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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antidepressants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antidepressants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Antidepressants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antidepressants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benzodiazepines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benzodiazepines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Benzodiazepines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benzodiazepines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azapirones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azapirones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Azapirones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azapirones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiepileptics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiepileptics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Antiepileptics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiepileptics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antipsychotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antipsychotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Antipsychotics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antipsychotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beta-adrenoceptor_antagonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beta-adrenoceptor_antagonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beta-adrenoceptor_antagonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mechanism of action</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mechanism of action subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SSRIs_and_SNRIs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SSRIs_and_SNRIs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>SSRIs and SNRIs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SSRIs_and_SNRIs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benzodiazepine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benzodiazepine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Benzodiazepine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benzodiazepine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Clinical use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Therapeutic_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapeutic_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Therapeutic use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapeutic_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Adverse effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serotonin–norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serotonin–norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serotonin–norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tricyclic_antidepressants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Tricyclic antidepressants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tricyclic_antidepressants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Therapeutic_use_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapeutic_use_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Therapeutic use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapeutic_use_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraindication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Contraindication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tetracyclic_antidepressants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tetracyclic_antidepressants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Tetracyclic antidepressants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tetracyclic_antidepressants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Monoamine oxidase inhibitors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barbiturates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barbiturates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Barbiturates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barbiturates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benzodiazepines_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benzodiazepines_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Benzodiazepines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benzodiazepines_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Therapeutic_use_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapeutic_use_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7.1</span> <span>Therapeutic use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapeutic_use_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effect_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effect_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7.2</span> <span>Adverse effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effect_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sympatholytics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sympatholytics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Sympatholytics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sympatholytics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buspirone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buspirone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.1</span> <span>Buspirone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buspirone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregabalin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregabalin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.2</span> <span>Pregabalin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregabalin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydroxyzine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydroxyzine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.3</span> <span>Hydroxyzine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydroxyzine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phenibut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phenibut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.4</span> <span>Phenibut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phenibut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temgicoluril" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temgicoluril"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.5</span> <span>Temgicoluril</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temgicoluril-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fabomotizole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabomotizole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.6</span> <span>Fabomotizole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fabomotizole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bromantane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bromantane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.7</span> <span>Bromantane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bromantane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emoxypine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emoxypine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.8</span> <span>Emoxypine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emoxypine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menthyl_isovalerate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menthyl_isovalerate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.9</span> <span>Menthyl isovalerate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menthyl_isovalerate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racetams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racetams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.10</span> <span>Racetams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racetams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alpidem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alpidem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.11</span> <span>Alpidem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alpidem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etifoxine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etifoxine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.12</span> <span>Etifoxine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etifoxine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcohol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.13</span> <span>Alcohol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives_to_medication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives_to_medication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Alternatives to medication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives_to_medication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anxiolytic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%82%D9%84%D9%82" title="مضاد قلق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مضاد قلق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansiol%C3%ADtic" title="Ansiolític – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ansiolític" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytikum" title="Anxiolytikum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anxiolytikum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytikum" title="Anxiolytikum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anxiolytikum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Αγχολυτικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγχολυτικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansiol%C3%ADtico" title="Ansiolítico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ansiolítico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antianksiiga_agento" title="Antianksiiga agento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antianksiiga