CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Project Mercury - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6df1a8b9-52f3-449f-a2e0-4a6bad7b9500","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Project_Mercury","wgTitle":"Project Mercury","wgCurRevisionId":1281060497,"wgRevisionId":1281060497,"wgArticleId":19812,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from August 2015","Use American English from September 2018","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles containing video clips","Project Mercury","1959 establishments in the United States","1961 in spaceflight","1962 in spaceflight","1963 disestablishments in the United States","1963 in spaceflight","Crewed spacecraft","NASA","Space program of the United States","Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Memorial Award winners"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Project_Mercury","wgRelevantArticleId":19812,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q52162","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/1200px-NASA_logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1004"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/800px-NASA_logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="669"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/640px-NASA_logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="535"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Project Mercury - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mercury"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mercury"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Project_Mercury rootpage-Project_Mercury skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Project+Mercury" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Project+Mercury" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Project+Mercury" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Project+Mercury" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Creation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Creation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contractors_and_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contractors_and_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Contractors and facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contractors_and_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Spacecraft</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spacecraft-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spacecraft subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pilot_accommodations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilot_accommodations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pilot accommodations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilot_accommodations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_and_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_and_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Development and production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_and_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Launch vehicles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Launch_vehicles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Launch vehicles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Launch_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch_escape_system_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_escape_system_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Launch escape system testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_escape_system_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suborbital_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suborbital_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Suborbital flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suborbital_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbital_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Orbital flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronauts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronauts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Astronauts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Astronauts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Astronauts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Astronauts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selection_and_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection_and_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Selection and training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection_and_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mission profile</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_profile-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission profile subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suborbital_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suborbital_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Suborbital missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suborbital_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbital_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Orbital missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ground control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Flights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crewed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crewed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Crewed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crewed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uncrewed_and_chimpanzee_flights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncrewed_and_chimpanzee_flights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Uncrewed and chimpanzee flights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncrewed_and_chimpanzee_flights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canceled" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canceled"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Canceled</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canceled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Depictions_on_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions_on_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Depictions on film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depictions_on_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Commemorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Displays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Displays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Displays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Displays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Patches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Videos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_program_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_program_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Space program comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_program_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Project Mercury</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-program" title="Mercury-program – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mercury-program" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="مشروع ميركوري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مشروع ميركوري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Mercury" title="Programa Mercury – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Programa Mercury" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyeutu_Mercury" title="Proyeutu Mercury – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Proyeutu Mercury" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuri_layih%C9%99si" title="Merkuri layihəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Merkuri layihəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Мъркюри (програма) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мъркюри (програма)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_%22Mercury%22" title="Program "Mercury" – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Program "Mercury"" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Mercury" title="Programa Mercury – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programa Mercury" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Mercury" title="Program Mercury – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Program Mercury" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-programmet" title="Mercury-programmet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mercury-programmet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Programm" title="Mercury-Programm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mercury-Programm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_programm" title="Mercury programm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mercury programm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Πρόγραμμα Μέρκιουρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόγραμμα Μέρκιουρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Mercury" title="Programa Mercury – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Programa Mercury" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_programa" title="Mercury programa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mercury programa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="برنامه فضایی مرکوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنامه فضایی مرکوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_Mercury" title="Programme Mercury – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Programme Mercury" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury" title="Mercury – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mercury" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxecto_Mercury" title="Proxecto Mercury – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Proxecto Mercury" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A8%B8%ED%81%90%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D" title="머큐리 계획 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="머큐리 계획" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB_(%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80)" title="Մերկուրի (ծրագիր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մերկուրի (ծրագիր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Mercury" title="Program Mercury – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Program Mercury" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyek_Mercury" title="Proyek Mercury – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proyek Mercury" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-geimfer%C3%B0a%C3%A1%C3%A6tlunin" title="Mercury-geimferðaáætlunin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mercury-geimferðaáætlunin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_Mercury" title="Programma Mercury – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Programma Mercury" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="תוכנית מרקורי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנית מרקורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inceptum_Mercurius" title="Inceptum Mercurius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Inceptum Mercurius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(kosmiskais_projekts)" title="Mercury (kosmiskais projekts) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mercury (kosmiskais projekts)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Programm" title="Mercury-Programm – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mercury-Programm" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury" title="Mercury – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mercury" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-program" title="Mercury-program – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mercury-program" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projek_Mercury" title="Projek Mercury – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Projek Mercury" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuryprogramma" title="Mercuryprogramma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mercuryprogramma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB" title="マーキュリー計画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーキュリー計画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-programmet" title="Mercury-programmet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mercury-programmet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-programmet" title="Mercury-programmet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mercury-programmet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkuriy_(kosmik_kema)" title="Merkuriy (kosmik kema) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Merkuriy (kosmik kema)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87" title="مرکیوري پروژه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مرکیوري پروژه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Mercury" title="Program Mercury – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Program Mercury" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projeto_Mercury" title="Projeto Mercury – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Projeto Mercury" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programul_Mercury" title="Programul Mercury – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Programul Mercury" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Меркурий (космическая программа) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Меркурий (космическая программа)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Mercury" title="Program Mercury – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Program Mercury" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt_Mercury" title="Projekt Mercury – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Projekt Mercury" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%98%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پرۆژەی مێرکری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرۆژەی مێرکری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(avaruusohjelma)" title="Mercury (avaruusohjelma) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mercury (avaruusohjelma)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercuryprogrammet" title="Mercuryprogrammet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mercuryprogrammet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மேர்க்குரித் திட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேர்க்குரித் திட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Projesi" title="Mercury Projesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mercury Projesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Меркурій (космічна програма) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Меркурій (космічна програма)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_tr%C3%ACnh_Mercury" title="Chương trình Mercury – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chương trình Mercury" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%98%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="水星计划 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="水星计划" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%98%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="水星计划 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="水星计划" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q52162#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Project_Mercury" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Project_Mercury" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Project_Mercury" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&oldid=1281060497" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Project_Mercury&id=1281060497&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProject_Mercury"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProject_Mercury"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Project_Mercury&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_Mercury" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q52162" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Initial American crewed spaceflight program (1958–1963)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the NASA crewed spaceflight program. