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<li id="toc-Secondary_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Secondary requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Operating pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxygen_prebreathing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxygen_prebreathing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Oxygen prebreathing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxygen_prebreathing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiological_effects_of_unprotected_space_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiological_effects_of_unprotected_space_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Physiological effects of unprotected space exposure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiological_effects_of_unprotected_space_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design concepts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design concepts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soft_suits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soft_suits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Soft suits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soft_suits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hard-shell_suits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hard-shell_suits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hard-shell suits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hard-shell_suits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_suits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_suits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hybrid suits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_suits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skintight_suits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skintight_suits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Skintight suits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skintight_suits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributing_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributing_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contributing technologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contributing_technologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contributing technologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contributing_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Glove_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glove_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Glove technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glove_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_support_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_support_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Life support technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_support_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helmet_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helmet_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Helmet technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helmet_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-altitude_suits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-altitude_suits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>High-altitude suits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-altitude_suits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_space_suit_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_space_suit_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of space suit models</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_space_suit_models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of space suit models subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_space_suit_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_and_Russian_suit_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_and_Russian_suit_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Soviet and Russian suit models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_and_Russian_suit_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_suit_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_suit_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>United States suit models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_suit_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SpaceX_suit_("Starman_suit")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SpaceX_suit_("Starman_suit")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>SpaceX suit ("Starman suit")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SpaceX_suit_("Starman_suit")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_NASA_contracted_suits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_NASA_contracted_suits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Future NASA contracted suits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_NASA_contracted_suits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_suit_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_suit_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Chinese suit models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_suit_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emerging_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emerging_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Emerging technologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emerging_technologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Emerging technologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Emerging_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Additive_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additive_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Additive manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additive_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronaut_Glove_Challenge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronaut_Glove_Challenge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Astronaut Glove Challenge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronaut_Glove_Challenge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aouda.X" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aouda.X"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Aouda.X</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aouda.X-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axiom_Space_and_Prada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axiom_Space_and_Prada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Axiom Space and Prada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axiom_Space_and_Prada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bio-Suit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bio-Suit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Bio-Suit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bio-Suit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constellation_Space_Suit_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constellation_Space_Suit_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Constellation Space Suit system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constellation_Space_Suit_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_Frontier_Design_IVA_Space_Suit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_Frontier_Design_IVA_Space_Suit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Final Frontier Design IVA Space Suit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_Frontier_Design_IVA_Space_Suit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I-Suit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I-Suit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>I-Suit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I-Suit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mark_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mark_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Mark III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mark_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MX-2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MX-2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>MX-2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MX-2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Dakota_suit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Dakota_suit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>North Dakota suit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Dakota_suit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PXS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PXS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>PXS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PXS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suitports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suitports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Suitports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suitports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Z-series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Z-series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Z-series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Z-series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Space suit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtepak" title="Ruimtepak – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ruimtepak" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B0%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="بذلة فضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بذلة فضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trache_espacial" title="Trache espacial – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Trache espacial" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traxe_espacial" title="Traxe espacial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Traxe espacial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skafandr" title="Skafandr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Skafandr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Скафандр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Скафандр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Скафандр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Скафандр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Космически скафандър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Космически скафандър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestit_espacial" title="Vestit espacial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vestit espacial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skafandr" title="Skafandr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skafandr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumdragt" title="Rumdragt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rumdragt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raumanzug" title="Raumanzug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Raumanzug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skafander" title="Skafander – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Skafander" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE" title="Διαστημική στολή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαστημική στολή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traje_espacial" title="Traje espacial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Traje espacial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skafandro" title="Skafandro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skafandro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espazio-jantzi" title="Espazio-jantzi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espazio-jantzi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="لباس فضانوردی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لباس فضانوردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinaison_spatiale" title="Combinaison spatiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Combinaison spatiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culaith_sp%C3%A1is" title="Culaith spáis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Culaith spáis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EB%B3%B5" title="우주복 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주복" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80" title="Սկաֆանդր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սկաֆանդր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakaian_luar_angkasa" title="Pakaian luar angkasa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pakaian luar angkasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geimb%C3%BAningur" title="Geimbúningur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geimbúningur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuta_spaziale" title="Tuta spaziale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tuta spaziale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C" title="חליפת חלל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חליפת חלל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Скафандр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Скафандр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Скафандр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Скафандр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmiskais_skafandrs" title="Kosmiskais skafandrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kosmiskais skafandrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B0rruha" title="Űrruha – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Űrruha" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96" title="अंतराळ पोशाख – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अंतराळ पोशाख" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7" title="بدلة فضا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بدلة فضا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sut_angkasa_lepas" title="Sut angkasa lepas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sut angkasa lepas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9D%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6" title="အာကာသဝတ်စုံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာကာသဝတ်စုံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtepak" title="Ruimtepak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ruimtepak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E6%9C%8D" title="宇宙服 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宇宙服" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skafandr" title="Skafandr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Skafandr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F" title="ਪੁਲਾੜ ਸੂਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁਲਾੜ ਸੂਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skafander_kosmiczny" title="Skafander kosmiczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skafander kosmiczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traje_espacial" title="Traje espacial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Traje espacial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Скафандр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скафандр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostum_hap%C3%ABsinor" title="Kostum