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</button> <ul id="toc-Economic_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Full_and_Haig–Simons_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_and_Haig–Simons_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Full and Haig–Simons income</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_and_Haig–Simons_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factor_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factor_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Factor income</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factor_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legal definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definitions_under_the_Internal_Revenue_Code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions_under_the_Internal_Revenue_Code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Definitions under the Internal Revenue Code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions_under_the_Internal_Revenue_Code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_under_US_Case_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_under_US_Case_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Definition under US Case law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_under_US_Case_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accounting_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accounting_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Accounting definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accounting_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Nonincome"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Nonincome""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>"Nonincome"</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-"Nonincome"-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle "Nonincome" subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-"Nonincome"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Debt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychic_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychic_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Psychic income</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychic_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Income growth</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Income_growth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Income growth subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Income_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Factors_contributing_to_higher_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_contributing_to_higher_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Factors contributing to higher income</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factors_contributing_to_higher_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income_inequality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income_inequality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Income inequality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Income_inequality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Income inequality subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Income_inequality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>National Income</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Basic income</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Basic_income-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Basic income subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Basic_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universal_Basic_Income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_Basic_Income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Universal Basic Income</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_Basic_Income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income_in_philosophy_and_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income_in_philosophy_and_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Income in philosophy and ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income_in_philosophy_and_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income_and_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income_and_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Income and health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income_and_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Income</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkomste" title="Inkomste – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Inkomste" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Аага – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аага" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="دخل مالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دخل مالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C9%99lir" title="Gəlir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gəlir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="گلیر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گلیر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="আয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Даход – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Даход" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Даход – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Даход" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Доход – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Доход" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingr%C3%A9s" title="Ingrés – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ingrés" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Пайта – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пайта" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADjem_(ekonomie)" title="Příjem (ekonomie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Příjem (ekonomie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incwm" title="Incwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Incwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indkomst" title="Indkomst – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indkomst" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einkommen" title="Einkommen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Einkommen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sissetulek" title="Sissetulek – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sissetulek" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingreso" title="Ingreso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ingreso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diru_sarrera" title="Diru sarrera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Diru sarrera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF" title="درآمد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درآمد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenu" title="Revenu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Revenu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%9E%85_(%ED%9A%8C%EA%B3%84)" title="수입 (회계) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수입 (회계)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF" title="Եկամուտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եկամուտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF" title="आय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dohodak" title="Dohodak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dohodak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddito" title="Reddito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reddito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%94" title="הכנסה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכנסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF" title="ಆದಾಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆದಾಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Табыс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Табыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipato" title="Kipato – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kipato" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%89" title="ລາຍໄດ້ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລາຍໄດ້" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ien%C4%81kumi" title="Ienākumi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ienākumi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6vedelem" title="Jövedelem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jövedelem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendapatan_bersih" title="Pendapatan bersih – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendapatan bersih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1" title="ဝင်ငွေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝင်ငွေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkomen" title="Inkomen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Inkomen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF" title="आय – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8E%E5%85%A5" title="収入 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="収入" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inntekt" title="Inntekt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Inntekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daromad" title="Daromad – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Daromad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A8" title="ਆਮਦਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਮਦਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doch%C3%B3d" title="Dochód – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dochód" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renda" title="Renda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Renda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venit" title="Venit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Venit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Доход – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Доход" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income" title="Income – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Income" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AB_ardhurat" title="Të ardhurat – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Të ardhurat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngressu" title="Ngressu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ngressu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income" title="Income – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Income" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDnos_(opak_n%C3%A1kladov)" title="Výnos (opak nákladov) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Výnos (opak nákladov)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prihod" title="Prihod – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Prihod" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prihod" title="Prihod – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prihod" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkomst" title="Inkomst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Inkomst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita" title="Kita – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kita" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="வருவாய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வருவாய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Керем – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Керем" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ఆదాయం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆదాయం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89" title="เงินได้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เงินได้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelir" title="Gelir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gelir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Дохід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дохід" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آمدنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آمدنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu_nh%E1%BA%ADp_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_h%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bng)" title="Thu nhập (định hướng) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thu nhập (định hướng)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5" title="收入 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="收入" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5" title="收入 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="收入" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5" title="收入 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="收入" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1527264#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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given time period</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the concept in U.S. law, see <a href="/wiki/Income_(United_States_legal_definitions)" title="Income (United States legal definitions)">Income (United States legal definitions)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Income" title="Special:EditPage/Income">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Income%22">"Income"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Income%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Income%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Income%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Income%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Income%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Income</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">consumption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saving" title="Saving">saving</a> opportunity gained by an entity within a specified timeframe, which is generally expressed in <a href="/wiki/Monetary" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary">monetary</a> terms.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Income is difficult to define conceptually and the definition may be different across fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Mc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, a person's income in an economic sense may be different from their income as defined by law.<sup id="cite_ref-Mc_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An extremely important definition of income is <a href="/wiki/Haig%E2%80%93Simons_income" title="Haig–Simons income">Haig–Simons income</a>, which defines income as <i>Consumption + Change in net worth</i> and is widely used in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mc_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">households</a> and individuals in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, income is defined by tax law as a sum that includes any <a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">wage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">salary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">profit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interest" title="Interest">interest</a> payment, <a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">rent</a>, or other form of earnings received in a calendar year.