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mercury_project_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mercury project (disambiguation)">Mercury project (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Project Mercury</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Project_Mercury_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Project_Mercury_logo.svg/120px-Project_Mercury_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Project_Mercury_logo.svg/250px-Project_Mercury_logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="908" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Program overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data location">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Crewed orbital flight</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Completed</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Program history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cost</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>$277 million (1965)<sup id="cite_ref-lafleur20100308_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lafleur20100308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>$2.76 billion (adjusted for <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">1958–1963</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Joe_1" title="Big Joe 1">Big Joe 1</a></li><li>September 9, 1959<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1959-09-09</span>)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First crewed flight</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury-Redstone 3</a></li><li>May 5, 1961<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1961-05-05</span>)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last flight</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_9" title="Mercury-Atlas 9">Mercury-Atlas 9</a></li><li>May 15, 1963<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1963-05-15</span>)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successes</th><td class="infobox-data">11</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Failures</th><td class="infobox-data">3 (<a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_1" title="Mercury-Atlas 1">MA-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_3" title="Mercury-Atlas 3">MA-3</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_1" title="Mercury-Redstone 1">MR-1</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partial failures</th><td class="infobox-data">1 (Big Joe 1)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Vehicle information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crewed vehicle(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Spacecraft">Mercury capsule</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch vehicle(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">Atlas LV-3B</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Joe_1" title="Big Joe 1">Big Joe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/RM-90_Blue_Scout_II" title="RM-90 Blue Scout II">Blue Scout II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_(rocket)" title="Little Joe (rocket)">Little Joe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle">Mercury-Redstone</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Space_program_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Space program of the United States">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding: 0 0.2em; font-size: 120%"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States space program</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/90px-NASA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/135px-NASA_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/180px-NASA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="92" /></a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Space_Force.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Seal_of_the_United_States_Space_Force.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Space_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Seal_of_the_United_States_Space_Force.svg/250px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Space_Force.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px; font-size: 95%"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">U.S. Space Force</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Human spaceflight programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Mir Program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_program" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station program">International Space Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Robotic spaceflight programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">CRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Logistics_Services" title="Gateway Logistics Services">GLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Strategic_Science_Missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Strategic Science Missions">Large Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_program" class="mw-redirect" title="New Millennium program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Planetary Missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office#Solar_System_Exploration" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Solar System Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">X-37</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Corps</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Spaceports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Range" title="Eastern Range">Eastern Range</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport" title="Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport">Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Spaceport_Complex_%E2%80%93_Alaska" title="Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska">Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Range_(USSF)" title="Western Range (USSF)">Western Range</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg Space Force Base</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_orbital_launch_systems#United_States" title="List of orbital launch systems">Space launch vehicles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Alpha" title="Firefly Alpha"><i>Alpha</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_I" title="Minotaur I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_III" title="Minotaur III"><i>III</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_IV" title="Minotaur IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_V" title="Minotaur V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur-C" title="Minotaur-C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Pegasus" title="Northrop Grumman Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">National security space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">United States Space Command</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Civil space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_national_laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Energy national laboratories">Department of Energy national laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">Office of Commercial Space Transportation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">Office of Space Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Weather_Prediction_Center" title="Space Weather Prediction Center">Space Weather Prediction Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Economic_Growth,_Energy,_and_the_Environment" title="Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment">Department of State Office of Space Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Commercial space industry</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_(American_spaceflight_company)" title="Astra (American spaceflight company)">Astra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_Aerospace_%26_Technologies" title="Ball Aerospace & Technologies">Ball Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Aerospace" title="Bigelow Aerospace">Bigelow Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace" title="Firefly Aerospace">Firefly Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space" title="Lockheed Martin Space">Lockheed Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raytheon_Intelligence_%26_Space" title="Raytheon Intelligence & Space">Raytheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab" title="Rocket Lab">Rocket Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Innovation_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems">Northrop Grumman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Corporation" title="Sierra Nevada Corporation">Sierra Nevada Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSL_(company)" title="SSL (company)">SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Orbit" title="Virgin Orbit">Virgin Orbit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_space_program_sidebar" title="Template:United States space program sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_space_program_sidebar" title="Template talk:United States space program sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_space_program_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States space program sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Project Mercury</b> was the first <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> program of the United States, running from 1958 through 1963. An early highlight of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>, its goal was to put a man into Earth <a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">orbit</a> and return him safely, ideally before the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Taken over from the <a href="/wiki/US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">US Air Force</a> by the newly created civilian space agency <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, it conducted 20 uncrewed developmental flights (some using animals), and six successful flights by <a href="/wiki/Astronauts" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronauts">astronauts</a>. The program, which took its name from <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Roman mythology</a>, cost $2.76 billion (adjusted for <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-lafleur20100308_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lafleur20100308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The astronauts were collectively known as the "<a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury Seven</a>", and each spacecraft was given a name ending with a "7" by its pilot. </p><p>The Space Race began with the 1957 launch of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>. This came as a shock to the American public, and led to the creation of NASA to expedite existing US space exploration efforts, and place most of them under civilian control. After the successful launch of the <a href="/wiki/Explorer_1" title="Explorer 1">Explorer 1</a> satellite in 1958, crewed spaceflight became the next goal. The Soviet Union put the first human, <a href="/wiki/Cosmonaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonaut">cosmonaut</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>, into a single orbit aboard <a href="/wiki/Vostok_1" title="Vostok 1">Vostok 1</a> on April 12, 1961. Shortly after this, on May 5, the US launched its first astronaut, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a>, on a <a href="/wiki/Suborbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborbital">suborbital</a> flight. Soviet <a href="/wiki/Gherman_Titov" title="Gherman Titov">Gherman Titov</a> followed with a day-long orbital flight in August 1961. The US reached its orbital goal on February 20, 1962, when <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a> made three orbits around the Earth. When Mercury ended in May 1963, both nations had sent six people into space, but the Soviets led the US in total time spent in space. </p><p>The Mercury <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">space capsule</a> was produced by <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Aircraft">McDonnell Aircraft</a>, and carried supplies of water, food and oxygen for about one day in a <a href="/wiki/Cabin_pressurization" title="Cabin pressurization">pressurized cabin</a>. Mercury flights were launched from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a> in Florida, on <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a> modified from the <a href="/wiki/Redstone_MRLV" class="mw-redirect" title="Redstone MRLV">Redstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">Atlas D</a> missiles. The capsule was fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Launch_escape_system" title="Launch escape system">launch escape rocket</a> to carry it safely away from the launch vehicle in case of a failure. The flight was designed to be controlled from the ground via the <a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a>, a system of tracking and communications stations; back-up controls were outfitted on board. Small <a href="/wiki/Retrorocket" title="Retrorocket">retrorockets</a> were used to bring the spacecraft out of its orbit, after which an <a href="/wiki/Ablative_heat_shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative heat shield">ablative heat shield</a> protected it from the heat of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric reentry</a>. Finally, a <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachute</a> slowed the craft for a <a href="/wiki/Splashdown" title="Splashdown">water landing</a>. Both astronaut and capsule were recovered by helicopters deployed from a US Navy ship. </p><p>The Mercury project gained popularity, and its missions were followed by millions on radio and TV around the world. Its success laid the groundwork for <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a>, which carried two astronauts in each capsule and perfected space docking maneuvers essential for crewed <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">lunar landings</a> in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> announced a few weeks after the first crewed Mercury flight. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation">Creation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Project Mercury was officially approved on October 7, 1958, and publicly announced on December 17.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood196312_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood196312-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966132_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966132-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally called Project Astronaut, President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> felt that gave too much attention to the pilot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the name <i><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a></i> was chosen from <a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">classical mythology</a>, which had already lent names to rockets like the Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a></i> and Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a></i> for the <a href="/wiki/SM-65_Atlas" title="SM-65 Atlas">SM-65</a> and <a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">PGM-19</a> <a href="/wiki/Missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Missiles">missiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966132_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966132-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It absorbed military projects with the same aim, such as the Air Force <a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Man in Space Soonest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966102_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966102-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear arms race</a> evolved between the US and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (USSR). Since the USSR did not have bases in the western hemisphere from which to deploy <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bomber planes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> decided to develop <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental ballistic missiles</a>, which drove a missile race.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200112–14_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200112–14-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rocket technology in turn enabled both sides to develop Earth-orbiting satellites for communications, and gathering weather data and <a href="/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200181_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200181-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Americans were shocked when the Soviet Union placed the first satellite into orbit in October 1957, leading to a growing fear that the US was falling into a "<a href="/wiki/Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">missile gap</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196628,_52_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196628,_52-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200181_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200181-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A month later, the Soviets launched <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a>, carrying <a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">a dog</a> into orbit. Though the animal was not recovered alive, it was obvious their goal was human spaceflight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200155_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200155-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unable to disclose details of military space projects, President Eisenhower ordered the creation of a civilian space agency in charge of civilian and scientific space exploration. Based on the federal research agency <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a> (NACA), it was named the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966113_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966113-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agency achieved its first goal of launching a satellite into space, the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_1" title="Pioneer 1">Pioneer 1</a>, in 1958. The next goal was to put a man there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200157,_82_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200157,_82-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The limit of space (also known as the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">Kármán line</a>) was defined at the time as a minimum altitude of 62 mi (100 km), and the only way to reach it was by using rocket-powered boosters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200170_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200170-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196613_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196613-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This created risks for the pilot, including explosion, high <a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g-forces</a> and vibrations during lift off through a dense atmosphere,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196644_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196644-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and temperatures of more than 10,000 °F (5,500 °C) from air compression during reentry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196659_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196659-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In space, pilots would require pressurized chambers or <a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">space suits</a> to supply fresh air.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001466_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001466-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there, they would experience <a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">weightlessness</a>, which could potentially cause disorientation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966357_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966357-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further potential risks included <a href="/wiki/Space_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Space radiation">radiation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micrometeoroid" title="Micrometeoroid">micrometeoroid</a> strikes, both of which would normally be absorbed in the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196635,_39–40_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196635,_39–40-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All seemed possible to overcome: experience from satellites suggested micrometeoroid risk was negligible,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196649_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196649-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and experiments in the early 1950s with simulated weightlessness, high g-forces on humans, and sending animals to the limit of space, all suggested potential problems could be overcome by known technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196637–38_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196637–38-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, reentry was studied using the nuclear warheads of ballistic missiles,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196661_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196661-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which demonstrated a blunt, forward-facing heat shield could solve the problem of heating.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196661_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196661-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/T._Keith_Glennan" title="T. Keith Glennan">T. Keith Glennan</a> had been appointed the first Administrator of NASA, with <a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Dryden">Hugh L. Dryden</a> (last Director of NACA) as his Deputy, at the creation of the agency on October 1, 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196698–99_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196698–99-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glennan would report to the president through the <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Aeronautics and Space Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200182_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200182-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group responsible for Project Mercury was NASA's <a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a>, and the goals of the program were to orbit a crewed spacecraft around Earth, investigate the pilot's ability to function in space, and to recover both pilot and spacecraft safely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966xiii,_134_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966xiii,_134-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Existing technology and off-the-shelf equipment would be used wherever practical, the simplest and most reliable approach to system design would be followed, and an existing launch vehicle would be employed, together with a progressive test program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966134_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966134-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spacecraft requirements included: a <a href="/wiki/Launch_escape_system" title="Launch escape system">launch escape system</a> to separate the spacecraft and its occupant from the <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a> in case of impending failure; <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude control</a> for orientation of the spacecraft in orbit; a <a href="/wiki/Retrorocket" title="Retrorocket">retrorocket</a> system to bring the spacecraft out of orbit; drag braking <a href="/wiki/Blunt_Body_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Blunt Body theory">blunt body</a> for <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric reentry</a>; and landing on water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966134_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966134-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To communicate with the spacecraft during an orbital mission, an extensive communications network had to be built.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966143_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966143-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In keeping with his desire to keep from giving the US space program an overtly military flavor, President Eisenhower at first hesitated to give the project top national priority (DX rating under the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Production_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Production Act">Defense Production Act</a>), which meant that Mercury had to wait in line behind military projects for materials; however, this rating was granted in May 1959, a little more than a year and a half after Sputnik was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001157_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001157-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contractors_and_facilities">Contractors and facilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contractors and facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Twelve companies bid to build the Mercury spacecraft on a $20 million ($216 million adjusted for inflation) contract.