agento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antsiolitiko" title="Antsiolitiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antsiolitiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B6%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="داروی ضداضطراب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داروی ضداضطراب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytique" title="Anxiolytique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anxiolytique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquilizante" title="Tranquilizante – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tranquilizante" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EB%B6%88%EC%95%88%EC%A0%9C" title="항불안제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항불안제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Անքսիոլիտիկներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անքսիոլիտիկներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksiolitici" title="Anksiolitici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anksiolitici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksiolitik" title="Anksiolitik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anksiolitik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansiolitico" title="Ansiolitico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ansiolitico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksiyol%C3%AEt%C3%AEk" title="Anksiyolîtîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Anksiyolîtîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksiol%C4%ABti%C4%B7i" title="Anksiolītiķi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Anksiolītiķi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolitikum" title="Anxiolitikum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anxiolitikum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolyse" title="Anxiolyse – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anxiolyse" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%89%E8%96%AC" title="抗不安薬 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="抗不安薬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytika" title="Anxiolytika – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anxiolytika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksiyolitiklar" title="Anksiyolitiklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Anksiyolitiklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leki_przeciwl%C4%99kowe" title="Leki przeciwlękowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leki przeciwlękowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansiol%C3%ADtico" title="Ansiolítico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ansiolítico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolitic" title="Anxiolitic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anxiolitic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Анксиолитики – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анксиолитики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anxiolytic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksiolitik" title="Anksiolitik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anksiolitik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksiolitik" title="Anksiolitik – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Anksiolitik" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksiolitik" title="Anksiolitik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anksiolitik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksiolyytit" title="Anksiolyytit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anksiolyytit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytika" title="Anxiolytika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anxiolytika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of medications used to alleviate anxiety</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ddbbee">Anxiolytic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Class identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">Synonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sedative, minor tranquilizer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Use</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiety disorders">Anxiety disorders</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/anxiolytics-sedatives-and-hypnotics.html">Drug Classes</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background: #e8e8e8; text-align: center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62903" class="extiw" title="d:Q62903">In Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>anxiolytic</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>; also <b>antipanic</b> or <b>anti-anxiety agent</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a medication or other intervention that reduces <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_(mood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiety (mood)">anxiety</a>. This effect is in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Anxiogenic" title="Anxiogenic">anxiogenic</a> agents which increase anxiety. Anxiolytic <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medications</a> are used for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a> and their related psychological and physical symptoms. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature_of_anxiety">Nature of anxiety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nature of anxiety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anxiety is a naturally-occurring emotion and response. When anxiety levels exceed the tolerability of a person, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a> may occur. People with anxiety disorders can exhibit fear responses, such as defensive behaviors, high levels of alertness, and <a href="/wiki/Negative_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative emotion">negative emotions</a>. Those with anxiety disorders may have concurrent psychological disorders, such as <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>. Anxiety disorders are classified using six possible clinical assessments:<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_2018_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Generalized_Anxiety_Disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalized Anxiety Disorder">Generalized anxiety disorders (GAD)</a> </td> <td>The anxiety symptoms are usually persistent and constant. Patients of this disorder could experience excessive anxiety for a long duration, commonly over six months and the symptoms could occur without any specific triggers. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a> </td> <td>This disorder specifically refers to the suffering from panic attacks and also the fear of repetitive attacks. Commonly found in agoraphobia patients (the fear of difficulty in leaving a confined venue). Panic attacks are sudden upsurges in anxiety level usually with unexplained reasons. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Phobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Phobia">Social phobia</a> </td> <td>This refers to the fear of staging in social situations where one experiences public observation among people or performs in front of the public. The fears are often unexplained and persistent. The fear could also be attributed to the possible humiliation in front of others due to poor performance or awkward social interactions. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">Specific phobias</a> </td> <td>Persistent fear towards a specific object, either tangible or intangible. This leads to undeniable avoidance or thought of escape from the object or endurance of the object in immense levels of anxiety. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)</a> </td> <td>PTSDs develop due to experience of severe trauma or life-threatening events. Specific symptoms include flashbacks to traumatic events triggered during similar situations, as well as avoidance of these situations. The fear of re-experiencing the event is also associated with feelings of helplessness or horror. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD)</a> </td> <td>Person with OCD would experience compulsive impulses of removing an obsession. One common example is the obsession with impurities or contamination. The person would have compulsion or urge in sterilizing the environment to remove the contamination. Another example is the obsession with orderliness. The person would manipulate the surroundings including visual presentations to ease their obsession. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Different types of anxiety disorders will share some general symptoms while having their own distinctive symptoms. This explains why people with different types of anxiety disorders will respond differently to different classes of anti-anxiety medications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etiology">Etiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">etiology</a> of anxiety disorder remains unknown. There are several contributing factors that are still yet to be proved to cause anxiety disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_2018_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors include childhood anxiety, drug induction by central stimulant drugs, metabolic diseases or having depressive disorder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medications">Medications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anti-anxiety medication is any drug that can be taken or prescribed for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a>, which may be mediated by neurotransmitters like <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Aminobutyric acid">gamma-aminobutyric acid</a> (GABA) in the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-anxiety medication can be classified into six types according to their different mechanisms: <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azapirone" title="Azapirone">azapirones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiepileptics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiepileptics">antiepileptics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beta_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta blockers">beta blockers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CAMH_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAMH-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antidepressants include <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a> (SSRIs), <a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors</a> (SNRIs), <a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">tricyclic antidepressants</a> (TCAs), and <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">monoamine oxidase inhibitors</a> (MAOIs). SSRIs are used in all types of anxiety disorders while SNRIs are used for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Both of them are considered as first-line anti-anxiety medications. TCAs are second-line treatment as they cause more significant adverse effects when compared to the first-line treatment. Benzodiazepines are effective in emergent and short-term treatment of anxiety disorders due to their fast onset but carry the risk of dependence.