<sup id="cite_ref-Case_&_Fair_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case_&_Fair-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Discretionary_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Discretionary income">Discretionary income</a> is often defined as gross income minus <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> and other deductions (e.g., mandatory <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pension</a> contributions), and is widely used as a basis to compare the welfare of taxpayers. </p><p>In the field of <a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">public economics</a>, the concept may comprise the accumulation of both monetary and non-monetary consumption ability, with the former (monetary) being used as a proxy for total income. </p><p>For a firm, gross income can be defined as sum of all <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a> minus the <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_goods_sold" title="Cost of goods sold">cost of goods sold</a>. <a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a> nets out expenses: net income equals revenue minus cost of goods sold, <a href="/wiki/Expenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Expenses">expenses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depreciation" title="Depreciation">depreciation</a>, interest, and taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_definitions">Economic definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Economic definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_and_Haig–Simons_income"><span id="Full_and_Haig.E2.80.93Simons_income"></span>Full and Haig–Simons income</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Full and Haig–Simons income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haig%E2%80%93Simons_income" title="Haig–Simons income">Haig–Simons income</a></div> <p>"Full income" refers to the accumulation of both the monetary and the non-monetary consumption-ability of any given entity, such as a person or a household. According to what the economist <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Barr" title="Nicholas Barr">Nicholas Barr</a> describes as the "classical definition of income" (the 1938 Haig–Simons definition): "income may be defined as the... sum of (1) the market value of rights exercised in consumption and (2) the change in the value of the store of property rights..." Since the consumption potential of non-monetary goods, such as leisure, cannot be measured, monetary income may be thought of as a proxy for full income.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, however, it is criticized<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2015)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> for being unreliable, <i>i.e.</i> failing to accurately reflect affluence (and thus the consumption opportunities) of any given agent. </p><p>It omits the utility a person may derive from non-monetary income and, on a macroeconomic level, fails to accurately chart <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_function" title="Social welfare function">social welfare</a>. According to Barr, "in practice money income as a proportion of total income varies widely and unsystematically. Non-observability of full income prevents a complete characterization of the individual opportunity set, forcing us to use the unreliable yardstick of money income. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factor_income">Factor income</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Factor income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Factor_income" title="Factor income">factor income</a>" is the return accruing for a person, or a nation, derived from the "factors of production": rental income, wages generated by labor, the interest created by capital, and profits from entrepreneurial ventures.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Consumer_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer theory">consumer theory</a> 'income' is another name for the "budget constraint", an amount <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}"></span> to be spent on different goods x and y in quantities <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}"></span> at prices <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{x}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{x}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/00798226b1d789f7fd779244d1afc7174b8199b1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.665ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{x}}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{y}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{y}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b2fc32cb260c120effe720c3ba1e028028ec07a4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.542ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{y}}"></span>. The basic equation for this is </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y=P_{x}\cdot x+P_{y}\cdot y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y=P_{x}\cdot x+P_{y}\cdot y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0c278c2879d66ebde46cc2945d0d38617fa8935c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:18.762ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y=P_{x}\cdot x+P_{y}\cdot y}"></span></dd></dl> <p>This equation implies two things. First buying one more unit of good x implies buying <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {P_{x}}{P_{y}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {P_{x}}{P_{y}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/50b9bc32ea799e6090b133e5767a6363277026c9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:3.501ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {P_{x}}{P_{y}}}}"></span> less units of good y. So, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {P_{x}}{P_{y}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {P_{x}}{P_{y}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/50b9bc32ea799e6090b133e5767a6363277026c9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:3.501ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {P_{x}}{P_{y}}}}"></span> is the <i>relative</i> price of a unit of x as to the number of units given up in y. Second, if the price of x falls for a fixed <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}"></span> and fixed <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{y},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{y},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4eb25fdd3ee0d8e8c219b60aa86be2a6bf7ef0ae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.188ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{y},}"></span> then its relative price falls. The usual hypothesis, the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_demand" title="Law of demand">law of demand</a>, is that the quantity demanded of x would increase at the lower price. The analysis can be generalized to more than two goods. </p><p>The