halicarnassus</a>), to attack the Greek fleet under unfavourable conditions, rather than sending a part of his ships to the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peloponnesus">Peloponnesus</a> and awaiting the dissolution of the Greek armies. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a> (September, 480 BC) was won by the Greek fleet, after which Xerxes set up a winter camp in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>. </p><p>According to Herodotus, fearing that the Greeks might attack the bridges across the <a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a> and trap his army in Europe, Xerxes decided to retreat back to Asia, taking the greater part of the army with him.<sup id="cite_ref-VIII97_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VIII97-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another cause of the retreat might have been that the continued unrest in <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, a key province of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">empire</a>, required the king's personal attention.<sup id="cite_ref-livius_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livius-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left behind a contingent in Greece to finish the campaign under <a href="/wiki/Mardonius_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardonius (general)">Mardonius</a>, who according to Herodotus had suggested the retreat in the first place. This force was defeated the following year at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Plataea</a> by the combined forces of the Greek city states, ending the Persian offensive on Greece for good. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_projects">Construction projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Construction projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerxes_tomb_at_Naqsh-e_Rostam_(4615488322).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Xerxes_tomb_at_Naqsh-e_Rostam_%284615488322%29.jpg/220px-Xerxes_tomb_at_Naqsh-e_Rostam_%284615488322%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Xerxes_tomb_at_Naqsh-e_Rostam_%284615488322%29.jpg/330px-Xerxes_tomb_at_Naqsh-e_Rostam_%284615488322%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Xerxes_tomb_at_Naqsh-e_Rostam_%284615488322%29.jpg/440px-Xerxes_tomb_at_Naqsh-e_Rostam_%284615488322%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The rock-cut tomb at <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, copying that of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius</a>, is usually assumed to be that of Xerxes</figcaption></figure> <p>After his military blunders in Greece, Xerxes returned to Persia and oversaw the completion of the many construction projects left unfinished by his father at <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>. He oversaw the building of the <a href="/wiki/Gate_of_All_Nations" title="Gate of All Nations">Gate of All Nations</a> and the Hall of a Hundred Columns at Persepolis, which are the largest and most imposing structures of the palace. He oversaw the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tachara" title="Tachara">Tachara</a> (Palace of Darius) and the Treasury, all started by Darius, as well as having his own palace built which was twice the size of his father's. His taste in architecture was similar to that of Darius, though on an even more gigantic scale.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had colorful enameled brick laid on the exterior face of the <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also maintained the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a> built by his father and completed the Susa Gate and built a <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa" title="Palace of Darius in Susa">palace in Susa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death and succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clay_tablet._The_cuneiform_text_mentions_the_murder_of_Xerxes_I_(r._485-465_BCE)_by_his_son_and_a_lunar_eclipse_(609-447_BCE)._From_Babylon,_Iraq._British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Clay_tablet._The_cuneiform_text_mentions_the_murder_of_Xerxes_I_%28r._485-465_BCE%29_by_his_son_and_a_lunar_eclipse_%28609-447_BCE%29._From_Babylon%2C_Iraq._British_Museum.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Clay_tablet._The_cuneiform_text_mentions_the_murder_of_Xerxes_I_%28r._485-465_BCE%29_by_his_son_and_a_lunar_eclipse_%28609-447_BCE%29._From_Babylon%2C_Iraq._British_Museum.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Clay_tablet._The_cuneiform_text_mentions_the_murder_of_Xerxes_I_%28r._485-465_BCE%29_by_his_son_and_a_lunar_eclipse_%28609-447_BCE%29._From_Babylon%2C_Iraq._British_Museum.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3410" data-file-height="2588" /></a><figcaption>This cuneiform text mentions the murder of Xerxes I by his son. From Babylon, Iraq. British Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 465 BC, <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_of_Persia" title="Artabanus of Persia">Artabanus</a>, the commander of the royal bodyguard and the most powerful official in the Persian court, assassinated Xerxes with the help of a <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a>, Aspamitres. Although the <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyrcanian">Hyrcanian</a> Artabanus bore the same name as the <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_(son_of_Hystaspes)" title="Artabanus (son of Hystaspes)">famed uncle of Xerxes</a>, his rise to prominence was due to his popularity in religious quarters of the court and harem intrigues. He put his seven sons in key positions and had a plan to dethrone the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek historians give differing accounts of events. According to <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a> (in Persica 20), Artabanus then accused the Crown Prince Darius, Xerxes's eldest son, of the murder and persuaded another of Xerxes's sons, <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes I of Persia">Artaxerxes</a>, to avenge the patricide by killing Darius. But according to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (in Politics 5.1311b), Artabanus killed Darius first and then killed Xerxes. After Artaxerxes discovered the murder, he killed Artabanus and his sons.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participating in these intrigues was the general <a href="/wiki/Megabyzus" title="Megabyzus">Megabyzus</a>, whose decision to switch sides probably saved the Achaemenids from losing their control of the Persian throne.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there is no general consensus in scholarship as to whether Xerxes and his predecessors had been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalandra2005_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalandra2005-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is well established that Xerxes was a firm believer in <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, whom he saw as the supreme deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalandra2005_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalandra2005-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ahura Mazda was also worshipped by adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">(Indo-)Iranian</a> religious tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalandra2005_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalandra2005-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1984684–687_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1984684–687-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his treatment of other religions, Xerxes followed the same policy as his predecessors: he appealed to local religious scholars, made sacrifices to local deities, and destroyed temples in cities and countries that caused disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002549_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002549-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wives_and_children">Wives and children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wives and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Designation_of_Xerxes_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Designation_of_Xerxes_I.jpg/220px-Designation_of_Xerxes_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Designation_of_Xerxes_I.jpg/330px-Designation_of_Xerxes_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Designation_of_Xerxes_I.jpg/440px-Designation_of_Xerxes_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Xerxes being designated by Darius I. Tripylon, <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>. The ethnicities of the Empire are shown supporting the throne. <a href="/wiki/Ahuramazda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahuramazda">Ahuramazda</a> crowns the scene.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>By queen <a href="/wiki/Amestris" title="Amestris">Amestris</a></b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darius_(son_of_Xerxes_I)" title="Darius (son of Xerxes I)">Darius</a>, the first born son, murdered by <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> or <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_of_Persia" title="Artabanus of Persia">Artabanus</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hystaspes_(son_of_Xerxes_I)" title="Hystaspes (son of Xerxes I)">Hystaspes</a>, murdered by <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodogune" title="Rhodogune">Rhodogune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amytis_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amytis of Persia">Amytis</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Megabyzus" title="Megabyzus">Megabyzus</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>By unknown wives or mistresses</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artarius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artarius (page does not exist)">Artarius</a>, satrap of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tithraustes_(son_of_Xerxes_I)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tithraustes (son of Xerxes I) (page does not exist)">Tithraustes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parysatis_(daughter_of_Xerxes_I)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parysatis (daughter of Xerxes I) (page does not exist)">Parysatis</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ratashah<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trilingual_inscription_of_Xerxes,_Van,_1973.