hapësinor – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kostum hapësinor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Space suit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skafander" title="Skafander – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skafander" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Заштитно одело космонаута – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Заштитно одело космонаута" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaruuspuku" title="Avaruuspuku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avaruuspuku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rymddr%C3%A4kt" title="Rymddräkt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rymddräkt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="விண் உடை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண் உடை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzay_elbisesi" title="Uzay elbisesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uzay elbisesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Скафандр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скафандр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_v%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5" title="Bộ đồ vũ trụ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ đồ vũ trụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%A1%A3" title="太空衣 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="太空衣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E6%9C%8D" title="航天服 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="航天服" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q223571#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Space_suit" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Garment worn to keep a human alive in the harsh environment of outer space</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Single-person_spacecraft" title="Single-person spacecraft">Single-person spacecraft</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldrin_Apollo_11_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aldrin_Apollo_11_cropped.jpg/170px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aldrin_Apollo_11_cropped.jpg/255px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aldrin_Apollo_11_cropped.jpg/340px-Aldrin_Apollo_11_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apollo/Skylab_spacesuit" title="Apollo/Skylab spacesuit">Apollo spacesuit</a> worn by astronaut <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iss009e29620.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Iss009e29620.jpg/170px-Iss009e29620.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Iss009e29620.jpg/255px-Iss009e29620.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Iss009e29620.jpg/340px-Iss009e29620.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2344" data-file-height="3532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orlan_space_suit" title="Orlan space suit">Orlan space suit</a> worn by astronaut <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fincke" title="Michael Fincke">Michael Fincke</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feitian_space_suit_at_NMC_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Feitian_space_suit_at_NMC_02.jpg/170px-Feitian_space_suit_at_NMC_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Feitian_space_suit_at_NMC_02.jpg/255px-Feitian_space_suit_at_NMC_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Feitian_space_suit_at_NMC_02.jpg/340px-Feitian_space_suit_at_NMC_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Feitian_space_suit" title="Feitian space suit">Feitian space suit</a> being displayed at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_China" title="National Museum of China">National Museum of China</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>space suit</b> (or <b>spacesuit</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_suit" title="Environmental suit">environmental suit</a> used for protection from the harsh <a href="/wiki/Space_environment" title="Space environment">environment of</a> <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>, mainly from its <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_(outer_space)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum (outer space)">vacuum</a> as a highly specialized <a href="/wiki/Pressure_suit" title="Pressure suit">pressure suit</a>, but also its temperature extremes, as well as <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_ionizing_radiation_in_spaceflight" title="Effects of ionizing radiation in spaceflight">radiation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micrometeoroid" title="Micrometeoroid">micrometeoroids</a>. Basic space suits are worn as a safety precaution inside <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecrafts</a> in case of loss of <a href="/wiki/Cabin_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabin pressure">cabin pressure</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">extravehicular activity</a> (EVA) more complex space suits are worn, featuring a <a href="/wiki/Portable_life_support_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable life support system">portable life support system</a>. </p><p>Pressure suits are in general needed at low pressure environments above the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_limit" title="Armstrong limit">Armstrong limit</a>, at around 19,000 m (62,000 ft) above Earth. Space suits augment pressure suits with complex system of equipment and environmental systems designed to keep the wearer comfortable, and to minimize the effort required to bend the limbs, resisting a soft pressure garment's natural tendency to stiffen against the vacuum. A self-contained <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> supply and environmental control system is frequently employed to allow complete freedom of movement, independent of the spacecraft. </p><p>Three types of space suits exist for different purposes: IVA (intravehicular activity), EVA (extravehicular activity), and IEVA (intra/extravehicular activity). IVA suits are meant to be worn inside a pressurized spacecraft, and are therefore lighter and more comfortable. IEVA suits are meant for use inside and outside the spacecraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gemini_space_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini space suit">Gemini G4C</a> suit. They include more protection from the harsh conditions of space, such as protection from micrometeoroids and extreme temperature change. EVA suits, such as the <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit" title="Extravehicular Mobility Unit">EMU</a>, are used outside spacecraft, for either planetary exploration or spacewalks. They must protect the wearer against all conditions of space, as well as provide mobility and functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-thomas_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first full-pressure suits for use at extreme altitudes were designed by individual inventors as early as the 1930s. The first space suit worn by a human in space was the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/SK-1_spacesuit" title="SK-1 spacesuit">SK-1</a> suit worn by <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> in 1961. Since then space suits have been worn beside in Earth orbit, en-route and on the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements">Requirements</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-116_spacewalk_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/STS-116_spacewalk_1.jpg/220px-STS-116_spacewalk_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/STS-116_spacewalk_1.jpg/330px-STS-116_spacewalk_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/STS-116_spacewalk_1.jpg/440px-STS-116_spacewalk_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Space suits being used to work on the International Space Station.</figcaption></figure> <p>A space suit must perform several functions to allow its occupant to work safely and comfortably, inside or outside a spacecraft. It must provide: </p> <ul><li>A stable internal pressure. This can be less than Earth's atmosphere, as there is usually no need for the space suit to carry <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (which comprises about 78% of Earth's atmosphere and is not used by the body). Lower pressure allows for greater mobility, but requires the suit occupant to breathe pure oxygen for a time before going into this lower pressure, to avoid <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a>.</li> <li>Mobility. Movement is typically opposed by the pressure of the suit; mobility is achieved by careful joint design. See the <i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Design_concepts">Design concepts</a></i> section.</li> <li>Supply of breathable oxygen and elimination of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>; these gases are exchanged with the spacecraft or a <a href="/wiki/Primary_Life_Support_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary Life Support System">Portable Life Support System</a> (PLSS)</li> <li>Temperature regulation. Unlike on Earth, where heat can be transferred by <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a> to the atmosphere, in space, heat can be lost only by <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">thermal radiation</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Heat_conduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat conduction">conduction</a> to objects in physical contact with the exterior of the suit. Since the temperature on the outside of the suit varies greatly between sunlight and shadow, the suit is heavily insulated, and air temperature is maintained at a comfortable level.</li> <li>A communication system, with external electrical connection to the spacecraft or PLSS</li> <li><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AstroRad_NASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AstroRad_NASA.jpg/235px-AstroRad_NASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AstroRad_NASA.jpg/353px-AstroRad_NASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AstroRad_NASA.jpg/470px-AstroRad_NASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>AstroRad developed by Israeli StemRad anti Radiation spacesuit</figcaption></figure>Means of collecting and containing solid and liquid bodily waste (such as a <a href="/wiki/Maximum_Absorbency_Garment" title="Maximum Absorbency Garment">Maximum Absorbency Garment</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_requirements">Secondary requirements</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Six_Women_Astronauts_with_Rescue_Ball_-_GPN-2002-000207.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/First_Six_Women_Astronauts_with_Rescue_Ball_-_GPN-2002-000207.jpg/220px-First_Six_Women_Astronauts_with_Rescue_Ball_-_GPN-2002-000207.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/First_Six_Women_Astronauts_with_Rescue_Ball_-_GPN-2002-000207.jpg/330px-First_Six_Women_Astronauts_with_Rescue_Ball_-_GPN-2002-000207.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/First_Six_Women_Astronauts_with_Rescue_Ball_-_GPN-2002-000207.jpg/440px-First_Six_Women_Astronauts_with_Rescue_Ball_-_GPN-2002-000207.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2993" data-file-height="2979" /></a><figcaption>From left to right, Margaret R. (Rhea) Seddon, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Judith A. Resnick, Sally K. Ride, Anna L. Fisher, and Shannon W. Lucid—The first six female astronauts of the United States stand with a <a href="/wiki/Personal_Rescue_Enclosure" title="Personal Rescue Enclosure">Personal Rescue Enclosure</a>, a spherical life support ball for emergency transfer of people in space</figcaption></figure> <p>Advanced suits better regulate the <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a>'s temperature with a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_Cooling_and_Ventilation_Garment" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment">Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment</a> (LCVG) in contact with the astronaut's skin, from which the heat is dumped into space through an external radiator in the PLSS. </p><p>Additional requirements for EVA include: </p> <ul><li>Shielding against <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> radiation</li> <li>Limited shielding against <a href="/wiki/Particle_radiation" title="Particle radiation">particle radiation</a></li> <li>Means to maneuver, dock, release, and tether onto a spacecraft</li> <li>Protection against small <a href="/wiki/Micrometeoroid" title="Micrometeoroid">micrometeoroids</a>, some traveling at up to 27,000 kilometers per hour, provided by a puncture-resistant <a href="/wiki/Thermal_Micrometeoroid_Garment" title="Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment">Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment</a>, which is the outermost layer of the suit. Experience has shown the greatest chance of exposure occurs near the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_field" title="Gravitational field">gravitational field</a> of a moon or planet, so these were first employed on the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> lunar EVA suits (see <i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#United_States_suit_models">United States suit models</a></i> below).</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermal_Micrometeoroid_Garment.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Thermal_Micrometeoroid_Garment.gif/220px-Thermal_Micrometeoroid_Garment.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Thermal_Micrometeoroid_Garment.gif/330px-Thermal_Micrometeoroid_Garment.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Thermal_Micrometeoroid_Garment.gif 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>Layers of a space suit.</figcaption></figure> <p>As part of <a href="/wiki/Astronautical_hygiene" title="Astronautical hygiene">astronautical hygiene</a> control (i.e., protecting astronauts from extremes of temperature, radiation, etc.), a space suit is essential for extravehicular activity. The <a href="/wiki/Apollo/Skylab_A7L" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo/Skylab A7L">Apollo/Skylab A7L</a> suit included eleven layers in all: an inner liner, a LCVG, a pressure bladder, a restraint layer, another liner, and a Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment consisting of five aluminized insulation layers and an external layer of white Ortho-Fabric. This space suit is capable of protecting the astronaut from temperatures ranging from −156 °C (−249 °F) to 121 °C (250 °F).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During exploration of the Moon or Mars, there will be the potential for lunar or Martian dust to be retained on the space suit. When the space suit is removed on return to the spacecraft, there will be the potential for the dust to contaminate surfaces and increase the risks of inhalation and skin exposure. Astronautical hygienists are testing materials with reduced dust retention times and the potential to control the dust exposure risks during planetary exploration. Novel ingress and egress approaches, such as <a href="/wiki/Suitport" title="Suitport">suitports</a>, are being explored as well. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> space suits, communications are provided via a cap worn over the head, which includes earphones and a microphone. Due to the coloration of the version used for Apollo and <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>, which resembled the coloration of the comic strip character <a href="/wiki/Snoopy" title="Snoopy">Snoopy</a>, these caps became known as "<a href="/wiki/Snoopy_cap" title="Snoopy cap">Snoopy caps</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_pressure">Operating pressure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prebreathe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Prebreathe.jpg/220px-Prebreathe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Prebreathe.jpg/330px-Prebreathe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Prebreathe.jpg/440px-Prebreathe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="1341" /></a><figcaption>Astronaut <a href="/wiki/Steve_MacLean_(astronaut)" title="Steve MacLean (astronaut)">Steven G. MacLean</a> pre-breathes prior to an EVA</figcaption></figure> <p>Generally, to supply enough oxygen for <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiration</a>, a space suit using pure oxygen must have a pressure of about 32.4 kPa (240 Torr; 4.7 psi), equal to the 20.7 kPa (160 Torr; 3.0 psi) <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a> of oxygen in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a> at sea level, plus 5.3 kPa (40 Torr; 0.77 psi) CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and 6.3 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a> (47 <a href="/wiki/Torr" title="Torr">Torr</a>; 0.91 <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a>) <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> pressure, both of which must be subtracted from the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_gas_pressures" title="Pulmonary gas pressures">alveolar pressure</a> to get alveolar oxygen partial pressure in 100% oxygen atmospheres, by the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_gas_equation" title="Alveolar gas equation">alveolar gas equation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter two figures add to 11.6 kPa (87 Torr; 1.7 psi), which is why many modern space suits do not use 20.7 kPa (160 Torr; 3.0 psi), but 32.4 kPa (240 Torr; 4.7 psi) (this is a slight overcorrection, as alveolar partial pressures at sea level are slightly less than the former). In space suits that use 20.7 kPa, the astronaut gets only 20.7 kPa − 11.6 kPa = 9.1 kPa (68 Torr; 1.3 psi) of oxygen, which is about the alveolar oxygen partial pressure attained at an altitude of 1,860 m (6,100 ft) above sea level. This is about 42% of normal partial pressure of oxygen at sea level, about the same as <a href="/wiki/Cabin_pressurization#Aircraft" title="Cabin pressurization">pressure in a commercial passenger jet aircraft</a>, and is the realistic lower limit for safe ordinary space suit pressurization which allows reasonable capacity for work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oxygen_prebreathing">Oxygen prebreathing</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Decompression_practice#Oxygen_prebreathing" title="Decompression practice">Decompression practice § Oxygen prebreathing</a></div> <p>When space suits below a specific operating pressure are used from craft that are pressurized to normal atmospheric pressure (such as the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>), this requires astronauts to "pre-breathe" (meaning pre-breathe pure oxygen for a period) before donning their suits and depressurizing in the air lock. This procedure purges the body of dissolved nitrogen, so as to avoid decompression sickness due to rapid depressurization from a nitrogen-containing atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-thomas_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US space shuttle, cabin pressure was reduced from normal atmospheric to 70kPa (equivalent to an altitude of about 3000m) for 24 hours before EVA, and after donning the suit, a pre-breathing period of 45 minutes on pure oxygen before decompressing to the EMU working pressure of 30kPa. In the ISS there is no cabin pressure reduction, instead a 4-hour oxygen pre-breathe at normal cabin pressure is used to desaturate nitrogen to an acceptable level. US studies show that a rapid decompression from 101kPa to 55kPa has an acceptable risk, and Russian studies show that direct decompression from 101kPa to 40kPa after 30 minutes of oxygen pre-breathing, roughly the time required for pre-EVA suit checks, is acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-thomas_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiological_effects_of_unprotected_space_exposure">Physiological effects of unprotected space exposure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_exposure" class="mw-redirect" title="Space exposure">Space exposure</a></div> <p>The human body can briefly survive the hard vacuum of space unprotected,<sup id="cite_ref-Bellows2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellows2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite contrary depictions in some popular <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>. Consciousness is retained for up to 15 seconds as the effects of <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">oxygen starvation</a> set in. No snap freeze effect occurs because all heat must be lost through <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">thermal radiation</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> of liquids, and the blood does not boil because it remains pressurized within the body, but human flesh expands up to about twice its volume due to <a href="/wiki/Ebullism" title="Ebullism">ebullism</a> in such conditions, giving the visual effect of a body builder rather than an overfilled balloon.<sup id="cite_ref-Springel_2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springel_2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In space, there are highly energized <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic particles</a> that can cause <a href="/wiki/Radiation_damage" title="Radiation damage">radiation damage</a> by disrupting essential biological processes. Exposure to radiation can create problems via two methods: the particles can react with water in the human body to produce <a href="/wiki/Free_radicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Free radicals">free radicals</a> that break DNA molecules apart, or by directly breaking the DNA molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-thomas_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Temperature in space can vary extremely depending on the exposure to radiant energy sources. Temperatures from solar radiation can reach up to 250 °F (121 °C), and in its absence, down to −387 °F (−233 °C). Because of this, space suits must provide sufficient insulation and cooling for the conditions in which they will be used.<sup id="cite_ref-thomas_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vacuum environment of space has no pressure, so gases will expand and exposed liquids may evaporate. Some solids may <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimate</a>. It is necessary to wear a suit that provides sufficient internal body pressure in space.<sup id="cite_ref-thomas_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most immediate hazard is in attempting to hold one's breath during <a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression#Explosive_decompression" title="Uncontrolled decompression">explosive decompression</a> as the expansion of gas can damage the lungs by overexpansion rupture. These effects have been confirmed through various accidents (including in very-high-altitude conditions, outer space and training <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_chamber" title="Vacuum chamber">vacuum chambers</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Bellows2006_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellows2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human skin does not need to be protected from vacuum and is gas-tight by itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Springel_2013_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springel_2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It only needs to be mechanically restrained to retain its normal shape and the internal tissues to retain their volume. This can be accomplished with a tight-fitting elastic body suit and a <a href="/wiki/Helmet" title="Helmet">helmet</a> for containing <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gases</a>, known as a <a href="/wiki/Space_activity_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Space activity suit">space activity suit</a> (SAS).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_concepts">Design concepts</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_suit_patch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Space_suit_patch.jpg/220px-Space_suit_patch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Space_suit_patch.jpg/330px-Space_suit_patch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Space_suit_patch.jpg/440px-Space_suit_patch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1885" data-file-height="1963" /></a><figcaption>NASA's Extravehicular Mobility Unit <i><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">Vitruvian</a> Spaceman</i> patch (<a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> version, with three stars representing NASA's <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">human spaceflight programs</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>A space suit should allow its user natural unencumbered movement. Nearly all designs try to maintain a constant volume no matter what movements the wearer makes. This is because <a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">mechanical work</a> is needed to change the volume of a constant pressure system. If flexing a joint reduces the volume of the space suit, then the astronaut must do extra work every time they bend that joint, and they have to maintain a force to keep the joint bent. Even if this force is very small, it can be seriously fatiguing to constantly fight against one's suit. It also makes delicate movements very difficult. The work required to bend a joint is dictated by the formula </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W=\int _{V_{i}}^{V_{f}}\,P\,dV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>W</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msubsup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>P</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W=\int _{V_{i}}^{V_{f}}\,P\,dV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e2dfae708a68e60037b242a1aad95c34162511d1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:15.996ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W=\int _{V_{i}}^{V_{f}}\,P\,dV}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <i>V<sub>i</sub></i> and <i>V<sub>f</sub></i> are respectively the initial and final volume of the joint, <i>P</i> is the pressure in the suit, and <i>W</i> is the resultant work. It is generally true that all suits are more mobile at lower pressures. However, because a minimum internal pressure is dictated by life support requirements, the only means of further reducing work is to minimize the change in volume. </p><p>All space suit designs try to minimize or eliminate this problem. The most common solution is to form the suit out of multiple layers. The bladder layer is a rubbery, airtight layer much like a balloon. The restraint layer goes outside the bladder, and provides a specific shape for the suit. Since the bladder layer is larger than the restraint layer, the restraint takes all of the stresses caused by the pressure inside the suit. Since the bladder is not under pressure, it will not "pop" like a balloon, even if punctured. The restraint layer is shaped in such a way that bending a joint causes pockets of fabric, called "gores", to open up on the outside of the joint, while folds called "convolutes" fold up on the inside of the joint. The gores make up for the volume lost on the inside of the joint, and keep the suit at a nearly constant volume. However, once the gores are opened all the way, the joint cannot be bent any further without a considerable amount of work. </p><p>In some Russian space suits, strips of cloth were wrapped tightly around the <a href="/wiki/Astronaut#Cosmonaut" title="Astronaut">cosmonaut</a>'s arms and legs outside the space suit to stop the space suit from ballooning when in space.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The outermost layer of a space suit, the Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment, provides thermal insulation, protection from micrometeoroids, and shielding from harmful <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">solar radiation</a>. </p><p>There are four main conceptual approaches to suit design: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AX-5-spacesuit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/AX-5-spacesuit.jpg/220px-AX-5-spacesuit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/AX-5-spacesuit.jpg/330px-AX-5-spacesuit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/AX-5-spacesuit.jpg/440px-AX-5-spacesuit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>NASA's experimental AX-5 hard-shell space suit (1988)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soft_suits">Soft suits</h3></div> <p>Soft suits typically are made mostly of fabrics. All soft suits have some hard parts; some even have hard joint bearings. Intra-vehicular activity and early EVA suits were soft suits.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hard-shell_suits">Hard-shell suits</h3></div> <p>Hard-shell suits are usually made of metal or composite materials and do not use fabric for joints. Hard suits joints use ball bearings and wedge-ring segments similar to an adjustable elbow of a stove pipe to allow a wide range of movement with the arms and legs. The joints maintain a constant volume of air internally and do not have any counter-force. Therefore, the astronaut does not need to exert to hold the suit in any position. Hard suits can also operate at higher pressures which would eliminate the need for an astronaut to pre-breathe oxygen to use a 34 kPa (4.9 psi) space suit before an EVA from a 101 kPa (14.6 psi) spacecraft cabin. The joints may get into a restricted or locked position requiring the astronaut to manipulate or program the joint.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The NASA <a href="/wiki/Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames Research Center</a> experimental <a href="/w/index.php?title=AX-5_hard-shell_space_suit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AX-5 hard-shell space suit (page does not exist)">AX-5 hard-shell space suit</a> had a flexibility rating of 95%. The wearer could move into 95% of the positions they could without the suit on.