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966121,_191_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966121,_191-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1959, <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Aircraft">McDonnell Aircraft Corporation</a> was chosen to be prime contractor for the spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966137_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966137-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two weeks earlier, <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a>, based in Los Angeles, was awarded a contract for <a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_(rocket)" title="Little Joe (rocket)">Little Joe</a>, a small rocket to be used for development of the launch escape system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966124_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966124-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The World Wide Tracking Network for communication between the ground and spacecraft during a flight was awarded to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966216_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966216-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Redstone rockets for suborbital launches were manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a>, Alabama, by the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysler Corporation">Chrysler Corporation</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196621_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196621-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Atlas rockets by <a href="/wiki/Convair" title="Convair">Convair</a> in San Diego, California.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001158_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001158-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For crewed launches, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Missile_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Missile Range">Atlantic Missile Range</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a> in Florida was made available by the USAF.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200189–90_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200189–90-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was also the site of the Mercury Control Center while the computing center of the communication network was in <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddard Space Center">Goddard Space Center</a>, Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200186_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200186-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little Joe rockets were launched from <a href="/wiki/Wallops_Island" title="Wallops Island">Wallops Island</a>, Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966141_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966141-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronaut training took place at <a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley Research Center</a> in Virginia, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Flight_Propulsion_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory">Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory</a> in Cleveland, Ohio, and <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Development_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Air Development Center">Naval Air Development Center Johnsville</a> in Warminster, PA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001103–110_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001103–110-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Langley wind tunnels<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196688_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196688-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with a rocket sled track at <a href="/wiki/Holloman_Air_Force_Base" title="Holloman Air Force Base">Holloman Air Force Base</a> at Alamogordo, New Mexico were used for aerodynamic studies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001248_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001248-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Navy and Air Force aircraft were made available for the development of the spacecraft's landing system,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001172–173_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001172–173-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Navy ships and Navy and Marine Corps helicopters were made available for recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South of Cape Canaveral the town of <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoa Beach">Cocoa Beach</a> boomed.<sup id="cite_ref-CocoaBeach_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CocoaBeach-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From here, 75,000 people watched the first American orbital flight being launched in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-CocoaBeach_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CocoaBeach-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallops_Island_-_GPN-2000-001888.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wallops Island test facility, 1961"><img alt="Wallops Island test facility, 1961" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wallops_Island_-_GPN-2000-001888.jpg/250px-Wallops_Island_-_GPN-2000-001888.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wallops_Island_-_GPN-2000-001888.jpg/500px-Wallops_Island_-_GPN-2000-001888.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2946" data-file-height="2205" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Island" title="Wallops Island">Wallops Island</a> test facility, 1961</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_control_center_4june1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury Control Center, Cape Canaveral, 1963"><img alt="Mercury Control Center, Cape Canaveral, 1963" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mercury_control_center_4june1963.jpg/240px-Mercury_control_center_4june1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mercury_control_center_4june1963.jpg/360px-Mercury_control_center_4june1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mercury_control_center_4june1963.jpg/480px-Mercury_control_center_4june1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2785" data-file-height="2090" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a>, Cape Canaveral, 1963</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 219.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Project-Mercury-facility-map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of production and operational facilities of Project Mercury"><img alt="Location of production and operational facilities of Project Mercury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Project-Mercury-facility-map.png/330px-Project-Mercury-facility-map.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Project-Mercury-facility-map.png/500px-Project-Mercury-facility-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Project-Mercury-facility-map.png/960px-Project-Mercury-facility-map.png 2x" data-file-width="1844" data-file-height="1018" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Location of production and operational facilities of Project Mercury</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mercury spacecraft's principal designer was <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Faget" title="Maxime Faget">Maxime Faget</a>, who started research for human spaceflight during the time of the NACA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001150_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001150-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was 10.8 feet (3.3 m) long and 6.0 feet (1.8 m) wide; with the launch escape system added, the overall length was 25.9 feet (7.9 m).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001131_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001131-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With 100 cubic feet (2.8 m<sup>3</sup>) of habitable volume, the capsule was just large enough for a single crew member.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196647_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196647-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inside were 120 controls: 55 electrical switches, 30 <a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">fuses</a> and 35 mechanical levers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966245_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966245-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heaviest spacecraft, Mercury-Atlas 9, weighed 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) fully loaded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966490_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966490-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its outer skin was made of <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_41" title="René 41">René 41</a>, a nickel alloy able to withstand high temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001136_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001136-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spacecraft was cone shaped, with a neck at the narrow end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001131_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001131-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a convex base, which carried a heat shield (Item <b>2</b> in the diagram below)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001134–136_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001134–136-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisting of an aluminum <a href="/wiki/Honeycomb_structure" title="Honeycomb structure">honeycomb</a> covered with multiple layers of <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966140,_143_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966140,_143-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strapped to it was a retropack (<b>1</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132–134_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132–134-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisting of three rockets deployed to brake the spacecraft during reentry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between these were three posigrade rockets: minor rockets for separating the spacecraft from the launch vehicle at orbital insertion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966188_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966188-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The straps that held the package could be severed when it was no longer needed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001134_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001134-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next to the heat shield was the pressurized crew compartment (<b>3</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001136–144_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001136–144-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inside, an astronaut would be strapped to a form-fitting seat with instruments in front of him and with his back to the heat shield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001136–137_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001136–137-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Underneath the seat was the environmental control system supplying oxygen and heat,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001138_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001138-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> scrubbing the air of CO<sub>2</sub>, vapor and odors, and (on orbital flights) collecting urine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001139_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001139-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recovery compartment (<b>4</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144–145_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144–145-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the narrow end of the spacecraft contained three parachutes: a drogue to stabilize free fall and two main chutes, a primary and reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the heat shield and inner wall of the crew compartment was a landing skirt, deployed by letting down the heat shield before landing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001135_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001135-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On top of the recovery compartment was the <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a> section (<b>5</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001145–148_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001145–148-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> containing both antennas for communication and scanners for guiding spacecraft orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001147_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001147-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attached was a flap used to ensure the spacecraft was faced heat shield first during reentry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966199_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966199-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A launch escape system (<b>6</b>) was mounted to the narrow end of the spacecraft<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001179–181_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001179–181-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> containing three small solid-fueled rockets which could be fired briefly in a launch failure to separate the capsule safely from its booster. It would deploy the capsule's parachute for a landing nearby at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001179_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001179-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See also <a href="#Mission_profile">Mission profile</a> for details.) </p><p>The Mercury spacecraft did not have an on-board computer, instead relying on all computation for reentry to be calculated by computers on the ground, with their results (retrofire times and firing attitude) then transmitted to the spacecraft by radio while in flight.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAComp1_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAComp1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DanCompSpace_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DanCompSpace-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All computer systems used in the Mercury space program were housed in <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> facilities on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAComp1_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAComp1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="#Ground_control">Ground control</a> for details.) </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 296.