theoretical generalization to more than one period is a multi-period <a href="/wiki/Wealth_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth (economics)">wealth</a> and income constraint. For example, the same person can gain more productive skills or acquire more productive income-earning assets to earn a higher income. In the multi-period case, something might also happen to the economy beyond the control of the individual to reduce (or increase) the flow of income. Changing measured income and its relation to consumption over time might be modeled accordingly, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_income_hypothesis" title="Permanent income hypothesis">permanent income hypothesis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_definitions">Legal definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legal definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definitions_under_the_Internal_Revenue_Code">Definitions under the Internal Revenue Code</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Definitions under the Internal Revenue Code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code_section_61" title="Internal Revenue Code section 61">Internal Revenue Code section 61</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Except as otherwise provided in this subtitle, gross income means all income from whatever source derived, including (but not limited to) the following items: (1) Compensation for services, including fees, commissions, fringe benefits, and similar items; (2) Gross income derived from business; (3) Gains derived from dealings in property; (4) Interest; (5) Rents; (6) Royalties; (7) Dividends; (8) Annuities; (9) Income from life insurance and endowment contracts; (10) Pensions; (11) Income from discharge of indebtedness; (12) Distributive share of partnership gross income; (13) Income in respect of a decedent; and (14) Income from an interest in an estate or trust.</p></blockquote> <p>26 U.S. Code § 61 - Gross income defined. There are also some statutory exclusions from income.<sup id="cite_ref-Mc_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_under_US_Case_law">Definition under US Case law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Definition under US Case law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_v._Glenshaw_Glass_Co." title="Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co.">Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co.</a></div> <p>Income is an "undeniable accessions to wealth, clearly realized, and over which the taxpayer has complete dominion." Commentators say that this is a pretty good definition of income.<sup id="cite_ref-Mc_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taxable income is usually lower than Haig-Simons income.<sup id="cite_ref-Mc_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because unrealized appreciation (e.g., the increase in the value of stock over the course of a year) is economic income but not taxable income, and because there are many statutory exclusions from taxable income, including <a href="/wiki/Workman%27s_compensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Workman's compensation">workman's compensation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">SSI</a>, gifts, child support, and in-kind government transfers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accounting_definitions">Accounting definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Accounting definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Income_(United_States_legal_definitions)" title="Income (United States legal definitions)">Income (United States legal definitions)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Accounting_Standards_Board" title="International Accounting Standards Board">International Accounting Standards Board</a> (IASB) uses the following definition: "Income is increases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of inflows or enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from equity participants." [F.70] (IFRS Framework). </p><p>Previously the IFRS conceptual framework (4.29) stated: "The definition of income encompasses both revenue and gains. Revenue arises in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity and is referred to by a variety of different names including sales, fees, interest, dividends, royalties and rent. 4.30: Gains represent other items that meet the definition of income and may, or may not, arise in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity. Gains represent increases in economic benefits and as such are no different in nature from revenue. Hence, they are not regarded as constituting a separate element in this Conceptual Framework."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current IFRS conceptual framework <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (4.68) no longer draws a distinction between revenue and gains. Nevertheless, the distinction continues to be drawn at the standard and reporting levels. For example, IFRS 9.5.7.1 states: "A gain or loss on a financial asset or financial liability that is measured at fair value shall be recognised in profit or loss ..." while the IASB defined IFRS XBRL taxonomy <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> includes OtherGainsLosses, GainsLossesOnNetMonetaryPosition and similar items. </p><p>US GAAP does not define income but does define comprehensive income (CON 8.4.E75): Comprehensive income is the change in equity of a business entity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from nonowner sources. It includes all changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/John_Hicks#Contributions_to_interpretation_of_income_for_accounting_purposes" title="John Hicks">John Hicks' definitions</a>, income "is the maximum amount which can be spent during a period if there is to be an expectation of maintaining intact, the capital value of prospective receipts (in money terms)".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Nonincome""><span id=".22Nonincome.22"></span>"Nonincome"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: "Nonincome""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debt">Debt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Debt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Borrowing or repaying money is not income under any definition, for either the borrower or the lender.<sup id="cite_ref-Mc_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interest and <a href="/wiki/Debt_forgiveness" class="mw-redirect" title="Debt forgiveness">forgiveness of debt</a> are income. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychic_income">Psychic income</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Psychic income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Non-monetary joy," such as watching a sunset or having sex, simply is not income.<sup id="cite_ref-Mc_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, nonmonetary suffering, such as heartbreak or <a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">labor</a>, are not negative income. This may seem trivial, but the non-inclusion of psychic income has important effects on economics and tax policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Mc_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It encourages people to find happiness in nonmonetary, nontaxable ways and means that reported income may overstate or understate the well-being of a given individual.