CINXE.COM
Policy Studies Archive - Reason Foundation
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="no-js" lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var gform;gform||(document.addEventListener("gform_main_scripts_loaded",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),document.addEventListener("gform/theme/scripts_loaded",function(){gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,themeScriptsLoaded:!1,isFormEditor:()=>"function"==typeof InitializeEditor,callIfLoaded:function(o){return!(!gform.domLoaded||!gform.scriptsLoaded||!gform.themeScriptsLoaded&&!gform.isFormEditor()||(gform.isFormEditor()&&console.warn("The use of gform.initializeOnLoaded() is deprecated in the form editor context and will be removed in Gravity Forms 3.1."),o(),0))},initializeOnLoaded:function(o){gform.callIfLoaded(o)||(document.addEventListener("gform_main_scripts_loaded",()=>{gform.scriptsLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}),document.addEventListener("gform/theme/scripts_loaded",()=>{gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}),window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",()=>{gform.domLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}))},hooks:{action:{},filter:{}},addAction:function(o,r,e,t){gform.addHook("action",o,r,e,t)},addFilter:function(o,r,e,t){gform.addHook("filter",o,r,e,t)},doAction:function(o){gform.doHook("action",o,arguments)},applyFilters:function(o){return gform.doHook("filter",o,arguments)},removeAction:function(o,r){gform.removeHook("action",o,r)},removeFilter:function(o,r,e){gform.removeHook("filter",o,r,e)},addHook:function(o,r,e,t,n){null==gform.hooks[o][r]&&(gform.hooks[o][r]=[]);var d=gform.hooks[o][r];null==n&&(n=r+"_"+d.length),gform.hooks[o][r].push({tag:n,callable:e,priority:t=null==t?10:t})},doHook:function(r,o,e){var t;if(e=Array.prototype.slice.call(e,1),null!=gform.hooks[r][o]&&((o=gform.hooks[r][o]).sort(function(o,r){return o.priority-r.priority}),o.forEach(function(o){"function"!=typeof(t=o.callable)&&(t=window[t]),"action"==r?t.apply(null,e):e[0]=t.apply(null,e)})),"filter"==r)return e[0]},removeHook:function(o,r,t,n){var e;null!=gform.hooks[o][r]&&(e=(e=gform.hooks[o][r]).filter(function(o,r,e){return!!(null!=n&&n!=o.tag||null!=t&&t!=o.priority)}),gform.hooks[o][r]=e)}}); /* ]]> */ </script> <title>Policy Studies Archive - Reason Foundation</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="4cRBy6j_d9xgfv86Ad5G2o4P4YR9P8iyou2PXgSBF80"/> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="fj21mh65qj7wdod6x0lcnkugczx9ka"/> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="A53943D6A45163AA82D8CA30D48F858D"/> <meta name="ahrefs-site-verification" content="195fb2e0a87e1cda0a8697523be29da466dbdf78b29c6985b96ab37b74e24de8"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="231085004075801"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Policy Studies"> <meta property="article:section" content="Policy Studies"/> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({"pageTitle":"Policy Studies","article_post_type":"Policy Studies","article_author":"reason-staff"}); </script> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.4 (Yoast SEO v25.4) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <link rel="canonical" href="https://reason.org/policy-study/" /> <link rel="next" href="https://reason.org/policy-study/page/2/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Policy Studies Archive - Reason Foundation" /> <meta property="og:description" content="A nuanced policy response can address the challenges of deepfakes while preserving the benefits of creative and expressive digital technologies." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://reason.org/policy-study/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Reason Foundation" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https://reason.org/policy-study/","url":"https://reason.org/policy-study/","name":"Policy Studies Archive - Reason Foundation","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://reason.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://reason.org/policy-study/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://reason.org/policy-study/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://reason.org/wp-content/uploads/deepfakes-ai-existing-laws-scaled.jpg","inLanguage":"en-US","mentions":[{"@type":["Thing"],"@id":"kg:/g/07sgz","name":"First Amendment to the United States Constitution","description":"1805 amendment limiting government restriction of civil rights","image":"https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQpmi3l-Setti3pLbV8lVgofZYkTij3tvm-LgyGmaSp2jOWSLg-","sameAs":["https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/m/07sgz","https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12616"]},{"@type":["Thing"],"@id":"kg:/g/0mkz","name":"Artificial intelligence","description":"field of computer science that develops and studies software enabling machines to exhibit intelligent behavior","image":"https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRKigDKWLtAd5jKkkWbv5b6UIv_qLPhnPfZPGCR0oUdxbc2Mg7p","sameAs":["https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/m/0mkz","https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://reason.org/policy-study/#primaryimage","url":"https://reason.org/wp-content/uploads/deepfakes-ai-existing-laws-scaled.jpg","contentUrl":"https://reason.org/wp-content/uploads/deepfakes-ai-existing-laws-scaled.jpg","width":2560,"height":1708,"caption":"An AI face swapping technology shown on a screen"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://reason.org/#website","url":"https://reason.org/","name":"Reason Foundation","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://reason.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://reason.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://reason.org/#organization","name":"Reason Foundation","url":"https://reason.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://reason.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://reason.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/placeholder.png","contentUrl":"https://reason.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/placeholder.png","width":800,"height":450,"caption":"Reason Foundation"},"image":{"@id":"https://reason.org/#/schema/logo/image/"}}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.google.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me' /> <link href='https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me' rel='preconnect' /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.8.2"> <style id='co-authors-plus-coauthors-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow [class*=wp-block-co-authors-plus]{display:inline} </style> <style id='co-authors-plus-avatar-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto} </style> <style id='co-authors-plus-image-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignfull,.alignwide) :where(img){width:100%}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto} </style> <style id='reason-blocks-reason-toc-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .toc-wrapper{line-height:2;padding:0 1em 1em}.wp-block-reason-blocks-reason-toc ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.wp-block-reason-blocks-reason-toc ul ul{padding-left:2em}.wp-block-reason-blocks-reason-toc li{line-height:1.6!important}.wp-block-reason-blocks-reason-toc li a{color:#aaa;display:inline-block;line-height:1.3!important;text-decoration:none;transition:all .3s cubic-bezier(.23,1,.32,1)}.wp-block-reason-blocks-reason-toc li.visible>a{color:#111;transform:translate(5px)}.toc-marker{height:100%;left:0;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%;z-index:-1}.toc-marker path{transition:all .3s ease}nav.toc.d-xl-block a:hover{color:#111;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--reason-orange: #FF6C2F;--wp--preset--color--brand-blue: #005daa;--wp--preset--color--dark-gray: #4e4e4e;--wp--preset--color--light-gray: #eee;--wp--preset--color--mid-gray: #ccc;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-family--sans-serif: "Open Sans", sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--serif: "Merriweather", serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: 980px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 1180px; }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > * { margin-block-start: 24px; margin-block-end: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child { margin-block-start: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }:root { --wp--style--block-gap: 24px; }:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 24px;}:root :where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 24px;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black);font-family: serif;line-height: 1.428571429;margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;margin-left: 0;padding-top: 0;padding-right: 0;padding-bottom: 0;padding-left: 0;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-blue);text-decoration: none;}:root :where(a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)):hover){color: var(--wp--preset--color--black);text-decoration: underline;}h1{font-family: serif;font-size: 2.6rem;font-weight: 700;line-height: 1.428571429;margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: 1.618em;}h2{font-family: serif;font-size: 2.15rem;font-weight: 700;line-height: 1.428571429;margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: 1.618em;}h3{font-family: serif;font-size: 1.7rem;font-weight: 700;line-height: 1.428571429;margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: 1.618em;}h4{font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 1.25rem;font-weight: 700;line-height: 1.428571429;margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: 1.618em;}h5{font-family: serif;font-size: 1.25rem;font-weight: 700;line-height: 1.428571429;margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: 1.618em;}h6{color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray);font-weight: 700;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}cite{color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray);font-size: 80%;font-style: normal;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-reason-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--reason-orange) !important;}.has-brand-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-blue) !important;}.has-dark-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray) !important;}.has-light-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-gray) !important;}.has-mid-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--mid-gray) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-reason-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--reason-orange) !important;}.has-brand-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-blue) !important;}.has-dark-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray) !important;}.has-light-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-gray) !important;}.has-mid-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--mid-gray) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-reason-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--reason-orange) !important;}.has-brand-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--brand-blue) !important;}.has-dark-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray) !important;}.has-light-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-gray) !important;}.has-mid-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--mid-gray) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-sans-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--sans-serif) !important;}.has-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--serif) !important;} :root :where(.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link){background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--reason-orange);border-radius: 0;color: var(--wp--preset--color--white);} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){border-top-color: var(--wp--preset--color--reason-orange);border-top-width: 5px;border-top-style: solid;border-bottom-color: var(--wp--preset--color--reason-orange);border-bottom-width: 5px;border-bottom-style: solid;text-align: center;font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} :root :where(.wp-block-group){padding-top: 0;padding-right: 0;padding-bottom: 0;padding-left: 0;} :root :where(.wp-block-image img, .wp-block-image .wp-block-image__crop-area, .wp-block-image .components-placeholder){border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--mid-gray);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;} </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/ttd-topics/public/css/ttd-topics-public.css?ver=2.5.14"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/reason-double-opt-in/public/css/reason-double-opt-in-public.css?ver=1.0.3"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wp-content/tablepress-combined.min.css?ver=9"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/datatables.buttons.css?ver=3.1.3"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/datatables.columnfilterwidgets.css?ver=3.1.3"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/datatables.fixedheader.css?ver=3.1.3"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/datatables.fixedcolumns.css?ver=3.1.3"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/datatables.scroll-buttons.css?ver=3.1.3"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/responsive-tables.css?ver=3.1.3"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wp-content/themes/reason-dot-org-theme/dist/styles/main_a2c22caf.css?ver=688810e3d69dc"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/ttd-topics/public/js/ttd-post.js?ver=2.5.14" type="module"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/reason-double-opt-in/public/js/reason-double-opt-in-public.js?ver=1.0.3" id="reason-double-opt-in-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://reason.org/wp-json/" /><!