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id="toc-Views_on_artificial_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_artificial_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Views on artificial intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_artificial_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> 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contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Hopfield</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جون هوبفيلد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون هوبفيلد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Hopfild" title="Con Hopfild – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Hopfild" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جان هاپفیلد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان هاپفیلد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="জন হপফিল্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জন হপফিল্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Джон Хопфілд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Хопфілд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joseph_Hopfield" title="John Joseph Hopfield – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Joseph Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جان هاپفیلد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان هاپفیلد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joseph_Hopfield" title="John Joseph Hopfield – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Joseph Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%ED%99%89%ED%95%84%EB%93%9C" title="존 홉필드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 홉필드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%83%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A4" title="Ջոն Հոփֆիլդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Հոփֆիլդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Hopfield" title="John J. Hopfield – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John J. Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A3_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93" title="ג'ון ג'וזף הופפילד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון ג'וזף הופפילד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ ჰოპფილდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ ჰოპფილდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%81%D9%88%D9%BE_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%9B%DA%88" title="جان ہوپ فیلٛڈ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جان ہوپ فیلٛڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_J._Hopfield" title="Ioannes J. Hopfield – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes J. Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Hopf%C4%ABlds" title="Džons Hopfīlds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Hopfīlds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جون هوبفيلد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون هوبفيلد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9E%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯖꯣꯟ ꯍꯣꯞꯐꯤꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯣꯟ ꯍꯣꯞꯐꯤꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89" title="ジョン・ホップフィールド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ホップフィールド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joseph_Hopfield" title="John Joseph Hopfield – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="John Joseph Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хопфилд, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хопфилд, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="ජෝන් හොප්ෆීල්ඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෝන් හොප්ෆීල්ඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86_%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%BE%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%B5%D8%AF" title="جۆن ھۆپفیڵد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆن ھۆپفیڵد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Hopfield" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="சான் ஆப்பீல்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சான் ஆப்பீல்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="จอห์น ฮอปฟีลด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอห์น ฮอปฟีลด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For his father, the Polish-American spectroscopist, see <a href="/wiki/John_J._Hopfield_(spectroscopist)" title="John J. Hopfield (spectroscopist)">John J. Hopfield (spectroscopist)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">John Hopfield</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hopfield_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/John_Hopfield_2016.jpg/220px-John_Hopfield_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/John_Hopfield_2016.jpg/330px-John_Hopfield_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/John_Hopfield_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="524" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hopfield in 2016</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Joseph Hopfield</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1933-07-15</span>) </span>July 15, 1933<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 91)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hopfield_network" title="Hopfield network">Hopfield network</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hopfield_network" title="Modern Hopfield network">Modern Hopfield network</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hopfield_dielectric" title="Hopfield dielectric">Hopfield dielectric</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Polariton" title="Polariton">Polariton</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_proofreading" title="Kinetic proofreading">Kinetic proofreading</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Buckley_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Buckley Prize">Oliver Buckley Prize</a> <small>(1969)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_Medal_(ICTP)" title="Dirac Medal (ICTP)">Dirac Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/ICTP" class="mw-redirect" title="ICTP">ICTP</a> <small>(2001)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Pender_Award" title="Harold Pender Award">Harold Pender Award</a><small>(2002) </small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science" title="Albert Einstein World Award of Science">Albert Einstein World Award of Science</a> <small>(2005)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute_Awards" title="Franklin Institute Awards">Benjamin Franklin Medal</a> <small>(2019)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_Medal" title="Boltzmann Medal">Boltzmann Medal</a> <small>(2022)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> <small>(2024)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Complex_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex systems">Complex systems</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/301894791/">A quantum-mechanical theory of the contribution of excitons to the complex dielectric constant of crystals</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1958)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Overhauser" title="Albert Overhauser">Albert Overhauser</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Girvin" title="Steven Girvin">Steven Girvin</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Mahan" title="Gerald Mahan">Gerald Mahan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Halperin" title="Bertrand Halperin">Bertrand Halperin</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/David_J._C._MacKay" title="David J. C. MacKay">David J. C. MacKay</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Onuchic" title="José Onuchic">José Onuchic</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Terry_Sejnowski" title="Terry Sejnowski">Terry Sejnowski</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Erik_Winfree" title="Erik Winfree">Erik Winfree</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhaoping" title="Li Zhaoping">Li Zhaoping</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Joseph Hopfield</b> (born July 15, 1933)<sup id="cite_ref-history.aip.org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.aip.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an American physicist and <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">emeritus</a> professor of <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, most widely known for his study of <a href="/wiki/Associative_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Associative neural networks">associative neural networks</a> in 1982. He is known for the development of the <a href="/wiki/Hopfield_network" title="Hopfield network">Hopfield network</a>. Previous to its invention, research in artificial intelligence (AI) was in a decay period or <a href="/wiki/AI_winter" title="AI winter">AI winter</a>, Hopfield work revitalized large scale interest in this field.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel.Physics.2024_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel.Physics.2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024 Hopfield, along with <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a>, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for their foundational contributions to <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>, particularly through their work on <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">artificial neural networks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel.Physics.2024_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel.Physics.2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been awarded various major physics awards for his work in multidisciplinary fields including <a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">condensed matter physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysics</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Joseph Hopfield was born in 1933 in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a><sup id="cite_ref-history.aip.org_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.aip.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to physicists <a href="/wiki/John_J._Hopfield_(spectroscopist)" title="John J. Hopfield (spectroscopist)">John Joseph Hopfield</a> (born in Poland as Jan Józef Chmielewski) and Helen Hopfield (née Staff).<sup id="cite_ref-Lindsay-2021_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindsay-2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hopfield received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> with a major in physics from <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a> in Pennsylvania in 1954 and a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> in physics from <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-history.aip.org_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.aip.