<sup id="cite_ref-CAMH_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAMH-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a> is indicated for GAD, which has much slower onset but with the advantage of less sedating and withdrawal effects.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), <a href="/wiki/Iproniazid" title="Iproniazid">iproniazid</a>, was discovered accidentally when developing the new <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberculosis management">antitubercular</a> drug <a href="/wiki/Isoniazid" title="Isoniazid">isoniazid</a>. The drug was found to induce euphoria and improve the patient's appetite and sleep quality.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first tricyclic antidepressant, <a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">imipramine</a>, was originally developed and studied to be an <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamine</a> alongside other first-generation antihistamines of the time, such as <a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">promethazine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillhouse_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillhouse-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TCAs can increase the level of norepinephrine and serotonin by inhibiting their reuptake transport proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of TCAs exert greater effect on norepinephrine, which leads to side effects like drowsiness and memory loss. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In order to be more effective on serotonin agonism and avoid anticholinergic and antihistaminergic side effects, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) were researched and introduced to treat anxiety disorders. The first SSRI, <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">fluoxetine</a> (Prozac), was discovered in 1974 and approved by FDA in 1987. After that, other SSRIs like <a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">sertraline</a> (Zoloft), <a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">paroxetine</a> (Paxil), and <a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">escitalopram</a> (Lexapro) have entered the market.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillhouse_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillhouse-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), <a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">venlafaxine</a> (Effexor), entered the market in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillhouse_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillhouse-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SNRIs can target serotonin and norepinephrine transporters while avoiding imposing significant effects on other adrenergic (α<sub>1</sub>, α<sub>2</sub>, and β), histamine (H<sub>1</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">muscarinic</a>, dopamine, or postsynaptic serotonin receptors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classifications">Classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are six groups of anti-anxiety medications available that have been proven to be clinically significant in treatment of anxiety disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Rang_Dale_2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rang_Dale_2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The groups of medications are as follows. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Drug Class </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a> (e.g., SSRIs, SNRIs) </td> <td>SSRIs e.g., fluoxetine, sertraline; SNRIs e.g., venlafaxine; MAOIs; TCAs </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a> </td> <td>Lorazepam, diazepam, alprazolam </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azapirone" title="Azapirone">Azapirones</a> </td> <td>Buspirone, gepirone, tandospirone </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Antiepileptics</a> </td> <td>Gabapentin, pregabalin, tiagabine and valproate </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a> </td> <td>Olanzapine, risperidone </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists</a> </td> <td>Propranolol, atenolol </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antidepressants">Antidepressants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Antidepressants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medications that are indicated for both anxiety disorders and depression. <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a> (SSRIs) and <a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors</a> (SNRIs) are new generations of antidepressants. They have a much lower adverse effect profile than older antidepressants like monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Therefore, SSRIs and SNRIs are now the first-line agent in treating long term anxiety disorders, given their applications and significance in all six types of disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Rang_Dale_2012_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rang_Dale_2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benzodiazepines">Benzodiazepines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Benzodiazepines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a> are used for acute anxiety and could be added along with current use of SSRIs to stabilize a treatment. Long-term use in treatment plans is not recommended. Different kinds of benzodiazepine will vary in its pharmacological profile, including its strength of effect and time taken for metabolism. The choice of the benzodiazepine will depend on the corresponding profiles.<sup id="cite_ref-Rang_Dale_2012_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rang_Dale_2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benzodiazepines are used for emergent or short-term management. They are not recommended as the first-line anti-anxiety drugs, but they can be used in combination with SSRIs/SNRIs during the initial treatment stage.<sup id="cite_ref-CAMH_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAMH-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indications include panic disorder, sleep disorders, seizures, acute behavioral disturbance, muscle spasm and premedication and sedation for procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azapirones">Azapirones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Azapirones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buspirone can be useful in GAD but not particularly effective in treating phobias, panic disorder or social anxiety disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_2018_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a safer option for long-term use as it does not cause dependence like benzodiazepines.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiepileptics">Antiepileptics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Antiepileptics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antiepileptics are rarely prescribed as an off-label treatment for anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been some suggestions that they may help with anxiety symptoms but there is generally a lack of research on its use.<sup id="cite_ref-Garakani_2020_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garakani_2020-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One antiepileptic, <a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">pregabalin</a>, has been found to be better at treating GAD than a placebo, and comparable effects to benzodiazepines. It has also been shown be potentially efficient in treating social anxiety disorder. <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a> has been prescribed off-label for anxiety despite a lack of research evidence supporting such use, although some studies have indicated that it may relieve anxiety symptoms. The potential anxiolytic effect of <a href="/wiki/Tiagabine" title="Tiagabine">tiagabine</a> has been observed in some pre-clinical trials, but its effectiveness has not yet been proved. Similarly, there is a lack of research on <a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">valproate</a> for the treatment of anxiety disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Garakani_2020_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garakani_2020-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antipsychotics">Antipsychotics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Antipsychotics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a> are atypical antipsychotics which are also effective in GAD and PTSD treatment. However, there is a higher chance of experiencing adverse effects than the other anti-anxiety medications.