-- Stream WordPress user activity plugin v4.1.1 --> <meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="https://reason.org"><link rel="alternate" href="https://reason.org/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/" /> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script data-cookieconsent="ignore"> (function ( w, d, s, l, i ) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push( { "gtm.start": new Date().getTime(), event: "gtm.js", } ); var f = d.getElementsByTagName( s )[0], j = d.createElement( s ), dl = l != "dataLayer" ? "&l=" + l : ""; j.async = true; j.src = "https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=" + i + dl + '>m_auth=MAG8ENAbxKpb1v3SqyVH3g>m_preview=env-1>m_cookies_win=x'; f.parentNode.insertBefore( j, f ); })( window, document, "script", "dataLayer", 'GTM-NPLQV6S' ); </script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/fb11e7c284.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <link rel="icon" href="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/cropped-favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/cropped-favicon-260x260.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/cropped-favicon-260x260.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/cropped-favicon-300x300.png" /> <noscript><style id="rocket-lazyload-nojs-css">.rll-youtube-player, [data-lazy-src]{display:none !important;}</style></noscript> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Reason Foundation Feed" href="https://reason.org/feed/"> </head> <body class="archive post-type-archive post-type-archive-policy-study wp-theme-reason-dot-org-theme ttd-skeleton-style tribe-no-js"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id='GTM-NPLQV6S" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <header data-rocket-location-hash="164ea664a5ff3859819e509860cb2f7f" role="banner" id="banner" class="sticky-top"> <nav class="navbar d-none d-md-block navbar-topics-menu" role="navigation" style="margin-bottom:0px;"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div id="socialmenu" class="navbar-collapse collapse show"> <ul id="menu-featured-topics" class="menu"><li><a href="https://reason.org/topics/education/">Education</a></li> <li><a href="https://reason.org/topics/government-reform/financial-transparency-project/">Financial Transparency Project</a></li> <li><a href="https://reason.org/topics/pension-reform/">Pension Reform</a></li> <li><a href="https://reason.org/topics/transportation/">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="https://reason.org/newsletters/"><b>Email Newsletters</b></a></li> <li class="menu-facebook hidden-sm"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/ReasonFoundation/" class="social-icon facebook"><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-facebook"></i><span class="sr-only">Reason facebook</span></a></li> <li class="menu-twitter hidden-sm"><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/ReasonFdn" class="social-icon twitter"><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-twitter"></i><span class="sr-only">Reason twitter</span></a></li> <li class="menu-youtube hidden-sm"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ReasonTV" class="social-icon youtube"><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-youtube"></i><span class="sr-only">Reason youtube</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-main-menu" role="navigation" style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"> <div class="container-fluid"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="/"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%200%200'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Reason Foundation" title="" data-lazy-src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/themes/reason-dot-org-theme/dist/images/logos/logo-horizontal_0a7d8878.svg" ><noscript><img src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/themes/reason-dot-org-theme/dist/images/logos/logo-horizontal_0a7d8878.svg" alt="Reason Foundation" title="" ></noscript> </a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#defaultmenu" aria-controls="navbarNavDropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <i class="fa fa-bars"></i> </button> <div id="defaultmenu" class="navbar-collapse collapse" style="padding-bottom:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"> <ul id="primarynav" class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right"> <li class="dropdown"><a id="aboutMenuDropdown" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">About</a> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-left" aria-labelledby="aboutMenuDropdown"> <ul id="menu-about-menu" class="menu"><li class="menu-about-us"><a href="https://reason.org/about-reason-foundation/">About Us</a></li> <li class="menu-contact-us"><a href="https://reason.org/contact-reason-foundation/">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="menu-email-newsletters"><a href="https://reason.org/newsletters/">Email Newsletters</a></li> <li class="menu-events"><a href="/events/">Events</a></li> <li class="menu-faqs"><a href="https://reason.org/frequently-asked-questions/">FAQs</a></li> <li class="menu-jobs-internships"><a href="https://reason.org/jobs/">Jobs & Internships</a></li> <li class="menu-savas-award"><a href="https://reason.org/savas-award-for-privatization/">Savas Award</a></li> <li class="menu-shop"><a href="https://shop.reason.com">Shop</a></li> <li class="menu-staff"><a href="https://reason.org/staff/">Staff</a></li> <li class="menu-trustees-officers"><a href="https://reason.org/trustees-and-officers/">Trustees & Officers</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="dropdown mega"><a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle">Experts</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu fullwidth"> <div data-rocket-location-hash="ca23f7c07336b7cf8c7766d2ffffc9d9" class="container"> <h4 class="bold-header">Browse Our Experts</h4> <!-- <div data-rocket-location-hash="459ef3f9f116f091bc911e896d055d93" class="row">--> <ul id="menu-experts-menu" class="menu"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-4"><li class="menu-aaron-smith"><a href="/author/aaron-smith/">Aaron Smith</a> <div class="jobtitle">Director of Education Reform</div></div></li> <div class="col-md-4"><li class="menu-adrian-moore"><a href="/author/adrian-moore/">Adrian Moore</a> <div class="jobtitle">Vice President of Policy</div></div></li> <div class="col-md-4"><li class="menu-baruch-feigenbaum"><a href="/author/baruch-feigenbaum/">Baruch Feigenbaum</a> <div class="jobtitle">Senior Managing Director, Transportation Policy</div></div></div></li> <div class="row"><div class="col-md-4"><li class="menu-geoff-lawrence"><a href="https://reason.org/author/geoffrey-lawrence/">Geoff Lawrence</a> <div class="jobtitle">Research Director</div></div></li> <div class="col-md-4"><li class="menu-guy-bentley"><a href="/author/guy-bentley/">Guy Bentley</a> <div class="jobtitle">Director of Consumer Freedom </div></div></li> <div class="col-md-4"><li class="menu-leonard-gilroy"><a href="/author/leonard-gilroy/">Leonard Gilroy</a> <div class="jobtitle">Vice President of Government Reform</div></div></div></li> <div class="row"><div class="col-md-4"><li class="menu-robert-poole"><a href="/author/robert-poole/">Robert Poole</a> <div class="jobtitle">Director of Transportation Policy</div></div></li> <div class="col-md-4"><li class="menu-vittorio-nastasi"><a href="https://reason.org/author/vittorio-nastasi/">Vittorio Nastasi</a> <div class="jobtitle">Director of Criminal Justice Policy</div></div></li> <div class="col-md-4 view-all-button"><li class="menu-view-all-experts"><a href="https://reason.org/experts/">View All Experts</a></div></div></li> </ul> <!-- </div>--> </div> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown mega"><a href="/policy-areas/" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle">Topics</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu fullwidth"> <div class="container"> <h4 class="bold-header">Browse Our Topics</h4> <!-- <div class="row">--> <ul id="menu-topics-menu" class="menu"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-4"><li class="menu-air-traffic-control"><a href="https://reason.org/topics/transportation/air-traffic-control/">Air Traffic Control</a></div></li> <div class="col-md-4"><li class="menu-annual-highway-report"><a href="https://reason.org/topics/transportation/annual-highway-report/">Annual Highway Report</a></div></li> <div class="col-md-4"><li class="menu-consumer-freedom"><a href="https://reason.org/topics/individual-freedom/">Consumer Freedom</a></div></div></li> <div class="row"><div class="col-md-4"><li class="menu-criminal-justice-reform"><a href="https://reason.org/topics/criminal-justice-reform/">Criminal Justice Reform</a></div></li> <div class="col-md-4"><li class="menu-drug-policy"><a href="https://reason.org/topics/drug-policy/">Drug Policy</a></div></li> <div class="col-md-4"><li class="menu-education"><a href="https://reason.org/topics/education/">Education</a></div></div></li> <div class="row"><div class="col-md-4"><li class="menu-govt-financial-transparency"><a href="https://reason.org/topics/government-reform/financial-transparency-project/">Gov’t Financial Transparency</a></div></li> <div class="col-md-4"><li class="menu-pension-reform"><a href="https://reason.org/topics/pension-reform/">Pension Reform</a></div></li> <div class="col-md-4"><li class="menu-technology"><a href="https://reason.org/topics/technology/">Technology</a></div></div></li> <div class="row"><div class="col-md-4"><li class="menu-transportation"><a href="https://reason.org/topics/transportation/">Transportation</a></div></li> <div class="col-md-4"><li class="menu-urban-growth-and-land-use"><a href="https://reason.org/topics/urban-growth-and-land-use/">Urban Growth and Land Use</a></div></li> <div class="col-md-4 view-all-button"><li class="menu-view-all-topics"><a href="https://reason.org/policy-areas/">View All Topics</a></div></div></li> </ul> <!-- </div>--> </div> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown"><a href="/publication-types/" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle">Publications</a> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right"> <ul id="menu-publications-menu" class="menu"><li class="current_page_parent menu-latest"><a href="https://reason.org/latest/">Latest</a></li> <li class="menu-government-financial-transparency-project"><a href="https://reason.org/transparency-project/">Government Financial Transparency Project</a></li> <li class="menu-annual-highway-report"><a href="https://reason.org/topics/transportation/annual-highway-report/">Annual Highway Report</a></li> <li class="menu-annual-pension-report"><a href="https://reason.org/policy-study/annual-pension-solvency-performance-report/">Annual Pension Report</a></li> <li class="menu-annual-privatization-report"><a href="/privatization-report/">Annual Privatization Report</a></li> <li class="menu-aviation-newsletter"><a href="/aviation-policy-news/">Aviation Newsletter</a></li> <li class="menu-backgrounders"><a href="/backgrounder/">Backgrounders</a></li> <li class="menu-commentaries"><a href="/commentary/">Commentaries</a></li> <li class="menu-data-visualization"><a href="https://reason.org/data-visualization/">Data Visualization</a></li> <li class="menu-education-newsletter"><a href="https://reason.org/education-newsletter/">Education Newsletter</a></li> <li class="menu-email-newsletters"><a href="https://reason.org/newsletters/">Email Newsletters</a></li> <li class="menu-pension-reform-newsletter"><a href="/pension-newsletter/">Pension Reform Newsletter</a></li> <li class="active menu-policy-studies"><a href="/policy-study/" aria-current="page">Policy Studies</a></li> <li class="menu-psychedelics-newsletter"><a href="https://reason.org/psychedelics-policy/">Psychedelics Newsletter</a></li> <li class="menu-public-schools-without-boundaries"><a href="https://reason.org/open-enrollment/">Public Schools Without Boundaries</a></li> <li class="menu-testimony"><a href="https://reason.org/testimony/">Testimony</a></li> <li class="menu-transportation-newsletter"><a href="/transportation-news/">Transportation Newsletter</a></li> <li class="menu-amicus-briefs"><a href="/amicus-brief/">Amicus Briefs</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="d-block d-md-none d-lg-block"><a href="https://reason.com" target="_blank" title="Reason Magazine">Reason.com</a></li> <li class="dropdown"> <a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle">Donate</a> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right"> <ul id="menu-donate-menu" class="menu"><li class="menu-donate-online"><a href="https://reason.org/donate">Donate Online</a></li> <li class="menu-donate-crypto"><a href="https://reason.org/donate-crypto/">Donate Crypto</a></li> <li class="menu-ways-to-give"><a href="https://reason.org/ways-to-give/">Ways To Give</a></li> <li class="menu-torchbearer-society"><a href="https://reason.org/torchbearer-society/">Torchbearer Society</a></li> <li class="menu-planned-giving"><a href="https://reason.plannedgiving.org/">Planned Giving</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="d-none d-md-none"> <form id="searchnav-hamburger" class="header-search" action="/" name="" method="get"> <div class="input-group"> <input type="search" value name="s" id="terms" class="form-control" placeholder="Search"> <div class="input-group-btn"> <!