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His doctoral dissertation was titled "A quantum-mechanical theory of the contribution of <a href="/wiki/Exciton" title="Exciton">excitons</a> to the complex <a href="/wiki/Relative_permittivity" title="Relative permittivity">dielectric constant</a> of crystals".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">doctoral advisor</a> was <a href="/wiki/Albert_Overhauser" title="Albert Overhauser">Albert Overhauser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history.aip.org_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.aip.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He spent two years in the theory group at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a> working on optical properties of semiconductors working with <a href="/wiki/David_Gilbert_Thomas" title="David Gilbert Thomas">David Gilbert Thomas</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later on a quantitative model to describe the cooperative behavior of <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Shulman" title="Robert G. Shulman">Robert G. Shulman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history.aip.org_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.aip.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lindsay-2021_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindsay-2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently he became a faculty member at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> (physics, 1961–1964),<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel.Physics.2024_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel.Physics.2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (physics, 1964–1980),<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel.Physics.2024_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel.Physics.2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> (Caltech, chemistry and biology, 1980–1997)<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel.Physics.2024_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel.Physics.2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again at Princeton (1997–),<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel.Physics.2024_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel.Physics.2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-history.aip.org_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.aip.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he is the Howard A. Prior Professor of Molecular Biology, emeritus.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976, he participated in a science short film on the structure of the hemoglobin, featuring <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1981 to 1983 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carver_Mead" title="Carver Mead">Carver Mead</a> and Hopfield gave a one-year course at Caltech called "The Physics of Computation".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This collaboration inspired the <a href="/wiki/Computation_and_Neural_Systems" title="Computation and Neural Systems">Computation and Neural Systems</a> PhD program at Caltech in 1986, co-founded by Hopfield.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His former PhD students include <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Mahan" title="Gerald Mahan">Gerald Mahan</a> (PhD in 1964),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Halperin" title="Bertrand Halperin">Bertrand Halperin</a> (1965),<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Girvin" title="Steven Girvin">Steven Girvin</a> (1977),<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Terry_Sejnowski" title="Terry Sejnowski">Terry Sejnowski</a> (1978),<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erik_Winfree" title="Erik Winfree">Erik Winfree</a> (1998),<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Onuchic" title="José Onuchic">José Onuchic</a> (1987),<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhaoping" title="Li Zhaoping">Li Zhaoping</a> (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/David_J._C._MacKay" title="David J. C. MacKay">David J. C. MacKay</a> (1992).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his doctoral work of 1958, he wrote on the interaction of <a href="/wiki/Exciton" title="Exciton">excitons</a> in crystals, coining the term <a href="/wiki/Polariton" title="Polariton">polariton</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Quasiparticle" title="Quasiparticle">quasiparticle</a> that appears in <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_physics" title="Solid-state physics">solid-state physics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Agranovich-2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agranovich-2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote: "The polarization field 'particles' analogous to <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> will be called 'polaritons'."<sup id="cite_ref-Agranovich-2009_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agranovich-2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His polariton model is sometimes known as the <a href="/wiki/Hopfield_dielectric" title="Hopfield dielectric">Hopfield dielectric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1959 to 1963, Hopfield and David G. Thomas investigated the exciton structure of <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_sulfide" title="Cadmium sulfide">cadmium sulfide</a> from its reflection spectra. Their experiments and theoretical models allowed to understand the optical spectroscopy of <a href="/wiki/II-VI_semiconductor_compound" title="II-VI semiconductor compound">II-VI semiconductor compounds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Condensed matter physicist <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">Philip W. Anderson</a> reported that John Hopfield was his "hidden collaborator" for his 1961–1970 works on the <a href="/wiki/Anderson_impurity_model" title="Anderson impurity model">Anderson impurity model</a> which explained the <a href="/wiki/Kondo_effect" title="Kondo effect">Kondo effect</a>. Hopfield was not included as a co-author in the papers but Anderson admitted the importance of Hopfield's contribution in various of his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William C. Topp and Hopfield introduced the concept of norm-conserving <a href="/wiki/Pseudopotential" title="Pseudopotential">pseudopotentials</a> in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974 he introduced a mechanism for error correction in <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis" title="Enzyme catalysis">biochemical reactions</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_proofreading" title="Kinetic proofreading">kinetic proofreading</a> to explain the accuracy of <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hopfield published his first paper in neuroscience in 1982, titled "Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities" where he introduced what is now known as <a href="/wiki/Hopfield_network" title="Hopfield network">Hopfield network</a>, a type of artificial network that can serve as a <a href="/wiki/Content-addressable_memory" title="Content-addressable memory">content-addressable memory</a>, made of binary neurons that can be 'on' or 'off'.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lindsay-2021_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindsay-2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He extended his formalism to continuous <a href="/wiki/Activation_function" title="Activation function">activation functions</a> in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1982 and 1984 papers represent his two most cited works.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopfield has said that the inspiration came from his knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Spin_glass" title="Spin glass">spin glasses</a> from his collaborations with P. W. Anderson.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with <a href="/wiki/David_W._Tank" title="David W. Tank">David W. Tank</a>, Hopfield developed a method in 1985–1986<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for solving discrete optimization problems based on the continuous-time dynamics using a Hopfield network with continuous activation function. The optimization problem was encoded in the interaction parameters (weights) of the network. The effective temperature of the analog system was gradually decreased, as in global optimization with <a href="/wiki/Simulated_annealing" title="Simulated annealing">simulated annealing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Nobel_Committee_for_Physics-2024_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nobel_Committee_for_Physics-2024-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hopfield is one of the pioneers of the <a href="/wiki/Critical_brain_hypothesis" title="Critical brain hypothesis">critical brain hypothesis</a>, he was the first to link neural networks with <a href="/wiki/Self-organized_criticality" title="Self-organized criticality">self-organized criticality</a> in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Olami%E2%80%93Feder%E2%80%93Christensen_model" title="Olami–Feder–Christensen model">Olami–Feder–Christensen model</a> for earthquakes in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, Hopfield and Andreas V. Herz showed that avalanches in neural activity follow power law distribution associated to earthquakes.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original Hopfield networks had a limited memory, this problem was addressed by Hopfield and Dimitry Krotov in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Nobel_Committee_for_Physics-2024_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nobel_Committee_for_Physics-2024-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large memory storage Hopfield networks are now known as <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hopfield_network" title="Modern Hopfield network">modern Hopfield networks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_on_artificial_intelligence">Views on artificial intelligence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Views on artificial intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2023, Hopfield signed an open letter titled "<a href="/wiki/Pause_Giant_AI_Experiments:_An_Open_Letter" title="Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter">Pause Giant AI Experiments</a>", calling for a pause on the training of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) systems more powerful than <a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a>. The letter, signed by over 30,000 individuals including AI researchers <a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Stuart Russell</a>, cited risks such as human obsolescence and <a href="/wiki/Control_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Control problem">society-wide loss of control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon being jointly awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics, Hopfield revealed he was very unnerved by recent advances in AI capabilities, and said "as a physicist, I'm very unnerved by something which has no control".