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Trilingual_inscription_of_Xerxes%2C_Van%2C_1973.JPG/220px-Trilingual_inscription_of_Xerxes%2C_Van%2C_1973.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Trilingual_inscription_of_Xerxes%2C_Van%2C_1973.JPG/330px-Trilingual_inscription_of_Xerxes%2C_Van%2C_1973.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Trilingual_inscription_of_Xerxes%2C_Van%2C_1973.JPG/440px-Trilingual_inscription_of_Xerxes%2C_Van%2C_1973.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Xerses_I%27s_inscription_at_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerses I's inscription at Van">Trilingual inscription of Xerxes at Van</a> (present-day Turkey)</figcaption></figure> <p>Xerxes' presentation in Greek and Roman sources is largely negative and this set the tone for most subsequent depictions of him within the western tradition. Xerxes is a central character of <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>' play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Persians" title="The Persians">The Persians</a></i>, first performed in Athens in 472 BC, only seven years after his invasion of Greece. The play presents him as an effeminate figure and his hubristic effort to bring both Asia and Europe under his control leads to the ruin of both himself and his kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1993118-127_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1993118-127-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>'s <i>Histories</i>, written later in the fifth century BC, centre on the Persian Wars, with Xerxes as a major figure. Some of Herodotus' information is spurious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200257_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200257-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner2013454_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2013454-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pierre Briant has accused him of presenting a stereotyped and biased portrayal of the Persians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002158,_516_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002158,_516-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard Stoneman regards his portrayal of Xerxes as nuanced and tragic, compared to the vilification that he suffered at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 336–323 BC</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman20152_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman20152-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xerxes is identified with the king <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a> in the biblical <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman20159_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman20159-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which some scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Schwartz" title="Eduard Schwartz">Eduard Schwartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Rainey_Harper" title="William Rainey Harper">William Rainey Harper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_V._Fox" title="Michael V. Fox">Michael V. Fox</a>, consider to be historical romance.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is nothing close to a consensus, however, as to what historical event provided the basis for the story.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Iranica_1984_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Iranica_1984-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia.com_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewishEncyclopedia.com-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xerxes is the protagonist of the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Serse" title="Serse">Serse</a></i> by the German-English <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> composer <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>. It was first performed in the <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Theatre">King's Theatre</a> London on 15 April 1738. The famous <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a> <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it" style="font-style: normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Ombra_mai_f%C3%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ombra mai fù">Ombra mai fù</a>"</span></span> opens the opera. </p><p>The murder of Xerxes by Artabanus (<i>Artabano</i>), execution of crown prince Darius (<i>Dario</i>), revolt by Megabyzus (<i>Megabise</i>), and subsequent succession of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes I of Persia">Artaxerxes I</a> is romanticised by the Italian poet <a href="/wiki/Metastasio" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastasio">Metastasio</a> in his opera libretto <i><a href="/wiki/Artaserse" title="Artaserse">Artaserse</a></i> (1730), which was first set to music by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Vinci" title="Leonardo Vinci">Leonardo Vinci</a>, and subsequently by other composers such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolf_Hasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Adolf Hasse">Johann Adolf Hasse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Bach" title="Johann Christian Bach">Johann Christian Bach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historical novel <i>Xerxes of de Hoogmoed</i> (1919) by Dutch writer <a href="/wiki/Louis_Couperus" title="Louis Couperus">Louis Couperus</a> describes the Persian wars from the perspective of Xerxes. Though the account is fictionalised, Couperus nevertheless based himself on an extensive study of Herodotus. The English translation <i>Arrogance: The Conquests of Xerxes</i> by Frederick H. Martens appeared in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esther_haram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Esther_haram.jpg/170px-Esther_haram.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Esther_haram.jpg/255px-Esther_haram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Esther_haram.jpg/340px-Esther_haram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Persian king in the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> is commonly thought to be Xerxes</figcaption></figure> <p>Later generations' fascination with ancient Sparta, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Battle of Thermopylae</a>, has led to Xerxes' portrayal in works of <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>. He was played by <a href="/wiki/David_Farrar_(actor)" title="David Farrar (actor)">David Farrar</a> in the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_300_Spartans" title="The 300 Spartans">The 300 Spartans</a></i> (1962), where he is portrayed as a cruel, power-crazed despot and an inept commander. He also features prominently in the graphic novels <i><a href="/wiki/300_(comics)" title="300 (comics)">300</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Xerxes:_The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Darius_and_the_Rise_of_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes: The Fall of the House of Darius and the Rise of Alexander">Xerxes: The Fall of the House of Darius and the Rise of Alexander</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Miller" title="Frank Miller">Frank Miller</a>, as well as the film adaptation <i><a href="/wiki/300_(film)" title="300 (film)">300</a></i> (2007) and its sequel <i><a href="/wiki/300:_Rise_of_an_Empire" title="300: Rise of an Empire">300: Rise of an Empire</a></i> (2014), as portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> actor <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Santoro" title="Rodrigo Santoro">Rodrigo Santoro</a>, in which he is represented as a giant man with androgynous qualities, who claims to be a god-king. This portrayal attracted controversy, especially in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Davitian" title="Ken Davitian">Ken Davitian</a> plays Xerxes in <i><a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Spartans" title="Meet the Spartans">Meet the Spartans</a></i>, a parody of the first <i>300</i> movie replete with sophomoric humour and deliberate <a href="/wiki/Anachronisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Anachronisms">anachronisms</a>. Similarly, a highly satirized depiction of Xerxes based on his portrayal in <i>300</i> appears in the <i><a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/D-Yikes!" title="D-Yikes!">D-Yikes!</a>" </p><p>Other works dealing with the Persian Empire or the Biblical story of <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a> have also featured or alluded to Xerxes, such as the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Odyssey" title="Assassin's Creed Odyssey">Assassin's Creed Odyssey</a></i> and the film <i><a href="/wiki/One_Night_with_the_King" title="One Night with the King">One Night with the King</a></i> (2006), in which <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a> (Xerxes) was portrayed by British actor <a href="/wiki/Luke_Goss" title="Luke Goss">Luke Goss</a>. He is the leader of the Persian Empire in the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_II" title="Civilization II">Civilization II</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_III" title="Civilization III">III</a></i> (along with <a href="/wiki/Scheherazade" title="Scheherazade">Scheherazade</a>), although <i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_IV" title="Civilization IV">Civilization IV</a></i> replaces him with <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Empires_(video_game)" title="Age of Empires (video game)">Age of Empires</a></i>, Xerxes featured as a short swordsman. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahasuerus_by_Ernest_Normand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ahasuerus_by_Ernest_Normand.jpg/170px-Ahasuerus_by_Ernest_Normand.