-- <input type="submit" value="Search" id="submit1" class="btn btn-primary small">--> <button type="submit" class="btn small" id="submit2"> <i class="fa fa-search"></i> </button> </div> </div> </form> </li> <li class="dropdown nav-search d-md-block"> <a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="d-none d-md-flex flex-column justify-content-md-center dropdown-toggle h-100"><i class="fa fa-search"></i></a> <div class="nav-search-container dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right"> <form id="searchnav" class="header-search" action="/" name="" method="get"> <input type="search" value name="s" class="form-control" placeholder="Search"> <button type="submit" class="btn small"> Submit </button> </form> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </header> <!--<div class="wrap container-fluid" role="document">--> <div data-rocket-location-hash="48e213c400dd76c4726856c38296e779" class="wrap" role="document"> <!-- --> <div data-rocket-location-hash="6eab064e5002adda820655a4d2500628" class="content"> <div data-rocket-location-hash="86f01ce8d55936632e7f265ab8f55513" class="container titlebacker"> <div class="page-header col-md-8 offset-md-2"> <p id="breadcrumbs"></p> <h1> Policy Studies <a href="https://reason.org/policy-study/feed/" class="rss"><i class="fa fa-rss"></i></a> </h1> <div id="header-sort-filter-area"> <form action="https://reason.org/policy-study/" class="sort-form" method="get"> <!-- Nav tabs --> <ul class="nav nav-pills"> <li role="presentation" class=""><a href="https://reason.org/policy-study/?by_topic=true">By Topic</a> </li> <li role="presentation" class=""><a href="https://reason.org/policy-study/?by_author=true">By Author</a> </li> <li role="presentation" class=""><a href="https://reason.org/policy-study/?pubdate_start=true">By Date</a></li> </ul> <!-- Tab panes --> <div class="tab-content"> </div> </form> </div> <div class="entry-content"> </div> </div> <hr> </div> <!-- <div class="container">--> <main data-rocket-location-hash="fbc69515054e26c87bcf6d7afad29215" class="main container" role="main"> <ul class="listingcontent row"> <li class="listingcontent col-12"> <div class="listingcontent-image"> <a href="/policy-brief/deepfakes-ai-and-existing-laws/"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20351%20195'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/deepfakes-ai-existing-laws-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/deepfakes-ai-existing-laws-750x422.jpg 750w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Deepfakes, AI, and existing laws" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-lazy-src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/deepfakes-ai-existing-laws-380x211.jpg"><noscript><img src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/deepfakes-ai-existing-laws-380x211.jpg" srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/deepfakes-ai-existing-laws-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/deepfakes-ai-existing-laws-750x422.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Deepfakes, AI, and existing laws" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;"></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="listingcontent-body"> <h5 class="entry-title"> <a href="/policy-brief/deepfakes-ai-and-existing-laws/" class="listingcontent-title"> Deepfakes, AI, and existing laws </a> </h5> <p class="entry-subhead"> A nuanced policy response can address the challenges of deepfakes while preserving the benefits of creative and expressive digital technologies. </p> <p class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://reason.org/policy-brief/">Policy Brief</a> by <a href="https://reason.org/author/richard-sill/" title="Posts by Richard Sill" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Sill</a> <time class="published" datetime="2025-07-24T00:01:00-04:00">July 24, 2025</time> </p> </div> </li> <li class="listingcontent col-12"> <div class="listingcontent-image"> <a href="/policy-brief/a-legislative-template-for-a-modernized-public-sector-defined-contribution-plan/"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20351%20195'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/legislative-template-modernized-public-sector-defined-contribution-plan-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/legislative-template-modernized-public-sector-defined-contribution-plan-750x422.jpg 750w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="A legislative template for a modernized public sector defined contribution plan" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-lazy-src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/legislative-template-modernized-public-sector-defined-contribution-plan-380x211.jpg"><noscript><img src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/legislative-template-modernized-public-sector-defined-contribution-plan-380x211.jpg" srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/legislative-template-modernized-public-sector-defined-contribution-plan-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/legislative-template-modernized-public-sector-defined-contribution-plan-750x422.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="A legislative template for a modernized public sector defined contribution plan" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;"></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="listingcontent-body"> <h5 class="entry-title"> <a href="/policy-brief/a-legislative-template-for-a-modernized-public-sector-defined-contribution-plan/" class="listingcontent-title"> A legislative template for a modernized public sector defined contribution plan </a> </h5> <p class="entry-subhead"> This legislative template offers a policy-based plan design that synthesizes the best aspects of both defined benefit and defined contribution models. </p> <p class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://reason.org/policy-brief/">Policy Brief</a> by <a href="https://reason.org/author/pension-integrity-project/" title="Posts by Pension Integrity Project" class="author url fn" rel="author">Pension Integrity Project</a> <time class="published" datetime="2025-07-16T00:01:00-04:00">July 16, 2025</time> </p> </div> </li> <li class="listingcontent col-12"> <div class="listingcontent-image"> <a href="/policy-brief/consent-requirements-comprehensive-data-privacy-laws-current-practices-path-forward/"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20351%20195'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/consent-requirements-comprehensive-data-privacy-laws-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/consent-requirements-comprehensive-data-privacy-laws-750x422.jpg 750w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Consent requirements in comprehensive data privacy laws: Current practices and the path forward" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-lazy-src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/consent-requirements-comprehensive-data-privacy-laws-380x211.jpg"><noscript><img src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/consent-requirements-comprehensive-data-privacy-laws-380x211.jpg" srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/consent-requirements-comprehensive-data-privacy-laws-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/consent-requirements-comprehensive-data-privacy-laws-750x422.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Consent requirements in comprehensive data privacy laws: Current practices and the path forward" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;"></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="listingcontent-body"> <h5 class="entry-title"> <a href="/policy-brief/consent-requirements-comprehensive-data-privacy-laws-current-practices-path-forward/" class="listingcontent-title"> Consent requirements in comprehensive data privacy laws: Current practices and the path forward </a> </h5> <p class="entry-subhead"> Privacy laws worldwide increasingly rely on user consent as the primary mechanism for governing data collection, processing, and sharing. </p> <p class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://reason.org/policy-brief/">Policy Brief</a> by <a href="https://reason.org/author/evgenia-sidorova/" title="Posts by Jen Sidorova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jen Sidorova</a> and <a href="https://reason.org/author/nicole-shekhovtsova/" title="Posts by Nicole Shekhovtsova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Nicole Shekhovtsova</a> <time class="published" datetime="2025-06-24T00:01:00-04:00">June 24, 2025</time> </p> </div> </li> <li class="listingcontent col-12"> <div class="listingcontent-image"> <a href="/policy-brief/low-tech-mileage-based-user-fee-options/"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20351%20195'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/low-tech-mileage-based-user-fees-options-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/low-tech-mileage-based-user-fees-options-750x422.jpg 750w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Low tech mileage-based user fee options" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-lazy-src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/low-tech-mileage-based-user-fees-options-380x211.jpg"><noscript><img src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/low-tech-mileage-based-user-fees-options-380x211.jpg" srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/low-tech-mileage-based-user-fees-options-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/low-tech-mileage-based-user-fees-options-750x422.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Low tech mileage-based user fee options" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;"></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="listingcontent-body"> <h5 class="entry-title"> <a href="/policy-brief/low-tech-mileage-based-user-fee-options/" class="listingcontent-title"> Low tech mileage-based user fee options </a> </h5> <p class="entry-subhead"> Mileage-based user fees are the most promising replacement for the fuel tax, which is no longer a sustainable way to fund roads and highways. </p> <p class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://reason.org/policy-brief/">Policy Brief</a> by <a href="https://reason.org/author/baruch-feigenbaum/" title="Posts by Baruch Feigenbaum" class="author url fn" rel="author">Baruch Feigenbaum</a> <time class="published" datetime="2025-06-23T00:01:00-04:00">June 23, 2025</time> </p> </div> </li> <li class="listingcontent col-12"> <div class="listingcontent-image"> <a href="/policy-brief/port-funding-reforming-harbor-maintenance-trust-fund/"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20351%20195'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/alternatives-reforming-harbor-maintenance-trust-fund-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/alternatives-reforming-harbor-maintenance-trust-fund-750x422.jpg 750w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Navigating port funding: Alternatives for reforming the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-lazy-src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/alternatives-reforming-harbor-maintenance-trust-fund-380x211.jpg"><noscript><img src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/alternatives-reforming-harbor-maintenance-trust-fund-380x211.jpg" srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/alternatives-reforming-harbor-maintenance-trust-fund-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/alternatives-reforming-harbor-maintenance-trust-fund-750x422.