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a followup press conference in Princeton University, Hopfield compared AI with <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_nuclear_fission" title="Discovery of nuclear fission">discovery of nuclear fission</a>, which led to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel.Physics.2024_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel.Physics.2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1969_Oliver_E._Buckley_Prize.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/1969_Oliver_E._Buckley_Prize.jpg/260px-1969_Oliver_E._Buckley_Prize.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/1969_Oliver_E._Buckley_Prize.jpg/390px-1969_Oliver_E._Buckley_Prize.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/1969_Oliver_E._Buckley_Prize.jpg/520px-1969_Oliver_E._Buckley_Prize.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3007" data-file-height="2412" /></a><figcaption>The 1969 ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Buckley_Prize" title="Oliver E. Buckley Prize">Oliver E. Buckley Prize</a> of condensed matter physics. <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Walter Alvarez</a> (left) congratulates <a href="/wiki/David_Gilbert_Thomas" title="David Gilbert Thomas">David Gilbert Thomas</a> (middle) and John Hopfield (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>Hopfield received a <a href="/wiki/Sloan_Research_Fellowship" title="Sloan Research Fellowship">Sloan Research Fellowship</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1962 and as his father, he received a <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim Fellowship</a> (1968).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopfield was elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a> (APS) in 1969,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1973, a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1975, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the President of the APS in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969 Hopfield and <a href="/wiki/David_Gilbert_Thomas" title="David Gilbert Thomas">David Gilbert Thomas</a> were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Buckley_Prize" title="Oliver E. Buckley Prize">Oliver E. Buckley Prize</a> of condensed matter physics by the APS "for their joint work combining theory and experiment which has advanced the understanding of the interaction of light with solids".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983 he was awarded the MacArthur Foundational Prize by the <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">MacArthur Fellows Program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, Hopfield received the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbruck_Prize" title="Max Delbruck Prize">Max Delbruck Prize</a> in Biophysics by the APS.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, he received the <a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_Award" title="Michelson–Morley Award">Michelson–Morley Award</a> by <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopfield received the Neural Networks Pioneer Award in 1997 by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Dirac_Medal_(ICTP)" title="Dirac Medal (ICTP)">Dirac Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="International Centre for Theoretical Physics">International Centre for Theoretical Physics</a> in 2001 "for important contributions in an impressively broad spectrum of scientific subjects"<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Physics_Today-2001_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physics_Today-2001-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including "an entirely different [collective] organizing principle in <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_smell" title="Sense of smell">olfaction</a>" and "a new principle in which neural function can take advantage of the temporal structure of the 'spiking' interneural communication".<sup id="cite_ref-Physics_Today-2001_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physics_Today-2001-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hopfield received the <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pender_Award" title="Harold Pender Award">Harold Pender Award</a> in 2002 for his accomplishments in <a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">computational neuroscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">neural engineering</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Moore_School_of_Electrical_Engineering" title="Moore School of Electrical Engineering">Moore School of Electrical Engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science" title="Albert Einstein World Award of Science">Albert Einstein World Award of Science</a> in 2005 in the field of life sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, he gave the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fritz_London_Memorial_Lectures" title="List of Fritz London Memorial Lectures">Fritz London Memorial Lecture</a> at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>, titled "How Do We Think So Fast? From Neurons to Brain Computation".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopfield received the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Frank_Rosenblatt_Award" title="IEEE Frank Rosenblatt Award">IEEE Frank Rosenblatt Award</a> in 2009 for his contributions in understanding information processing in biological systems.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012 he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Swartz_Prize" title="Swartz Prize">Swartz Prize</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Neuroscience" title="Society for Neuroscience">Society for Neuroscience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(Franklin_Institute)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute)">Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2022 he shared the <a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_Medal" title="Boltzmann Medal">Boltzmann Medal</a> award in statistical physics with <a href="/wiki/Deepak_Dhar" title="Deepak Dhar">Deepak Dhar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was jointly awarded the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_E._Hinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey E. Hinton">Geoffrey E. Hinton</a> for "foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-history.aip.org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history.aip.org_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.aip.org_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.aip.org_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.aip.org_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.aip.org_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.aip.org_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/phn/11501013.html">"Hopfield, John J."</a> <i>Physics History Network American Institute of Physics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Physics+History+Network+American+Institute+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Hopfield%2C+John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fphn%2F11501013.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel.Physics.2024-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel.Physics.2024_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel.Physics.2024_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel.Physics.2024_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel.Physics.2024_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel.Physics.2024_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel.Physics.2024_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel.Physics.2024_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2024" class="citation cs2">Taylor, D.B.; et al. 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Research by 2 Scientists"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008123756/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/08/science/nobel-prize-physics.html">archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nobel+Physics+Prize+Awarded+for+Pioneering+A.I.+Research+by+2+Scientists&rft.date=2024-10-08&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=D.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F10%2F08%2Fscience%2Fnobel-prize-physics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrevier1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Crevier" title="Daniel Crevier">Crevier, Daniel</a> (1993). <i>AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=Press+release%3A+The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F2024%2Fpress-release%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindsay-2021-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lindsay-2021_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindsay-2021_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindsay-2021_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2021" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay, Grace (March 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ieYdEAAAQBAJ&dq=john+hopfield+biography&pg=PA90"><i>Models of the Mind: How Physics, Engineering and Mathematics Have Shaped Our Understanding of the Brain</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-6645-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-6645-2"><bdi>978-1-4729-6645-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008150358/https://books.google.com/books?id=ieYdEAAAQBAJ&dq=john+hopfield+biography&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Models+of+the+Mind%3A+How+Physics%2C+Engineering+and+Mathematics+Have+Shaped+Our+Understanding+of+the+Brain&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021-03-04&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-6645-2&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DieYdEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djohn%2Bhopfield%2Bbiography%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_f4IAQAAMAAJ&q=Helen+Staff+Hopfield">"American Men of Science: A Biographical Directory"</a>. Science Press. 