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_suits">Hybrid suits</h3></div> <p>Hybrid suits have hard-shell parts and fabric parts. NASA's Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) uses a fiberglass <a href="/wiki/Hard_Upper_Torso" title="Hard Upper Torso">Hard Upper Torso</a> (HUT) and fabric limbs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/ILC_Dover" title="ILC Dover">ILC Dover</a>'s <a href="/wiki/I-Suit" title="I-Suit">I-Suit</a> replaces the HUT with a fabric soft upper torso to save weight, restricting the use of hard components to the joint bearings, helmet, waist seal, and rear entry hatch.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Virtually all workable space suit designs incorporate hard components, particularly at interfaces such as the waist seal, bearings, and in the case of rear-entry suits, the back hatch, where all-soft alternatives are not viable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skintight_suits">Skintight suits</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_counterpressure_suit" title="Mechanical counterpressure suit">Mechanical counterpressure suit</a></div> <p>Skintight suits, also known as mechanical counterpressure suits or space activity suits, are a proposed design which would use a heavy elastic body stocking to compress the body. The head is in a pressurized helmet, but the rest of the body is pressurized only by the elastic effect of the suit. This mitigates the constant volume problem,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> reduces the possibility of a space suit depressurization and gives a very lightweight suit. When not worn, the elastic garments may appear to be that of clothing for a small child. These suits may be very difficult to put on and face problems with providing a uniform pressure. Most proposals use the body's natural <a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">perspiration</a> to keep cool. Sweat evaporates readily in vacuum and may <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)">desublime</a> or deposit on objects nearby: optics, sensors, the astronaut's visor, and other surfaces. The icy film and sweat residue may contaminate sensitive surfaces and affect optical performance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributing_technologies">Contributing technologies</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ASpace_suit&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+11+December+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Space+suit">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_suit&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Related preceding technologies include the <a href="/wiki/Stratonautical_space_suit" title="Stratonautical space suit">stratonautical space suit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/WWII_gas_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII gas mask">gas mask</a> used in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">oxygen mask</a> used by pilots of high-flying bombers in World War II, the high-altitude or vacuum suit required by pilots of the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">Lockheed U-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">SR-71 Blackbird</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">diving suit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a> gear, and many others. </p><p>Many space suit designs are taken from the U.S. Air Force suits, which are designed to work in "high-altitude aircraft pressure[s]",<sup id="cite_ref-thomas_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Navy_Mark_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Mark IV">Mercury IVA</a> suit or the Gemini G4C, or the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Crew_Escape_Suit" title="Advanced Crew Escape Suit">Advanced Crew Escape Suits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glove_technology">Glove technology</h3></div> <p>The Mercury IVA, the first U.S. space suit design, included lights at the tips of the gloves in order to provide visual aid. As the need for extravehicular activity grew, suits such as the Apollo A7L included gloves made of a metal fabric called Chromel-r in order to prevent punctures. In order to retain a better sense of touch for the astronauts, the fingertips of the gloves were made of silicone. With the shuttle program, it became necessary to be able to operate spacecraft modules, so the ACES suits featured gripping on the gloves. EMU gloves, which are used for spacewalks, are heated to keep the astronaut's hands warm. The Phase VI gloves, meant for use with the <a href="/wiki/Mark_III_(space_suit)" title="Mark III (space suit)">Mark III suit</a>, are the first gloves to be designed with "laser scanning technology, 3D computer modeling, stereo lithography, laser cutting technology and CNC machining".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NASA, ILC Dover Inc. 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows for cheaper, more accurate production, as well as increased detail in joint mobility and flexibility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_support_technology">Life support technology</h3></div> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo missions</a>, life support in space suits was connected to the space capsule via an <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cable" title="Umbilical cable">umbilical cable</a>. However, with the Apollo missions, life support was configured into a removable capsule called the <a href="/wiki/Primary_Life_Support_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary Life Support System">Portable Life Support System</a> that allowed the astronaut to explore the Moon without having to be attached to the space craft. The EMU space suit, used for spacewalks, allows the astronaut to manually control the internal environment of the suit. The Mark III suit has a backpack containing about 12 pounds of liquid air for breathing, pressurization, and heat exchange.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helmet_technology">Helmet technology</h3></div> <p>The development of the spheroidal dome helmet was key in balancing the need for field of view, pressure compensation, and low weight. One inconvenience with some space suits is the head being fixed facing forwards and being unable to turn to look sideways. Astronauts call this effect "alligator head".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-altitude_suits">High-altitude suits</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herreraspacesuit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Herreraspacesuit.jpg/220px-Herreraspacesuit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Herreraspacesuit.jpg/330px-Herreraspacesuit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Herreraspacesuit.jpg/440px-Herreraspacesuit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Pressurised suit prototype designed by military engineer <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Herrera_Linares" title="Emilio Herrera Linares">Emilio Herrera</a> for a stratospheric balloon flight. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1935</span></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evgeniy_Chertovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Evgeniy Chertovsky">Evgeniy Chertovsky</a> created his full-pressure suit or high-altitude "<i>skafandr</i>" (<i>скафандр</i>) in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-Kondyurin_2022_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kondyurin_2022-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (скафандр also means "<a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">diving</a> suit").<sup id="cite_ref-Google_Translate_c105_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_Translate_c105-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Herrera_Linares" title="Emilio Herrera Linares">Emilio Herrera</a> designed and built a full-pressure "<a href="/wiki/Stratonautical_space_suit" title="Stratonautical space suit">stratonautical space suit</a>" in 1935, which was to have been used during an open-basket balloon stratospheric flight scheduled for early 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Post" title="Wiley Post">Wiley Post</a> experimented with a number of pressure suits for record-breaking flights.<sup id="cite_ref-apps.dtic.mil_n729_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apps.dtic.mil_n729-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins_2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Colley" title="Russell Colley">Russell Colley</a> created the space suits worn by the Project Mercury astronauts, including fitting <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> for his ride as America's first man in space on May 5, 1961.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_space_suit_models">List of space suit models</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Models_of_historical_significance"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_and_Russian_suit_models">Soviet and Russian suit models</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/SK-1_spacesuit" title="SK-1 spacesuit">SK series</a> (CK)</i> – the spacesuit used for the <a href="/wiki/Vostok_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Vostok program">Vostok program</a> (1961–1963). Worn by <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> on the first crewed space flight.</li> <li>No pressure suits were worn aboard <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_1" title="Voskhod 1">Voskhod 1</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berkut_spacesuit" title="Berkut spacesuit">Berkut</a></i> (<i>Беркут</i> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a>")<i> – </i>the spacesuit was a modified SK-1 used by the crew of <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_2" title="Voskhod 2">Voskhod 2</a> which included <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a> on the first <a href="/wiki/Spacewalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacewalk">spacewalk</a> during (1965).</li> <li>From <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_1" title="Soyuz 1">Soyuz 1</a> to <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_11" title="Soyuz 11">Soyuz 11</a> (1967–1971) no pressure suits were worn during <a href="/wiki/Rocket_launch" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket launch">launch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">reentry</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yastreb" title="Yastreb">Yastreb</a></i> (<i>Ястреб</i> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawk</a>")<i> – </i>extravehicular activity spacesuit used during a crew exchange between <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_4" title="Soyuz 4">Soyuz 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_5" title="Soyuz 5">Soyuz 5</a> (1969).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krechet-94" title="Krechet-94">Krechet-94</a> (<i>Кречет</i> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Gyrfalcon" title="Gyrfalcon">gyrfalcon</a>")<i> – </i>designed for the canceled Soviet crewed Moon landing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strizh" class="mw-redirect" title="Strizh">Strizh</a> (<i>Стриж</i> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Swift_(bird)" title="Swift (bird)">swift (bird)</a>")<i> – </i>developed for pilots of <i><a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a></i>-class orbiters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokol_space_suit" title="Sokol space suit">Sokol</a> (<i>Сокол</i> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcon</a>")<i> – </i>suits worn by <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz</a> crew members during launch and reentry. They were first worn on <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_12" title="Soyuz 12">Soyuz 12</a>. They have been used from 1973 to present.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlan_space_suit" title="Orlan space suit">Orlan</a> (<i>Орлан</i> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Sea-eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea-eagle">sea-eagle</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagle</a>")<i> – </i>suits for extravehicular activity, originally developed for the Soviet lunar program as a lunar orbit EVA suit. It is Russia's current EVA suit. Used from 1977 to present.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 815px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sk-1_spacesuit_taken_at_the_Memorial_Museum_of_Space_Exploration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="SK-1 space suit"><img alt="SK-1 space suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sk-1_spacesuit_taken_at_the_Memorial_Museum_of_Space_Exploration.jpg/72px-Sk-1_spacesuit_taken_at_the_Memorial_Museum_of_Space_Exploration.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sk-1_spacesuit_taken_at_the_Memorial_Museum_of_Space_Exploration.jpg/108px-Sk-1_spacesuit_taken_at_the_Memorial_Museum_of_Space_Exploration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sk-1_spacesuit_taken_at_the_Memorial_Museum_of_Space_Exploration.jpg/144px-Sk-1_spacesuit_taken_at_the_Memorial_Museum_of_Space_Exploration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="2690" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> SK-1 space suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berkut_spacesuit.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Berkut space suit"><img alt="Berkut space suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Berkut_spacesuit.JPG/88px-Berkut_spacesuit.JPG" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Berkut_spacesuit.JPG/132px-Berkut_spacesuit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Berkut_spacesuit.JPG/176px-Berkut_spacesuit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="995" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Berkut space suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yastreb_suit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yastreb space suit"><img alt="Yastreb space suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Yastreb_suit.jpg/90px-Yastreb_suit.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Yastreb_suit.jpg/135px-Yastreb_suit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Yastreb_suit.jpg/180px-Yastreb_suit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Yastreb space suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krechet_space_suit_-_Air_and_Space.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krechet space suit"><img alt="Krechet space suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Krechet_space_suit_-_Air_and_Space.jpg/66px-Krechet_space_suit_-_Air_and_Space.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Krechet_space_suit_-_Air_and_Space.jpg/99px-Krechet_space_suit_-_Air_and_Space.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Krechet_space_suit_-_Air_and_Space.jpg/132px-Krechet_space_suit_-_Air_and_Space.