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Navigating port funding: Alternatives for reforming the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;"></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="listingcontent-body"> <h5 class="entry-title"> <a href="/policy-brief/port-funding-reforming-harbor-maintenance-trust-fund/" class="listingcontent-title"> Navigating port funding: Alternatives for reforming the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund </a> </h5> <p class="entry-subhead"> By addressing the existing inequities and compliance challenges, the U.S. can move toward a more equitable and effective funding mechanism for seaports. </p> <p class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://reason.org/policy-brief/">Policy Brief</a> by <a href="https://reason.org/author/jay-derr/" title="Posts by Jay Derr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jay Derr</a> <time class="published" datetime="2025-06-05T00:01:00-04:00">June 5, 2025</time> </p> </div> </li> <li class="listingcontent col-12"> <div class="listingcontent-image"> <a href="/policy-brief/annual-transportation-finance-report-2025/"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20351%20195'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_248847942-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_248847942-750x422.jpg 750w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Annual Transportation Finance Report 2025" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-lazy-src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_248847942-380x211.jpg"><noscript><img src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_248847942-380x211.jpg" srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_248847942-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_248847942-750x422.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Annual Transportation Finance Report 2025" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;"></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="listingcontent-body"> <h5 class="entry-title"> <a href="/policy-brief/annual-transportation-finance-report-2025/" class="listingcontent-title"> Annual Transportation Finance Report 2025 </a> </h5> <p class="entry-subhead"> Infrastructure investors financed $77.5 billion worth of public-private partnership infrastructure transactions last year. </p> <p class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://reason.org/policy-brief/">Policy Brief</a> by <a href="https://reason.org/author/robert-poole/" title="Posts by Robert Poole" class="author url fn" rel="author">Robert Poole</a> <time class="published" datetime="2025-05-29T06:00:00-04:00">May 29, 2025</time> </p> </div> </li> <li class="listingcontent col-12"> <div class="listingcontent-image"> <a href="/policy-brief/annual-surface-transportation-infrastructure-report-2025/"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20351%20195'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_377248090-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_377248090-750x422.jpg 750w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Annual Surface Transportation Infrastructure Report 2025" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-lazy-src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_377248090-380x211.jpg"><noscript><img src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_377248090-380x211.jpg" srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_377248090-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_377248090-750x422.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Annual Surface Transportation Infrastructure Report 2025" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;"></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="listingcontent-body"> <h5 class="entry-title"> <a href="/policy-brief/annual-surface-transportation-infrastructure-report-2025/" class="listingcontent-title"> Annual Surface Transportation Infrastructure Report 2025 </a> </h5> <p class="entry-subhead"> It was a strong year for global public-private partnership activity with 43 surface transportation project closings worth $11.9 billion. </p> <p class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://reason.org/policy-brief/">Policy Brief</a> by <a href="https://reason.org/author/baruch-feigenbaum/" title="Posts by Baruch Feigenbaum" class="author url fn" rel="author">Baruch Feigenbaum</a> and <a href="https://reason.org/author/jay-derr/" title="Posts by Jay Derr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jay Derr</a> <time class="published" datetime="2025-05-29T04:00:00-04:00">May 29, 2025</time> </p> </div> </li> <li class="listingcontent col-12"> <div class="listingcontent-image"> <a href="/policy-brief/annual-aviation-infrastructure-report-2025/"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20351%20195'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_345649920-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_345649920-750x422.jpg 750w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Annual Aviation Infrastructure Report 2025" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-lazy-src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_345649920-380x211.jpg"><noscript><img src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_345649920-380x211.jpg" srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_345649920-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_345649920-750x422.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Annual Aviation Infrastructure Report 2025" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;"></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="listingcontent-body"> <h5 class="entry-title"> <a href="/policy-brief/annual-aviation-infrastructure-report-2025/" class="listingcontent-title"> Annual Aviation Infrastructure Report 2025 </a> </h5> <p class="entry-subhead"> For the world overall, 45% of all passenger air traffic moves through airports with significant private investment. </p> <p class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://reason.org/policy-brief/">Policy Brief</a> by <a href="https://reason.org/author/marc-scribner/" title="Posts by Marc Scribner" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marc Scribner</a> <time class="published" datetime="2025-05-29T02:00:00-04:00">May 29, 2025</time> </p> </div> </li> <li class="listingcontent col-12"> <div class="listingcontent-image"> <a href="/policy-study/truth-about-marijuana-mental-illness-violence-review-alex-berenson-claims-in-tell-your-children/"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20351%20195'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/truth-about-marijuana-mental-illness-violence-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/truth-about-marijuana-mental-illness-violence-750x422.jpg 750w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="The truth about marijuana, mental illness, and violence: A review of Alex Berenson’s claims in ‘Tell Your Children’" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-lazy-src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/truth-about-marijuana-mental-illness-violence-380x211.jpg"><noscript><img src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/truth-about-marijuana-mental-illness-violence-380x211.jpg" srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/truth-about-marijuana-mental-illness-violence-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/truth-about-marijuana-mental-illness-violence-750x422.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="The truth about marijuana, mental illness, and violence: A review of Alex Berenson’s claims in ‘Tell Your Children’" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;"></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="listingcontent-body"> <h5 class="entry-title"> <a href="/policy-study/truth-about-marijuana-mental-illness-violence-review-alex-berenson-claims-in-tell-your-children/" class="listingcontent-title"> The truth about marijuana, mental illness, and violence: A review of Alex Berenson’s claims in ‘Tell Your Children’ </a> </h5> <p class="entry-subhead"> Marijuana legalization appears to reduce the prevalence of violent crime and suicide. </p> <p class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://reason.org/policy-study/">Policy Study</a> by <a href="https://reason.org/author/jacob-rich/" title="Posts by Jacob James Rich" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob James Rich</a> and <a href="https://reason.org/author/robert-capodilupo/" title="Posts by Robert Capodilupo" class="author url fn" rel="author">Robert Capodilupo</a> <time class="published" datetime="2025-05-28T00:01:00-04:00">May 28, 2025</time> </p> </div> </li> <li class="listingcontent col-12"> <div class="listingcontent-image"> <a href="/policy-study/k-12-open-enrollment-by-the-numbers-2025/"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20351%20195'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/k-12-open-enrollment-numbers-2025-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/k-12-open-enrollment-numbers-2025-750x422.jpg 750w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="K-12 open enrollment by the numbers: 2025" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-lazy-src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/k-12-open-enrollment-numbers-2025-380x211.jpg"><noscript><img src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/k-12-open-enrollment-numbers-2025-380x211.jpg" srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/k-12-open-enrollment-numbers-2025-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/k-12-open-enrollment-numbers-2025-750x422.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="K-12 open enrollment by the numbers: 2025" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;"></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="listingcontent-body"> <h5 class="entry-title"> <a href="/policy-study/k-12-open-enrollment-by-the-numbers-2025/" class="listingcontent-title"> K-12 open enrollment by the numbers: 2025 </a> </h5> <p class="entry-subhead"> Approximately 1.6 million students across 19 states use some form of open enrollment or public school transfer law to attend schools that are the right fit. </p> <p class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://reason.org/policy-study/">Policy Study</a> by <a href="https://reason.org/author/jude-schwalbach/" title="Posts by Jude Schwalbach" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jude Schwalbach</a> <time class="published" datetime="2025-05-27T06:00:00-04:00">May 27, 2025</time> </p> </div> </li> <li class="listingcontent col-12"> <div class="listingcontent-image"> <a href="/policy-brief/advancing-remote-air-traffic-control-tower-deployment-united-states/"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20351%20195'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_26162688-1-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_26162688-1-750x422.jpg 750w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Advancing remote air traffic control tower deployment in the United States" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-lazy-src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_26162688-1-380x211.jpg"><noscript><img src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_26162688-1-380x211.jpg" srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_26162688-1-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_26162688-1-750x422.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Advancing remote air traffic control tower deployment in the United States" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;"></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="listingcontent-body"> <h5 class="entry-title"> <a href="/policy-brief/advancing-remote-air-traffic-control-tower-deployment-united-states/" class="listingcontent-title"> Advancing remote air traffic control tower deployment in the United States </a> </h5> <p class="entry-subhead"> Remote/digital tower technology is in wide use in Europe and is rapidly expanding to Asia, Canada, and the Middle East. </p> <p class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://reason.org/policy-brief/">Policy Brief</a> by <a href="https://reason.org/author/ginger-evans/" title="Posts by Ginger Evans" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ginger Evans</a> and <a href="https://reason.org/author/marc-scribner/" title="Posts by Marc Scribner" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marc Scribner</a> <time class="published" datetime="2025-05-15T00:01:00-04:00">May 15, 2025</time> </p> </div> </li> <li class="listingcontent col-12"> <div class="listingcontent-image"> <a href="/backgrounder/the-app-store-accountability-act-would-undermine-privacy-and-parental-choice/"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20351%20195'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/app-store-accountability-act-would-undermine-privacy-parental-choice-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/app-store-accountability-act-would-undermine-privacy-parental-choice-750x422.jpg 750w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="The App Store Accountability Act would undermine privacy and parental choice" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-lazy-src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/app-store-accountability-act-would-undermine-privacy-parental-choice-380x211.jpg"><noscript><img src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/app-store-accountability-act-would-undermine-privacy-parental-choice-380x211.jpg" srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/app-store-accountability-act-would-undermine-privacy-parental-choice-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/app-store-accountability-act-would-undermine-privacy-parental-choice-750x422.