<sup id="cite_ref-Mc_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Income_growth">Income growth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Income growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Income_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="Income per capita">Income per capita</a> has been increasing steadily in most countries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many factors contribute to people having a higher income, including <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">globalisation</a> and favorable political circumstances such as <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">economic freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a>. Increases in income also tend to lead to people choosing to work fewer <a href="/wiki/Working_hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Working hours">hours</a>. <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">Developed countries</a> (defined as countries with a "developed economy") have higher incomes as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> tending to have lower incomes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factors_contributing_to_higher_income">Factors contributing to higher income</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Factors contributing to higher income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Education has a positive effect on the level of income.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education increases the skills of the workforce, which in turn increases its productivity (and thus higher wages). Gary Becker developed a Human Capital Theory, which emphasizes that investment in education and training lead to efficiency gains, and by extension to economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Globalization can increase incomes by integrating markets, and allowing individuals greater possibilities of income increases through efficient allocation of resources and expanding existing wealth. </p><p>Generally, countries more open to trade have higher incomes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And while globalization tends to increase average income in a country, it does so unequally.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sachs and Warner claim, that “countries with open economies will converge to the same level of income, although admittedly it will take a long time.”<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Income_inequality">Income inequality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Income inequality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">Income inequality</a> is the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner. It can be measured by various methods, including the <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_curve" title="Lorenz curve">Lorenz curve</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a>. Many economists argue that certain amounts of inequality are necessary and desirable but that excessive inequality leads to efficiency problems and social injustice.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereby necessitating initiatives like the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_10" title="Sustainable Development Goal 10">Sustainable Development Goal 10</a> aimed at reducing inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Income">National Income</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: National Income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>National income, measured by statistics such as <a href="/wiki/Net_national_income" title="Net national income">net national income</a> (NNI), measures the total income of individuals, corporations, and government in the economy. For more information see <a href="/wiki/Measures_of_national_income_and_output" title="Measures of national income and output">Measures of national income and output</a>. </p><p>The total output of an economy equals its total income. From this viewpoint, GDP can be an indicator and measurement of national income since it measures a nation’s total production of goods and services produced within the borders of one country and its total income simultaneously. GDP is measured through factors of production (inputs) and the production function (the ability to turn inputs into outputs). One important note in this is <a href="/wiki/Income_distribution" title="Income distribution">income distribution</a> working through the factor market and how national income is divided among these factors. For this examination, the Neoclassical theory of distribution and factor prices is the modern theory to look into.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_income">Basic income</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Basic income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_basic_income_models" title="List of basic income models">List of basic income models</a></div> <p>Basic income models advocate for a regular, and usually unconditional, receipt of money from the public institution. There are mana basic income models, with the most famous being Universal Basic Income. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_Basic_Income">Universal Basic Income</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Universal Basic Income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Universal basic income</a></div> <p>Universal Basic Income is a periodic receival of cash given to individuals on universal and unconditional basis. Unlike other programs like the <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">Food Stamp Program</a><b>,</b> UBI provides eligible recipients with cash instead of coupons. Instead of households, it is paid to all individuals without requiring means test and regardless of employment status.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proponents of UBI argue, that basic income is needed for social protection, mitigating automation and labour market disruptions.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents argue that UBI, in addition to being costly, will distort incentives for individuals to work. They might argue that there are other and more cost-effective policies that can tackle problems raised by the proponents of UBI. These policies include for example negative income tax.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Income_in_philosophy_and_ethics">Income in philosophy and ethics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Income in philosophy and ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout history, many have written about the impact of income on <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Saint Paul</a> wrote 'For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil:' (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Timothy#6:10" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/1 Timothy">1 Timothy 6:10</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Standard_Version" title="American Standard Version">ASV</a>)). </p><p>Some scholars have come to the conclusion that material progress and prosperity, as manifested in continuous income growth at both the individual and the national level, provide the indispensable foundation for sustaining any kind of morality. This argument was explicitly given by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> in his <i>Theory of Moral Sentiments</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has more recently been developed