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1447" data-file-height="2619" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Krechet space suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strizh_spacesuit_4148047368_c19cec3782_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strizh space suit"><img alt="Strizh space suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Strizh_spacesuit_4148047368_c19cec3782_o.jpg/68px-Strizh_spacesuit_4148047368_c19cec3782_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Strizh_spacesuit_4148047368_c19cec3782_o.jpg/101px-Strizh_spacesuit_4148047368_c19cec3782_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Strizh_spacesuit_4148047368_c19cec3782_o.jpg/135px-Strizh_spacesuit_4148047368_c19cec3782_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="2340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Strizh space suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sokol_KV2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sokol-KV2 space suit"><img alt="Sokol-KV2 space suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sokol_KV2.JPG/90px-Sokol_KV2.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sokol_KV2.JPG/135px-Sokol_KV2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sokol_KV2.JPG/180px-Sokol_KV2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Sokol_space_suit#Sokol-KV2" title="Sokol space suit">Sokol-KV2</a> space suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orlan-MK-MAKS2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orlan-MK space suit"><img alt="Orlan-MK space suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Orlan-MK-MAKS2009.jpg/54px-Orlan-MK-MAKS2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="54" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Orlan-MK-MAKS2009.jpg/81px-Orlan-MK-MAKS2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Orlan-MK-MAKS2009.jpg/108px-Orlan-MK-MAKS2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="2413" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Orlan-MK space suit</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_suit_models">United States suit models</h3></div> <ul><li>In the early 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Hansen" title="Siegfried Hansen">Siegfried Hansen</a> and colleagues at <a href="/wiki/Litton_Industries" title="Litton Industries">Litton Industries</a> designed and built a working hard-shell suit, which was used inside vacuum chambers and was the predecessor of space suits used in NASA missions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Mark_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Mark IV">Navy Mark IV</a> high-altitude/vacuum suit – used for <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a> (1961–1963).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_space_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini space suit">Gemini</a> space suits (1965–1966) – there were three main variants developed: G3C designed for intra-vehicle use; G4C specially designed for EVA and intra-vehicle use; and a special G5C suit worn by the <a href="/wiki/Gemini_7" title="Gemini 7">Gemini 7</a> crew for 14 days inside the spacecraft.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a> MH-7 space suits for the canceled MOL program.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_space_suit#Apollo_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini space suit">Apollo Block I A1C</a> suit (1966–1967) – a derivative of the Gemini suit, worn by primary and backup crews in training for two early Apollo missions. The nylon pressure garment melted and burned through in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> cabin fire. This suit became obsolete when crewed Block I Apollo flights were discontinued after the fire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo/Skylab_A7L" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo/Skylab A7L">Apollo/Skylab A7L</a> EVA and Moon suits – The Block II Apollo suit was the primary pressure suit worn for eleven Apollo flights, three Skylab flights, and the US astronauts on the <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo–Soyuz Test Project">Apollo–Soyuz Test Project</a> between 1968 and 1975. The pressure garment's nylon outer layer was replaced with fireproof <a href="/wiki/Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">Beta cloth</a> after the Apollo 1 fire. This suit was the first to employ a liquid-cooled inner garment and outer micrometeoroid garment. Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a> mission, it also introduced "commander's stripes" so that a pair of space walkers will not appear identical on camera.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Ejection_Escape_Suit" title="Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit">Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit</a> – used from <a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">STS-1</a> (1981) to <a href="/wiki/STS-4" title="STS-4">STS-4</a> (1982) by a two-man crew used in conjunction with the then-installed <a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">ejection seats</a>. Derived from a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> model.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were removed once the Shuttle became certified.</li> <li>From <a href="/wiki/STS-5" title="STS-5">STS-5</a> (1982) to <a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a> (1986) no pressure suits were worn during launch and reentry. The crew would wear only a blue-<a href="/wiki/Flight_suit" title="Flight suit">flight suit</a> with an oxygen helmet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Entry_Suit" title="Launch Entry Suit">Launch Entry Suit</a> first used on <a href="/wiki/STS-26" title="STS-26">STS-26</a> (1988), the first flight after the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"><i>Challenger</i> disaster</a>. It was a partial pressure suit derived from a USAF model.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used from 1988 to 1998.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Crew_Escape_Suit" title="Advanced Crew Escape Suit">Advanced Crew Escape Suit</a> used on the Space Shuttle starting in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Advanced Crew Escape Suit or ACES suit, is a full-pressure suit worn by all Space Shuttle crews for the ascent and entry portions of flight. The suit is a direct descendant of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> high-altitude pressure suits worn by SR-71 Blackbird and U-2 spy plane pilots, <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">North American X-15</a> and <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a> pilot-astronauts, and the Launch Entry Suits worn by NASA astronauts starting on the STS-26 flight. It is derived from a USAF model.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit" title="Extravehicular Mobility Unit">Extravehicular Mobility Unit</a> (EMU) – used on both the Space Shuttle and <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS). The EMU is an independent anthropomorphic system that provides environmental protection, mobility, life support, and communications for a Space Shuttle or ISS crew member to perform an EVA in <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Earth orbit</a>. Used from 1982 to present, but only available in limited sizing as of 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aerospace company <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> developed <a href="#SpaceX_suit_("Starman_suit")">an IVA suit</a> which is worn by astronauts involved in <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew Program</a> missions operated by SpaceX since the <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew Dragon Demo-2">Demo-2</a> mission. As a continuation of this suit design, SpaceX developed an EVA suit in 2024. The EVA version of the suit was used during the <a href="/wiki/Polaris_Dawn" title="Polaris Dawn">Polaris Dawn</a> private space mission for the first ever commercial spacewalk.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Orion Crew Survival System (OCSS) – will be used during launch and re-entry on the <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion MPCV</a>. It is derived from the Advanced Crew Escape Suit but is able to operate at a higher pressure and has improved mobility in the shoulders.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 815px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_shepard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury suit"><img alt="Mercury suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Alan_shepard.jpg/95px-Alan_shepard.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Alan_shepard.jpg/142px-Alan_shepard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Alan_shepard.jpg/189px-Alan_shepard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3233" data-file-height="4095" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Mercury suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G4C_EVA_12_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemini G4C suit"><img alt="Gemini G4C suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/G4C_EVA_12_-_cropped.jpg/69px-G4C_EVA_12_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/G4C_EVA_12_-_cropped.jpg/103px-G4C_EVA_12_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/G4C_EVA_12_-_cropped.jpg/138px-G4C_EVA_12_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="2674" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Gemini G4C suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MOL_spacesuit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manned Orbital Laboratory MH-7 space suit"><img alt="Manned Orbital Laboratory MH-7 space suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MOL_spacesuit.jpg/67px-MOL_spacesuit.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MOL_spacesuit.jpg/100px-MOL_spacesuit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MOL_spacesuit.jpg/134px-MOL_spacesuit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Manned Orbital Laboratory MH-7 space suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_1_-_Chaffee_in_Apollo_Block_I_space_suit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo Block I A1C suit"><img alt="Apollo Block I A1C suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Apollo_1_-_Chaffee_in_Apollo_Block_I_space_suit.jpg/86px-Apollo_1_-_Chaffee_in_Apollo_Block_I_space_suit.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Apollo_1_-_Chaffee_in_Apollo_Block_I_space_suit.jpg/129px-Apollo_1_-_Chaffee_in_Apollo_Block_I_space_suit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Apollo_1_-_Chaffee_in_Apollo_Block_I_space_suit.jpg/172px-Apollo_1_-_Chaffee_in_Apollo_Block_I_space_suit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Apollo Block I A1C suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_17_Cernan_on_moon_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo/Skylab space suit"><img alt="Apollo/Skylab space suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Apollo_17_Cernan_on_moon_cropped.jpg/65px-Apollo_17_Cernan_on_moon_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Apollo_17_Cernan_on_moon_cropped.jpg/97px-Apollo_17_Cernan_on_moon_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Apollo_17_Cernan_on_moon_cropped.jpg/130px-Apollo_17_Cernan_on_moon_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="2579" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Apollo/Skylab space suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuttle_Ejection_Escape_Suit_John_Young.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit"><img alt="Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Shuttle_Ejection_Escape_Suit_John_Young.jpg/61px-Shuttle_Ejection_Escape_Suit_John_Young.jpg" decoding="async" width="61" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Shuttle_Ejection_Escape_Suit_John_Young.jpg/91px-Shuttle_Ejection_Escape_Suit_John_Young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Shuttle_Ejection_Escape_Suit_John_Young.jpg/122px-Shuttle_Ejection_Escape_Suit_John_Young.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STS_51-I_emergency_training_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shuttle Flight Suit"><img alt="Shuttle Flight Suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/STS_51-I_emergency_training_-_cropped.jpg/81px-STS_51-I_emergency_training_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/STS_51-I_emergency_training_-_cropped.jpg/122px-STS_51-I_emergency_training_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/STS_51-I_emergency_training_-_cropped.jpg/162px-STS_51-I_emergency_training_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1462" data-file-height="2163" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Shuttle Flight Suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Launch_entry_suit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Launch Entry Suit"><img alt="Launch Entry Suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Launch_entry_suit.jpg/67px-Launch_entry_suit.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Launch_entry_suit.jpg/101px-Launch_entry_suit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Launch_entry_suit.jpg/134px-Launch_entry_suit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="2829" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Launch Entry Suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ACES_STS-130.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Advance Crew Escape Suit"><img alt="Advance Crew Escape Suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ACES_STS-130.jpg/67px-ACES_STS-130.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ACES_STS-130.jpg/100px-ACES_STS-130.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ACES_STS-130.jpg/133px-ACES_STS-130.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="2388" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Advance Crew Escape Suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-118_EVA_EMU_Suit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Extravehicular Mobility Unit"><img alt="Extravehicular Mobility Unit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/STS-118_EVA_EMU_Suit.jpg/75px-STS-118_EVA_EMU_Suit.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/STS-118_EVA_EMU_Suit.jpg/112px-STS-118_EVA_EMU_Suit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/STS-118_EVA_EMU_Suit.jpg/150px-STS-118_EVA_EMU_Suit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1803" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Extravehicular Mobility Unit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceX_Crew-3_Dry_Dress_Rehearsal_(KSC-20211028-PH-SPX02_0013).