1966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Men+of+Science%3A+A+Biographical+Directory&rft.pub=Science+Press&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_f4IAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DHelen%2BStaff%2BHopfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Hopfield1958" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Hopfield</a> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.library.cornell.edu/catalog/41145"><i>A Quantum-Mechanical Theory of the Contribution of Excitons to the Complex Dielectric Constant of Crystals</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-6578-5817-4" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-6578-5817-4"><bdi>979-8-6578-5817-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63226906">63226906</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130468423" class="extiw" title="d:Q130468423">Q130468423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Quantum-Mechanical+Theory+of+the+Contribution+of+Excitons+to+the+Complex+Dielectric+Constant+of+Crystals&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63226906&rft.isbn=979-8-6578-5817-4&rft.au=John+Hopfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.library.cornell.edu%2Fcatalog%2F41145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrton2008" class="citation book cs1">Orton, John W. (December 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0hdREAAAQBAJ&dq=john+hopfield+semiconductors+bell+labs&pg=PA297"><i>The Story of Semiconductors</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156544-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156544-1"><bdi>978-0-19-156544-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Semiconductors&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2008-12-11&rft.isbn=978-0-19-156544-1&rft.aulast=Orton&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0hdREAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djohn%2Bhopfield%2Bsemiconductors%2Bbell%2Blabs%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/38/3/87/403879/American-Physical-Society-Meets-in-Baltimore">"American Physical Society Meets in Baltimore"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 87–93. March 1, 1985. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PhT....38c..87.">1985PhT....38c..87.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2814495">10.1063/1.2814495</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228">0031-9228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=American+Physical+Society+Meets+in+Baltimore&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=87-93&rft.date=1985-03-01&rft.issn=0031-9228&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2814495&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985PhT....38c..87.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.aip.org%2Fphysicstoday%2Farticle%2F38%2F3%2F87%2F403879%2FAmerican-Physical-Society-Meets-in-Baltimore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_Communications2024" class="citation web cs1">Office of Communications (October 8, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/news/2024/10/08/princetons-john-hopfield-receives-nobel-prize-physics">"Princeton's John Hopfield receives Nobel Prize in physics"</a>. <i>Princeton University</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008150359/https://www.princeton.edu/news/2024/10/08/princetons-john-hopfield-receives-nobel-prize-physics">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+University&rft.atitle=Princeton%27s+John+Hopfield+receives+Nobel+Prize+in+physics&rft.date=2024-10-08&rft.au=Office+of+Communications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2Fnews%2F2024%2F10%2F08%2Fprincetons-john-hopfield-receives-nobel-prize-physics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/blood/video/1976v.7.html">"The Life and the Structure of Hemoglobin, American Institute of Physics"</a>. <i>Orego State Documentary History of Linus Pauling</i>. 1976<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orego+State+Documentary+History+of+Linus+Pauling&rft.atitle=The+Life+and+the+Structure+of+Hemoglobin%2C+American+Institute+of+Physics&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscarc.library.oregonstate.edu%2Fcoll%2Fpauling%2Fblood%2Fvideo%2F1976v.7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHey2018" class="citation book cs1">Hey, Anthony (March 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkIPEAAAQBAJ"><i>Feynman And Computation</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-96900-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-96900-3"><bdi>978-0-429-96900-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feynman+And+Computation&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2018-03-08&rft.isbn=978-0-429-96900-3&rft.aulast=Hey&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZkIPEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillis1989" class="citation journal cs1">Hillis, W. Daniel (February 1, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/42/2/78/405542/Richard-Feynman-and-the-Connection-MachineIn-his">"Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 78–83. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PhT....42b..78H">1989PhT....42b..78H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.881196">10.1063/1.881196</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228">0031-9228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Richard+Feynman+and+the+Connection+Machine&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=78-83&rft.date=1989-02-01&rft.issn=0031-9228&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.881196&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989PhT....42b..78H&rft.aulast=Hillis&rft.aufirst=W.+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.aip.org%2Fphysicstoday%2Farticle%2F42%2F2%2F78%2F405542%2FRichard-Feynman-and-the-Connection-MachineIn-his&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alumni.caltech.edu/caltech-celebrates-30-years-of-its-computation-and-neural-systems-option/">"Caltech Celebrates 30 Years of its Computation and Neural Systems Option | Caltech Alumni"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008150405/https://alumni.caltech.edu/caltech-celebrates-30-years-of-its-computation-and-neural-systems-option/">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caltech+Celebrates+30+Years+of+its+Computation+and+Neural+Systems+Option+%7C+Caltech+Alumni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falumni.caltech.edu%2Fcaltech-celebrates-30-years-of-its-computation-and-neural-systems-option%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obits.oregonlive.com/us/obituaries/oregon/name/gerald-mahan-obituary?id=31921970">"Gerald Mahan Obituary (1937 - 2021) - New York, NY - The Oregonian"</a>. <i>Legacy.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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California Institute of Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+model+of+the+olfactory+bulb+and+beyond&rft.degree=phd&rft.inst=California+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Zhaoping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesis.library.caltech.edu%2F8083%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopfield1958" class="citation journal cs1">Hopfield, J. J. (December 1, 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.112.1555">"Theory of the Contribution of Excitons to the Complex Dielectric Constant of Crystals"</a>. <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>112</b> (5): 1555–1567. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958PhRv..112.1555H">1958PhRv..112.1555H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.112.1555">10.1103/PhysRev.112.1555</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-899X">0031-899X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Theory+of+the+Contribution+of+Excitons+to+the+Complex+Dielectric+Constant+of+Crystals&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1555-1567&rft.date=1958-12-01&rft.issn=0031-899X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.112.1555&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958PhRv..112.1555H&rft.aulast=Hopfield&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.aps.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.112.1555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agranovich-2009-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agranovich-2009_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agranovich-2009_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgranovich2009" class="citation book cs1">Agranovich, Vladimir M. (February 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dYePg7KvyIIC&dq=history+of+polariton+hopfield&pg=PA106"><i>Excitations in Organic Solids</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-155291-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-155291-5"><bdi>978-0-19-155291-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008150402/https://books.google.com/books?id=dYePg7KvyIIC&dq=history+of+polariton+hopfield&pg=PA106">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excitations+in+Organic+Solids&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2009-02-12&rft.isbn=978-0-19-155291-5&rft.aulast=Agranovich&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdYePg7KvyIIC%26dq%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bpolariton%2Bhopfield%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuttnerBarnett1992" class="citation journal cs1">Huttner, B.; Barnett, S. M. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1209/0295-5075/18/6/003">"Dispersion and Loss in a Hopfield Dielectric"</a>. <i>Europhysics Letters</i>. <b>18</b> (6): 487. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992EL.....18..487H">1992EL.....18..487H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1209%2F0295-5075%2F18%2F6%2F003">10.1209/0295-5075/18/6/003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0295-5075">0295-5075</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008143515/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1209/0295-5075/18/6/003">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europhysics+Letters&rft.atitle=Dispersion+and+Loss+in+a+Hopfield+Dielectric&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=487&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0295-5075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1209%2F0295-5075%2F18%2F6%2F003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992EL.....18..487H&rft.aulast=Huttner&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Barnett%2C+S.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.1209%2F0295-5075%2F18%2F6%2F003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsLittonCollins1965" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, D. C.; Litton, C. W.; Collins, T. C. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pssb.19650090302">"Some Optical Properties of Group II-VI Semiconductors (I)"</a>. <i>Physica Status Solidi B</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 645–684. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965PSSBR...9..645R">1965PSSBR...9..645R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpssb.19650090302">10.1002/pssb.19650090302</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0370-1972">0370-1972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physica+Status+Solidi+B&rft.atitle=Some+Optical+Properties+of+Group+II-VI+Semiconductors+%28I%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=645-684&rft.date=1965&rft.issn=0370-1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpssb.19650090302&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965PSSBR...9..645R&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft.au=Litton%2C+C.