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="The App Store Accountability Act would undermine privacy and parental choice" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;"></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="listingcontent-body"> <h5 class="entry-title"> <a href="/backgrounder/the-app-store-accountability-act-would-undermine-privacy-and-parental-choice/" class="listingcontent-title"> The App Store Accountability Act would undermine privacy and parental choice </a> </h5> <p class="entry-subhead"> The App Store Accountability Act would make age restrictions online more invasive than in any other area of daily life. </p> <p class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://reason.org/backgrounder/">Backgrounder</a> by <a href="https://reason.org/author/nicole-shekhovtsova/" title="Posts by Nicole Shekhovtsova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Nicole Shekhovtsova</a> and <a href="https://reason.org/author/marc-scribner/" title="Posts by Marc Scribner" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marc Scribner</a> <time class="published" datetime="2025-05-07T15:11:14-04:00">May 7, 2025</time> </p> </div> </li> <li class="listingcontent col-12"> <div class="listingcontent-image"> <a href="/policy-brief/drug-decriminalization-oregon-measure-110-impacts/"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20351%20195'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_257210932-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_257210932-750x422.jpg 750w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Drug decriminalization in Oregon: Measure 110’s impacts compared to other countries’ systems" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-lazy-src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_257210932-380x211.jpg"><noscript><img src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_257210932-380x211.jpg" srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_257210932-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/dreamstime_xxl_257210932-750x422.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Drug decriminalization in Oregon: Measure 110’s impacts compared to other countries’ systems" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;"></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="listingcontent-body"> <h5 class="entry-title"> <a href="/policy-brief/drug-decriminalization-oregon-measure-110-impacts/" class="listingcontent-title"> Drug decriminalization in Oregon: Measure 110’s impacts compared to other countries’ systems </a> </h5> <p class="entry-subhead"> A review of the data does not indicate any massive shift in offense rates or criminal behavior as a result of Measure 110. </p> <p class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://reason.org/policy-brief/">Policy Brief</a> by <a href="https://reason.org/author/nathan-daigneault/" title="Posts by Nathan Daigneault" class="author url fn" rel="author">Nathan Daigneault</a> <time class="published" datetime="2025-04-30T00:01:00-04:00">April 30, 2025</time> </p> </div> </li> <li class="listingcontent col-12"> <div class="listingcontent-image"> <a href="/backgrounder/ibogaine-offers-major-promise-in-treating-addiction-mental-health/"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20351%20195'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/ibogaine-offers-promise-treating-addiction-mental-health-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/ibogaine-offers-promise-treating-addiction-mental-health-750x422.jpg 750w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Ibogaine offers major promise in treating addiction, mental health" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-lazy-src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/ibogaine-offers-promise-treating-addiction-mental-health-380x211.jpg"><noscript><img src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/ibogaine-offers-promise-treating-addiction-mental-health-380x211.jpg" srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/ibogaine-offers-promise-treating-addiction-mental-health-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/ibogaine-offers-promise-treating-addiction-mental-health-750x422.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Ibogaine offers major promise in treating addiction, mental health" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;"></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="listingcontent-body"> <h5 class="entry-title"> <a href="/backgrounder/ibogaine-offers-major-promise-in-treating-addiction-mental-health/" class="listingcontent-title"> Ibogaine offers major promise in treating addiction, mental health </a> </h5> <p class="entry-subhead"> Ibogaine has the potential to transform the lives of millions of Americans struggling with addiction and mental health challenges. </p> <p class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://reason.org/backgrounder/">Backgrounder</a> by <a href="https://reason.org/author/madison-carlino/" title="Posts by Madison Carlino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Carlino</a> and <a href="https://reason.org/author/leonard-gilroy/" title="Posts by Leonard Gilroy" class="author url fn" rel="author">Leonard Gilroy</a> <time class="published" datetime="2025-04-24T05:59:00-04:00">April 24, 2025</time> </p> </div> </li> <li class="listingcontent col-12"> <div class="listingcontent-image"> <a href="/policy-brief/transportation-climate-change-urban-mobility/"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20351%20195'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/transportation-climate-change-urban-mobility-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/transportation-climate-change-urban-mobility-750x422.jpg 750w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Transportation and climate change: Urban mobility in a climate-sensitive world" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-lazy-src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/transportation-climate-change-urban-mobility-380x211.jpg"><noscript><img src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/transportation-climate-change-urban-mobility-380x211.jpg" srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/transportation-climate-change-urban-mobility-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/transportation-climate-change-urban-mobility-750x422.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Transportation and climate change: Urban mobility in a climate-sensitive world" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;"></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="listingcontent-body"> <h5 class="entry-title"> <a href="/policy-brief/transportation-climate-change-urban-mobility/" class="listingcontent-title"> Transportation and climate change: Urban mobility in a climate-sensitive world </a> </h5> <p class="entry-subhead"> Transportation is undergoing its most profound changes in over half a century. </p> <p class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://reason.org/policy-brief/">Policy Brief</a> by <a href="https://reason.org/author/steven-polzin/" title="Posts by Steven E. Polzin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Steven E. Polzin</a> <time class="published" datetime="2025-04-23T00:01:00-04:00">April 23, 2025</time> </p> </div> </li> <li class="listingcontent col-12"> <div class="listingcontent-image"> <a href="/backgrounder/nevada-senate-bill-395-could-hinder-autonomous-vehicle-progress/"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20351%20195'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/nevada-senate-bill-395-could-hinder-autonomous-vehicle-progress-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/nevada-senate-bill-395-could-hinder-autonomous-vehicle-progress-750x422.jpg 750w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Nevada Senate Bill 395 could hinder autonomous vehicle progress" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-lazy-src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/nevada-senate-bill-395-could-hinder-autonomous-vehicle-progress-380x211.jpg"><noscript><img src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/nevada-senate-bill-395-could-hinder-autonomous-vehicle-progress-380x211.jpg" srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/nevada-senate-bill-395-could-hinder-autonomous-vehicle-progress-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/nevada-senate-bill-395-could-hinder-autonomous-vehicle-progress-750x422.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Nevada Senate Bill 395 could hinder autonomous vehicle progress" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;"></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="listingcontent-body"> <h5 class="entry-title"> <a href="/backgrounder/nevada-senate-bill-395-could-hinder-autonomous-vehicle-progress/" class="listingcontent-title"> Nevada Senate Bill 395 could hinder autonomous vehicle progress </a> </h5> <p class="entry-subhead"> Automated vehicle technology could greatly improve road safety and efficiency. Senate Bill 395 would move Nevada in the wrong direction. </p> <p class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://reason.org/backgrounder/">Backgrounder</a> by <a href="https://reason.org/author/marc-scribner/" title="Posts by Marc Scribner" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marc Scribner</a> <time class="published" datetime="2025-04-22T06:00:00-04:00">April 22, 2025</time> </p> </div> </li> <li class="listingcontent col-12"> <div class="listingcontent-image"> <a href="/backgrounder/missouris-2025-k-12-open-enrollment-proposals/"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20351%20195'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/k-12-open-enrollment-proposals-missouri-2025-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/k-12-open-enrollment-proposals-missouri-2025-750x422.jpg 750w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Missouri’s 2025 K-12 open enrollment proposals" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-lazy-src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/k-12-open-enrollment-proposals-missouri-2025-380x211.jpg"><noscript><img src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/k-12-open-enrollment-proposals-missouri-2025-380x211.jpg" srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/k-12-open-enrollment-proposals-missouri-2025-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/k-12-open-enrollment-proposals-missouri-2025-750x422.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Missouri’s 2025 K-12 open enrollment proposals" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;"></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="listingcontent-body"> <h5 class="entry-title"> <a href="/backgrounder/missouris-2025-k-12-open-enrollment-proposals/" class="listingcontent-title"> Missouri’s 2025 K-12 open enrollment proposals </a> </h5> <p class="entry-subhead"> Missouri is considering three open enrollment legislative proposals: Senate Bill 215, House Bill 711, and Senate Bill 572. </p> <p class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://reason.org/backgrounder/">Backgrounder</a> by <a href="https://reason.org/author/christopherwilson/" title="Posts by Christopher T. Wilson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Christopher T. Wilson</a> and <a href="https://reason.org/author/jude-schwalbach/" title="Posts by Jude Schwalbach" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jude Schwalbach</a> <time class="published" datetime="2025-04-16T10:00:00-04:00">April 16, 2025</time> </p> </div> </li> <li class="listingcontent col-12"> <div class="listingcontent-image"> <a href="/policy-brief/transportation-climate-change-public-transit/"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20351%20195'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/transportation-climate-change-public-transit-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/transportation-climate-change-public-transit-750x422.jpg 750w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Transportation and climate change: Public transit" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-lazy-src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/transportation-climate-change-public-transit-380x211.jpg"><noscript><img src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/transportation-climate-change-public-transit-380x211.jpg" srcset="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/transportation-climate-change-public-transit-380x211.jpg 360w, https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/transportation-climate-change-public-transit-750x422.