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 294.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury-spacecraft-color.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1. Retropack. 2. Heatshield. 3. Crew compartment. 4. Recovery compartment. 5. Antenna section. 6. Launch escape system."><img alt="1. Retropack. 2. Heatshield. 3. Crew compartment. 4. Recovery compartment. 5. Antenna section. 6. Launch escape system." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mercury-spacecraft-color.png/442px-Mercury-spacecraft-color.png" decoding="async" width="295" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Mercury-spacecraft-color.png 1.5x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="212" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1. Retropack. 2. Heatshield. 3. Crew compartment. 4. Recovery compartment. 5. Antenna section. 6. Launch escape system.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:McDonnellMercuryCapsule1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Retropack: Retrorockets with red posigrade rockets"><img alt="Retropack: Retrorockets with red posigrade rockets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/McDonnellMercuryCapsule1.jpg/179px-McDonnellMercuryCapsule1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/McDonnellMercuryCapsule1.jpg/268px-McDonnellMercuryCapsule1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/McDonnellMercuryCapsule1.jpg/358px-McDonnellMercuryCapsule1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2318" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Retropack: Retrorockets with red posigrade rockets</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landing-skirt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landing skirt (or bag) deployment: skirt is inflated; on impact the air is pressed out (like an airbag)"><img alt="Landing skirt (or bag) deployment: skirt is inflated; on impact the air is pressed out (like an airbag)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Landing-skirt.jpg/292px-Landing-skirt.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Landing-skirt.jpg/437px-Landing-skirt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Landing-skirt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="281" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Landing skirt (or bag) deployment: skirt is inflated; on impact the air is pressed out (like an <a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">airbag</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilot_accommodations">Pilot accommodations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pilot accommodations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GPN-2000-001027.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/GPN-2000-001027.jpg/250px-GPN-2000-001027.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/GPN-2000-001027.jpg/330px-GPN-2000-001027.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/GPN-2000-001027.jpg/500px-GPN-2000-001027.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a> wearing his Mercury space suit</figcaption></figure> <p>The astronaut lay in a sitting position with his back to the heat shield, which was found to be the position that best enabled a human to withstand the high <a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g-forces</a> of launch and reentry. A fiberglass seat was custom-molded from each astronaut's space-suited body for maximum support. Near his left hand was a manual abort handle to activate the launch escape system if necessary prior to or during liftoff, in case the automatic trigger failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001142_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001142-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To supplement the onboard environmental control system, he wore a <a href="/wiki/Pressure_suit" title="Pressure suit">pressure suit</a> with its own <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> supply, which would also cool him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001191_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001191-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cabin atmosphere of pure oxygen at a low pressure of 5.5 psi or 38 kPa (equivalent to an altitude of 24,800 feet or 7,600 metres) was chosen, rather than one with the same composition as air (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>/oxygen) at sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatland1976264_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatland1976264-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was easier to control,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001410_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001410-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> avoided the risk of <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a> ("the bends"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiblin1998_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiblin1998-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also saved on spacecraft weight. Fires (which never occurred during the course of Project Mercury) would have to be extinguished by emptying the cabin of oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001139_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001139-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such case, or failure of the cabin pressure for any reason, the astronaut could make an emergency return to Earth, relying on his suit for survival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196648–49_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196648–49-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001139_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001139-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The astronauts normally flew with their <a href="/wiki/Visor" title="Visor">visor</a> up, which meant that the suit was not inflated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001139_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001139-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the visor down and the suit inflated, the astronaut could only reach the side and bottom panels, where vital buttons and handles were placed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966246_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966246-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The astronaut also wore <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> on his chest to record his <a href="/wiki/Heart_rhythm" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart rhythm">heart rhythm</a>, a cuff that could take his blood pressure, and a <a href="/wiki/Medical_thermometer" title="Medical thermometer">rectal thermometer</a> to record his temperature (this was replaced by an oral thermometer on the last flight).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001191,_194_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001191,_194-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data from these was sent to the ground during the flight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001191_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001191-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The astronaut normally drank water and ate food pellets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001343–344_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001343–344-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the lessons learnt from the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U2</a> program, which also utilized a pressure suit, initially no urine collection device was included for the Mercury astronauts. An inquiry on the subject was made in February 1961 by a student, but NASA responded by stating that "the first space man is not expected to have 'to go".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollins2013_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollins2013-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expected short flight times meant that this was overlooked, although after Alan Shepard had a launch delay of four hours, he was forced to urinate in his suit, short-circuiting some of the electrodes monitoring his vital signs. Gus Grissom wore two rubber pants on the second Mercury flight as a crude workaround. It would take until the third flight in February 1962 before a dedicated urine collection device was installed.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once in orbit, the spacecraft could be rotated in <a href="/wiki/Yaw,_pitch,_and_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaw, pitch, and roll">yaw, pitch, and roll</a>: along its longitudinal axis (roll), left to right from the astronaut's point of view (yaw), and up or down (pitch).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196698_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196698-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Movement was created by <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">rocket-propelled</a> thrusters which used <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> as a fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966499_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966499-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001143_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001143-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For orientation, the pilot could look through the window in front of him or he could look at a screen connected to a <a href="/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope">periscope</a> with a camera which could be turned 360°.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001141_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001141-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mercury astronauts had taken part in the development of their spacecraft, and insisted that manual control, and a window, be elements of its design.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200198–99_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200198–99-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, spacecraft movement and other functions could be controlled three ways: remotely from the ground when passing over a ground station, automatically guided by onboard instruments, or manually by the astronaut, who could replace or override the two other methods. Experience validated the astronauts' insistence on manual controls. Without them, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Gordon Cooper</a>'s manual reentry during the last flight would not have been possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966501_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966501-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:solid 1px #aaa;background:#F9F9F9;padding-left:10px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><div class="center">Cutaways and interior of spacecraft</div></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <dl><dt>Spacecraft cutaway</dt></dl> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 173.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_Spacecraft.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of spacecraft"><img alt="Interior of spacecraft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mercury_Spacecraft.png/330px-Mercury_Spacecraft.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mercury_Spacecraft.png/500px-Mercury_Spacecraft.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mercury_Spacecraft.png/960px-Mercury_Spacecraft.png 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of spacecraft</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 169.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury-spacecraft-control.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The three axes of rotation for the spacecraft: yaw, pitch and roll"><img alt="The three axes of rotation for the spacecraft: yaw, pitch and roll" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mercury-spacecraft-control.png/330px-Mercury-spacecraft-control.png" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mercury-spacecraft-control.png/500px-Mercury-spacecraft-control.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mercury-spacecraft-control.png/960px-Mercury-spacecraft-control.png 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The three axes of rotation for the spacecraft: yaw, pitch and roll</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury-spacecraft-temperature-profile.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Temperature profile for spacecraft in Fahrenheit"><img alt="Temperature profile for spacecraft in Fahrenheit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mercury-spacecraft-temperature-profile.png/330px-Mercury-spacecraft-temperature-profile.png" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mercury-spacecraft-temperature-profile.png/500px-Mercury-spacecraft-temperature-profile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mercury-spacecraft-temperature-profile.png/960px-Mercury-spacecraft-temperature-profile.png 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="779" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Temperature profile for spacecraft in <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a></div> </li> </ul> <dl><dt>Control panels and handle</dt></dl> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Control_panels_mercury_atlas_6.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The control panels of Friendship 7.[91] The panels changed between flights, among others the periscope screen that dominates the center of these panels was dropped for the final flight together with the periscope itself."><img alt="The control panels of Friendship 7.[91] The panels changed between flights, among others the periscope screen that dominates the center of these panels was dropped for the final flight together with the periscope itself." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Control_panels_mercury_atlas_6.png/271px-Control_panels_mercury_atlas_6.png" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Control_panels_mercury_atlas_6.png/406px-Control_panels_mercury_atlas_6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Control_panels_mercury_atlas_6.png/541px-Control_panels_mercury_atlas_6.png 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="865" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The control panels of <i>Friendship 7</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnknown19628_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnknown19628-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The panels changed between flights, among others the periscope screen that dominates the center of these panels was dropped for the final flight together with the periscope itself.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Three-axis_hand_controller_mercury_project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="3-axis handle for attitude control"><img alt="3-axis handle for attitude control" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Three-axis_hand_controller_mercury_project.jpg/160px-Three-axis_hand_controller_mercury_project.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Three-axis_hand_controller_mercury_project.jpg/241px-Three-axis_hand_controller_mercury_project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Three-axis_hand_controller_mercury_project.jpg/321px-Three-axis_hand_controller_mercury_project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="915" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">3-axis handle for attitude control</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_and_production">Development and production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Development and production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Technicians_working_in_the_McDonnell_White_Room_on_the_Mercury-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Technicians_working_in_the_McDonnell_White_Room_on_the_Mercury-crop.jpg/170px-Technicians_working_in_the_McDonnell_White_Room_on_the_Mercury-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Technicians_working_in_the_McDonnell_White_Room_on_the_Mercury-crop.jpg/255px-Technicians_working_in_the_McDonnell_White_Room_on_the_Mercury-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Technicians_working_in_the_McDonnell_White_Room_on_the_Mercury-crop.jpg/340px-Technicians_working_in_the_McDonnell_White_Room_on_the_Mercury-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1901" data-file-height="2487" /></a><figcaption>Spacecraft production in clean room at <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Aircraft">McDonnell Aircraft</a>, St. Louis, 1960</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mercury spacecraft design was modified three times by NASA between 1958 and 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001152_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001152-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After bidding by potential contractors had been completed, NASA selected the design submitted as "C" in November 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001153_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001153-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After it failed a test flight in July 1959, a final configuration, "D", emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001159_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001159-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heat shield shape had been developed earlier in the 1950s through experiments with ballistic missiles, which had shown a blunt profile would create a shock wave that would lead most of the heat around the spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001149_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001149-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To further protect against heat, either a <a href="/wiki/Heat_sink" title="Heat sink">heat sink</a>, or an ablative material, could be added to the shield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196663_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196663-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heat sink would remove heat by the flow of the air inside the shock wave, whereas the ablative heat shield would remove heat by a controlled evaporation of the ablative material.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196664_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196664-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After uncrewed tests, the latter was chosen for crewed flights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966206_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966206-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from the capsule design, a <a href="/wiki/Rocket_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket plane">rocket plane</a> similar to the existing <a href="/wiki/X-15" class="mw-redirect" title="X-15">X-15</a> was considered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196678–80_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196678–80-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach was still too far from being able to make a spaceflight, and was consequently dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196672_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196672-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heat shield and the stability of the spacecraft were tested in <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_wind_tunnel" title="Supersonic wind tunnel">wind tunnels</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196688_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196688-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later in flight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001229_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001229-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The launch escape system was developed through uncrewed flights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001196_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001196-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a period of problems with development of the landing parachutes, alternative landing systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Rogallo_wing" title="Rogallo wing">Rogallo glider wing</a> were considered, but ultimately scrapped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966198_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966198-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spacecraft were produced at <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Aircraft">McDonnell Aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a>, Missouri, in clean rooms and tested in vacuum chambers at the McDonnell plant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132,_159_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132,_159-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spacecraft had close to 600 subcontractors, such as <a href="/wiki/Garrett_AiResearch" title="Garrett AiResearch">Garrett AiResearch</a> which built the spacecraft's environmental control system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966137_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966137-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001138_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001138-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Final quality control and preparations of the spacecraft were made at Hangar S at Cape Canaveral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001184–188_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001184–188-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA ordered 20 production spacecraft, numbered 1 through 20.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966137_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966137-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five of the 20, Nos. 10, 12, 15, 17, and 19, were not flown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963235–238_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963235–238-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spacecraft No. 3 and No. 4 were destroyed during uncrewed test flights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963235–238_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963235–238-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spacecraft No. 11 sank and was recovered from the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean after 38 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963235–238_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963235–238-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001402–405_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001402–405-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some spacecraft were modified after initial production (refurbished after launch abort, modified for longer missions, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of Mercury <a href="/wiki/Boilerplate_(spaceflight)" title="Boilerplate (spaceflight)">boilerplate spacecraft</a> (made from non-flight materials or lacking production spacecraft systems) were also made by NASA and McDonnell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966126_&_138_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966126_&_138-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were designed and used to test spacecraft recovery systems and the escape tower.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196696,_105_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196696,_105-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McDonnell also built the spacecraft simulators used by the astronauts during training,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001107_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001107-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adopted the motto "First Free Man in Space".<sup id="cite_ref-logo_history_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logo_history-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heatshield-test3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shadowgraph of the reentry shock wave simulated in a wind tunnel, 1957"><img alt="Shadowgraph of the reentry shock wave simulated in a wind tunnel, 1957" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heatshield-test3.jpg/250px-Heatshield-test3.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heatshield-test3.jpg/330px-Heatshield-test3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heatshield-test3.jpg/500px-Heatshield-test3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="847" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shadowgraph" title="Shadowgraph">Shadowgraph</a> of the reentry <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock wave</a> simulated in a <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_wind_tunnel" title="Supersonic wind tunnel">wind tunnel</a>, 1957</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury-design.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Evolution of capsule design, 1958–59"><img alt="Evolution of capsule design, 1958–59" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mercury-design.png/500px-Mercury-design.png" decoding="async" width="249" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mercury-design.png/960px-Mercury-design.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Evolution of capsule design, 1958–59</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_Space_Capsule-wind-tunnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Experiment with boilerplate spacecraft, 1959"><img alt="Experiment with boilerplate spacecraft, 1959" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mercury_Space_Capsule-wind-tunnel.jpg/250px-Mercury_Space_Capsule-wind-tunnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mercury_Space_Capsule-wind-tunnel.jpg/500px-Mercury_Space_Capsule-wind-tunnel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2570" data-file-height="1925" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Experiment with boilerplate spacecraft, 1959</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:solid 1px #aaa;background:#F9F9F9;padding-left:10px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><div class="center">Development of Earth landing system</div></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury-project-earth-landing-system-test.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Drop of boilerplate spacecraft in training of landing and recovery. 56 such qualification tests were made together with tests of individual steps of the system.[44]"><img alt="Drop of boilerplate spacecraft in training of landing and recovery. 56 such qualification tests were made together with tests of individual steps of the system.[44]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mercury-project-earth-landing-system-test.png/235px-Mercury-project-earth-landing-system-test.png" decoding="async" width="157" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mercury-project-earth-landing-system-test.png/353px-Mercury-project-earth-landing-system-test.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mercury-project-earth-landing-system-test.png/470px-Mercury-project-earth-landing-system-test.png 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1139" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drop of boilerplate spacecraft in training of landing and recovery. 56 such qualification tests were made together with tests of individual steps of the system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001172–173_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001172–173-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_vehicles">Launch vehicles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Launch vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury-launch-vehicles.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mercury-launch-vehicles.png/330px-Mercury-launch-vehicles.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mercury-launch-vehicles.png/500px-Mercury-launch-vehicles.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mercury-launch-vehicles.png/960px-Mercury-launch-vehicles.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1534" /></a><figcaption>Launch vehicles: 1. Mercury-Atlas (orbital flights). 2. Mercury-Redstone (suborbital flights). 