+W.&rft.au=Collins%2C+T.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fpssb.19650090302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZangwill2021" class="citation book cs1">Zangwill, Andrew (January 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DK8SEAAAQBAJ"><i>A Mind Over Matter: Philip Anderson and the Physics of the Very Many</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-264055-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-264055-0"><bdi>978-0-19-264055-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mind+Over+Matter%3A+Philip+Anderson+and+the+Physics+of+the+Very+Many&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021-01-08&rft.isbn=978-0-19-264055-0&rft.aulast=Zangwill&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDK8SEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToppHopfield1973" class="citation journal cs1">Topp, William C.; Hopfield, John J. (February 15, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.7.1295">"Chemically Motivated Pseudopotential for Sodium"</a>. <i>Physical Review B</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 1295–1303. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973PhRvB...7.1295T">1973PhRvB...7.1295T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.7.1295">10.1103/PhysRevB.7.1295</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0556-2805">0556-2805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+B&rft.atitle=Chemically+Motivated+Pseudopotential+for+Sodium&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1295-1303&rft.date=1973-02-15&rft.issn=0556-2805&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.7.1295&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973PhRvB...7.1295T&rft.aulast=Topp&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft.au=Hopfield%2C+John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.aps.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.7.1295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2020" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Richard M. (August 27, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvXvDwAAQBAJ"><i>Electronic Structure: Basic Theory and Practical Methods</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42990-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42990-0"><bdi>978-1-108-42990-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+Structure%3A+Basic+Theory+and+Practical+Methods&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020-08-27&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42990-0&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwvXvDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxHutter2009" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Dominik; Hutter, Jürg (April 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VRZUw8Wk4CIC&dq=hoppfield+topp+pseudopotentials&pg=PT130"><i>Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics: Basic Theory and Advanced Methods</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-47719-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-47719-2"><bdi>978-1-139-47719-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ab+Initio+Molecular+Dynamics%3A+Basic+Theory+and+Advanced+Methods&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-47719-2&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft.au=Hutter%2C+J%C3%BCrg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVRZUw8Wk4CIC%26dq%3Dhoppfield%2Btopp%2Bpseudopotentials%26pg%3DPT130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopfield1974" class="citation journal cs1">Hopfield, J. J. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC434344">"Kinetic Proofreading: A New Mechanism for Reducing Errors in Biosynthetic Processes Requiring High Specificity"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>71</b> (10): 4135–4139. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974PNAS...71.4135H">1974PNAS...71.4135H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.71.10.4135">10.1073/pnas.71.10.4135</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC434344">434344</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4530290">4530290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Kinetic+Proofreading%3A+A+New+Mechanism+for+Reducing+Errors+in+Biosynthetic+Processes+Requiring+High+Specificity&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=4135-4139&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC434344%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974PNAS...71.4135H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4530290&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.71.10.4135&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Hopfield&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC434344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlyvbjergJülicherOrmosDavid2003" class="citation book cs1">Flyvbjerg, Henrik; Jülicher, Frank; Ormos, Pal; David, Francois (July 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSVKAAAAQBAJ&dq=biography+hopfield+kinetic+proofreading&pg=PA449"><i>Physics of Bio-Molecules and Cells: Les Houches Session LXXV, 2–27 July 2001</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-45701-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-45701-5"><bdi>978-3-540-45701-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008150403/https://books.google.com/books?id=QSVKAAAAQBAJ&dq=biography+hopfield+kinetic+proofreading&pg=PA449">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+of+Bio-Molecules+and+Cells%3A+Les+Houches+Session+LXXV%2C+2%E2%80%9327+July+2001&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2003-07-01&rft.isbn=978-3-540-45701-5&rft.aulast=Flyvbjerg&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rft.au=J%C3%BClicher%2C+Frank&rft.au=Ormos%2C+Pal&rft.au=David%2C+Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQSVKAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbiography%2Bhopfield%2Bkinetic%2Bproofreading%26pg%3DPA449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopfield1982" class="citation journal cs1">Hopfield, J J (April 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC346238">"Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>79</b> (8): 2554–2558. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982PNAS...79.2554H">1982PNAS...79.2554H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.79.8.2554">10.1073/pnas.79.8.2554</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC346238">346238</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6953413">6953413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Neural+networks+and+physical+systems+with+emergent+collective+computational+abilities.&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2554-2558&rft.date=1982-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC346238%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982PNAS...79.2554H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6953413&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.79.8.2554&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Hopfield&rft.aufirst=J+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC346238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopfield1984" class="citation journal cs1">Hopfield, J J (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC345226">"Neurons with graded response have collective computational properties like those of two-state neurons"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>81</b> (10): 3088–3092. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PNAS...81.3088H">1984PNAS...81.3088H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.81.10.3088">10.1073/pnas.81.10.3088</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC345226">345226</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6587342">6587342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Neurons+with+graded+response+have+collective+computational+properties+like+those+of+two-state+neurons.&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3088-3092&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC345226%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984PNAS...81.3088H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6587342&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.81.10.3088&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Hopfield&rft.aufirst=J+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC345226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopfield2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hopfield, John J. (March 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-conmatphys-031113-133924">"Whatever Happened to Solid State Physics?"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ARCMP...5....1H">2014ARCMP...5....1H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-conmatphys-031113-133924">10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031113-133924</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1947-5454">1947-5454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Condensed+Matter+Physics&rft.atitle=Whatever+Happened+to+Solid+State+Physics%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft.issn=1947-5454&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-conmatphys-031113-133924&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014ARCMP...5....1H&rft.aulast=Hopfield&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-conmatphys-031113-133924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopfieldTank1985" class="citation journal cs1">Hopfield, J. J.; Tank, D. W. (July 1, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00339943">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Neural" computation of decisions in optimization problems"</a>. <i>Biological Cybernetics</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 141–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00339943">10.1007/BF00339943</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-0770">1432-0770</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4027280">4027280</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008150833/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00339943">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Cybernetics&rft.atitle=%22Neural%22+computation+of+decisions+in+optimization+problems&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=141-152&rft.date=1985-07-01&rft.issn=1432-0770&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4027280&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00339943&rft.aulast=Hopfield&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=Tank%2C+D.