<sup id="cite_ref-Rang_Dale_2012_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rang_Dale_2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beta-adrenoceptor_antagonists">Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a> is originally used for high blood pressure and heart diseases. It can also be used to treat anxiety with symptoms like tremor or increased heart rate. They work on the nervous system and alleviate the symptoms as a relief.<sup id="cite_ref-Rang_Dale_2012_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rang_Dale_2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Propranolol is also commonly used for public speaking when one is nervous.<sup id="cite_ref-Garakani_2020_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garakani_2020-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SSRIs_and_SNRIs">SSRIs and SNRIs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: SSRIs and SNRIs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) are reuptake inhibitors of a class of nerve signal transduction chemical called <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a>. Serotonin and norepinephrine are neurotransmitters that are related to nervous control in mood regulation. The level of these neurotransmitters is regulated by the nerve through reuptake to avoid accumulation of the neurotransmitter at the endings of nerve fibers. By reuptaking the neurotransmitter, the level of neuronal activity will go back down and be ready to go back up upon excitation from a new nerve signal.<sup id="cite_ref-Rang_Dale_2012_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rang_Dale_2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the neurotransmitter level of patients with anxiety disorders is usually low or the patients’ nerve fibers are insensitive to the neurotransmitters. SSRIs and SNRIs will then block the channel of reuptake and increase the level of the neurotransmitter. The nerve fibers will inhibit further production of neurotransmitters upon the increase. However the prolonged increase will eventually <a href="/wiki/Desensitization_(receptor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Desensitization (receptor)">desensitize the nerve</a> about the change in level. Therefore, the action of both SSRIs and SNRIs will take 4–6 weeks to exert their full effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_2018_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rang_Dale_2012_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rang_Dale_2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Benzodiazepine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benzodiazepines bind selectively to the <a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA receptor</a>, which is the receptor protein found in the nervous system and is in control of the nervous response. Benzodiazepine will increase the entry of chloride ions into the cells by improving the binding between <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a> and GABA receptors and then the better opening of the channel for chloride ion passage. The high level of chloride ion inside the nerve cells makes the nerve more difficult to <a href="/wiki/Depolarization" title="Depolarization">depolarize</a> and inhibit further nerve signal transduction. The excitability of the nerves then reduces and the nervous system slows down. Therefore, the drug can alleviate symptoms of anxiety disorder and make the person less nervous.<sup id="cite_ref-Rang_Dale_2012_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rang_Dale_2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_use">Clinical use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Clinical use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors">Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors">Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a> (SSRIs) are a class of medications used in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">OCD</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BARLOW_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BARLOW-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SSRIs are the first-line anti-anxiety medications.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochmann_2018_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochmann_2018-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serotonin is one of the crucial neurotransmitters in mood enhancement, and increasing serotonin level produces an anti-anxiety effect.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SSRIs increase the serotonin level in the brain by inhibiting serotonin uptake pumps on serotonergic systems, without interactions with other receptors and ion channels. SSRIs are beneficial in both acute response and long-term maintenance treatment for both depression and anxiety disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochmann_2018_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochmann_2018-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SSRIs can increase anxiety initially due to negative feedback through the serotonergic <a href="/wiki/Autoreceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoreceptors">autoreceptors</a>; for this reason a concurrent benzodiazepine can be used until the anxiolytic effect of the SSRI occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SSRIs <a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">paroxetine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">escitalopram</a> are <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">USFDA</a> approved to treat generalized anxiety disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-Garakani_2020_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garakani_2020-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Therapeutic_use">Therapeutic use</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Therapeutic use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Drug </th> <th>Indication </th> <th>Common side effect </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">Citalopram</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Depressive illness<sup id="cite_ref-BNF_2014_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNF_2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Panic disorder<sup id="cite_ref-Lochmann_2018_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochmann_2018-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Acute angle closure <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lochmann_2018_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochmann_2018-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Apathy (caused by decrease in dopamine release)</li> <li>Flatulence</li> <li>Drowsiness<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hypersalivation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">Migraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">Rhinitis</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a><sup id="cite_ref-BNF_2014_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNF_2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>(active enantiomer of citalopram) </p> </td> <td> <ul><li>Depressive illness</li> <li>Generalized anxiety disorder</li> <li>Obsessive-compulsive disorder</li> <li>Panic disorder</li> <li>Social anxiety disorder</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">Sinusitis</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a><sup id="cite_ref-BNF_2014_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNF_2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li> <li>Obsessive-compulsive disorder</li> <li>Menopausal symptoms</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Chills</li> <li>Feeling abnormal</li> <li>Postmenopausal <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">hemorrhage</a></li> <li>Uterine disorder</li> <li>Vasodilation</li> <li>Blurred vision</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adverse_effect">Adverse effect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Adverse effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The common early side effects of SSRIs include nausea and loose stool, which can be solved by discontinuing the treatment. Headache, dizziness, insomnia are the common early side effects as well.<sup id="cite_ref-nhs.uk_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhs.uk-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anorgasmia" title="Anorgasmia">anorgasmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reduced_libido" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced libido">reduced libido</a> are common adverse side effects of SSRIs. Sometimes they <a href="/wiki/Post-SSRI_Sexual_Dysfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-SSRI Sexual Dysfunction">may persist after the cessation of treatment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nhs.uk_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhs.uk-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal symptoms</a> like dizziness, headache and flu-like symptoms (fatigue/myalgia/loose stool) may occur if SSRI is stopped suddenly. The brain is incapable of upregulating the receptors to sufficient levels especially after discontinuation of the drugs with short half life like paroxetine. Both fluoxetine and its active metabolite have a long half life therefore it causes the least withdrawal symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochmann_2018_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochmann_2018-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serotonin–norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors"><span id="Serotonin.E2.80.93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors"></span>Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a> (SNRIs) include <a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">venlafaxine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">duloxetine</a> drugs. Venlafaxine, in <a href="/wiki/Extended_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended release">extended release</a> form, and duloxetine, are indicated for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">GAD</a>. SNRIs are as effective as SSRIs in the treatment of anxiety disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanin_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tricyclic_antidepressants">Tricyclic antidepressants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tricyclic antidepressants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (TCAs) have anxiolytic effects; however, side effects are often more troubling or severe and overdose is dangerous. They are considered effective, but have generally been replaced by antidepressants that cause different adverse effects. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">imipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">doxepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">desipramine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Therapeutic_use_2">Therapeutic use</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Therapeutic use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Drugs </th> <th>Indication </th> <th>Common side effect </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Nocturnal <a href="/wiki/Enuresis" title="Enuresis">enuresis</a> for children above six years old</li> <li>Severe depression</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Antihistamine side effects like sedation, weight gain</li> <li>Anticholinergic side effects like blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">Clomipramine</a><sup id="cite_ref-BNF_2014_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNF_2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Depressive illness</li> <li>Phobic and obsessional states</li> <li>Adjunctive treatment of <a href="/wiki/Cataplexy" title="Cataplexy">cataplexy</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">narcolepsy</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Aggression</li> <li>Anxiety</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrhythmia" title="Arrhythmia">Arrhythmias</a></li> <li>Breast enlargement</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contraindication">Contraindication</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Contraindication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TCAs may cause drug poisoning in patients with <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>, cardiovascular diseases and arrhythmias.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tetracyclic_antidepressants">Tetracyclic antidepressants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tetracyclic antidepressants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a> has demonstrated anxiolytic effect comparable to SSRIs while rarely causing or exacerbating anxiety. Mirtazapine's anxiety reduction tends to occur significantly faster than SSRIs.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors">Monoamine oxidase inhibitors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitors">Monoamine oxidase inhibitors</a> (MAOIs) are first-generation antidepressants effective for anxiety treatment but their dietary restrictions, adverse effect profile and availability of newer medications have limited their use. MAOIs include <a href="/wiki/Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">phenelzine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isocarboxazid" title="Isocarboxazid">isocarboxazid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine" title="Tranylcypromine">tranylcypromine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pirlindole" title="Pirlindole">Pirlindole</a> is a reversible MAOI that lacks dietary restriction.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barbiturates">Barbiturates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Barbiturates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a> are powerful anxiolytics but the risk of abuse and addiction is high. Many experts consider these drugs obsolete for treating anxiety but valuable for the short-term treatment of severe insomnia, though only after benzodiazepines or non-benzodiazepines have failed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benzodiazepines_2">Benzodiazepines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Benzodiazepines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a> are prescribed to quell <a href="/wiki/Panic_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic attacks">panic attacks</a>. Benzodiazepines are also prescribed in tandem with an antidepressant for the latent period of efficacy associated with many ADs for anxiety disorder. There is risk of <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepine withdrawal">benzodiazepine withdrawal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebound_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebound syndrome">rebound syndrome</a> if BZDs are rapidly discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassano_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassano-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolerance and dependence may occur.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk of abuse in this class of medication is smaller than in that of barbiturates. Cognitive and behavioral adverse effects are possible.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benzodiazepines include: <a href="/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">alprazolam</a> (Xanax), <a href="/wiki/Bromazepam" title="Bromazepam">bromazepam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">chlordiazepoxide</a> (Librium), <a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">clonazepam</a> (Klonopin), <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a> (Valium), <a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">lorazepam</a> (Ativan), <a href="/wiki/Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">oxazepam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">temazepam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Triazolam" title="Triazolam">Triazolam</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Therapeutic_use_3">Therapeutic use</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Therapeutic use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Drug </th> <th>Indication </th> <th>Common Side effect </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lorazepam </td> <td> <ul><li>Short term use in anxiety</li> <li>Short term use in insomnia associated anxiety</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_sedation_and_analgesia" title="Procedural sedation and analgesia">Conscious sedation</a> for procedures</li> <li>Premedication</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">Status epilepticus/febrile convulsions/convulsions</a> caused by poisoning</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Decreased alertness</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">Ataxia</a>, confusion (more in elderly)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diazepam </td> <td> <ul><li>Muscle spasm of varied aetiology</li> <li>Anxiety</li> <li>Acute drug-induced dystonic reactions</li> <li>Sedation for minor surgical and medical procedures</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Abnormal appetite</li> <li>Concentration impairment</li> <li>Gastrointestinal disorder</li> <li>Movement disorder</li> <li>Muscle spasm</li> <li>Vomiting</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alprazolam </td> <td> <ul><li>Short term use in anxiety</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>As all benzodiazepines<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (November 2022)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adverse_effect_2">Adverse effect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Adverse effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benzodiazepines lead to <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_depression" title="Central nervous system depression">central nervous system depression</a>, resulting in common adverse effects like drowsiness, oversedation, light-headedness. Memory impairment can be a common adverse effect especially in elderly, hypersalivation, ataxia, slurred speech, psychomotor effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_2018_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sympatholytics">Sympatholytics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sympatholytics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sympatholytic" title="Sympatholytic">Sympatholytics</a> are a group of anti-hypertensives which inhibit activity of the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beta_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta blockers">Beta blockers</a> reduce anxiety by decreasing heart rate and preventing shaking. Beta blockers include <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxprenolol" title="Oxprenolol">oxprenolol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">metoprolol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alpha-1 antagonist <a href="/wiki/Prazosin" title="Prazosin">prazosin</a> could be effective for PTSD.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alpha-2 agonists <a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">clonidine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">guanfacine</a> have demonstrated both anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buspirone">Buspirone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Buspirone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a> (Buspar) is a <a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor">5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> used to treated generalized anxiety disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If an individual has only recently stopped taking benzodiazepines, buspirone will be less effective.