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 767px) 238px, (min-width: 977px) 311px, (min-width: 1185px) 378px" alt="Transportation and climate change: Public transit" class="entry-image" width="351" height="195" style="width: 100%; height: auto;"></noscript> </a> </div> <div class="listingcontent-body"> <h5 class="entry-title"> <a href="/policy-brief/transportation-climate-change-public-transit/" class="listingcontent-title"> Transportation and climate change: Public transit </a> </h5> <p class="entry-subhead"> This report focuses primarily on operating energy intensiveness and transportation energy impacts as affected by public transportation’s influence on land use. </p> <p class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://reason.org/policy-brief/">Policy Brief</a> by <a href="https://reason.org/author/steven-polzin/" title="Posts by Steven E. Polzin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Steven E. Polzin</a> <time class="published" datetime="2025-04-16T00:01:00-04:00">April 16, 2025</time> </p> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="pagination-controls col-12"> <ul class="pagination"><li class="disabled"><a href="#">Prev</a></li><li class="active "><a href="#">1</a></li><li class=""><a href="/policy-study/page/2/">2</a></li><li class=""><a href="/policy-study/page/3/">3</a></li><li class=""><a href="/policy-study/page/4/">4</a></li><li class=""><a href="/policy-study/page/5/">5</a></li><li class=""><a href="/policy-study/page/6/">6</a></li><li class=""><a href="/policy-study/page/7/">7</a></li><li class="ellipses"><span>...</span></li><li class="last-page"><a href="/policy-study/page/63/" title="Last">63</a></li><li class="next"><a href="/policy-study/page/2/" >Next</a></li></ul> </div> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form form-inline" action="https://reason.org/"> <div class="input-group"> <input type="search" value="" name="s" class="search-field form-control" placeholder="Search Policy Studies"> <input type="hidden" value="policy-study" name="ptypes"/> <label class="d-none">Search for:</label> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button type="submit" class="search-submit btn btn-success"><i class="fa fa-search"></i></button> </span> </div> </form> </main> <!-- close page-header --> <!-- /.main --> </div> <!-- /.content --> </div> <!-- /.wrap --> <footer data-rocket-location-hash="9b0dbe044cc73dfdc5d945b25809bdc6" class="content-info" role="contentinfo"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-4"> <h4 class="bold-header">Follow</h4> <ul class="social-icons color round"> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ReasonFoundation/" class="social-icon facebook"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i>Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/ReasonFdn" class="social-icon twitter"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i>Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ReasonTV" class="social-icon youtube"><i class="fa fa-youtube"></i>YouTube</a></li> <li><a href="/feed/" class="social-icon rss"><i class="fa fa-rss-square"></i>RSS</a></li> </ul> <h4 class="bold-header">Email Updates</h4> <p>Get <a href="/subscribe-to-email-newsletters/">weekly updates</a> from Reason.</p> <div class='gf_browser_chrome gform_wrapper gform-theme gform-theme--foundation gform-theme--framework gform-theme--orbital' data-form-theme='orbital' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_16' ><style>#gform_wrapper_16[data-form-index="0"].gform-theme,[data-parent-form="16_0"]{--gf-color-primary: #204ce5;--gf-color-primary-rgb: 32, 76, 229;--gf-color-primary-contrast: #fff;--gf-color-primary-contrast-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--gf-color-primary-darker: #001AB3;--gf-color-primary-lighter: #527EFF;--gf-color-secondary: #fff;--gf-color-secondary-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--gf-color-secondary-contrast: #112337;--gf-color-secondary-contrast-rgb: 17, 35, 55;--gf-color-secondary-darker: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-secondary-lighter: #FFFFFF;--gf-color-out-ctrl-light: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.1);--gf-color-out-ctrl-light-rgb: 17, 35, 55;--gf-color-out-ctrl-light-darker: rgba(104, 110, 119, 0.35);--gf-color-out-ctrl-light-lighter: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark: #585e6a;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-rgb: 88, 94, 106;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-darker: #112337;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-lighter: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65);--gf-color-in-ctrl: #fff;--gf-color-in-ctrl-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--gf-color-in-ctrl-contrast: #112337;--gf-color-in-ctrl-contrast-rgb: 17, 35, 55;--gf-color-in-ctrl-darker: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-in-ctrl-lighter: #FFFFFF;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary: #204ce5;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-rgb: 32, 76, 229;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-contrast: #fff;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-contrast-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-darker: #001AB3;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-lighter: #527EFF;--gf-color-in-ctrl-light: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.1);--gf-color-in-ctrl-light-rgb: 17, 35, 55;--gf-color-in-ctrl-light-darker: rgba(104, 110, 119, 0.35);--gf-color-in-ctrl-light-lighter: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark: #585e6a;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-rgb: 88, 94, 106;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-darker: #112337;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-lighter: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65);--gf-radius: 3px;--gf-font-size-secondary: 14px;--gf-font-size-tertiary: 13px;--gf-icon-ctrl-number: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='8' height='14' viewBox='0 0 8 14' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' clip-rule='evenodd' d='M4 0C4.26522 5.96046e-08 4.51957 0.105357 4.70711 0.292893L7.70711 3.29289C8.09763 3.68342 8.09763 4.31658 7.70711 4.70711C7.31658 5.09763 6.68342 5.09763 6.29289 4.70711L4 2.41421L1.70711 4.70711C1.31658 5.09763 0.683417 5.09763 0.292893 4.70711C-0.0976311 4.31658 -0.097631 3.68342 0.292893 3.29289L3.29289 0.292893C3.48043 0.105357 3.73478 0 4 0ZM0.292893 9.29289C0.683417 8.90237 1.31658 8.90237 1.70711 9.29289L4 11.5858L6.29289 9.29289C6.68342 8.90237 7.31658 8.90237 7.70711 9.29289C8.09763 9.68342 8.09763 10.3166 7.70711 10.7071L4.70711 13.7071C4.31658 14.0976 3.68342 14.0976 3.29289 13.7071L0.292893 10.7071C-0.0976311 10.3166 -0.0976311 9.68342 0.292893 9.29289Z' fill='rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--gf-icon-ctrl-select: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='10' height='6' viewBox='0 0 10 6' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' clip-rule='evenodd' d='M0.292893 0.292893C0.683417 -0.097631 1.31658 -0.097631 1.70711 0.292893L5 3.58579L8.29289 0.292893C8.68342 -0.0976311 9.31658 -0.0976311 9.70711 0.292893C10.0976 0.683417 10.0976 1.31658 9.70711 1.70711L5.70711 5.70711C5.31658 6.09763 4.68342 6.09763 4.29289 5.70711L0.292893 1.70711C-0.0976311 1.31658 -0.0976311 0.683418 0.292893 0.292893Z' fill='rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--gf-icon-ctrl-search: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg version='1.1' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='640' height='640'%3E%3Cpath d='M256 128c-70.692 0-128 57.308-128 128 0 70.691 57.308 128 128 128 70.691 0 128-57.309 128-128 0-70.692-57.309-128-128-128zM64 256c0-106.039 85.961-192 192-192s192 85.961 192 192c0 41.466-13.146 79.863-35.498 111.248l154.125 154.125c12.496 12.496 12.496 32.758 0 45.254s-32.758 12.496-45.254 0L367.248 412.502C335.862 434.854 297.467 448 256 448c-106.039 0-192-85.962-192-192z' fill='rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--gf-label-space-y-secondary: var(--gf-label-space-y-md-secondary);--gf-ctrl-border-color: #686e77;--gf-ctrl-size: var(--gf-ctrl-size-md);--gf-ctrl-label-color-primary: #112337;--gf-ctrl-label-color-secondary: #112337;--gf-ctrl-choice-size: var(--gf-ctrl-choice-size-md);--gf-ctrl-checkbox-check-size: var(--gf-ctrl-checkbox-check-size-md);--gf-ctrl-radio-check-size: var(--gf-ctrl-radio-check-size-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-font-size: var(--gf-ctrl-btn-font-size-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-padding-x: var(--gf-ctrl-btn-padding-x-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-size: var(--gf-ctrl-btn-size-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-border-color-secondary: #686e77;--gf-ctrl-file-btn-bg-color-hover: #EBEBEB;--gf-field-img-choice-size: var(--gf-field-img-choice-size-md);--gf-field-img-choice-card-space: var(--gf-field-img-choice-card-space-md);--gf-field-img-choice-check-ind-size: var(--gf-field-img-choice-check-ind-size-md);--gf-field-img-choice-check-ind-icon-size: var(--gf-field-img-choice-check-ind-icon-size-md);--gf-field-pg-steps-number-color: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.8);}</style><div id='gf_16' class='gform_anchor' tabindex='-1'></div> <div class='gform_heading'> <p class='gform_description'></p> </div><form method='post' enctype='multipart/form-data' target='gform_ajax_frame_16' id='gform_16' action='/policy-study/#gf_16' data-formid='16' novalidate><div class='gf_invisible ginput_recaptchav3' data-sitekey='6LeMnkUaAAAAALL8T1-XAyB7vxpOeTExu6KwR48-' data-tabindex='0'><input id="input_9acb6f52d31525d2a2172c06d6738fbf" class="gfield_recaptcha_response" type="hidden" name="input_9acb6f52d31525d2a2172c06d6738fbf" value=""/></div> <div class='gform-body gform_body'><div id='gform_fields_16' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below validation_below'><div id="field_16_1" class="gfield gfield--type-email gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_16_1'>Email Address<span class="gfield_required"><span class="gfield_required gfield_required_text">(Required)</span></span></label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_email'> <input name='input_1' id='input_16_1' type='email' value='' class='large' placeholder='e.g. jane@example.com' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" /> </div></div><div id="field_16_3" class="gfield gfield--type-hidden gfield--width-full gform_hidden field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" ><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_3' id='input_16_3' type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' aria-invalid="false" value='reason-alert' /></div></div><div id="field_16_4" class="gfield gfield--type-honeypot gform_validation_container field_sublabel_below gfield--has-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_16_4'>Email</label><div class='ginput_container'><input name='input_4' id='input_16_4' type='text' value='' autocomplete='new-password'/></div><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_16_4'>This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.</div></div></div></div> <div class='gform-footer gform_footer top_label'> <input type='submit' id='gform_submit_button_16' class='gform_button button' onclick='gform.submission.handleButtonClick(this);' data-submission-type='submit' value='Subscribe' /> <input type='hidden' name='gform_ajax' value='form_id=16&title=&description=1&tabindex=0&theme=orbital&styles=[]&hash=250d3f0b803cad94c7c954a8f2c2dedd' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submission_method' data-js='gform_submission_method_16' value='iframe' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_theme' data-js='gform_theme_16' id='gform_theme_16' value='orbital' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_style_settings' data-js='gform_style_settings_16' id='gform_style_settings_16' value='[]' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='is_submit_16' value='1' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submit' value='16' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_unique_id' value='' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='state_16' value='WyJbXSIsImNjNGM2OTFlNTUwZWRhMzU1ZWRhNmQzMjljNGRhMzFiIl0=' /> <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_target_page_number_16' id='gform_target_page_number_16' value='0' /> <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_source_page_number_16' id='gform_source_page_number_16' value='1' /> <input type='hidden' name='gform_field_values' value='newsletter=reason-alert' /> </div> </form> </div> <iframe style='display:none;width:0px;height:0px;' src='about:blank' name='gform_ajax_frame_16' id='gform_ajax_frame_16' title='This iframe contains the logic required to handle Ajax powered Gravity Forms.'></iframe> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ gform.initializeOnLoaded( function() {gformInitSpinner( 16, 'https://reason.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.svg', false );jQuery('#gform_ajax_frame_16').on('load',function(){var contents = jQuery(this).contents().find('*').html();var is_postback = contents.indexOf('GF_AJAX_POSTBACK') >= 0;if(!is_postback){return;}var form_content = jQuery(this).contents().find('#gform_wrapper_16');var is_confirmation = jQuery(this).contents().find('#gform_confirmation_wrapper_16').length > 0;var is_redirect = contents.indexOf('gformRedirect(){') >= 0;var is_form = form_content.length > 0 && ! is_redirect && ! is_confirmation;var mt = parseInt(jQuery('html').css('margin-top'), 10) + parseInt(jQuery('body').css('margin-top'), 10) + 100;if(is_form){jQuery('#gform_wrapper_16').html(form_content.html());if(form_content.hasClass('gform_validation_error')){jQuery('#gform_wrapper_16').addClass('gform_validation_error');} else {jQuery('#gform_wrapper_16').removeClass('gform_validation_error');}setTimeout( function() { /* delay the scroll by 50 milliseconds to fix a bug in chrome */ jQuery(document).scrollTop(jQuery('#gform_wrapper_16').offset().top - mt); }, 50 );if(window['gformInitDatepicker']) {gformInitDatepicker();}if(window['gformInitPriceFields']) {gformInitPriceFields();}var current_page = jQuery('#gform_source_page_number_16').val();gformInitSpinner( 16, 'https://reason.