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2FBF00339943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopfieldTank1986" class="citation journal cs1">Hopfield, John J.; Tank, David W. (August 8, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.3755256">"Computing with Neural Circuits: A Model"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>233</b> (4764): 625–633. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Sci...233..625H">1986Sci...233..625H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.3755256">10.1126/science.3755256</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3755256">3755256</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240414215541/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.3755256">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Computing+with+Neural+Circuits%3A+A+Model&rft.volume=233&rft.issue=4764&rft.pages=625-633&rft.date=1986-08-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.3755256&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3755256&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986Sci...233..625H&rft.aulast=Hopfield&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Tank%2C+David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.3755256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Nobel_Committee_for_Physics-2024-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Nobel_Committee_for_Physics-2024_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Nobel_Committee_for_Physics-2024_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Nobel_Committee_for_Physics2024" class="citation journal cs1">The Nobel Committee for Physics (October 8, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/09/advanced-physicsprize2024.pdf">"Scientifc Background to the Nobel Prize in Physics 2024"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008115608/https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/09/advanced-physicsprize2024.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Swedish+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Scientifc+Background+to+the+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2024&rft.date=2024-10-08&rft.au=The+Nobel+Committee+for+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F09%2Fadvanced-physicsprize2024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruessner2012" class="citation book cs1">Pruessner, Gunnar (August 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXKcpGqMSDYC&dq=herz+hopfield+brain+self+organized+criticality&pg=PA70"><i>Self-Organised Criticality: Theory, Models and Characterisation</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85335-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85335-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85335-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self-Organised+Criticality%3A+Theory%2C+Models+and+Characterisation&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-08-30&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85335-4&rft.aulast=Pruessner&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTXKcpGqMSDYC%26dq%3Dherz%2Bhopfield%2Bbrain%2Bself%2Borganized%2Bcriticality%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopfield1994" class="citation journal cs1">Hopfield, John J. (February 1, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/47/2/40/408001/Neurons-Dynamics-and-ComputationBrains-have-long">"Neurons, Dynamics and Computation"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 40–46. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PhT....47b..40H">1994PhT....47b..40H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.881412">10.1063/1.881412</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228">0031-9228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Neurons%2C+Dynamics+and+Computation&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=40-46&rft.date=1994-02-01&rft.issn=0031-9228&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.881412&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994PhT....47b..40H&rft.aulast=Hopfield&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.aip.org%2Fphysicstoday%2Farticle%2F47%2F2%2F40%2F408001%2FNeurons-Dynamics-and-ComputationBrains-have-long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopfieldHerz1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hopfield, J J; Herz, A V (July 18, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC41391">"Rapid local synchronization of action potentials: toward computation with coupled integrate-and-fire neurons"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>92</b> (15): 6655–6662. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PNAS...92.6655H">1995PNAS...92.6655H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.92.15.6655">10.1073/pnas.92.15.6655</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC41391">41391</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7624307">7624307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Rapid+local+synchronization+of+action+potentials%3A+toward+computation+with+coupled+integrate-and-fire+neurons.&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=6655-6662&rft.date=1995-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC41391%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995PNAS...92.6655H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7624307&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.92.15.6655&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Hopfield&rft.aufirst=J+J&rft.au=Herz%2C+A+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC41391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeggs2007" class="citation journal cs1">Beggs, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.1344">"Neuronal avalanche"</a>. <i>Scholarpedia</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 1344. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SchpJ...2.1344B">2007SchpJ...2.1344B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.1344">10.4249/scholarpedia.1344</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-6016">1941-6016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scholarpedia&rft.atitle=Neuronal+avalanche&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1344&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1941-6016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.1344&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007SchpJ...2.1344B&rft.aulast=Beggs&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4249%252Fscholarpedia.1344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrotovHopfield2016" class="citation journal cs1">Krotov, Dmitry; 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(2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.nips.cc/paper_files/paper/2016/hash/eaae339c4d89fc102edd9dbdb6a28915-Abstract.html">"Dense Associative Memory for Pattern Recognition"</a>. <i>Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems</i>. <b>29</b>. Curran Associates, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.01164">1606.01164</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240619113658/https://papers.nips.cc/paper_files/paper/2016/hash/eaae339c4d89fc102edd9dbdb6a28915-Abstract.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 19, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Neural+Information+Processing+Systems&rft.atitle=Dense+Associative+Memory+for+Pattern+Recognition&rft.volume=29&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1606.01164&rft.aulast=Krotov&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rft.au=Hopfield%2C+John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.nips.cc%2Fpaper_files%2Fpaper%2F2016%2Fhash%2Feaae339c4d89fc102edd9dbdb6a28915-Abstract.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahanaWagner2024" class="citation book cs1">Kahana, Michael J.; Wagner, Anthony D. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mLYMEQAAQBAJ&dq=%22modern+Hopfield+networks%22&pg=PA229"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Human Memory, Two Volume Pack: Foundations and Applications</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-774614-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-774614-1"><bdi>978-0-19-774614-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Human+Memory%2C+Two+Volume+Pack%3A+Foundations+and+Applications&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-19-774614-1&rft.aulast=Kahana&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Anthony+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmLYMEQAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522modern%2BHopfield%2Bnetworks%2522%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeathers2024" class="citation web cs1">Feathers, Todd (October 8, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/nobel-prize-goes-to-godfathers-of-ai-who-now-fear-their-work-is-growing-too-powerful-2000509098">"Nobel Prize Goes to 'Godfathers of AI' Who Now Fear Their Work Is Growing Too Powerful"</a>. <i>Gizmodo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&rft.atitle=Nobel+Prize+Goes+to+%27Godfathers+of+AI%27+Who+Now+Fear+Their+Work+Is+Growing+Too+Powerful&rft.date=2024-10-08&rft.aulast=Feathers&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fnobel-prize-goes-to-godfathers-of-ai-who-now-fear-their-work-is-growing-too-powerful-2000509098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/pause-giant-ai-experiments/">"Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter"</a>. <i>Future of Life Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Future+of+Life+Institute&rft.atitle=Pause+Giant+AI+Experiments%3A+An+Open+Letter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffutureoflife.org%2Fopen-letter%2Fpause-giant-ai-experiments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nobel-winner-john-hopfield-warns-of-catastrophe-if-ai-advances-are-not-controlled-101728432757395.html">"Nobel winner John Hopfield warns of 'catastrophe' if AI advances are not 'controlled'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. October 9, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Nobel+winner+John+Hopfield+warns+of+%27catastrophe%27+if+AI+advances+are+not+%27controlled%27&rft.date=2024-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fworld-news%2Fnobel-winner-john-hopfield-warns-of-catastrophe-if-ai-advances-are-not-controlled-101728432757395.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sloan.org/fellows-database">"Fellows Database | Alfred P. Sloan Foundation"</a>. <i>sloan.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sloan.org&rft.atitle=Fellows+Database+%7C+Alfred+P.+Sloan+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsloan.org%2Ffellows-database&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gf.org/fellows/john-j-hopfield-2/">"John J. Hopfield – John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation…"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+J.