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ahasuerus_by_Ernest_Normand.jpg/255px-Ahasuerus_by_Ernest_Normand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ahasuerus_by_Ernest_Normand.jpg/340px-Ahasuerus_by_Ernest_Normand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>Xerxes (<a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Normand" title="Ernest Normand">Ernest Normand</a>, 1888 (detail)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Gore Vidal</a>, in his historical fiction novel <i><a href="/wiki/Creation_(novel)" title="Creation (novel)">Creation</a></i> (1981), describes at length the rise of the Achaemenids, especially Darius I, and presents the life and death circumstances of Xerxes. Vidal's version of the Persian Wars, which diverges from the orthodoxy of the Greek histories, is told through the invented character of Cyrus Spitama, a half-Greek, half-Persian, and grandson of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>. Thanks to his family connection, Cyrus is brought up in the Persian court after the murder of Zoroaster, becoming the boyhood friend of Xerxes, and later a diplomat who is sent to India, and later to Greece, and who is thereby able to gain privileged access to many leading historical figures of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xerxes (<a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a>) is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Egan_(actor)" title="Richard Egan (actor)">Richard Egan</a> in the 1960 film <i><a href="/wiki/Esther_and_the_King" title="Esther and the King">Esther and the King</a></i> and by <a href="/wiki/Joel_Smallbone" title="Joel Smallbone">Joel Smallbone</a> in the 2013 film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Esther_(film)" title="The Book of Esther (film)">The Book of Esther</a></i>. In at least one of these films, the events of the Book of Esther are depicted as taking place upon Xerxes' return from Greece.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Xerxes plays an important background role (never making an appearance) in two short works of <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> taking place generations after his complete victory over Greece. These are: "Counting Potsherds" by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a> in his anthology <i><a href="/wiki/Departures_(collection)" class="mw-redirect" title="Departures (collection)">Departures</a></i> and "The Craft of War" by <a href="/wiki/Lois_Tilton" title="Lois Tilton">Lois Tilton</a> in <i>Alternate Generals</i> volume 1 (edited by Turtledove).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: <span lang="peo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%A7%F0%90%8F%81%F0%90%8E%B9%F0%90%8E%A0%F0%90%8E%BC%F0%90%8F%81%F0%90%8E%A0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠">𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠</a></span> <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">Xšayār̥šā</i></span> also <b>Khshayārsha</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ξέρξης</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>Xérxēs</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jürgen von Beckerath (1999). <i>Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen</i>. Mainz: Von Zabern. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8053-2310-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-8053-2310-7">3-8053-2310-7</a>, pp. 220–221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/xerxes-i">"Xerxes I"</a>. Collins Dictionary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xerxes+I&rft.pub=Collins+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fxerxes-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Littman, R. J.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1454354.pdf">"The Religious Policy of Xerxes and the 'Book of Esther<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>The Jewish Quarterly Review</i>, January 1975, New Series, Vol. 65, No. 3, footnote 2, accessed 30 December 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warfare_in_the_Ancient_World-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warfare_in_the_Ancient_World_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warfare_in_the_Ancient_World_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCareyAllfreeCairns2006" class="citation book cs1">Carey, Brian Todd; Allfree, Joshua; Cairns, John (19 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3OSfBwAAQBAJ&dq=persia+overran+modern+day+greece&pg=PT32"><i>Warfare in the Ancient World</i></a>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1848846304" title="Special:BookSources/1848846304"><bdi>1848846304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2006-01-19&rft.isbn=1848846304&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Brian+Todd&rft.au=Allfree%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Cairns%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3OSfBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpersia%2Boverran%2Bmodern%2Bday%2Bgreece%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAME-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAME_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAME_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarciak2017">Marciak 2017</a>, p. 80; <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2000">Schmitt 2000</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2000_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2000">Schmitt 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201770-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201770_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLlewellyn-Jones2017">Llewellyn-Jones 2017</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters199611,_18-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters199611,_18_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaters1996">Waters 1996</a>, pp. 11, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002132-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002132_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002520-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002520_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman20151-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman20151_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoneman2015">Stoneman 2015</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RMN-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RMN_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medaillesetantiques.bnf.fr/ws/catalogue/app/collection/record/ark:/12148/c33gbts1b">"vase (inv.65.4695) - inv.65.4695, BnF"</a>. <i>medaillesetantiques.bnf.fr</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medaillesetantiques.bnf.fr&rft.atitle=vase+%28inv.65.4695%29+-+inv.65.4695%2C+BnF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedaillesetantiques.bnf.fr%2Fws%2Fcatalogue%2Fapp%2Fcollection%2Frecord%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fc33gbts1b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman201527-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman201527_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman201527_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman201527_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoneman2015">Stoneman 2015</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman201528-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman201528_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman201528_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman201528_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoneman2015">Stoneman 2015</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman201529-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman201529_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman201529_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman201529_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoneman2015">Stoneman 2015</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1989183-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1989183_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1989183_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDandamayev1989">Dandamayev 1989</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1989178–179-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1989178–179_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDandamayev1989">Dandamayev 1989</a>, pp. 178–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> 7.1–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refshabani-xerxes">R. Shabani</a> Chapter I, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ref">Olmstead: The history of Persian empire</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chi-v2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chi-v2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refchi-v2"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran</i></a> vol. 2. p. 509.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1989180-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1989180_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDandamayev1989">Dandamayev 1989</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atossa-EI-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atossa-EI_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmitt, R. "<a href="#refatossa-EI">Atossa</a>". In <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSancisi-Weerdenburg2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Heleen_Sancisi-Weerdenburg" title="Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg">Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Heleen</a> (2013). "Exit Atossa: Images of women in Greek historiography on Persia". In Vignolo Munson, Rosaria (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Wp4AAAAQBAJ"><i>Herodotus</i></a>. Oxford Readings in Classical Studies. Vol. 2: Herodotus and the World (reprint ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199587582" title="Special:BookSources/9780199587582"><bdi>9780199587582</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2022</span>. <q>According to Herodotus (7.2-3) Atossa played a prominent role in the selection of Xerxes as heir to the throne.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exit+Atossa%3A+Images+of+women+in+Greek+historiography+on+Persia&rft.btitle=Herodotus&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Readings+in+Classical+Studies&rft.pages=139&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199587582&rft.aulast=Sancisi-Weerdenburg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Wp4AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#refcah-vv"><i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i> vol. V</a> p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002525-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002525_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002525_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002525_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002525_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 525.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1983414-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1983414_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDandamayev1983">Dandamayev 1983</a>, p. 