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="SpaceX suit"><img alt="SpaceX suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/SpaceX_Crew-3_Dry_Dress_Rehearsal_%28KSC-20211028-PH-SPX02_0013%29.jpg/120px-SpaceX_Crew-3_Dry_Dress_Rehearsal_%28KSC-20211028-PH-SPX02_0013%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/SpaceX_Crew-3_Dry_Dress_Rehearsal_%28KSC-20211028-PH-SPX02_0013%29.jpg/180px-SpaceX_Crew-3_Dry_Dress_Rehearsal_%28KSC-20211028-PH-SPX02_0013%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/SpaceX_Crew-3_Dry_Dress_Rehearsal_%28KSC-20211028-PH-SPX02_0013%29.jpg/240px-SpaceX_Crew-3_Dry_Dress_Rehearsal_%28KSC-20211028-PH-SPX02_0013%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2473" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">SpaceX suit</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SpaceX_suit_("Starman_suit")"><span id="SpaceX_suit_.28.22Starman_suit.22.29"></span>SpaceX suit ("Starman suit")</h4></div> <p>In February 2015, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> began developing a space suit for astronauts to wear within the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2</a> space capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-sx20150227_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sx20150227-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its appearance was jointly designed by Jose Fernandez—a Hollywood <a href="/wiki/Costume_designer" title="Costume designer">costume designer</a> known for his works for <a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">superhero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">science fiction films</a>—and SpaceX founder and CEO <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first images of the suit were revealed in September 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mannequin, called "Starman" (after <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Starman_(song)" title="Starman (song)">song of the same name</a>), wore the SpaceX space suit during the <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy_test_flight" title="Falcon Heavy test flight">maiden launch of the Falcon Heavy</a> in February 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this exhibition launch, the suit was not pressurized and carried no sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The suit, which is suitable for vacuum, offers protection against cabin depressurization through a single tether at the astronaut's thigh that feeds air and electronic connections. The helmets, which are 3D-printed, contain microphones and speakers. As the suits need the tether connection and do not offer protection against radiation, they are not used for extra-vehicular activities. The suits are custom-made for each astronaut.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, NASA commercial crew astronauts <a href="/wiki/Bob_Behnken" title="Bob Behnken">Bob Behnken</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doug_Hurley" title="Doug Hurley">Doug Hurley</a> tested the spacesuit inside the Dragon 2 spacecraft in order to familiarize themselves with the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They wore it in the <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew Dragon Demo-2">Crew Dragon Demo-2</a> flight launched on 30 May 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suit is worn by astronauts involved in <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew Program</a> missions involving SpaceX. </p><p>On 4 May 2024, SpaceX unveiled a spacesuit designed for extravehicular activity based on the IVA suit for <a href="/wiki/Polaris_Dawn" title="Polaris Dawn">Polaris Dawn</a> mission in <a href="/wiki/Polaris_program" title="Polaris program">Polaris program</a>. As with the IVA suit, the helmets are <a href="/wiki/3D-printed" class="mw-redirect" title="3D-printed">3D-printed</a>, though the <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">EVA</a> helmet incorporates a <a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">heads-up display</a> providing information and a <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a> on suit metrics during operation. It is more mobile, includes new <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a> <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">fabrics</a>, and materials used <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">Falcon</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Interstage" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstage">interstage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Crew Dragon">Crew Dragon</a>’s external unpressurized trunk.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Future_NASA_contracted_suits">Future NASA contracted suits</h4></div> <p>On 1 June 2022, NASA announced it had selected competing <a href="/wiki/Axiom_Space" title="Axiom Space">Axiom Space</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collins_Aerospace" title="Collins Aerospace">Collins Aerospace</a> to develop and provide astronauts with next generation spacesuit and spacewalk systems to first test and later use outside the International Space Station, as well as on the lunar surface for the crewed <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis missions</a>, and prepare for human missions to Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SpaceNews_2022_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpaceNews_2022-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_suit_models">Chinese suit models</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuguang_(spacecraft)" title="Shuguang (spacecraft)">Shuguang</a> space suit: First generation EVA space suit developed by China for the 1967 canceled <i><a href="/wiki/Shuguang_(spacecraft)" title="Shuguang (spacecraft)">Project 714</a></i> crewed space program. It has a mass of about 10 kilograms (20 lb), has an orange colour, and is made of high-resistance multi-layer polyester fabric. The astronaut could use it inside the cabin and conduct an EVA as well.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'<i><a href="/wiki/Project_863" class="mw-redirect" title="Project 863">Project 863</a></i> space suit: Cancelled project of second generation Chinese EVA space suit.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shenzhou_IVA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shenzhou IVA (page does not exist)">Shenzhou IVA</a> (神舟) space suit: The suit was first worn by <a href="/wiki/Yang_Liwei" title="Yang Liwei">Yang Liwei</a> on <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_5" title="Shenzhou 5">Shenzhou 5</a>, the first crewed Chinese space flight, it closely resembles a <a href="/wiki/Sokol_space_suit#Sokol-KV2" title="Sokol space suit">Sokol-KV2</a> suit, but it is believed to be a Chinese-made version rather than an actual Russian suit.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pictures show that the suits on <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_6" title="Shenzhou 6">Shenzhou 6</a> differ in detail from the earlier suit; they are also reported to be lighter.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlan_spacesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlan spacesuit">Haiying</a> (海鹰号航天服) EVA space suit: The imported Russian <a href="/wiki/Orlan_space_suit#M_model" title="Orlan space suit">Orlan-M</a> EVA suit is called <i>Haiying</i>. Used on <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_7" title="Shenzhou 7">Shenzhou 7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feitian_space_suit" title="Feitian space suit">Feitian</a> (飞天号航天服) EVA space suit: Indigenously developed Chinese-made EVA space suit also used for the Shenzhou 7 mission.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suit was designed for a spacewalk mission of up to seven hours.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese astronauts have been training in the out-of-capsule space suits since July 2007, and movements are seriously restricted in the suits, with a mass of more than 110 kilograms (240 lb) each.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new generation of Feitian space suit has been used since 2021 as the construction of <a href="/wiki/Tiangong_Space_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiangong Space Station">Tiangong Space Station</a> began.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 815px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yang_Liwei_space_suit.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Shenzhou Intra-Vehicular Activity space suit"><img alt="Shenzhou Intra-Vehicular Activity space suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Yang_Liwei_space_suit.JPG/79px-Yang_Liwei_space_suit.JPG" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Yang_Liwei_space_suit.JPG/118px-Yang_Liwei_space_suit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Yang_Liwei_space_suit.JPG/158px-Yang_Liwei_space_suit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Shenzhou Intra-Vehicular Activity space suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_EVA_spacesuit_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Feitian space suit"><img alt="Feitian space suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Chinese_EVA_spacesuit_%281%29.JPG/56px-Chinese_EVA_spacesuit_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="56" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Chinese_EVA_spacesuit_%281%29.JPG/84px-Chinese_EVA_spacesuit_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Chinese_EVA_spacesuit_%281%29.JPG/112px-Chinese_EVA_spacesuit_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="1485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Feitian space suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feitian_space_suit_at_NMC_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second generation of Feitian space suit"><img alt="Second generation of Feitian space suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Feitian_space_suit_at_NMC_01.jpg/80px-Feitian_space_suit_at_NMC_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Feitian_space_suit_at_NMC_01.jpg/120px-Feitian_space_suit_at_NMC_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Feitian_space_suit_at_NMC_01.jpg/160px-Feitian_space_suit_at_NMC_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Second generation of Feitian space suit</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emerging_technologies">Emerging technologies</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">factual accuracy</a> may be compromised due to out-of-date information</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Several companies and universities are developing technologies and prototypes which represent improvements over current space suits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additive_manufacturing">Additive manufacturing</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a> (additive manufacturing) can be used to reduce the mass of hard-shell space suits while retaining the high mobility they provide. This fabrication method also allows for the potential for in-situ fabrication and repair of suits, a capability which is not currently available, but will likely be necessary for Martian exploration.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a> began development of a prototype 3D printed hard suit in 2016, based on the kinematics of the <a href="/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton#NASA_AX-5_hard_shell_space_suit" title="Powered exoskeleton">AX-5</a>. The prototype arm segment is designed to be evaluated in the <a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Laboratory_(Maryland)" title="Space Systems Laboratory (Maryland)">Space Systems Laboratory</a> glovebox to compare mobility to traditional soft suits. Initial research has focused on the feasibility of printing rigid suit elements, bearing races, ball bearings, seals, and sealing surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronaut_Glove_Challenge">Astronaut Glove Challenge</h3></div> <p>There are certain difficulties in designing a dexterous space suit glove and there are limitations to the current designs. For this reason, the <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Challenges#Astronaut_glove_challenge" title="Centennial Challenges">Centennial Astronaut Glove Challenge</a> was created to build a better glove. Competitions have been held in 2007 and 2009, and another is planned. The 2009 contest required the glove to be covered with a micro-meteorite layer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aouda.X">Aouda.X</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aouda.X_space_suit_simulator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Aouda.X_space_suit_simulator.jpg/170px-Aouda.X_space_suit_simulator.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Aouda.X_space_suit_simulator.jpg/255px-Aouda.X_space_suit_simulator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Aouda.X_space_suit_simulator.jpg/340px-Aouda.X_space_suit_simulator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Aouda.X</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Space_Forum" title="Austrian Space Forum">Austrian Space Forum</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been developing "Aouda.X", an experimental Mars <a href="/wiki/Human_analog_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Human analog missions">analogue</a> space suit focusing on an advanced <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93machine_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Human–machine interface">human–machine interface</a> and on-board computing network to increase <a href="/wiki/Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">situational awareness</a>. The suit is designed to study contamination vectors in planetary exploration analogue environments and create limitations depending on the pressure regime chosen for a simulation. </p><p>Since 2012, for the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Space_Forum#Mars2013_-_Morocco_Mars_Simulation_2013" title="Austrian Space Forum">Mars2013 analogue mission</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the Austrian Space Forum to <a href="/wiki/Erfoud" title="Erfoud">Erfoud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, the Aouda.X analogue space suit has a sister in the form of Aouda.S.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a slightly less sophisticated suit meant primarily to assist Aouda.X operations and be able to study the interactions between two (analogue) astronauts in similar suits. </p><p>The Aouda.X and Aouda.S space suits have been named after the <a href="/wiki/Aouda" title="Aouda">fictional princess</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s 1873 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Around_the_World_in_Eighty_Days" title="Around the World in Eighty Days">Around the World in Eighty Days</a></i>. A public display mock-up of Aouda.X (called Aouda.D) is currently on display at the Dachstein Ice Cave in <a href="/wiki/Obertraun" title="Obertraun">Obertraun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, after the experiments done there in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axiom_Space_and_Prada">Axiom Space and Prada</h3></div> <p>In 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronautical_Congress" title="International Astronautical Congress">International Astronautical Congress</a> in Milan, Italy, Axiom Space and Prada showed the results of an ongoing collaboration to develop a spacesuit for NASA's Artemis III mission.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bio-Suit">Bio-Suit</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bio-Suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-Suit">Bio-Suit</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Space_activity_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Space activity suit">space activity suit</a> under development at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, which as of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_suit&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> consisted of several lower leg prototypes. Bio-suit is custom fit to each wearer, using laser body scanning.