+Hopfield+%E2%80%93+John+Simon+Guggenheim+Memorial+Foundation%E2%80%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gf.org%2Ffellows%2Fjohn-j-hopfield-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/funding-recognition/aps-fellowship?award_recipients%5Bquery%5D=hopfield">"APS Fellowship recipients"</a>. <i>American Physical Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Physical+Society&rft.atitle=APS+Fellowship+recipients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Ffunding-recognition%2Faps-fellowship%3Faward_recipients%255Bquery%255D%3Dhopfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAPS_Press_Office2024" class="citation web cs1">APS Press Office (October 8, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/about/news/2024/10/nobel-physics-2024-winners">"American Physical Society congratulates winners of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Physical+Society+congratulates+winners+of+the+2024+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics&rft.date=2024-10-08&rft.au=APS+Press+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fabout%2Fnews%2F2024%2F10%2Fnobel-physics-2024-winners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/54422.html">"John J. Hopfield"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324140236/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/54422.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=John+J.+Hopfield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fmembers%2F54422.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/john-joseph-hopfield">"John Joseph Hopfield"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DJohn%2BHopfield%2B%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019172143/http://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?hopfieldj">"John Hopfield, Array of Contemporary Physicists"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?hopfieldj">the original</a> on October 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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October 1, 2001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhT....54S..85.">2001PhT....54S..85.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1420565">10.1063/1.1420565</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228">0031-9228</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008170347/https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/54/10/85/935313/Princeton-Physicist-Garners-Dirac-Medal">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+University&rft.atitle=Hopfield+wins+IEEE%27s+Rosenblatt+Award&rft.date=2009-05-08&rft.aulast=MacPherson&rft.aufirst=Kitta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2Fnews%2F2009%2F05%2F08%2Fhopfield-wins-ieees-rosenblatt-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.princeton.edu/news/swartz-prize-awarded-john-hopfield-contributions-computational-neuroscience">"Swartz Prize awarded to John Hopfield for contributions to computational neuroscience"</a>. <i>Office of the Dean for Research</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hopfield Named Winner of 2019 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics - IAS News | Institute for Advanced Study"</a>. <i>www.ias.edu</i>. December 10, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ias.edu&rft.atitle=John+J.+Hopfield+Named+Winner+of+2019+Benjamin+Franklin+Medal+in+Physics+-+IAS+News+%7C+Institute+for+Advanced+Study&rft.date=2018-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.edu%2Fnews%2F2018%2Fhopfield-benjamin-franklin-medal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statphys28.org/boltzmannmedal.html">"STATPHYS28"</a>. <i>statphys28.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240414210119/https://statphys28.org/boltzmannmedal.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hopfield – Scholarpedia</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopfield2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hopfield, John J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-conmatphys-031113-133924">"Whatever Happened to Solid State Physics?"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics</i>. <b>5</b>: 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ARCMP...5....1H">2014ARCMP...5....1H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-conmatphys-031113-133924">10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031113-133924</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Condensed+Matter+Physics&rft.atitle=Whatever+Happened+to+Solid+State+Physics%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-conmatphys-031113-133924&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014ARCMP...5....1H&rft.aulast=Hopfield&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-conmatphys-031113-133924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span>. This review traces the trajectory of solid state physics through Hopfield's own experiences.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopfield2018" class="citation web cs1">Hopfield, John (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pni.princeton.edu/people/john-j-hopfield/now-what">"Now What?"</a>. <i>Princeton Neuroscience Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+Neuroscience+Institute&rft.atitle=Now+What%3F&rft.date=2018-10&rft.aulast=Hopfield&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpni.princeton.edu%2Fpeople%2Fjohn-j-hopfield%2Fnow-what&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopfield" class="Z3988"></span> (Auto-biographical essay)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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(1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Stumm" title="Werner Stumm">Werner Stumm</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">Monokombu Sambasivan Swaminathan</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Huxley" title="Hugh Huxley">Hugh Huxley</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Burbidge" title="Margaret Burbidge">Margaret Burbidge</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kamen" title="Martin Kamen">Martin Kamen</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Nossal" title="Gustav Nossal">Gustav Nossal</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Fleckenstein" title="Albrecht Fleckenstein">Albrecht Fleckenstein</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_U._Lemieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond U. Lemieux">Raymond U. Lemieux</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Javan" title="Ali Javan">Ali Javan</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Rowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherwood Rowland">Sherwood Rowland</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Jasper" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert H. Jasper">Herbert H. Jasper</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Jeffreys" title="Alec Jeffreys">Alec Jeffreys</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Ghuysen" title="Jean-Marie Ghuysen">Jean-Marie Ghuysen</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Goldman" title="Charles R. Goldman">Charles R. Goldman</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(biologist)" title="Robert Weinberg (biologist)">Robert Weinberg</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner">Frank Fenner</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Birbaumer" title="Niels Birbaumer">Niels Birbaumer</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Janzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Janzen">Daniel H. Janzen</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_J._Cicerone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph J. Cicerone">Ralph J. Cicerone</a> (2004)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Hopfield</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Fraser Stoddart</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada Yonath</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Houghton" class="mw-redirect" title="John T. Houghton">John T. Houghton</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Montaner" title="Julio Montaner">Julio Montaner</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ozin" title="Geoffrey Ozin">Geoffrey Ozin</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gr%C3%A4tzel" title="Michael Grätzel">Michael Grätzel</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cohen_(British_biochemist)" title="Philip Cohen (British biochemist)">Philip Cohen</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewine_van_Dishoeck" title="Ewine van Dishoeck">Ewine van Dishoeck</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_M._Yaghi" title="Omar M. Yaghi">Omar M. Yaghi</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Changeux" title="Jean-Pierre Changeux">Jean-Pierre Changeux</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhong_Lin_Wang" title="Zhong Lin Wang">Zhong Lin Wang</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Physical_Society" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Physical_Society" title="Template:Presidents of the American Physical Society"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_American_Physical_Society" title="Template talk:Presidents of the American Physical Society"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Physical_Society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the American Physical Society"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Physical_Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">Presidents of the American Physical Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1899–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Rowland" title="Henry Augustus Rowland">Henry Augustus Rowland</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Gordon_Webster" title="Arthur Gordon Webster">Arthur Gordon Webster</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Barus" title="Carl Barus">Carl Barus</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leamington_Nichols" title="Edward Leamington Nichols">Edward Leamington Nichols</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Crew" title="Henry Crew">Henry Crew</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Magie" title="William Francis Magie">William Francis Magie</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Osgood_Peirce" title="Benjamin Osgood Peirce">Benjamin Osgood Peirce</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Merritt" title="Ernest Merritt">Ernest Merritt</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Bumstead" title="Henry A. Bumstead">Henry A. Bumstead</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sweetman_Ames" title="Joseph Sweetman Ames">Joseph Sweetman Ames</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Lyman_IV" title="Theodore Lyman IV">Theodore Lyman</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin_Mendenhall" title="Thomas Corwin Mendenhall">Thomas Corwin Mendenhall</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Miller" title="Dayton Miller">Dayton Miller</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Taylor_Compton" title="Karl Taylor Compton">Karl Taylor Compton</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gale_(astrophysicist)" title="Henry Gale (astrophysicist)">Henry Gale</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Gray_Swann" title="William Francis Gray Swann">William Francis Gray Swann</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Foote" title="Paul D. Foote">Paul D. Foote</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Wood" title="Robert W. Wood">Robert W. Wood</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_K._Richtmyer" title="Floyd K. Richtmyer">Floyd K. Richtmyer</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_M._Randall" title="Harrison M. Randall">Harrison M. Randall</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_James_Briggs" title="Lyman James Briggs">Lyman James Briggs</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Torrence_Tate_Sr." title="John Torrence Tate Sr.">John Torrence Tate Sr.