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199341-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199341_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199341_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199341_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199341_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199341_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDandamayev1993">Dandamayev 1993</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman2015111-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman2015111_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoneman2015">Stoneman 2015</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1989185–186-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1989185–186_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDandamayev1989">Dandamayev 1989</a>, pp. 185–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESancisi-Weerdenburg2002579-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESancisi-Weerdenburg2002579_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSancisi-Weerdenburg2002">Sancisi-Weerdenburg 2002</a>, p. 579.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeloucas201639-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeloucas201639_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeloucas2016">Deloucas 2016</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaerzeggersSeire20183-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaerzeggersSeire20183_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaerzeggersSeire2018">Waerzeggers & Seire 2018</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002544-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002544_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeloucas201640-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeloucas201640_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeloucas2016">Deloucas 2016</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeloucas201641-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeloucas201641_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeloucas2016">Deloucas 2016</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/uploads/files/Clothing/v5f7a014_f1_300.jpg">Soldiers with names</a>, after Walser</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Akra in Northwest Pakistan Peter Magee, Cameron Petrie, Robert Knox, Farid Khan, Ken Thomas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.brynmawr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1082&context=arch_pubs">p. 713</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/naqs-e-rostam"><i>Naqš-e-Rostam – Encyclopaedia Iranica</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naq%C5%A1-e-Rostam+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fnaqs-e-rostam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li 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"The Organization of Xerxes' Army." <i>Iranica Antiqua</i> Vol. 27, pp. 149–167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Steskal, <i>Der Zerstörungsbefund 480/79 der Athener Akropolis. Eine Fallstudie zum etablierten Chronologiegerüst</i>, Verlag Dr. Kovač, Hamburg, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VIII97-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VIII97_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231406;layout=;loc=8.96.1">VIII, 97</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-livius-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-livius_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150622163614/http://www.livius.org/saa-san/samas-eriba/samas-eriba.html">"Bêl-šimânni and Šamaš-eriba – Livius"</a>. livius.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/saa-san/samas-eriba/samas-eriba.html">the original</a> on 22 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B%C3%AAl-%C5%A1im%C3%A2nni+and+%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-eriba+%E2%80%93+Livius&rft.pub=livius.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fsaa-san%2Fsamas-eriba%2Fsamas-eriba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghirshman, <i>Iran</i>, p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusson" class="citation book cs1">Fergusson, James. <i>A History of Architecture in All Countries, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day: 1. Ancient architecture. 2. Christian architecture. xxxi, 634 p. front., illus</i>. p. 211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Architecture+in+All+Countries%2C+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day%3A+1.+Ancient+architecture.+2.+Christian+architecture.+xxxi%2C+634+p.+front.%2C+illus&rft.pages=211&rft.aulast=Fergusson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus VII.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refkhshayayrsha">Iran-e-Bastan/Pirnia book 1 p. 873</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refartabanus-ei">Dandamayev</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="##refartaxerxes"><i>History of Persian Empire</i>, Olmstead pp. 289/90</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalandra2005-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalandra2005_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalandra2005_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalandra2005_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalandra2005">Malandra 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1984684–687-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1984684–687_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1984">Boyce 1984</a>, pp. 684–687.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002549-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002549_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ctesias</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Brosius, <i>Women in ancient Persia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1993118-127-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1993118-127_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1993">Hall 1993</a>, p. 118-127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200257-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200257_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner2013454-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner2013454_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadner2013">Radner 2013</a>, p. 454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002158,_516-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002158,_516_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, pp. 158, 516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman20152-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman20152_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoneman2015">Stoneman 2015</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman20159-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman20159_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoneman2015">Stoneman 2015</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2010" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Michael V. (2010). <i>Character and ideology in the book of Esther</i>. Eugene, OR: <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock" title="Wipf and Stock">Wipf and Stock</a>. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608994953" title="Special:BookSources/9781608994953"><bdi>9781608994953</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Character+and+ideology+in+the+book+of+Esther&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781608994953&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Michael+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalimi2023" class="citation book cs1">Kalimi, Isaac (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvnAEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Book of Esther between Judaism and Christianity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009266123" title="Special:BookSources/9781009266123"><bdi>9781009266123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Esther+between+Judaism+and+Christianity&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781009266123&rft.aulast=Kalimi&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvnAEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Book-of-Esther">"Book of Esther | Summary & Facts"</a>. 8 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Esther+%26%23124%3B+Summary+%26+Facts&rft.date=2023-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBook-of-Esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Iranica_1984-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Iranica_1984_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough2011" class="citation web cs1">McCullough, W. S. (28 July 2011) [15 December 1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahasureus">"Ahasureus"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>. <q>There may be some factual nucleus behind the Esther narrative, but the book in its present form displays such inaccuracies and inconsistencies that it must be described as a piece of historical fiction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Ahasureus&rft.date=2011-07-28&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=W.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fahasureus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers2007" class="citation book cs1">Meyers, Carol (2007). Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWUTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA325"><i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199277186" title="Special:BookSources/9780199277186"><bdi>9780199277186</bdi></a>. <q>Like the Joseph story in Genesis and the book of Daniel, it is a fictional piece of prose writing involving the interaction between foreigners and Hebrews/Jews.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780199277186&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWUTDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JewishEncyclopedia.com-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia.com_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschDyneley_PrinceSchechter1906" class="citation web cs1">Hirsch, Emil G.; Dyneley Prince, John; Schechter, Solomon (1906). Singer, Isidor; Adler, Cyrus (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5872-esther">"Esther"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2020</span>. <q>The vast majority of modern expositors have reached the conclusion that the book is a piece of pure fiction, although some writers qualify their criticism by an attempt to treat it as a historical romance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Esther&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Emil+G.