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Pregabalin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a> (Lyrica) produces anxiolytic effect after one week of use comparable to <a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">lorazepam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">alprazolam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">venlafaxine</a> with more consistent psychic and somatic anxiety reduction. Unlike BZDs, it does not disrupt <a href="/wiki/Sleep_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep architecture">sleep architecture</a> nor does it cause cognitive or psychomotor impairment.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Hydroxyzine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a> (Atarax) is an <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamine</a> originally approved for clinical use by the FDA in 1956. Hydroxyzine has a calming effect which helps ameliorate anxiety. Hydroxyzine efficacy is comparable to benzodiazepines in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phenibut">Phenibut</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Phenibut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a> (Anvifen, Fenibut, Noofen) is an anxiolytic<sup id="cite_ref-Lapin_2001_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapin_2001-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phenibut is a <a href="/wiki/GABAB_receptor" title="GABAB receptor">GABA<sub>B</sub> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lapin_2001_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapin_2001-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as an antagonist at <a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel#α2δ_Subunit" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">α<sub>2</sub>δ subunit</a>-containing <a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">voltage-dependent calcium channels</a> (VDCCs), similarly to <a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoids</a> like <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">pregabalin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medication is not approved by the FDA for use in the United States, but is sold online as a supplement.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temgicoluril">Temgicoluril</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Temgicoluril"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Temgicoluril" title="Temgicoluril">Temgicoluril</a> (Mebicar) is an anxiolytic produced in <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and used in Eastern Europe. Temgicoluril has an effect on the structure of limbic-reticular activity, particularly on the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, as well as on all four basic neuromediator systems – <a href="/wiki/Gamma-aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-aminobutyric acid">γ aminobutyric acid</a> (GABA), <a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">choline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> and adrenergic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temgicoluril decreases noradrenaline, increases serotonin, and exerts no effect on dopamine.<sup id="cite_ref-Missingor_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Missingor-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fabomotizole">Fabomotizole</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Fabomotizole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fabomotizole" title="Fabomotizole">Fabomotizole</a> (Afobazole) is an anxiolytic drug launched in Russia in the early 2000s. Its mechanism of action is poorly-defined, with GABAergic, <a href="/wiki/Nerve_growth_factor" title="Nerve growth factor">NGF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor" title="Brain-derived neurotrophic factor">BDNF</a> release promoting, <a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor" title="Melatonin receptor">MT<sub>1</sub> receptor</a> agonism, MT<sub>3</sub> receptor antagonism, and <a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">sigma receptor</a> agonism thought to have some involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bromantane">Bromantane</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bromantane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bromantane" title="Bromantane">Bromantane</a> is a stimulant drug with anxiolytic properties developed in Russia during the late 1980s. Bromantane acts mainly by facilitating the biosynthesis of dopamine, through indirect genomic upregulation of relevant enzymes (<a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_hydroxylase" title="Tyrosine hydroxylase">tyrosine hydroxylase</a> (TH) and <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_L-amino_acid_decarboxylase" title="Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase">aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase</a> (AAAD)).<sup id="cite_ref-Ladasten_induces_the_expression_of_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ladasten_induces_the_expression_of-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emoxypine">Emoxypine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Emoxypine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emoxypine" title="Emoxypine">Emoxypine</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> that is also a purported anxiolytic.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its chemical structure resembles that of <a href="/wiki/Pyridoxine" title="Pyridoxine">pyridoxine</a>, a form of vitamin B<sub>6</sub>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Menthyl_isovalerate">Menthyl isovalerate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Menthyl isovalerate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Menthyl_isovalerate" title="Menthyl isovalerate">Menthyl isovalerate</a> is a flavoring food additive marketed as a <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a> and anxiolytic drug in Russia under the name <i>Validol</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Racetams">Racetams</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Racetams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Racetam" title="Racetam">racetam</a> based drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Aniracetam" title="Aniracetam">aniracetam</a> can have an antianxiety effect.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alpidem">Alpidem</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Alpidem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alpidem" title="Alpidem">Alpidem</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">nonbenzodiazepine</a> anxiolytic with similar anxiolytic effectiveness as benzodiazepines but reduced <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a> and cognitive, memory, and motor impairment.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22981367_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22981367-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was marketed briefly in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> but was <a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">withdrawn from the market</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Liver_toxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver toxicity">liver toxicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22981367_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22981367-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Etifoxine">Etifoxine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Etifoxine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Etifoxine" title="Etifoxine">Etifoxine</a> has similar anxiolytic effects as benzodiazepine drugs, but does not produce the same levels of sedation and <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nuss_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuss-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, etifoxine does not affect memory and vigilance, and does not induce rebound anxiety, <a href="/wiki/Drug_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug dependence">drug dependence</a>, or withdrawal symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-nuss_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuss-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alcohol">Alcohol</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Alcohol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a> is sometimes used as an anxiolytic by <a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">self-medication</a>. <a href="/wiki/FMRI" class="mw-redirect" title="FMRI">fMRI</a> can measure the anxiolytic effects of alcohol in the human brain.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives_to_medication">Alternatives to medication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Alternatives to medication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (CBT) is an effective treatment for <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">social anxiety disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">exposure therapy</a> is the recommended treatment for anxiety related phobias. Healthcare providers can guide those with anxiety disorder by referring them to self-help resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Shearer-2007_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shearer-2007-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes medication is combined with psychotherapy but research has not found a benefit of combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy versus monotherapy.<sup id="cite_ref-Pull-2007_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pull-2007-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If CBT is found ineffective, both the Canadian and American medical associations then suggest the use of medication.