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.svg', false );jQuery(document).trigger('gform_page_loaded', [16, current_page]);window['gf_submitting_16'] = false;}else if(!is_redirect){var confirmation_content = jQuery(this).contents().find('.GF_AJAX_POSTBACK').html();if(!confirmation_content){confirmation_content = contents;}jQuery('#gform_wrapper_16').replaceWith(confirmation_content);jQuery(document).scrollTop(jQuery('#gf_16').offset().top - mt);jQuery(document).trigger('gform_confirmation_loaded', [16]);window['gf_submitting_16'] = false;wp.a11y.speak(jQuery('#gform_confirmation_message_16').text());}else{jQuery('#gform_16').append(contents);if(window['gformRedirect']) {gformRedirect();}}jQuery(document).trigger("gform_pre_post_render", [{ formId: "16", currentPage: "current_page", abort: function() { this.preventDefault(); } }]); if (event && event.defaultPrevented) { return; } const gformWrapperDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_wrapper_16" ); if ( gformWrapperDiv ) { const visibilitySpan = document.createElement( "span" ); visibilitySpan.id = "gform_visibility_test_16"; gformWrapperDiv.insertAdjacentElement( "afterend", visibilitySpan ); } const visibilityTestDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_visibility_test_16" ); let postRenderFired = false; function triggerPostRender() { if ( postRenderFired ) { return; } postRenderFired = true; gform.core.triggerPostRenderEvents( 16, current_page ); if ( visibilityTestDiv ) { visibilityTestDiv.parentNode.removeChild( visibilityTestDiv ); } } function debounce( func, wait, immediate ) { var timeout; return function() { var context = this, args = arguments; var later = function() { timeout = null; if ( !immediate ) func.apply( context, args ); }; var callNow = immediate && !timeout; clearTimeout( timeout ); timeout = setTimeout( later, wait ); if ( callNow ) func.apply( context, args ); }; } const debouncedTriggerPostRender = debounce( function() { triggerPostRender(); }, 200 ); if ( visibilityTestDiv && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent === null ) { const observer = new MutationObserver( ( mutations ) => { mutations.forEach( ( mutation ) => { if ( mutation.type === 'attributes' && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent !== null ) { debouncedTriggerPostRender(); observer.disconnect(); } }); }); observer.observe( document.body, { attributes: true, childList: false, subtree: true, attributeFilter: [ 'style', 'class' ], }); } else { triggerPostRender(); } } );} ); /* ]]> */ </script> </div> <div class="col-sm-4"> <h4 class="bold-header">More About Reason Foundation</h4> <ul> <li><a href="/about-reason-foundation/">About</a></li> <li><a href="/contact-reason-foundation/">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/donate/">Donate</a></li> <li><a href="/subscribe-to-email-newsletters/">Email Newsletters</a></li> <li><a href="/events/">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/jobs/">Jobs and Internships</a></li> <li><a href="/policy-areas/">Policy Research</a></li> <li><a href="https://reason.com/covers/all">Reason magazine</a></li> <li><a href="https://shop.reason.com/" target="_blank">Shop</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-4"> <h4 class="bold-header">Contact</h4> <p> <strong>Reason Foundation</strong><br/> 5737 Mesmer Ave.<br/> Los Angeles, CA 90230<br/> (310) 391-2245 </p> <p> 1630 Connecticut Ave NW<br> Suite 600<br/> Washington, DC 20009<br/> (202) 986-0916 </p> <p><a href="https://reason.com/privacy">Privacy Policy</a><br><a href="https://reason.com/accessibility/">Accessibility</a></p> </div> </div> <p><small>This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google <a href="https://policies.google.com/privacy"><strong>Privacy Policy</strong></a> and <a href="https://policies.google.com/terms"><strong>Terms of Service</strong></a> apply.</small></p> </div> <div data-rocket-location-hash="d68dfbe4e8cd325cbbd8939f96de43cb" id="copyright" align="center"> <br/> <br> Copyright © 2025 Reason Foundation </div> </footer> <script type="speculationrules"> {"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"\/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["\/wp-*.php","\/wp-admin\/*","\/wp-content\/uploads\/*","\/wp-content\/*","\/wp-content\/plugins\/*","\/wp-content\/themes\/reason-dot-org-theme\/*","\/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]} </script> <script> ( function ( body ) { 'use strict'; body.className = body.className.replace( /\btribe-no-js\b/, 'tribe-js' ); } )( document.body ); </script> <script> /* <![CDATA[ */var tribe_l10n_datatables = {"aria":{"sort_ascending":": activate to sort column ascending","sort_descending":": activate to sort column descending"},"length_menu":"Show _MENU_ entries","empty_table":"No data available in table","info":"Showing _START_ to _END_ of _TOTAL_ entries","info_empty":"Showing 0 to 0 of 0 entries","info_filtered":"(filtered from _MAX_ total entries)","zero_records":"No matching records found","search":"Search:","all_selected_text":"All items on this page were selected. ","select_all_link":"Select all pages","clear_selection":"Clear Selection.","pagination":{"all":"All","next":"Next","previous":"Previous"},"select":{"rows":{"0":"","_":": Selected %d rows","1":": Selected 1 row"}},"datepicker":{"dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesMin":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Prev","currentText":"Today","closeText":"Done","today":"Today","clear":"Clear"}};/* ]]> */ </script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/gwreadonly/css/gwreadonly.css?ver=1.9.29"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/gravity-forms-theme-reset.min.css?ver=2.9.14"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/gravity-forms-theme-foundation.min.css?ver=2.9.14"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/gravity-forms-theme-framework.min.css?ver=2.9.14"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/gravity-forms-orbital-theme.min.css?ver=2.9.14"> <script type="text/javascript" id="rocket-browser-checker-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ "use strict";var _createClass=function(){function defineProperties(target,props){for(var i=0;i<props.length;i++){var descriptor=props[i];descriptor.enumerable=descriptor.enumerable||!1,descriptor.configurable=!0,"value"in descriptor&&(descriptor.writable=!0),Object.defineProperty(target,descriptor.key,descriptor)}}return function(Constructor,protoProps,staticProps){return protoProps&&defineProperties(Constructor.prototype,protoProps),staticProps&&defineProperties(Constructor,staticProps),Constructor}}();function _classCallCheck(instance,Constructor){if(!(instance instanceof Constructor))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}var RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker=function(){function RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker(options){_classCallCheck(this,RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker),this.passiveSupported=!1,this._checkPassiveOption(this),this.options=!!this.passiveSupported&&options}return _createClass(RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker,[{key:"_checkPassiveOption",value:function(self){try{var options={get passive(){return!(self.passiveSupported=!0)}};window.addEventListener("test",null,options),window.removeEventListener("test",null,options)}catch(err){self.passiveSupported=!1}}},{key:"initRequestIdleCallback",value:function(){!1 in window&&(window.requestIdleCallback=function(cb){var start=Date.now();return setTimeout(function(){cb({didTimeout:!1,timeRemaining:function(){return Math.max(0,50-(Date.now()-start))}})},1)}),!1 in window&&(window.cancelIdleCallback=function(id){return clearTimeout(id)})}},{key:"isDataSaverModeOn",value:function(){return"connection"in navigator&&!0===navigator.connection.saveData}},{key:"supportsLinkPrefetch",value:function(){var elem=document.createElement("link");return elem.relList&&elem.relList.supports&&elem.relList.supports("prefetch")&&window.IntersectionObserver&&"isIntersecting"in IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype}},{key:"isSlowConnection",value:function(){return"connection"in navigator&&"effectiveType"in navigator.connection&&("2g"===navigator.connection.effectiveType||"slow-2g"===navigator.connection.effectiveType)}}]),RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker}(); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="rocket-preload-links-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var RocketPreloadLinksConfig = {"excludeUris":"\/(?:.+\/)?feed(?:\/(?:.+\/?)?)?$|\/(?:.+\/)?embed\/|\/(index.php\/)?(.*)wp-json(\/.*|$)|\/refer\/|\/go\/|\/recommend\/|\/recommends\/","usesTrailingSlash":"1","imageExt":"jpg|jpeg|gif|png|tiff|bmp|webp|avif|pdf|doc|docx|xls|xlsx|php","fileExt":"jpg|jpeg|gif|png|tiff|bmp|webp|avif|pdf|doc|docx|xls|xlsx|php|html|htm","siteUrl":"https:\/\/reason.org","onHoverDelay":"100","rateThrottle":"3"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="rocket-preload-links-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ (function() { "use strict";var r="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(e){return typeof e}:function(e){return e&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&e.constructor===Symbol&&e!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof e},e=function(){function i(e,t){for(var n=0;n<t.length;n++){var i=t[n];i.enumerable=i.enumerable||!1,i.configurable=!0,"value"in i&&(i.writable=!0),Object.defineProperty(e,i.key,i)}}return function(e,t,n){return t&&i(e.prototype,t),n&&i(e,n),e}}();function i(e,t){if(!(e instanceof t))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}var t=function(){function n(e,t){i(this,n),this.browser=e,this.config=t,this.options=this.browser.options,this.prefetched=new Set,this.eventTime=null,this.threshold=1111,this.numOnHover=0}return e(n,[{key:"init",value:function(){!this.browser.supportsLinkPrefetch()||this.browser.isDataSaverModeOn()||this.browser.isSlowConnection()||(this.regex={excludeUris:RegExp(this.config.excludeUris,"i"),images:RegExp(".("+this.config.imageExt+")$","i"),fileExt:RegExp(".("+this.config.fileExt+")$","i")},this._initListeners(this))}},{key:"_initListeners",value:function(e){-1<this.config.onHoverDelay&&document.addEventListener("mouseover",e.listener.bind(e),e.listenerOptions),document.addEventListener("mousedown",e.listener.bind(e),e.listenerOptions),document.addEventListener("touchstart",e.listener.bind(e),e.listenerOptions)}},{key:"listener",value:function(e){var t=e.target.closest("a"),n=this._prepareUrl(t);if(null!==n)switch(e.type){case"mousedown":case"touchstart":this._addPrefetchLink(n);break;case"mouseover":this._earlyPrefetch(t,n,"mouseout")}}},{key:"_earlyPrefetch",value:function(t,e,n){var i=this,r=setTimeout(function(){if(r=null,0===i.numOnHover)setTimeout(function(){return i.numOnHover=0},1e3);else if(i.numOnHover>i.config.rateThrottle)return;i.numOnHover++,i._addPrefetchLink(e)},this.config.onHoverDelay);t.addEventListener(n,function e(){t.removeEventListener(n,e,{passive:!0}),null!==r&&(clearTimeout(r),r=null)},{passive:!0})}},{key:"_addPrefetchLink",value:function(i){return this.prefetched.add(i.href),new Promise(function(e,t){var n=document.createElement("link");n.rel="prefetch",n.href=i.href,n.onload=e,n.onerror=t,document.head.appendChild(n)}).catch(function(){})}},{key:"_prepareUrl",value:function(e){if(null===e||"object"!==(void 0===e?"undefined":r(e))||!1 in e||-1===["http:","https:"].indexOf(e.protocol))return null;var t=e.href.substring(0,this.config.siteUrl.length),n=this._getPathname(e.href,t),i={original:e.href,protocol:e.protocol,origin:t,pathname:n,href:t+n};return this._isLinkOk(i)?i:null}},{key:"_getPathname",value:function(e,t){var n=t?e.substring(this.config.siteUrl.length):e;return n.startsWith("/")||(n="/"+n),this._shouldAddTrailingSlash(n)?n+"/":n}},{key:"_shouldAddTrailingSlash",value:function(e){return this.config.usesTrailingSlash&&!e.endsWith("/")&&!this.regex.fileExt.test(e)}},{key:"_isLinkOk",value:function(e){return null!==e&&"object"===(void 0===e?"undefined":r(e))&&(!this.prefetched.has(e.href)&&e.origin===this.config.siteUrl&&-1===e.href.indexOf("?")&&-1===e.href.indexOf("#")&&!this.regex.excludeUris.test(e.href)&&!this.regex.images.test(e.href))}}],[{key:"run",value:function(){"undefined"!=typeof RocketPreloadLinksConfig&&new n(new RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker({capture:!0,passive:!0}),RocketPreloadLinksConfig).init()}}]),n}();t.run(); }()); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="gforms_recaptcha_recaptcha-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var gforms_recaptcha_recaptcha_strings = {"nonce":"0113a366b7","disconnect":"Disconnecting","change_connection_type":"Resetting","spinner":"https:\/\/reason.