&rft.au=Dyneley+Prince%2C+John&rft.au=Schechter%2C+Solomon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F5872-esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johann-Adolph-Hasse">"Johann Adolph Hasse | German composer"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Johann+Adolph+Hasse+%7C+German+composer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJohann-Adolph-Hasse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordwesternmusic.com/view/Volume2/actrade-9780195384826-div1-04005.xml">"Metastasio's Musicians: Music In The Seventeenth And Eighteenth Centuries"</a>. <i>Oxford Western Music</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Western+Music&rft.atitle=Metastasio%27s+Musicians%3A+Music+In+The+Seventeenth+And+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordwesternmusic.com%2Fview%2FVolume2%2Factrade-9780195384826-div1-04005.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christermalmberg.se/documents/musik/klassiskt/bach_johann_christian/bach_johann_christian_verk_uvertyrer_cpo.php">"Christer Malmbergs värld - Musik – Klassisk musik – Johann Christian Bach"</a>. <i>christermalmberg.se</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=christermalmberg.se&rft.atitle=Christer+Malmbergs+v%C3%A4rld+-+Musik+%E2%80%93+Klassisk+musik+%E2%80%93+Johann+Christian+Bach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristermalmberg.se%2Fdocuments%2Fmusik%2Fklassiskt%2Fbach_johann_christian%2Fbach_johann_christian_verk_uvertyrer_cpo.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bibliotheek.nl/catalogus/titel.110734645.html/xerxes--of-de-hoogmoed/">"Xerxes, of De hoogmoed"</a>. <i>www.bibliotheek.nl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bibliotheek.nl&rft.atitle=Xerxes%2C+of+De+hoogmoed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibliotheek.nl%2Fcatalogus%2Ftitel.110734645.html%2Fxerxes--of-de-hoogmoed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClasseAC024686812000" class="citation book cs1">Classe, O.; AC02468681, Anonymus (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=myLDA0_brhcC&q=Arrogance%3A+The+Conquests+of+Xerxes+by+Frederick+H.+Martens&pg=PA315"><i>Encyclopedia of Literary Translation Into English: A–L</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-36-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-36-7"><bdi>978-1-884964-36-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Literary+Translation+Into+English%3A+A%E2%80%93L&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-36-7&rft.aulast=Classe&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=AC02468681%2C+Anonymus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmyLDA0_brhcC%26q%3DArrogance%253A%2BThe%2BConquests%2Bof%2BXerxes%2Bby%2BFrederick%2BH.%2BMartens%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boucher, Geoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herocomplex.latimes.com/2010/06/01/xerxes-300-frank-miller-300-zack-snyder-300/">"Frank Miller returns to the '300' battlefield with 'Xerxes': 'I make no apologies whatsoever<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>The Los Angeles Times</i>. 1 June 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gore Vidal, <i>Creation: A Novel</i> (Random House, 1981)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_sources">Ancient sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ancient sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_Herodotus/Book_6" class="extiw" title="s:History of Herodotus/Book 6">The Sixth Book, Entitled Erato</a> in <i>History of Herodotus</i>.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_Herodotus/Book_7" class="extiw" title="s:History of Herodotus/Book 7">The Seventh Book, Entitled Polymnia</a> in <i>History of Herodotus</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_sources">Modern sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Modern sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refbarkworth" class="citation journal cs1">Barkworth, Peter R. (1993). "The Organization of Xerxes' Army". <i>Iranica Antiqua</i>. <b>27</b>: 149–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2Fia.27.0.2002126">10.2143/ia.27.0.2002126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranica+Antiqua&rft.atitle=The+Organization+of+Xerxes%27+Army&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=149-167&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2Fia.27.0.2002126&rft.aulast=Barkworth&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refcah-vv" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John (1988). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>. Vol. V. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22804-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22804-2"><bdi>0-521-22804-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-521-22804-2&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refachaemenidr-EI" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Boyce, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-religion">"Achaemenid Religion"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. 1</i>. Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Achaemenid+Religion&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fachaemenid-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Boyce, Mary</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&q=false"><i>Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 1–252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415239028" title="Special:BookSources/9780415239028"><bdi>9780415239028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoroastrians%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=1-252&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780415239028&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da6gbxVfjtUEC%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Boyce, Mary (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahura-mazda">"Ahura Mazdā"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7</i>. pp. 684–687.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahura+Mazd%C4%81&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+I%2C+Fasc.+7&rft.pages=684-687&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fahura-mazda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bridges, Emma (2014). Imagining Xerxes: Ancient Perspectives on a Persian King. Bloomsbury. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472511379" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472511379">978-1472511379</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriant2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Briant" title="Pierre Briant">Briant, Pierre</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC&q=false"><i>From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575061207" title="Special:BookSources/9781575061207"><bdi>9781575061207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cyrus+to+Alexander%3A+A+History+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.pages=1-1196&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781575061207&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxQ9W6F1oSYC%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrosius2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brosius, Maria (2000). "Women i. 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London et al.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+i.+In+Pre-Islamic+Persia&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=London+et+al.&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Brosius&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fwomen-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refartabanus-ei" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dandamayev, M.A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/artabanus-achaemenid">"Artabanus"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. 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Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Darius+I+the+Great&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+7&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Sh.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdarius-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneman2015" class="citation book cs1">Stoneman, Richard (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WqtJCgAAQBAJ"><i>Xerxes: A Persian Life</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300180077" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300180077"><bdi>978-0300180077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xerxes%3A+A+Persian+Life&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0300180077&rft.aulast=Stoneman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWqtJCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="#refartaxerxes" class="citation book cs1">Olmstead, A.T. (1979) [1948]. <i>History of the Persian Empire</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226497648" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226497648"><bdi>978-0226497648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0226497648&rft.aulast=Olmstead&rft.aufirst=A.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Rookhuijzen2017" class="citation journal cs1">van Rookhuijzen, Jan Zacharias (2017). "How not to Appease Athena: A Reconsideration of Xerxes' Purported Visit to the Troad (Hdt. 7.42–43)". <i>Klio</i>. <b>99</b> (2): 464–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fklio-2017-0033">10.1515/klio-2017-0033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199060163">199060163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Klio&rft.atitle=How+not+to+Appease+Athena%3A+A+Reconsideration+of+Xerxes%27+Purported+Visit+to+the+Troad+%28Hdt.+7.42%E2%80%9343%29&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=464-484&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fklio-2017-0033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199060163%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=van+Rookhuijzen&rft.aufirst=Jan+Zacharias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaerzeggersSeire2018" class="citation book cs1">Waerzeggers, Caroline; Seire, Maarja (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peeters-leuven.be/pdf/9789042938090.pdf"><i>Xerxes and Babylonia: The Cuneiform Evidence</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-3670-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-3670-6"><bdi>978-90-429-3670-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209234806/http://www.peeters-leuven.be/pdf/9789042938090.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xerxes+and+Babylonia%3A+The+Cuneiform+Evidence&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-429-3670-6&rft.aulast=Waerzeggers&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=Seire%2C+Maarja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peeters-leuven.be%2Fpdf%2F9789042938090.