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (March 2018)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N05#N05B_Anxiolytics" title="ATC code N05">ATC code N05 § N05B Anxiolytics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Categories">Categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Anxiolytics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anxiolytics" title="Category:Anxiolytics">Anxiolytics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Drug_classes_defined_by_psychological_effects" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Drug_classes_defined_by_psychological_effects" title="Category:Drug classes defined by psychological effects">Drug classes defined by psychological effects</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Drugs_by_psychological_effects" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_by_psychological_effects" title="Category:Drugs by psychological effects">Drugs by psychological effects</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Psychoactive_drugs" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychoactive_drugs" title="Category:Psychoactive drugs">Psychoactive drugs</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiolytic&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628224336/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/nine/100020674.htm">"Antianxiety agent"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Dorland%27s_medical_reference_works" title="Dorland's medical reference works">Dorland's Medical Dictionary</a></i></span> 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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drug groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_chemical_drug_groups_–_based_upon_the_Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major chemical drug groups – based upon the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a><br />/ <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A" title="ATC code A">A</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>stomach acid</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">Antacids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 antagonist">H<sub>2</sub> antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor" title="Proton-pump inhibitor">Proton-pump inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">Antiemetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">Laxatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidiarrhoeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiarrhoeal">Antidiarrhoeals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antipropulsive" title="Antipropulsive">Antipropulsives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication" title="Anti-obesity medication">Anti-obesity drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_medication" title="Diabetes medication">Diabetes medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Dietary minerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and blood<br />forming organs (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_B" title="ATC code B">B</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antithrombotic" title="Antithrombotic">Antithrombotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">Antiplatelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic drug">Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihemorrhagic" title="Antihemorrhagic">Antihemorrhagics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">Coagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifibrinolytic" title="Antifibrinolytic">Antifibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C" title="ATC code C">C</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>cardiac therapy / <a href="/wiki/Antianginal" title="Antianginal">antianginals</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside" title="Cardiac glycoside">Cardiac glycosides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">Antiarrhythmics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stimulant" title="Cardiac stimulant">Cardiac stimulants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">Antihypertensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">Diuretics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium channel blockers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">Angiotensin II receptor antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin_inhibitor" title="Renin inhibitor">Renin inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypolipidemic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypolipidemic agent">Antihyperlipidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">Statins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrate" title="Fibrate">Fibrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_sequestrant" title="Bile acid sequestrant">Bile acid sequestrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D" title="ATC code D">D</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emollient" class="mw-redirect" title="Emollient">Emollients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatrizant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatrizant">Cicatrizants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipruritic" title="Antipruritic">Antipruritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsoriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipsoriatic">Antipsoriatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D09" title="ATC code D09">Medicated dressings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">genitourinary<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G" title="ATC code G">G</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">Fertility agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">Selective estrogen receptor modulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_H" title="ATC code H">H</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone">Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">Mineralocorticoids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">Thyroid hormones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antithyroid_agent" title="Antithyroid agent">Antithyroid agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a> and<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infestation" class="extiw" title="wikt:infestation">infestations</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J" title="ATC code J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_P" title="ATC code P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATCvet_code_QI" title="ATCvet code QI">QI</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">Antimicrobials</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">Antibacterials</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimycobacterial" title="Antimycobacterial">Antimycobacterials</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifungal_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal drug">Antifungals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antivirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparasitic" title="Antiparasitic">Antiparasitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiprotozoal_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiprotozoal agent">Antiprotozoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">Anthelmintics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoparasiticide" title="Ectoparasiticide">Ectoparasiticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous immunoglobulin">Intravenous immunoglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> disease<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L01–L02</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Anticancer agents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">Antimetabolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkylating_antineoplastic_agent" title="Alkylating antineoplastic agent">Alkylating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_poison" title="Spindle poison">Spindle poisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineoplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineoplastic">Antineoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoisomerase_inhibitor" title="Topoisomerase inhibitor">Topoisomerase inhibitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune</a> disease<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L03–L04</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunomodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulator">Immunomodulators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunostimulant" title="Immunostimulant">Immunostimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M" title="ATC code M">M</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">Anti-inflammatories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease-modifying_antirheumatic_drug" title="Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug">Antirheumatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Muscle relaxants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">Bisphosphonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N" title="ATC code N">N</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">Analgesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">Anesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorectic" title="Anorectic">Anorectics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihyperkinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihyperkinetic">Anti-ADHD agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Antiaddictives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidementia_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidementia drug">Antidementia agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimigraine_drug" title="Antimigraine drug">Antimigraine agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_Parkinson%27s_disease#Medication" title="Management of Parkinson's disease">Antiparkinson agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anxiolytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">Aphrodisiacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Entactogen">Entactogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoriants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelics,_dissociatives_and_deliriants" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants">Hallucinogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">Mood stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivation-enhancing_drug" title="Motivation-enhancing drug">Motivation-enhancing drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprotective" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroprotective">Neuroprotectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexigenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orexigenic">Orexigenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenic" title="Serenic">Serenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefulness-promoting_agent" title="Wakefulness-promoting agent">Wakefulness-promoting agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_R" title="ATC code R">R</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">Decongestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchodilator" title="Bronchodilator">Bronchodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cough_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough medicine">Cough medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H1_antagonist" title="H1 antagonist">H<sub>1</sub> antagonists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory organs</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S" title="ATC code S">S</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmologicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otology" title="Otology">Otologicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V" title="ATC code V">V</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">Antidotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrast medium">Contrast media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">Radiopharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressing_(medicine)" title="Dressing (medicine)">Dressings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senotherapeutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Senotherapeutics">Senotherapeutics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs" title="Category:Drugs">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pharmacological_classification_systems" title="Category:Pharmacological classification systems">Pharmacological classification systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:ATC_codes" title="Category:ATC codes">ATC codes</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anxiolytics_(N05B)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anxiolytics" title="Template:Anxiolytics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anxiolytics" title="Template talk:Anxiolytics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anxiolytics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anxiolytics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anxiolytics_(N05B)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anxiolytics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N05#N05B" title="ATC code N05">N05B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor"><abbr title="5-HT1A receptor">5-HT<sub>1A</sub>R</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip 5-HT1A receptor</span> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepirone" title="Gepirone">Gepirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandospirone" title="Tandospirone">Tandospirone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor"><abbr title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub>R</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip GABAA receptor</span> <a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulators"><abbr title="positive allosteric modulators">PAMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip positive allosteric modulators</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adinazolam" title="Adinazolam">Adinazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">Alprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromazepam" title="Bromazepam">Bromazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camazepam" title="Camazepam">Camazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobazam" title="Clobazam">Clobazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">Clonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">Clorazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotiazepam" title="Clotiazepam">Clotiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxazolam" title="Cloxazolam">Cloxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_loflazepate" title="Ethyl loflazepate">Ethyl loflazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etizolam" title="Etizolam">Etizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludiazepam" title="Fludiazepam">Fludiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halazepam" title="Halazepam">Halazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketazolam" title="Ketazolam">Ketazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medazepam" title="Medazepam">Medazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordazepam" title="Nordazepam">Nordazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">Oxazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinazepam" title="Pinazepam">Pinazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazepam" title="Prazepam">Prazepam</a>; <i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alpidem" title="Alpidem">Alpidem</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">meprobamate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormezanone" title="Chlormezanone">Chlormezanone</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etifoxine" title="Etifoxine">Etifoxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zopiclone" title="Zopiclone">Zopiclone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel#.CE.B12.CE.B4_Subunit" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel"><abbr title="alpha2delta subunit">α<sub>2</sub>δ</abbr> <abbr title="voltage-dependent calcium channel">VDCC</abbr></a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_blocker" title="Channel blocker">blockers</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors">SSRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">escitalopram</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors">SNRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">duloxetine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_antagonist_and_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors">SARIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">trazodone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tricyclic antidepressants">TCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a><sup>#</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tetracyclic antidepressants">TeCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitors"><abbr title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitors">MAOIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Monoamine oxidase inhibitors</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">phenelzine</a>); <i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Agomelatine" title="Agomelatine">Agomelatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianeptine" title="Tianeptine">Tianeptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilazodone" title="Vilazodone">Vilazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">Vortioxetine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol" title="Flupentixol">Flupentixol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sympatholytic" title="Sympatholytic">Sympatholytics</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Antiadrenergic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiadrenergic">Antiadrenergics</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_blocker" title="Alpha-1 blocker">Alpha-1 blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Prazosin" title="Prazosin">prazosin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-2 agonist">Alpha-2 agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">clonidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dexmedetomidine" title="Dexmedetomidine">dexmedetomidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">guanfacine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoctamine" title="Benzoctamine">Benzoctamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloserine" title="Cycloserine">Cycloserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabomotizole" title="Fabomotizole">Fabomotizole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorpiprazole" title="Lorpiprazole">Lorpiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebicar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebicar">Mebicar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepiprazole" title="Mepiprazole">Mepiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opipramol" title="Opipramol">Opipramol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaflozane" title="Oxaflozane">Oxaflozane</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenaglycodol" title="Phenaglycodol">Phenaglycodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picamilon" title="Picamilon">Picamilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selank" title="Selank">Selank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiagabine" title="Tiagabine">Tiagabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofisopam" title="Tofisopam">Tofisopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Validolum" class="mw-redirect" title="Validolum">Validolum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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