by Harvard economist <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_M._Friedman" title="Benjamin M. Friedman">Benjamin Friedman</a> in his book <i>The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Income_and_health">Income and health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Income and health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20241113_Homicide_rates_vs_gross_national_income_per_person,_by_country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/20241113_Homicide_rates_vs_gross_national_income_per_person%2C_by_country.svg/220px-20241113_Homicide_rates_vs_gross_national_income_per_person%2C_by_country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/20241113_Homicide_rates_vs_gross_national_income_per_person%2C_by_country.svg/330px-20241113_Homicide_rates_vs_gross_national_income_per_person%2C_by_country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/20241113_Homicide_rates_vs_gross_national_income_per_person%2C_by_country.svg/440px-20241113_Homicide_rates_vs_gross_national_income_per_person%2C_by_country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>National homicide rates are generally lower in high-income countries.<sup id="cite_ref-HomicideVsIncome_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HomicideVsIncome-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A landmark <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> researchers in the <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_Collaboration" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochrane Collaboration">Cochrane Collaboration</a> found that income given in the form of <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_cash_transfers" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconditional cash transfers">unconditional cash transfers</a> leads to reductions in disease, improvements in food security and dietary diversity, increases in children's school attendance, decreases in extreme poverty, and higher health care spending.<sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Health Foundation published an analysis where people on the lower income spectrum were more likely to describe their health negatively. Higher income was associated with self-reported better health.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study found that “an increase in household income of £1,000 is associated with a 3.6 month increase in life expectancy for both men and women.”<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study by a Professor of Epidemiology Michael G Marmot found argues that there are two ways which could explain a positive correlation between income and health: the ability to afford goods and services necessary for biological survival, and the ability to influence life circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russell Ecob and George Davey Smith found that there is a relationship between income and a number of health measures. Greater household equivalised income is associated with better health indicators such as height, waist–hip ratio, respiratory function, malaise, limiting long-term illness.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Income is conventionally denoted by "Y" in economics. John Hicks used "I" for income, but <a href="/wiki/Keynes" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynes">Keynes</a> wrote to him in 1937, "<i>after trying both, I believe it is easier to use Y for income and I for investment.</i>" Some consider Y as an alternative letter for the phoneme I in languages like Spanish,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Y as the "<a href="/wiki/Y#Name" title="Y">Greek I</a>" was actually pronounced like the modern German ü or the phonetic /y/. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/income" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:income">income</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_dividend" title="Citizen's dividend">Citizen's dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_income" title="Comprehensive income">Comprehensive income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_household_and_per_capita_income" title="Disposable household and per capita income">Disposable household and per capita income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">Guaranteed minimum income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita">List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita">List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_per_capita_growth" title="List of countries by GNI per capita growth">List of countries by GNI per capita growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_income" title="Median income">Median income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">Income tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_income" title="Real income">Real income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Universal basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpaid_work" title="Unpaid work">Unpaid work</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Barr-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Barr, N. (2004). Problems and definition of measurement. In <i>Economics of the welfare state</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 121–124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mc-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mc_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mc_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mc_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mc_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mc_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mc_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mc_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mc_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mc_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mc_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcCaffery2012" class="citation book cs1">McCaffery, Edward (2012). <i>The Oxford Introductions to U.S. Law: Income Tax Law 1st Edition</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Introductions+to+U.S.+Law%3A+Income+Tax+Law+1st+Edition&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=McCaffery&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Case_&_Fair-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Case_&_Fair_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Case, K. & Fair, R. (2007). <i>Principles of Economics</i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2012" class="citation web cs1">Staff (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618040855/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/factor-income.html">"factor income"</a>. <i>BusinessDictionary.com</i>. WebFinance, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/factor-income.html">the original</a> on 18 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BusinessDictionary.com&rft.atitle=factor+income&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessdictionary.com%2Fdefinition%2Ffactor-income.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncome" class="Z3988"></span> m</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooks, John R., "The Definitions of Income" (2018). Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works. 1952. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1952/">https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1952/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFadmin" class="citation web cs1">admin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/other/framework">"Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting 2018"</a>. <i>www.iasplus.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iasplus.com&rft.atitle=Conceptual+Framework+for+Financial+Reporting+2018&rft.au=admin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iasplus.com%2Fen%2Fstandards%2Fother%2Fframework&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifrs.org/issued-standards/list-of-standards/">"IASB"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IASB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifrs.org%2Fissued-standards%2Flist-of-standards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifrs.org/issued-standards/ifrs-taxonomy/ifrs-taxonomy-2021/">"IASB"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IASB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifrs.org%2Fissued-standards%2Fifrs-taxonomy%2Fifrs-taxonomy-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxbridgenotes.co.uk/revision_notes/accounting-lse-financial-accounting-analysis-and-valuation/samples/5-hicks-income">"Oxbridge Notes"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxbridge+Notes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxbridgenotes.co.uk%2Frevision_notes%2Faccounting-lse-financial-accounting-analysis-and-valuation%2Fsamples%2F5-hicks-income&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=5.59290322580644;ti=2007$zpv;v=0$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=0AkBd6lyS3EmpdHo5S0J6ekhVOF9QaVhod05QSGV4T3c;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=rdCufG2vozTpKw7TBGbyoWw;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=log;dataMin=58;dataMax=108111$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=26;dataMax=56$map_s;sma=49;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=">"Gapminder World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gapminder_Foundation" title="Gapminder Foundation">Gapminder Foundation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=5.59290322580644;ti=2007$zpv;v=0$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=0AkBd6lyS3EmpdHo5S0J6ekhVOF9QaVhod05QSGV4T3c;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=pyj6tScZqmEdrsBnj2ROXAg;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=log;dataMin=58;dataMax=108111$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=8.7;dataMax=100$map_s;sma=49;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=">"Gapminder World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gapminder_Foundation" title="Gapminder Foundation">Gapminder Foundation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mincer, J. 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Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1995(1), 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127140337/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-10-reduced-inequalities/targets.html">"Goal 10 targets"</a>. <i>UNDP</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-10-reduced-inequalities/targets.html">the original</a> on 2020-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNDP&rft.atitle=Goal+10+targets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Fundp%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fsustainable-development-goals%2Fgoal-10-reduced-inequalities%2Ftargets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMANKIW2015" class="citation book cs1">MANKIW, N. GREGORY (22 May 2015). <i>MACROECONOMICS</i> (9th ed.). Macmillan Learning. pp. 47–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4641-8289-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4641-8289-1"><bdi>978-1-4641-8289-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MACROECONOMICS&rft.pages=47-80&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Macmillan+Learning&rft.date=2015-05-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4641-8289-1&rft.aulast=MANKIW&rft.aufirst=N.+GREGORY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://basicincome.org/about-basic-income/">"About basic income"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+basic+income&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbasicincome.org%2Fabout-basic-income%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://academic.oup.com/hsw/article-abstract/48/1/7/6917094?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false">https://academic.oup.com/hsw/article-abstract/48/1/7/6917094?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://academic.oup.com/sw/article-abstract/64/4/321/5576193?login=false">https://academic.oup.com/sw/article-abstract/64/4/321/5576193?login=false</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journalistsresource.org/economics/universal-basic-income-guaranteed-income-ubi/">"Universal basic income: Money for nothing or efficient equalizer?"</a>. 15 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+basic+income%3A+Money+for+nothing+or+efficient+equalizer%3F&rft.date=2017-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournalistsresource.org%2Feconomics%2Funiversal-basic-income-guaranteed-income-ubi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Adam (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1017407319"><i>The theory of moral sentiments</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1017407319">1017407319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+theory+of+moral+sentiments&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1017407319&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1017407319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2006" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Benjamin M (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71353264"><i>The moral consequences of economic growth</i></a>. New York, NY: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-9571-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-9571-1"><bdi>978-1-4000-9571-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71353264">71353264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+moral+consequences+of+economic+growth&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71353264&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-9571-1&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F71353264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HomicideVsIncome-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HomicideVsIncome_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">● Homicide data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime_(UNODC)2024" class="citation web cs1">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/homicide-rate-unodc?tab=table">"Homicide rate, 2023 / Annual number of deaths from homicide per 100,000 people"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241113181658/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/homicide-rate-unodc?tab=table">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2024. <q>Data source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2024)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homicide+rate%2C+2023+%2F+Annual+number+of+deaths+from+homicide+per+100%2C000+people&rft.date=2024&rft.au=United+Nations+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime+%28UNODC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fhomicide-rate-unodc%3Ftab%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncome" class="Z3988"></span><br />● Income