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters1996" class="citation journal cs1">Waters, Matt (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1040688">"Darius and the Achaemenid Line"</a></span>. <i>Ancient History Bulletin</i>. <b>10</b>. London: 11–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+History+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Darius+and+the+Achaemenid+Line&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=11-18&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1040688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerxes_I&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xerxes_I" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Xerxes"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Xerxes">"Xerxes" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Xerxes&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXerxes+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Xerxes I </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 519 BC</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 465 BC</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Persia">King of Kings of Persia</a> </b><br />486–465 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes I of Persia">Artaxerxes I</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">Pharaoh of Egypt</a> </b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII Dynasty</a></i><br />486–465 BC </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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kings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Median_and_Achaemenid_kings" title="Template talk:Median and Achaemenid kings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Median_and_Achaemenid_kings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Median and Achaemenid kings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Median_and_Achaemenid_kings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> kings</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">Family tree</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(728–550 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(550–330 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Achaemenes" title="Achaemenes">Achaemenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ariaramnes" title="Ariaramnes">Ariaramnes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arsames" title="Arsames">Arsames</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teispes" title="Teispes">Teispes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_I" title="Cyrus I">Cyrus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">Cambyses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Smerdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaumata">Gaumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great (Darius I)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xerxes the Great (Xerxes I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_II" title="Xerxes II">Xerxes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdianus" title="Sogdianus">Sogdianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II Nothus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II Mnemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III Ochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III Codomannus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Artaxerxes V Bessus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate kings not directly attested and so possibly legendary.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharaohs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharaohs" title="Template talk:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharaohs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<3150–2040 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(pre-3150 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Elephant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Crocodile</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(3150–2686 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2686–2181 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1<sup>st</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2181–2040 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (2040–1550 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2040–1802 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2<sup>nd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1802–1550 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1550–664 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(male</span></li><li><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1550–1070 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a><sup>♀</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3<sup>rd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1069–664 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piankh" title="Piankh">Piankh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaharta" title="Masaharta">Masaharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkhonsuefankh" title="Djedkhonsuefankh">Djedkhonsuefankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkheperre" title="Menkheperre">Menkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smendes_II" title="Smendes II">Smendes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_II" title="Pinedjem II">Pinedjem II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_III" title="Psusennes III">Psusennes III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_to_Roman_Period_(664_BC–313_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(664 BC–313 AD)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(664–332 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xerxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(332–30 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetes</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV" title="Cleopatra IV">Cleopatra IV</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(30 BC–313 AD)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li>2<sup>nd</sup></li> <li>3<sup>rd</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21<sup>st</sup> to 23<sup>rd</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_in_the_Achaemenid_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Achaemenid_rulers" title="Template:Achaemenid rulers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Achaemenid_rulers" title="Template talk:Achaemenid rulers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Achaemenid_rulers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Achaemenid rulers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_in_the_Achaemenid_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers in the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">Family tree</a> - Achaemenid Kingdom</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Kings of Kings<br />of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Achaemenes" title="Achaemenes">Achaemenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ariaramnes" title="Ariaramnes">Ariaramnes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arsames" title="Arsames">Arsames</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teispes" title="Teispes">Teispes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_I" title="Cyrus I">Cyrus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">Cambyses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_II" title="Xerxes II">Xerxes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdianus_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdianus of Persia">Sogdianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes II Mnemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III Ochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III Codomannus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Artaxerxes V Bessus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/120px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/180px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/240px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/wiki/Lydia_(satrapy)" title="Lydia (satrapy)">Lydia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabalus" title="Tabalus">Tabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazares" title="Mazares">Mazares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpagus" title="Harpagus">Harpagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroetus" title="Oroetus">Oroetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaeus" title="Bagaeus">Bagaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otanes_(son_of_Sisamnes)" title="Otanes (son of Sisamnes)">Otanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaphernes" title="Artaphernes">Artaphernes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaphernes_(nephew_of_Darius_I)" title="Artaphernes (nephew of Darius I)">Artaphernes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pissuthnes" title="Pissuthnes">Pissuthnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissaphernes" title="Tissaphernes">Tissaphernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Younger" title="Cyrus the Younger">Cyrus the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissaphernes" title="Tissaphernes">Tissaphernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithraustes" title="Tithraustes">Tithraustes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiribazus" title="Tiribazus">Tiribazus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struthas" title="Struthas">Struthas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophradates" title="Autophradates">Autophradates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spithridates" title="Spithridates">Spithridates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Pharnacid_dynasty" title="Pharnacid dynasty">Satraps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hellespontine_Phrygia" title="Hellespontine Phrygia">Hellespontine Phrygia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitrobates" title="Mitrobates">Mitrobates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megabazus" title="Megabazus">Megabazus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megabates" title="Megabates">Megabates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oebares_II" title="Oebares II">Oebares II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabazos_I_of_Phrygia" title="Artabazos I of Phrygia">Artabazus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnabazus_I" title="Pharnabazus I">Pharnabazus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_II_of_Phrygia" title="Pharnaces