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (February 2015)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constellation_Space_Suit_system">Constellation Space Suit system</h3></div> <p>On August 2, 2006, NASA indicated plans to issue a Request for Proposal (RFP) for the design, development, certification, production, and sustaining engineering of the <a href="/wiki/Constellation_Space_Suit" title="Constellation Space Suit">Constellation Space Suit</a> to meet the needs of the <a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation Program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA foresaw a single suit capable of supporting: survivability during launch, entry and abort; <a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">zero-gravity</a> EVA; lunar surface EVA; and Mars surface EVA. </p><p>On June 11, 2008, NASA awarded a US$745 million contract to <a href="/wiki/Oceaneering_International" title="Oceaneering International">Oceaneering International</a> to create the new space suit.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_Frontier_Design_IVA_Space_Suit">Final Frontier Design IVA Space Suit</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FFD_IVA_Space_Suit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/FFD_IVA_Space_Suit.jpg/170px-FFD_IVA_Space_Suit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/FFD_IVA_Space_Suit.jpg/255px-FFD_IVA_Space_Suit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/FFD_IVA_Space_Suit.jpg/340px-FFD_IVA_Space_Suit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption>Final Frontier Design IVA Space Suit</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Final_Frontier_Design" title="Final Frontier Design">Final Frontier Design</a> (FFD) is developing a commercial full IVA space suit, with their first suit completed in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FFD's suits are intended as a light-weight, highly mobile, and inexpensive commercial space suits. Since 2011, FFD has upgraded IVA suit's designs, hardware, processes, and capabilities. FFD has built a total of 7 IVA space suit (2016) assemblies for various institutions and customers since founding, and has conducted high fidelity human testing in simulators, aircraft, microgravity, and hypobaric chambers. FFD has a Space Act Agreement with NASA's Commercial Space Capabilities Office to develop and execute a Human Rating Plan for FFD IVA suit.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FFD categorizes their IVA suits according to their mission: Terra for Earth-based testing, Stratos for high altitude flights, and Exos for orbital space flights. Each suit category has different requirements for manufacturing controls, validations, and materials, but are of a similar architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I-Suit">I-Suit</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/I-Suit" title="I-Suit">I-Suit</a> is a space suit prototype also constructed by ILC Dover, which incorporates several design improvements over the EMU, including a weight-saving soft upper torso. Both the Mark III and the I-Suit have taken part in NASA's annual <a href="/wiki/Desert_Research_and_Technology_Studies" title="Desert Research and Technology Studies">Desert Research and Technology Studies</a> (D-RATS) field trials, during which suit occupants interact with one another, and with rovers and other equipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mark_III">Mark III</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mark_III_(space_suit)" title="Mark III (space suit)">Mark III</a> is a NASA prototype, constructed by ILC Dover, which incorporates a hard lower torso section and a mix of soft and hard components. The Mark III is markedly more mobile than previous suits, despite its high operating pressure (57 kPa or 8.3 psi), which makes it a "zero-prebreathe" suit, meaning that astronauts would be able to transition directly from a one-atmosphere, mixed-gas space station environment, such as that on the International Space Station, to the suit, without risking decompression sickness, which can occur with rapid depressurization from an atmosphere containing nitrogen or another inert gas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MX-2">MX-2</h3></div> <p>The MX-2 is a space suit analogue constructed at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a>'s Space Systems Laboratory. The MX-2 is used<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> for crewed <a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy" title="Neutral buoyancy">neutral buoyancy</a> testing at the Space Systems Lab's Neutral Buoyancy Research Facility. By approximating the work envelope of a real EVA suit, without meeting the requirements of a flight-rated suit, the MX-2 provides an inexpensive platform for EVA research, compared to using EMU suits at facilities like NASA's <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory" title="Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory">Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory</a>. </p><p>The MX-2 has an operating pressure of 2.5–4 psi. It is a rear-entry suit, featuring a fiberglass <a href="/wiki/Hard_Upper_Torso" title="Hard Upper Torso">HUT</a>. Air, LCVG cooling water, and power are open loop systems, provided through an <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cable" title="Umbilical cable">umbilical</a>. The suit contains a <a href="/wiki/Mac_Mini" title="Mac Mini">Mac Mini</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> computer to capture sensor data, such as suit pressure, inlet and outlet air temperatures, and heart rate.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resizable suit elements and adjustable ballast allow the suit to accommodate subjects ranging in height from 68 to 75 inches (170–190 cm), and with a weight range of 120 lb (54 kg).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Dakota_suit">North Dakota suit</h3></div> <p>Beginning in May 2006, five <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> colleges collaborated on a new space suit prototype, funded by a US$100,000 grant from NASA, to demonstrate technologies which could be incorporated into a planetary suit. The suit was tested in the <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park" title="Theodore Roosevelt National Park">Theodore Roosevelt National Park</a> <a href="/wiki/Badlands" title="Badlands">badlands</a> of western North Dakota. The suit has a mass of 47 pounds (21 kg) without a life support backpack, and costs only a fraction of the standard US$12,000,000 cost for a flight-rated NASA space suit.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suit was developed in just over a year by students from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Dakota" title="University of North Dakota">University of North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_State_University" title="North Dakota State University">North Dakota State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_State_University" title="Dickinson State University">Dickinson State</a>, the state <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_State_College_of_Science" title="North Dakota State College of Science">College of Science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turtle_Mountain_Community_College" title="Turtle Mountain Community College">Turtle Mountain Community College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mobility of the North Dakota suit can be attributed to its low operating pressure; while the North Dakota suit was field tested at a pressure of 1 psi (6.9 kPa; 52 Torr) differential, NASA's EMU suit operates at a pressure of 4.7 psi (32 kPa; 240 Torr), a pressure designed to supply approximately sea-level oxygen partial pressure for <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiration</a> (see discussion <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Operating_pressure">above</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PXS">PXS</h3></div> <p>NASA's Prototype eXploration Suit (PXS), like the Z-series, is a rear-entry suit compatible with suitports.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suit has components which could be 3D printed during missions to a range of specifications, to fit different individuals or changing mobility requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suitports">Suitports</h3></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Suitport" title="Suitport">suitport</a> is a theoretical alternative to an <a href="/wiki/Airlock" title="Airlock">airlock</a>, designed for use in hazardous environments and in <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planetary</a> surface exploration. In a suitport system, a rear-entry space suit is attached and sealed against the outside of a spacecraft, such that an astronaut can enter and seal up the suit, then go on EVA, without the need for an airlock or depressurizing the spacecraft cabin. Suitports require less mass and volume than airlocks, provide <a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dust</a> mitigation, and prevent cross-contamination of the inside and outside environments. Patents for suitport designs were filed in 1996 by Philip Culbertson Jr. of NASA's Ames Research Center and in 2003 by Joerg Boettcher, Stephen Ransom, and Frank Steinsiek.<sup id="cite_ref-culbertson_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culbertson-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Z-series">Z-series</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Z_series_space_suits" title="Z series space suits">Z series space suits</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Z-1_Spacesuit_Prototype_-_standing_Nov_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Z-1_Spacesuit_Prototype_-_standing_Nov_2012.jpg/170px-Z-1_Spacesuit_Prototype_-_standing_Nov_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Z-1_Spacesuit_Prototype_-_standing_Nov_2012.jpg/255px-Z-1_Spacesuit_Prototype_-_standing_Nov_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Z-1_Spacesuit_Prototype_-_standing_Nov_2012.jpg/340px-Z-1_Spacesuit_Prototype_-_standing_Nov_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Z-1 Series Suit</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2012, NASA introduced the Z-1 space suit, the first in the Z-series of space suit prototypes designed by NASA specifically for planetary extravehicular activity. The Z-1 space suit includes an emphasis on mobility and protection for space missions. It features a soft torso versus the hard torsos seen in previous NASA EVA space suits, which reduces mass.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been labeled the "Buzz Lightyear suit" due to its green streaks for a design. </p><p>In 2014, NASA released the design for the Z-2 prototype, the next model in the Z-series. NASA conducted a poll asking the public to decide on a design for the Z-2 space suit. The designs, created by fashion students from Philadelphia University, were "Technology", "Trends in Society", and "Biomimicry".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design "Technology" won, and the prototype is built with technologies like <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a>. The Z-2 suit will also differ from the Z-1 suit in that the torso reverts to the hard shell, as seen in NASA's EMU suit.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spacesuits_in_fiction" title="Spacesuits in fiction">Spacesuits in fiction</a></div> <p>The earliest space fiction ignored the problems of traveling through a vacuum, and launched its heroes through space without any special protection. In the later 19th century, however, a more realistic brand of space fiction emerged, in which authors have tried to describe or depict the space suits worn by their characters. These fictional suits vary in appearance and technology, and range from the highly authentic to the utterly improbable. </p><p>A very early fictional account of space suits can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Garrett_P._Serviss" title="Garrett P. Serviss">Garrett P. Serviss</a>' novel <i><a href="/wiki/Edison%27s_Conquest_of_Mars" title="Edison's Conquest of Mars">Edison's Conquest of Mars</a></i> (1898). Later comic book series such as <a href="/wiki/Buck_Rogers" title="Buck Rogers">Buck Rogers</a> (1930s) and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Dare" title="Dan Dare">Dan Dare</a> (1950s) also featured their own takes on space suit design. Science fiction authors such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> contributed to the development of fictional space suit concepts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a> – Articulated pressure resistant anthropomorphic housing for an underwater diver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_apparatus" title="Breathing apparatus">Breathing apparatus</a> – Equipment allowing or assisting the user to breath in a hostile environment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_altitude_breathing_apparatus" title="High altitude breathing apparatus">High altitude breathing apparatus</a> – Equipment which allows the user to breathe at hypoxic altitudes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a> – Medical issues associated with spaceflight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a> – Activity done by an astronaut or cosmonaut outside a spacecraft <ul><li>By era: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalks_and_moonwalks_1965%E2%80%931999" title="List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999">List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalks_2000%E2%80%932014" title="List of spacewalks 2000–2014">List of spacewalks 2000–2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalks_since_2015" title="List of spacewalks since 2015">List of spacewalks since 2015</a>, Astronauts walking in space to date</li></ul></li> <li>By station: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_spacewalks" title="List of Mir spacewalks">List of Mir spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_spacewalks" title="List of International Space Station spacewalks">List of International Space Station spacewalks</a> – Extravehicular activities outside the orbiting lab</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cumulative_spacewalk_records" title="List of cumulative spacewalk records">List of cumulative spacewalk records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Maneuvering_Unit" title="Manned Maneuvering Unit">Manned Maneuvering Unit</a> – NASA astronaut propulsion unit</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-thomas-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomas_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jscfeatures.jsc.nasa.gov/z2/">the original</a> on March 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA.gov&rft.atitle=The+NASA+Z-2+Suit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjscfeatures.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fz2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraziosiSteinRossKosmo2011" class="citation report cs1">Graziosi, David; Stein, James; Ross, Amy; Kosmo, Joseph (January 21, 2011). Phase VI Advanced EVA Glove Development and Certification for the International Space Station (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Phase+VI+Advanced+EVA+Glove+Development+and+Certification+for+the+International+Space+Station&rft.date=2011-01-21&rft.aulast=Graziosi&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Stein%2C+James&rft.au=Ross%2C+Amy&rft.au=Kosmo%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Abramov_&_Skoog" class="citation book cs1">Abramov, Isaac P.; Skoog, Å. Ingemar; et al. (2003). <i>Russian Spacesuits</i>. 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Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87474-459-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87474-459-8"><bdi>0-87474-459-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/92-34611">92-34611</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/623508754">623508754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Space+Gear%3A+Outfitting+The+Astronaut&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F623508754&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F92-34611&rft.isbn=0-87474-459-8&rft.aulast=Kozloski&rft.aufirst=Lillian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fusspacegearoutfi0000kozl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+suit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Seedhouse" class="citation book cs1">Seedhouse, Erik (2010). <i>The New Space Race: China vs. the United States</i>. Berlin; New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0879-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0879-7"><bdi>978-1-4419-0879-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2009936076">2009936076</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/695700526">695700526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Space+Race%3A+China+vs.+the+United+States&rft.place=Berlin%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F695700526&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2009936076&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-0879-7&rft.aulast=Seedhouse&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+suit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Thomas_&_McMann" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Kenneth S.; McMann, Harold J. 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Photographs by Mark Avino; introduction by Allan Needell; foreword by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas P. Stafford</a> (1st ed.). Brooklyn, NY: <a href="/wiki/PowerHouse_Books" title="PowerHouse Books">powerHouse Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-576-87498-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-576-87498-1"><bdi>978-1-576-87498-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2009075080">2009075080</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/276334393">276334393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spacesuits%3A+The+Smithsonian+National+Air+and+Space+Museum+Collection&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+NY&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=powerHouse+Books&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F276334393&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2009075080&rft.isbn=978-1-576-87498-1&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+suit" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Space_suits" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Space suits">Space suits</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/spacesuit/index.html">"Space suits"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427202917/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/spacesuit/index.html">Archived</a> April 27, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/aaindex/home1.html">A Field Guide to American Spacecraft</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180325010339/http://www.americanspacecraft.com/pages/aaindex/home1.html">Archived</a> March 25, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. A list compiled by Lee Sledge and James H. Gerard of American space suits and the museum locations where they are displayed.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100828083207/http://www.astronautix.com/fam/spasuits.htm">"Space Suits"</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020705003646/http://www.astronautix.com/index.html">Encyclopedia Astronautica</a>. A complete listing of space suits.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207171721/http://www.zvezda-npp.ru/engl/index.html">Russian space suits</a> at <a href="/wiki/NPP_Zvezda" title="NPP Zvezda">NPP Zvezda</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/n_i_j/1978/6/skaf.html">"Space suit" <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329163815/http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/n_i_j/1978/6/skaf.html">Archived</a> March 29, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/n_i_j/1978/6/skaf.html&sl=ru&tl=en">English</a> by G. Ilyin, Vladimir Ivanov, and Ivan Pavlov. Originally published by <i><a href="/wiki/Nauka_i_Zhizn" title="Nauka i Zhizn">Nauka i Zhizn</a></i>, No. 6, 1978.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050204193740/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/hsf_history.htm">"U.S. Human Spaceflight History"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> See link near page end to <i>Walking to Olympus: An EVA Chronology</i> (PDF).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010716093905/http://spaceboy.nasda.go.jp/note/yujin/e/yuj101_eva_e.html">NASDA Online Space Notes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Development_Agency_of_Japan" title="National Space Development Agency of Japan">National Space Development Agency of Japan</a> (NASDA) (2001)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19900001621_1990001621.pdf">"Analysis of the Space Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit – 1986"</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940017339_1994017339.pdf">"NASA Space Shuttle EVA tools and equipment reference book – 1993"</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/spacesuits.pdf">"Space Suit Evolution From Custom Tailored to Off-the-Rack</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131003708/https://history.nasa.gov/spacesuits.pdf">Archived</a> January 31, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/apollo.engin.html">"Engineering Aspects of Apollo"</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/">Apollo Lunar Surface Journal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201231213556/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/">Archived</a> December 31, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Section on the Apollo space suit and the Portable Life Support System.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicspacecraft.com/spacesuits.html">"Space Suit Photos"</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicspacecraft.com/">Historic Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/spacesuits/historygallery/">"Space suit and Spacewalk History Image Gallery"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025214507/http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/spacesuits/historygallery/">Archived</a> October 25, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at NASA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727010606/http://www.zvezda-npp.ru/histor.html">Zvezda history <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zvezda-npp.ru%2Fhistor.html&sl=ru&tl=en">English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilcdover.com/aerospace/spacesuits/">"Spacesuits"</a> at <a href="/wiki/ILC_Dover" title="ILC Dover">ILC Dover</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlesius2009" class="citation web cs1">Klesius, Michael (June 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/Space-Suits-Past-and-Future.html">"Space Suits Past and Future"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space/Smithsonian" title="Air & Space/Smithsonian">AirSpaceMag.com</a></i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AirSpaceMag.com&rft.atitle=Space+Suits+Past+and+Future&rft.date=2009-06-10&rft.aulast=Klesius&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airspacemag.com%2Fspace-exploration%2FSpace-Suits-Past-and-Future.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+suit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>In April 2011, the VOA <a href="/wiki/Special_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Special English">Special English</a> service of the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> broadcast a 15-minute program on the evolution of space suits. A transcript and MP3 of the program, intended for English learners, can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/a-history-of-space-suits-119283494/113058.html">"The Evolution of Spacesuits"</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Astrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_programme_of_Australia" title="Category:Space programme of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation of space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Imagery and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather and environment monitoring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_research" title="Space research">Space research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_effect" title="Overview effect">Overview effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_diving" title="Space diving">Space diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Space psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sexology" title="Space sexology">Space sexology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_module" title="Orbital module">Orbital module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_capsule" title="Reentry capsule">Reentry capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_module" title="Service module">Service module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft" title="Self-replicating spacecraft">Self-replicating spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_electric_propulsion" title="Spacecraft electric propulsion">Electric propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Destinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">Ground segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">Flight controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_pass" title="Orbital pass">Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">Mission control center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_suits" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_suits" title="Template:Space suits"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_suits" title="Template talk:Space suits"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_suits" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space suits"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_suits" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space suits</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">USSR / Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SK-1_spacesuit" title="SK-1 spacesuit">SK-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkut_spacesuit" title="Berkut spacesuit">Berkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yastreb" title="Yastreb">Yastreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krechet-94" title="Krechet-94">Krechet-94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strizh" class="mw-redirect" title="Strizh">Strizh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokol_space_suit" title="Sokol space suit">Sokol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlan_space_suit" title="Orlan space suit">Orlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Mark_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Mark IV">Navy Mark IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_space_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini space suit">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo/Skylab_spacesuit" title="Apollo/Skylab spacesuit">Apollo/Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Ejection_Escape_Suit" title="Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit">Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Entry_Suit" title="Launch Entry Suit">Launch Entry Suit (LES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Crew_Escape_Suit" title="Advanced Crew Escape Suit">Advanced Crew Escape Suit (ACES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit" title="Extravehicular Mobility Unit">Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#SpaceX_suit_("Starman_suit")">SpaceX suit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shenzhou IVA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlan_space_suit" title="Orlan space suit">Haiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feitian_space_suit" title="Feitian space suit">Feitian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_Space_Suit" title="Constellation Space Suit">Constellation Space Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_III_(space_suit)" title="Mark III (space suit)">Mark III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Suit" title="I-Suit">I-Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_activity_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Space activity suit">Space activity suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratonautical_space_suit" title="Stratonautical space suit">Stratonautical space suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_series_space_suits" title="Z series space suits">Z series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_Upper_Torso" title="Hard Upper Torso">Hard Upper Torso (HUT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Cooling_and_Ventilation_Garment" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment">Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment (LCVG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_Absorbency_Garment" title="Maximum Absorbency Garment">Maximum Absorbency Garment (MAG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_life_support_system" title="Primary life support system">Primary Life Support System (PLSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoopy_cap" title="Snoopy cap">Snoopy cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_Micrometeoroid_Garment" title="Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment">Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment (TMG / ITMG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity (EVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_propulsion_unit" title="Astronaut propulsion unit">Astronaut propulsion unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_suit" title="Environmental suit">Environmental suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_suit" title="Pressure suit">Pressure suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuitSat" title="SuitSat">SuitSat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control 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