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images\/spinner.svg","connection_type":"classic","disable_badge":"1","change_connection_type_title":"Change Connection Type","change_connection_type_message":"Changing the connection type will delete your current settings. Do you want to proceed?","disconnect_title":"Disconnect","disconnect_message":"Disconnecting from reCAPTCHA will delete your current settings. Do you want to proceed?","site_key":"6LeMnkUaAAAAALL8T1-XAyB7vxpOeTExu6KwR48-"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LeMnkUaAAAAALL8T1-XAyB7vxpOeTExu6KwR48-&ver=1.8.0" id="gforms_recaptcha_recaptcha-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/gravityformsrecaptcha/js/frontend.min.js?ver=1.8.0" id="gforms_recaptcha_frontend-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/menu.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-menu-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/wp-includes/js/dist/dom-ready.min.js?ver=f77871ff7694fffea381" id="wp-dom-ready-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=4d63a3d491d11ffd8ac6" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/wp-includes/js/dist/a11y.min.js?ver=3156534cc54473497e14" id="wp-a11y-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/autocomplete.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-autocomplete-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="reason_scripts-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var rorg_ajax_obj = {"search_post_types":[{"value":"amicus-brief","name":"Amicus Briefs"},{"value":"highway-report","name":"Annual Highway Reports"},{"value":"privatization-report","name":"Annual Privatization Reports"},{"value":"aviation-policy-news","name":"Aviation Policy Newsletter"},{"value":"backgrounder","name":"Backgrounders"},{"value":"commentary","name":"Commentaries"},{"value":"data-visualization","name":"Data Visualizations"},{"value":"tribe_events","name":"Events"},{"value":"education-newsletter","name":"Funding Education Opportunity Newsletters"},{"value":"pension-newsletter","name":"Pension Reform Newsletters"},{"value":"policy-study","name":"Policy Studies"},{"value":"psychedlics-policy","name":"Psychedelics Policy Newsletter"},{"value":"voters-guide","name":"Voters' Guide"},{"value":"transportation-news","name":"Surface Transportation Innovations Newsletters"},{"value":"testimony","name":"Testimony"}],"policy_study_child_types":[{"value":"faq","name":"FAQs"},{"value":"how-to-guides","name":"How-to Guides"},{"value":"open-enrollment","name":"Open Enrollment by State"},{"value":"transparency-project","name":"Government Financial Transparency Project"},{"value":"k12-ed-spending","name":"K-12 Education Spending Spotlight"},{"value":"policy-brief","name":"Policy Briefs"},{"value":"working-paper","name":"Working Papers"},{"value":"solvency-analysis","name":"Solvency Analysis"},{"value":"backgrounder","name":"Backgrounders"},{"value":"highway-report","name":"Annual Highway Report"}]}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/themes/reason-dot-org-theme/dist/scripts/main_fde60bae.js?ver=6.8.2" id="reason_scripts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/js/jquery.json.min.js?ver=2.9.14" id="gform_json-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="gform_gravityforms-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var gform_i18n = {"datepicker":{"days":{"monday":"Mo","tuesday":"Tu","wednesday":"We","thursday":"Th","friday":"Fr","saturday":"Sa","sunday":"Su"},"months":{"january":"January","february":"February","march":"March","april":"April","may":"May","june":"June","july":"July","august":"August","september":"September","october":"October","november":"November","december":"December"},"firstDay":0,"iconText":"Select date"}}; var gf_legacy_multi = []; var gform_gravityforms = {"strings":{"invalid_file_extension":"This type of file is not allowed. Must be one of the following:","delete_file":"Delete this file","in_progress":"in progress","file_exceeds_limit":"File exceeds size limit","illegal_extension":"This type of file is not allowed.","max_reached":"Maximum number of files reached","unknown_error":"There was a problem while saving the file on the server","currently_uploading":"Please wait for the uploading to complete","cancel":"Cancel","cancel_upload":"Cancel this upload","cancelled":"Cancelled"},"vars":{"images_url":"https:\/\/reason.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images"}}; var gf_global = {"gf_currency_config":{"name":"U.S. Dollar","symbol_left":"$","symbol_right":"","symbol_padding":"","thousand_separator":",","decimal_separator":".","decimals":2,"code":"USD"},"base_url":"https:\/\/reason.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms","number_formats":[],"spinnerUrl":"https:\/\/reason.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images\/spinner.svg","version_hash":"857c97bd5a3609724a453c92b3ff930d","strings":{"newRowAdded":"New row added.","rowRemoved":"Row removed","formSaved":"The form has been saved. The content contains the link to return and complete the form."}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/js/gravityforms.min.js?ver=2.9.14" id="gform_gravityforms-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/js/placeholders.jquery.min.js?ver=2.9.14" id="gform_placeholder-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/js/dist/utils.min.js?ver=380b7a5ec0757c78876bc8a59488f2f3" id="gform_gravityforms_utils-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/js/dist/vendor-theme.min.js?ver=21e5a4db1670166692ac5745329bfc80" id="gform_gravityforms_theme_vendors-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="gform_gravityforms_theme-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var gform_theme_config = {"common":{"form":{"honeypot":{"version_hash":"857c97bd5a3609724a453c92b3ff930d"},"ajax":{"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/reason.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ajax_submission_nonce":"80217f3780","i18n":{"step_announcement":"Step %1$s of %2$s, %3$s","unknown_error":"There was an unknown error processing your request. Please try again."}}}},"hmr_dev":"","public_path":"https:\/\/reason.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/assets\/js\/dist\/","config_nonce":"51ddbbdcd6"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/js/dist/scripts-theme.min.js?ver=b436459e6f25ebcd9e95ea18e1a35e19" id="gform_gravityforms_theme-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-ajax-response-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpAjax = {"noPerm":"Sorry, you are not allowed to do that.","broken":"An error occurred while processing your request. Please try again later."}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-includes/js/wp-ajax-response.min.js?ver=6.8.2" id="wp-ajax-response-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="gforms_google_analytics_frontend-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var gforms_google_analytics_frontend_strings = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/reason.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"c90dd62848","logging_enabled":"0","logging_nonce":"9636623ac0","ua_tracker":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/gravityformsgoogleanalytics/js/google-analytics.min.js?ver=2.4.0" id="gforms_google_analytics_frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ gform.initializeOnLoaded( function() { jQuery(document).on('gform_post_render', function(event, formId, currentPage){if(formId == 16) {if(typeof Placeholders != 'undefined'){ Placeholders.enable(); }} } );jQuery(document).on('gform_post_conditional_logic', function(event, formId, fields, isInit){} ) } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ gform.initializeOnLoaded( function() {jQuery(document).trigger("gform_pre_post_render", [{ formId: "16", currentPage: "1", abort: function() { this.preventDefault(); } }]); if (event && event.defaultPrevented) { return; } const gformWrapperDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_wrapper_16" ); if ( gformWrapperDiv ) { const visibilitySpan = document.createElement( "span" ); visibilitySpan.id = "gform_visibility_test_16"; gformWrapperDiv.insertAdjacentElement( "afterend", visibilitySpan ); } const visibilityTestDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_visibility_test_16" ); let postRenderFired = false; function triggerPostRender() { if ( postRenderFired ) { return; } postRenderFired = true; gform.core.triggerPostRenderEvents( 16, 1 ); if ( visibilityTestDiv ) { visibilityTestDiv.parentNode.removeChild( visibilityTestDiv ); } } function debounce( func, wait, immediate ) { var timeout; return function() { var context = this, args = arguments; var later = function() { timeout = null; if ( !immediate ) func.apply( context, args ); }; var callNow = immediate && !timeout; clearTimeout( timeout ); timeout = setTimeout( later, wait ); if ( callNow ) func.apply( context, args ); }; } const debouncedTriggerPostRender = debounce( function() { triggerPostRender(); }, 200 ); if ( visibilityTestDiv && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent === null ) { const observer = new MutationObserver( ( mutations ) => { mutations.forEach( ( mutation ) => { if ( mutation.type === 'attributes' && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent !== null ) { debouncedTriggerPostRender(); observer.disconnect(); } }); }); observer.observe( document.body, { attributes: true, childList: false, subtree: true, attributeFilter: [ 'style', 'class' ], }); } else { triggerPostRender(); } } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script>window.lazyLoadOptions=[{elements_selector:"img[data-lazy-src],.rocket-lazyload",data_src:"lazy-src",data_srcset:"lazy-srcset",data_sizes:"lazy-sizes",class_loading:"lazyloading",class_loaded:"lazyloaded",threshold:300,callback_loaded:function(element){if(element.tagName==="IFRAME"&&element.dataset.rocketLazyload=="fitvidscompatible"){if(element.classList.contains("lazyloaded")){if(typeof window.jQuery!="undefined"){if(jQuery.fn.fitVids){jQuery(element).parent().fitVids()}}}}}},{elements_selector:".rocket-lazyload",data_src:"lazy-src",data_srcset:"lazy-srcset",data_sizes:"lazy-sizes",class_loading:"lazyloading",class_loaded:"lazyloaded",threshold:300,}];window.addEventListener('LazyLoad::Initialized',function(e){var lazyLoadInstance=e.detail.instance;if(window.MutationObserver){var observer=new MutationObserver(function(mutations){var image_count=0;var iframe_count=0;var rocketlazy_count=0;mutations.forEach(function(mutation){for(var i=0;i<mutation.addedNodes.length;i++){if(typeof mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByTagName!=='function'){continue} if(typeof mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByClassName!=='function'){continue} images=mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByTagName('img');is_image=mutation.addedNodes[i].tagName=="IMG";iframes=mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByTagName('iframe');is_iframe=mutation.addedNodes[i].tagName=="IFRAME";rocket_lazy=mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByClassName('rocket-lazyload');image_count+=images.length;iframe_count+=iframes.length;rocketlazy_count+=rocket_lazy.length;if(is_image){image_count+=1} if(is_iframe){iframe_count+=1}}});if(image_count>0||iframe_count>0||rocketlazy_count>0){lazyLoadInstance.update()}});var b=document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0];var config={childList:!0,subtree:!0};observer.observe(b,config)}},!1)</script><script data-no-minify="1" async src="https://a8d50b36.delivery.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/plugins/wp-rocket/assets/js/lazyload/17.8.3/lazyload.min.js"></script><div data-rocket-location-hash="f733aa893d9c70724ae4006097b573ab" id="fb-root"></div> <script>(function ( d, s, id ) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName( s )[0]; if ( d.getElementById( id ) ) return; js = d.createElement( s ); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js#xfbml=1&version=v2.9&appId=231085004075801"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore( js, fjs ); }( document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk' ));</script> <script>var rocket_beacon_data = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/reason.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"b7a0839657","url":"https:\/\/reason.org\/policy-study","is_mobile":false,"width_threshold":1600,"height_threshold":700,"delay":500,"debug":null,"status":{"atf":true,"lrc":true,"preload_fonts":true,"preconnect_external_domain":true},"elements":"img, video, picture, p, main, div, li, svg, section, header, span","lrc_threshold":1800,"preload_fonts_exclusions":[],"processed_extensions":["woff2","woff","ttf"],"preconnect_external_domain_elements":["link","script","iframe"],"preconnect_external_domain_exclusions":["static.cloudflareinsights.com","rel=\"profile\"","rel=\"preconnect\"","rel=\"dns-prefetch\"","rel=\"icon\""]}</script><script data-name="wpr-wpr-beacon" src='https://reason.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-rocket/assets/js/wpr-beacon.min.js' async></script></body> </html> <!-- Cached for great performance - Debug: cached@1753747684 -->