II of Phrygia">Pharnaces II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnabazus_II" title="Pharnabazus II">Pharnabazus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Phrygia" title="Ariobarzanes of Phrygia">Ariobarzanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabazos_II" title="Artabazos II">Artabazus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnabazus_III" title="Pharnabazus III">Pharnabazus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsites" title="Arsites">Arsites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Achaemenid_satraps_of_Cappadocia" title="List of Achaemenid satraps of Cappadocia">Satraps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(satrapy)" title="Cappadocia (satrapy)">Cappadocia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datames" title="Datames">Datames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariamnes" title="Ariamnes">Ariamnes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithrobuzanes" title="Mithrobuzanes">Mithrobuzanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes I of Cappadocia">Ariarathes I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Greek Governors of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miltiades" title="Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demaratus" title="Demaratus">Demaratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongylos" title="Gongylos">Gongylos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurysthenes_(Pergamon)" title="Eurysthenes (Pergamon)">Eurysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokles_(Pergamon)" title="Prokles (Pergamon)">Prokles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histiaeus" title="Histiaeus">Histiaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristagoras" title="Aristagoras">Aristagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archeptolis" title="Archeptolis">Archeptolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aridolis" title="Aridolis">Aridolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_II_(son_of_Bubares)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas II (son of Bubares)">Amyntas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philiscus_of_Abydos" title="Philiscus of Abydos">Philiscus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Dynasts of <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kheziga</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kybernis" title="Kybernis">Kybernis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuprlli" title="Kuprlli">Kuprlli</a></li> <li>Harpagus</li> <li>Teththiweibi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheriga" title="Kheriga">Kheriga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherei" title="Kherei">Kherei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbinas" title="Arbinas">Arbinas</a></li> <li>Artembares</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artumpara" title="Artumpara">Artumpara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithrapata" title="Mithrapata">Mithrapata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericles,_Dynast_of_Lycia" title="Pericles, Dynast of Lycia">Perikle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lygdamid_dynasty" title="Lygdamid dynasty">Dynasts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lygdamis_of_Halicarnassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lygdamis of Halicarnassus">Lygdamis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisindelis" title="Pisindelis">Pisindelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lygdamis_II_of_Halicarnassus" title="Lygdamis II of Halicarnassus">Lygdamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adusius" title="Adusius">Adusius</a> (satrap)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecatomnus" title="Hecatomnus">Hecatomnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausolus" title="Mausolus">Mausolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_II_of_Caria" title="Artemisia II of Caria">Artemisia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrieus" title="Idrieus">Idrieus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_of_Caria" title="Ada of Caria">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixodarus" title="Pixodarus">Pixodarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontobates" title="Orontobates">Orontobates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Kings of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_I_of_Macedon" title="Amyntas I of Macedon">Amyntas I of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I of Macedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mattan IV</li> <li>Boulomenus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdemon" title="Abdemon">Abdemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evagoras_I" title="Evagoras I">Evagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azemilcus" title="Azemilcus">Azemilcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eshmunazar_I" title="Eshmunazar I">Eshmunazar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabnit" title="Tabnit">Tabnit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoashtart" title="Amoashtart">Queen Amoashtart (regent)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshmunazar_II" title="Eshmunazar II">Eshmunazar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodashtart" title="Bodashtart">Bodashtart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatonmilk" title="Yatonmilk">Yatonmilk</a></li> <li>Anysos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramnestos" title="Tetramnestos">Tetramnestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshillem_I" title="Baalshillem I">Baalshillem I</a></li> <li>Baana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshillem_II" title="Baalshillem II">Baalshillem II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdashtart_I" title="Abdashtart I">Abdashtart I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennes" title="Tennes">Tennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evagoras_II" title="Evagoras II">Evagoras II</a></li> <li>Abdashtart II</li> <li>Abdashtart III</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Satraps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artasyrus" title="Artasyrus">Artasyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_I" title="Orontes I">Orontes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_II" title="Orontes II">Orontes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryandes" title="Aryandes">Aryandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherendates" title="Pherendates">Pherendates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenes_(satrap)" title="Achaemenes (satrap)">Achaemenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsames_(satrap_of_Egypt)" title="Arsames (satrap of Egypt)">Arsames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherendates_II" title="Pherendates II">Pherendates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaces" title="Sabaces">Sabaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaces" title="Mazaces">Mazaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hystaspes_(father_of_Darius_I)" title="Hystaspes (father of Darius I)">Hystaspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadarsi" title="Dadarsi">Dadarsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masistes" title="Masistes">Masistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Bessus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydarnes" title="Hydarnes">Hydarnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydarnes_the_Younger" title="Hydarnes the Younger">Hydarnes the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropates" title="Atropates">Atropates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syennesis_III" title="Syennesis III">Syennesis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camisares" title="Camisares">Camisares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaeus" title="Mazaeus">Mazaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsames_(satrap_of_Cilicia)" title="Arsames (satrap of Cilicia)">Arsames</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Other known satraps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megabyzus" title="Megabyzus">Megabyzus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abrocomas" title="Abrocomas">Abrocomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belesys" class="mw-redirect" title="Belesys">Belesys</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Ochus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satibarzanes" title="Satibarzanes">Satibarzanes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">Aria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atizyes" title="Atizyes">Atizyes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Phrygia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Phrygia">Greater Phrygia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrataphernes" title="Phrataphernes">Phrataphernes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Persis" title="Ariobarzanes of Persis">Ariobarzanes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abulites" title="Abulites">Abulites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Susiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Susiana">Susiana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaeus" title="Mazaeus">Mazaeus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_satraps" title="Template:Hellenistic satraps">Hellenistic satraps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_rulers" title="Template:Hellenistic rulers">Hellenistic rulers</a> from around 330 BC</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_Babylon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Babylonian_kings" title="Template:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Babylonian_kings" title="Template talk:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian_kings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Babylon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kings of Babylon</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">List of kings of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Kings  <span class="nobold">(<i>foreign ruler</i></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><u>vassal king</u></span></li><li><span class="nobold">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian Empire</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1894–1595 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Amorite_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite dynasty">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin-Muballit" title="Sin-Muballit">Sin-Muballit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abi-Eshuh" title="Abi-Eshuh">Abi-Eshuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Ditana" title="Ammi-Ditana">Ammi-Ditana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Saduqa" title="Ammi-Saduqa">Ammi-Saduqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty" title="First Sealand dynasty">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a></li> <li>Unknown king (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a></li> <li><sup>m</sup>DIŠ+U-EN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1729–1157 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="III" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandash" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandash">Gandash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum I">Agum I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash I">Kashtiliash I</a></li> <li>Unknown king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abi-Rattash" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-Rattash">Abi-Rattash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash II">Kashtiliash II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urzigurumash" class="mw-redirect" title="Urzigurumash">Urzigurumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_II" title="Agum II">Agum II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harba-Shipak" class="mw-redirect" title="Harba-Shipak">Harba-Shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipta%27ulzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipta'ulzi">Shipta'ulzi</a></li> <li>Unknown king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a></li> <li>Kadashman-Sah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_I" title="Kadashman-Harbe I">Kadashman-Harbe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burna-Buriash II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_IV" title="Kashtiliash IV">Kashtiliash IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1157–732 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sealand_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sealand dynasty">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bazi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazi dynasty">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Elamite_dynasty" title="Elamite dynasty">VII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasty of E">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-suma-ukin_II" title="Nabu-suma-ukin II">Nabu-suma-ukin II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(732–626 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="IX" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_dynasty_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian dynasty of Babylon">IX</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a></u></li> <li><u><i><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-n%C4%81din-%C5%A1umi" title="Aššur-nādin-šumi">Aššur-nādin-šumi</a></i></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></i></li> <li><u><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin" title="Šamaš-šuma-ukin">Šamaš-šuma-ukin</a></i></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></i></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kandalanu" title="Kandalanu">Kandalanu</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-%C5%A1umu-l%C4%AB%C5%A1ir" title="Sîn-šumu-līšir">Sîn-šumu-līšir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(626–539 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="X" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_dynasty" title="Chaldean dynasty">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:1.0em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Babylon_under_foreign_rule_(539_BC_–_AD_224)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small>Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(539–331 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XI" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_III" title="Nebuchadnezzar III">Nebuchadnezzar III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_IV" title="Nebuchadnezzar IV">Nebuchadnezzar IV</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xerxes I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash-eriba" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-eriba">Shamash-eriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel-shimanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel-shimanni">Bel-shimanni</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_II" title="Xerxes II">Xerxes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdianus" title="Sogdianus">Sogdianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidin-Bel" title="Nidin-Bel">Nidin-Bel</a> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(331–141 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a></i></li> <li><i>Seleucus</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III Ceraunus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III Megas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Antiochus_III_the_Great)" title="Antiochus (son of Antiochus III the Great)">Antiochus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Seleucus_IV)" title="Antiochus (son of Seleucus IV)">Antiochus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timarchus" title="Timarchus">Timarchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander Balas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(141 BC – AD 224)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rinnu" title="Rinnu">Rinnu</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></i></li> <li><i>Ubulna</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes I</a></i></li> <li><i>Asi'abatar</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a></i></li> <li><i>Ispubarza</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a></i></li> <li><i>Piriustana</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i>Teleuniqe</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Kings_of_Babylon" title="Category:Kings of Babylon">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Persepolis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persepolis" title="Template:Persepolis"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#363321">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persepolis" title="Template talk:Persepolis"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#363321">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persepolis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persepolis"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#363321">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Persepolis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321;width:1%">Palace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachara" title="Tachara">Tachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_All_Nations" title="Gate of All Nations">Gate of All Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tachar_Persepolis_Iran.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tachar_Persepolis_Iran.JPG/200px-Tachar_Persepolis_Iran.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tachar_Persepolis_Iran.JPG/300px-Tachar_Persepolis_Iran.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tachar_Persepolis_Iran.JPG/400px-Tachar_Persepolis_Iran.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321;width:1%">Other sections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Artaxerxes III">Tomb of Artaxerxes III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321;width:1%">Builders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321;width:1%">Researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heidemarie_Koch" title="Heidemarie Koch">Heidemarie Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Schmidt_(archaeologist)" title="Erich Schmidt (archaeologist)">Erich Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Shapour_Shahbazi" title="Alireza Shapour Shahbazi">Alireza Shapour Shahbazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tangeh_Bolaghi" title="Tangeh Bolaghi">Tangeh Bolaghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,500-year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivand_Dam" title="Sivand Dam">Sivand Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis_Administrative_Archives" title="Persepolis Administrative Archives">Persepolis Administrative Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterskin" title="Waterskin">Waterskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321;background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Persepolis" title="Category:Persepolis">Category:Persepolis</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129165#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129165#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129165#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/852159474197427661164">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/835154381042230292043">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/305065028">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/230159474179227661365">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8022168049010038410005">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/35151776796618012145">9</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1859099/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118808109">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81070675">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150689088">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150689088">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an66228176">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2005313022&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1153338">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073636711">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000054067&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=52196">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqtgdv3kb1ftb">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810644973005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/27255">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007276639005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058618388706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500354810">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-28T00:09:55Z","dateModified":"2024-11-01T17:39:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/64\/National_Museum_of_Iran_Darafsh_%28785%29.JPG","headline":"The fifth Achaemenid emperor (486\u2013465 BC)"}</script> </body> </html>