data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Development_Programme_(UNDP)2024" class="citation web cs1">United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gross-national-income-per-capita-undp?tab=table">"Gross national income (GNI) per capita"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241113182218/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gross-national-income-per-capita-undp?tab=table">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2024. <q>Data source: UNDP, Human Development Report (2024)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gross+national+income+%28GNI%29+per+capita&rft.date=2024&rft.au=United+Nations+Development+Programme+%28UNDP%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fgross-national-income-per-capita-undp%3Ftab%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doi10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-doi10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub2_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegaLiuWalterPabayo2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pega, Frank; Liu, Sze; Walter, Stefan; Pabayo, Roman; Saith, Ruhi; Lhachimi, Stefan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6486161">"Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>11</b> (4): CD011135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD011135.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6486161">6486161</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29139110">29139110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Unconditional+cash+transfers+for+reducing+poverty+and+vulnerabilities%3A+effect+on+use+of+health+services+and+health+outcomes+in+low-+and+middle-income+countries&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=CD011135&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6486161%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29139110&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD011135.pub2&rft.aulast=Pega&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Liu%2C+Sze&rft.au=Walter%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Pabayo%2C+Roman&rft.au=Saith%2C+Ruhi&rft.au=Lhachimi%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6486161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doi10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub3-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-doi10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub3_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegaPabayoBennyLee2022" class="citation journal cs1">Pega, Frank; Pabayo, Roman; Benny, Claire; Lee, Eun-Young; Lhachimi, Stefan; Liu, Sze (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8962215">"Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2022</b> (3): CD011135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD011135.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8962215">8962215</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35348196">35348196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Unconditional+cash+transfers+for+reducing+poverty+and+vulnerabilities%3A+effect+on+use+of+health+services+and+health+outcomes+in+low-+and+middle-income+countries&rft.volume=2022&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD011135&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8962215%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35348196&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD011135.pub3&rft.aulast=Pega&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Pabayo%2C+Roman&rft.au=Benny%2C+Claire&rft.au=Lee%2C+Eun-Young&rft.au=Lhachimi%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Liu%2C+Sze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8962215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Health Foundation. (n.d.). Relationship between income and health - The Health Foundation. In <i>The Health Foundation</i>. https://www.health.org.uk/evidence-hub/money-and-resources/income/relationship-between-income-and-health</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Health Foundation. (n.d.). Relationship between income and life expectancy by neighbourhood - The Health Foundation. In <i>The Health Foundation</i>. https://www.health.org.uk/evidence-hub/money-and-resources/income/relationship-between-income-and-healthy-life-expectancy-by-neighbourhood</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarmot2002" class="citation journal cs1">Marmot, Michael (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.31">"The influence of income on health: views of an epidemiologist"</a>. <i>Health Affairs</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 31–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.21.2.31">10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.31</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11900185">11900185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+influence+of+income+on+health%3A+views+of+an+epidemiologist&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=31-46&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1377%2Fhlthaff.21.2.31&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11900185&rft.aulast=Marmot&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthaffairs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1377%2Fhlthaff.21.2.31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEcobDavey_Smith1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ecob, Russell; Davey Smith, George (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953698003852">"Income and health: what is the nature of the relationship?"</a>. <i>Social Science & Medicine</i>. <b>48</b> (5): 693–705. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0277-9536%2898%2900385-2">10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00385-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10080369">10080369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=Income+and+health%3A+what+is+the+nature+of+the+relationship%3F&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=693-705&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0277-9536%2898%2900385-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10080369&rft.aulast=Ecob&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft.au=Davey+Smith%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0277953698003852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gregmankiw.blogspot.com/2016/12/why-y.html">"Why Y?"</a>. <i>Greg Mankiw's Blog</i>. December 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greg+Mankiw%27s+Blog&rft.atitle=Why+Y%3F&rft.date=2016-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgregmankiw.blogspot.com%2F2016%2F12%2Fwhy-y.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>D. Usher (1987). "real income", <i>The <a href="/wiki/New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics">New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, v. 4, pp. 104–5.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4013887-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="income"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064759">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Revenu"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975981t">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Revenu"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975981t">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541074705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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