3. Little Joe (uncrewed tests)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_escape_system_testing">Launch escape system testing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Launch escape system testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 55-foot-long (17 m) launch vehicle called <a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_(rocket)" title="Little Joe (rocket)">Little Joe</a> was used for uncrewed tests of the launch escape system, using a Mercury capsule with an escape tower mounted on it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001197_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001197-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966638_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966638-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its main purpose was to test the system at <a href="/wiki/Max_q" title="Max q">max q</a>, when aerodynamic forces against the spacecraft peaked, making separation of the launch vehicle and spacecraft most difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001223_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001223-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also the point at which the astronaut was subjected to the heaviest vibrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001284_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001284-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Little Joe rocket used <a href="/wiki/Solid-fuel_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-fuel rocket">solid-fuel</a> propellant and was originally designed in 1958 by NACA for suborbital crewed flights, but was redesigned for Project Mercury to simulate an Atlas-D launch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001196_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001196-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was produced by <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001197_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001197-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not able to change direction; instead its flight depended on the angle from which it was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001198_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001198-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its maximum altitude was 100 mi (160 km) fully loaded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966125_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966125-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Scout_1" title="Mercury-Scout 1">Scout launch vehicle</a> was used for a single flight intended to evaluate the tracking network; however, it failed and was <a href="/wiki/Range_safety" title="Range safety">destroyed from the ground</a> shortly after launch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966392–397_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966392–397-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suborbital_flight">Suborbital flight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Suborbital flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:357px;max-width:357px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chimpanzee_Ham_in_Biopack_Couch_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chimpanzee_Ham_in_Biopack_Couch_-_cropped.jpg/250px-Chimpanzee_Ham_in_Biopack_Couch_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chimpanzee_Ham_in_Biopack_Couch_-_cropped.jpg/330px-Chimpanzee_Ham_in_Biopack_Couch_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chimpanzee_Ham_in_Biopack_Couch_-_cropped.jpg/500px-Chimpanzee_Ham_in_Biopack_Couch_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury-Atlas_5_Enos_with_handler_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mercury-Atlas_5_Enos_with_handler_%28cropped%29.jpg/139px-Mercury-Atlas_5_Enos_with_handler_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mercury-Atlas_5_Enos_with_handler_%28cropped%29.jpg/209px-Mercury-Atlas_5_Enos_with_handler_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mercury-Atlas_5_Enos_with_handler_%28cropped%29.jpg/278px-Mercury-Atlas_5_Enos_with_handler_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1653" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Space pioneers <a href="/wiki/Ham_(chimpanzee)" title="Ham (chimpanzee)">Ham</a> (left), who became the first <a href="/wiki/Great_ape" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape">great ape</a> in space during his <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_2" title="Mercury-Redstone 2">January 31, 1961, mission</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enos_(chimpanzee)" title="Enos (chimpanzee)">Enos</a>, the only chimpanzee and third primate to orbit the Earth (<a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_5" title="Mercury-Atlas 5">November 29, 1961</a>), were research subjects in the Project Mercury program.</div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle">Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle</a> was an 83-foot-tall (25 m) (with capsule and escape system) single-stage launch vehicle used for suborbital (<a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic</a>) flights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001206_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001206-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a liquid-fueled engine that burned alcohol and liquid oxygen producing about 75,000 pounds-force (330 kN) of thrust, which was not enough for orbital missions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001206_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001206-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a descendant of the German <a href="/wiki/V-2_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2 (rocket)">V-2</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196621_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196621-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and developed for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> during the early 1950s. It was modified for Project Mercury by removing the warhead and adding a collar for supporting the spacecraft together with material for damping vibrations during launch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001207_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001207-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its rocket motor was produced by <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a> and its direction could be altered during flight by its fins. They worked in two ways: by directing the air around them, or by directing the thrust by their inner parts (or both at the same time).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196621_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196621-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Atlas-D and Redstone launch vehicles contained an automatic abort sensing system which allowed them to abort a launch by firing the launch escape system if something went wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001209,_214_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001209,_214-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury-Jupiter">Jupiter</a> rocket, also developed by <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>'s team at the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, was considered as well for intermediate Mercury suborbital flights at a higher speed and altitude than Redstone, but this plan was dropped when it turned out that man-rating Jupiter for the Mercury program would actually cost more than flying an Atlas due to economics of scale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966151_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966151-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood196369_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood196369-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jupiter's only use other than as a missile system was for the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Juno_II" title="Juno II">Juno II</a> launch vehicle, and keeping a full staff of technical personnel around solely to fly a few Mercury capsules would result in excessively high costs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbital_flight">Orbital flight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Orbital flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orbital missions required use of the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">Atlas LV-3B</a>, a man-rated version of the <a href="/wiki/SM-65D_Atlas" title="SM-65D Atlas">Atlas D</a> which was originally developed as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>' first operational <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001211_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001211-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Convair" title="Convair">Convair</a> for the Air Force during the mid-1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196622_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196622-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Atlas was a "one-and-one-half-stage" rocket fueled by <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> and liquid <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (LOX).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001211_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001211-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rocket by itself stood 67 feet (20 m) high; total height of the Atlas-Mercury space vehicle at launch was 95 feet (29 m).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001212_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001212-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Atlas first stage was a booster skirt with two engines burning liquid fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001225,_250_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001225,_250-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, together with the larger sustainer second stage, gave it sufficient power to launch a Mercury spacecraft into orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001211_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001211-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both stages fired from lift-off with the thrust from the second stage sustainer engine passing through an opening in the first stage. After separation from the first stage, the sustainer stage continued alone. The sustainer also steered the rocket by thrusters guided by gyroscopes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001458–459_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001458–459-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller vernier rockets were added on its sides for precise control of maneuvers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001211_141-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001211-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Joe_5B_capsule_mating.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Little Joe assembling at Wallops Island"><img alt="Little Joe assembling at Wallops Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Little_Joe_5B_capsule_mating.jpg/250px-Little_Joe_5B_capsule_mating.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Little_Joe_5B_capsule_mating.jpg/330px-Little_Joe_5B_capsule_mating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3460" data-file-height="4396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Little Joe assembling at Wallops Island</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 141.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 139.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury-Redstone_4_booster_erectionWB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Erection of Redstone at Launch Complex 5"><img alt="Erection of Redstone at Launch Complex 5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mercury-Redstone_4_booster_erectionWB.jpg/209px-Mercury-Redstone_4_booster_erectionWB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mercury-Redstone_4_booster_erectionWB.jpg/313px-Mercury-Redstone_4_booster_erectionWB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mercury-Redstone_4_booster_erectionWB.jpg/418px-Mercury-Redstone_4_booster_erectionWB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="2087" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Erection of Redstone at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 5">Launch Complex 5</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unloading_Atlas_Launch_Vehicle_-_GPN-2003-00041.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unloading Atlas at Cape Canaveral"><img alt="Unloading Atlas at Cape Canaveral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Unloading_Atlas_Launch_Vehicle_-_GPN-2003-00041.jpg/250px-Unloading_Atlas_Launch_Vehicle_-_GPN-2003-00041.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Unloading_Atlas_Launch_Vehicle_-_GPN-2003-00041.jpg/500px-Unloading_Atlas_Launch_Vehicle_-_GPN-2003-00041.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2578" data-file-height="2017" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Unloading Atlas at Cape Canaveral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Launch_Complex_14-MA-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlas - with spacecraft mounted - on launch pad at Launch Complex 14"><img alt="Atlas - with spacecraft mounted - on launch pad at Launch Complex 14" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Launch_Complex_14-MA-9.jpg/224px-Launch_Complex_14-MA-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Launch_Complex_14-MA-9.jpg/335px-Launch_Complex_14-MA-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Launch_Complex_14-MA-9.jpg/447px-Launch_Complex_14-MA-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="955" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Atlas - with spacecraft mounted - on launch pad at Launch Complex 14</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astronauts">Astronauts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Astronauts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Project_Mercury-Mercury_Seven-Astronauts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Project_Mercury-Mercury_Seven-Astronauts.jpg/330px-Project_Mercury-Mercury_Seven-Astronauts.