</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zeleny" title="John Zeleny">John Zeleny</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Pegram" title="George B. Pegram">George B. Pegram</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Stewart" title="George W. Stewart">George Stewart</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Williams Bridgman</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Hull" title="Albert W. Hull">Albert W. Hull</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jeffrey_Dempster" title="Arthur Jeffrey Dempster">Arthur Jeffrey Dempster</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Fletcher" title="Harvey Fletcher">Harvey Fletcher</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Condon" title="Edward Condon">Edward Condon</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Alvin_DuBridge" title="Lee Alvin DuBridge">Lee Alvin DuBridge</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Wheeler_Loomis" title="Francis Wheeler Loomis">Francis Wheeler Loomis</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Christian_Lauritsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Christian Lauritsen">Charles Christian Lauritsen</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">John Hasbrouck Van Vleck</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">H. Bethe</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Thayer_Birge" title="Raymond Thayer Birge">Raymond Thayer Birge</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">E. Wigner</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Beams" title="Jesse Beams">Jesse Beams</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_V._Houston" title="William V. Houston">William V. Houston</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harry_Williams" title="John Harry Williams">John Harry Williams</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Felix Bloch</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Walter Alvarez</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Mills Purcell</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Serber" title="Robert Serber">Robert Serber</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_M._Morse" title="Philip M. Morse">Philip M. Morse</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Mayer" title="Joseph Edward Mayer">Joseph Edward Mayer</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pief_Panofsky" title="Pief Panofsky">Pief Panofsky</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William A. Fowler</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pake" title="George Pake">George Pake</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_M._Branscomb" title="Lewis M. Branscomb">Lewis M. Branscomb</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Arthur Leonard Schawlow</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Marshak" title="Robert Marshak">Robert Marshak</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert R. Wilson</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Drell" title="Sidney Drell">Sidney Drell</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Logsdon Fitch</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Krumhansl" title="James A. Krumhansl">James A. Krumhansl</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Merzbacher" title="Eugen Merzbacher">Eugen Merzbacher</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_M._Henley" title="Ernest M. Henley">Ernest M. Henley</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_N._Langenberg" title="Donald N. Langenberg">Donald N. Langenberg</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Kumar_N._Patel" title="C. Kumar N. Patel">C. Kumar Patel</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">J.R. Schrieffer</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Allan_Bromley" title="D. Allan Bromley">D. Allan Bromley</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sessler" title="Andrew Sessler">Andrew Sessler</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Jerome Isaac Friedman</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Langer" title="James S. Langer">James S. Langer</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Trilling" title="George Trilling">George Trilling</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Brinkman" title="William F. Brinkman">William F. Brinkman</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Sarachik" title="Myriam Sarachik">Myriam Sarachik</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Quinn" title="Helen Quinn">Helen Quinn</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Cohen" title="Marvin L. Cohen">Marvin L. Cohen</a> (2005)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Hopfield</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bienenstock" title="Arthur Bienenstock">Arthur Bienenstock</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_A._Murray" title="Cherry A. Murray">Cherry A. Murray</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Callan" title="Curtis Callan">Curtis Callan</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barry Barish</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Byer" title="Robert L. Byer">Robert L. Byer</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Turner" title="Michael S. Turner">Michael S. Turner</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Beasley" title="Malcolm Beasley">Malcolm R. Beasley</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Aronson" title="Sam Aronson">Sam Aronson</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Neal" title="Homer Neal">Homer Neal</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Greene_(physicist)" title="Laura Greene (physicist)">Laura Greene</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Falcone" title="Roger Falcone">Roger Falcone</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">David Gross</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Bucksbaum" title="Philip H. Bucksbaum">Philip H. Bucksbaum</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates" title="Sylvester James Gates">Sylvester James Gates Jr.</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Hellman" title="Frances Hellman">Frances Hellman</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rosner" title="Robert Rosner">Robert Rosner</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2024_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2024_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2024 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2024_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:2024 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2024_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2024 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2024_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2024 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemist)" title="David Baker (biochemist)">David Baker</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Jumper" title="John M. Jumper">John M. Jumper</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2024 Nobel Prize in Literature">2024</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kang" title="Han Kang">Han Kang</a> (South Korea)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo" title="Nihon Hidankyo">Nihon Hidankyo</a> (Japan)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a> (Canada/United Kingdom)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Hopfield</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> (Turkey/United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Johnson_(economist)" title="Simon Johnson (economist)">Simon Johnson</a> (United Kingdom/United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Robinson" title="James A. Robinson">James A. Robinson</a> (United Kingdom/United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2019_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2019 Nobel Prize winners">2019</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2020_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2020 Nobel Prize winners">2020</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2021_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2021 Nobel Prize winners">2021</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2022_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2022 Nobel Prize winners">2022</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2023_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2023 Nobel Prize winners">2023</a></dd> <dd><b>2024 </b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391237#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391237#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391237#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000447777423">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000117761189">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315533758">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdWMYKJvTG4VcmdttmWXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1082150568">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2001093889">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hinton, Geoffrey E."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20241240349&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=15862">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/profile/81100623206">Association for Computing Machinery</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7005786187">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:hopfield.john-j">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=SNhXppAAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/51/3217">DBLP</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/88075">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1082150568.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/257399348">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&oldid=1260367664">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&oldid=1260367664</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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