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Project_Mercury-Mercury_Seven-Astronauts.jpg/500px-Project_Mercury-Mercury_Seven-Astronauts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Project_Mercury-Mercury_Seven-Astronauts.jpg/960px-Project_Mercury-Mercury_Seven-Astronauts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2105" /></a><figcaption>Left to right: <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Grissom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Shepard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Carpenter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Schirra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Slayton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">Glenn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Cooper</a>, 1962</figcaption></figure> <p>NASA announced the following seven astronauts – known as the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury Seven</a> – on April 9, 1959:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966164_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966164-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Launch </th> <th>Rank </th> <th>Unit </th> <th>Born </th> <th>Died </th></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Carpenter, Scott"><a href="/wiki/M._Scott_Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Scott Carpenter">M. Scott Carpenter</a> </td> <td>1962/5/24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">Lieutenant</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">USN</a> </td> <td>1925 </td> <td>2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Cooper, Gordon"><a href="/wiki/L._Gordon_Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Gordon Cooper">L. Gordon Cooper</a> </td> <td>1963/5/15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> </td> <td>1927 </td> <td>2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Glenn, John"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Glenn,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Glenn, Jr.">John H. Glenn, Jr.</a> </td> <td>1962/2/20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Major</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">USMC</a> </td> <td>1921 </td> <td>2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Grissom, Gus"><a href="/wiki/Virgil_I._Grissom" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgil I. Grissom">Virgil I. Grissom</a> </td> <td>1961/7/21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a> </td> <td>USAF </td> <td>1926 </td> <td>1967 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Schirra, Wally"><a href="/wiki/Walter_M._Schirra,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Walter M. Schirra, Jr.">Walter M. Schirra, Jr.</a> </td> <td>1962/10/3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant commander (United States)">Lt Commander</a> </td> <td>USN </td> <td>1923 </td> <td>2007 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Shepard, Alan"><a href="/wiki/Alan_B._Shepard,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Alan B. Shepard, Jr.">Alan B. Shepard, Jr.</a> </td> <td>1961/5/5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant commander (United States)">Lt Commander</a> </td> <td>USN </td> <td>1923 </td> <td>1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Slayton, Deke"><a href="/wiki/Donald_K._Slayton" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald K. Slayton">Donald K. Slayton</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Major</a> </td> <td>USAF </td> <td>1924 </td> <td>1993 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Alan Shepard became the first American in space by making a suborbital flight on May 5, 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966341_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966341-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury-Redstone 3</a>, Shepard's 15 minute and 28 second flight of the <i>Freedom 7</i> capsule demonstrated the ability to withstand the high <a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g-forces</a> of launch and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric re-entry</a>. Shepard later went on to fly in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> and became the only Mercury astronaut to walk on the Moon on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001445_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001445-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a> became the second American in space on <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4">Mercury-Redstone 4</a> on July 21, 1961. After the splashdown of <i>Liberty Bell 7</i>, the side hatch opened and caused the capsule to sink although Grissom was able to be safely recovered. His flight also gave NASA the confidence to move on to orbital flights. Grissom went on to participate in the Gemini and Apollo programs, but died in January 1967 during a pre-launch test for <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001442_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001442-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth on <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a> February 20, 1962. During the flight, the spacecraft <i>Friendship 7</i> experienced issues with its automatic control system but Glenn was able to manually control the spacecraft's attitude. He quit NASA in 1964, when he came to the conclusion that he likely would not be selected for any Apollo missions, and was later elected to the US Senate, serving from 1974 to 1999. During his tenure, he returned to space in 1998 as a Payload Specialist aboard <a href="/wiki/STS-95" title="STS-95">STS-95</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001440,_441_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001440,_441-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scott Carpenter was the second astronaut in orbit and flew on <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_7" title="Mercury-Atlas 7">Mercury-Atlas 7</a> on May 24, 1962. The spaceflight was essentially a repeat of Mercury-Atlas 6, but a targeting error during re-entry took <i>Aurora 7</i> 250 miles (400 km) off-course, delaying recovery. Afterwards, he joined the Navy's "Man in the Sea" program and is the only American to be both an <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">aquanaut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001446–447_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001446–447-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carpenter's Mercury flight was his only trip into space. </p><p>Wally Schirra flew aboard <i>Sigma 7</i> on <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_8" title="Mercury-Atlas 8">Mercury-Atlas 8</a> on October 3, 1962. The mission's main goal was to show development of environmental controls or life-support systems that would allow for safety in space, thus being a flight mainly focused on technical evaluation, rather than scientific experimentation. The mission lasted 9 hours and 13 minutes, setting a new U.S. flight duration record.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1965, Schirra flew on <a href="/wiki/Gemini_6A" title="Gemini 6A">Gemini 6A</a>, achieving the first ever <a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">space rendezvous</a> with sister spacecraft <a href="/wiki/Gemini_7" title="Gemini 7">Gemini 7</a>. Three years later, he commanded the first crewed Apollo mission, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a>, becoming the first astronaut to fly three times and the only person to fly in the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs. </p><p>Gordon Cooper made the last flight of Project Mercury with <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_9" title="Mercury-Atlas 9">Mercury-Atlas 9</a> on May 15, 1963. His flight onboard <i>Faith 7</i> set another U.S. endurance record with a 34-hour and 19 minute flight duration, and 22 completed orbits. This mission marks the last time an American was launched alone to conduct an entirely solo orbital mission. Cooper later went on to participate in <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a> where he once again beat the endurance record during <a href="/wiki/Gemini_5" title="Gemini 5">Gemini 5</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640–641_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640–641-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deke Slayton was grounded in 1962 due to a heart condition, but remained with NASA and was appointed senior manager of the Astronaut Office and later additionally assistant director of Flight Crew Operations at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a>. On March 13, 1972, after doctors confirmed he no longer had a coronary condition, Slayton returned to flight status and the next year was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo–Soyuz Test Project">Apollo–Soyuz Test Project</a>, which successfully flew in 1975 with Slayton as the docking module pilot. After the ASTP, he managed the Space Shuttle Program's <a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">Approach and Landing Tests</a> (ALT) and Orbital Flight Tests (OFT) before retiring from NASA in 1982. </p><p>One of the astronauts' tasks was publicity; they gave interviews to the press and visited project manufacturing facilities to speak with those who worked on Project Mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200199_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200199-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The press was especially fond of John Glenn, who was considered the best speaker of the seven.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200196_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200196-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They sold their personal stories to <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)"><i>Life</i></a> magazine which portrayed them as 'patriotic, God-fearing family men.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001100_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001100-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Life</i> was also allowed to be at home with the families while the astronauts were in space.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001100_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001100-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the project, Grissom, Carpenter, Cooper, Schirra and Slayton stayed with their families at or near Langley Air Force Base; Glenn lived at the base and visited his family in Washington DC on weekends. Shepard lived with his family at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Oceana" title="Naval Air Station Oceana">Naval Air Station Oceana</a> in Virginia. </p><p>Other than Grissom, who was killed in the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> fire, the other six survived past retirement and died between 1993 and 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200197_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200197-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:solid 1px #aaa;background:#F9F9F9;padding-left:10px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><div class="center">Astronauts' assignments</div></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 262.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AstronautAssignmentsChart-Mercury7.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury 7 astronaut assignments. Schirra had the most flights with three; Glenn, though being the first to leave NASA, had the last with a Space Shuttle mission in 1998.[154] Shepard was the only one to walk on the Moon."><img alt="Mercury 7 astronaut assignments. Schirra had the most flights with three; Glenn, though being the first to leave NASA, had the last with a Space Shuttle mission in 1998.[154] Shepard was the only one to walk on the Moon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/AstronautAssignmentsChart-Mercury7.PNG/391px-AstronautAssignmentsChart-Mercury7.PNG" decoding="async" width="261" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/AstronautAssignmentsChart-Mercury7.PNG/586px-AstronautAssignmentsChart-Mercury7.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/AstronautAssignmentsChart-Mercury7.PNG/781px-AstronautAssignmentsChart-Mercury7.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="662" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mercury 7 astronaut assignments. Schirra had the most flights with three; Glenn, though being the first to leave NASA, had the last with a <a href="/wiki/STS-95" title="STS-95">Space Shuttle mission</a> in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-Glenn1998_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glenn1998-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shepard was the only one to walk on the Moon.</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection_and_training">Selection and training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Selection and training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to Project Mercury, there was no protocol for selecting astronauts, so NASA would set a far-reaching precedent with both their selection process and initial choices for astronauts. At the end of 1958, various ideas for the selection pool were discussed privately within the national government and the civilian space program, and also among the public at large. Initially, there was the idea to issue a widespread public call to volunteers. Thrill-seekers such as rock climbers and acrobats would have been allowed to apply, but this idea was quickly shot down by NASA officials who understood that an undertaking such as space flight required individuals with professional training and education in flight engineering. By late 1958, NASA officials decided to move forward with test pilots being the heart of their selection pool.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On President Eisenhower's insistence, the group was further narrowed down to active duty military <a href="/wiki/Test_pilot" title="Test pilot">test pilots</a>, which set the number of candidates at 508.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966160–161_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966160–161-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These candidates were <a href="/wiki/USN" class="mw-redirect" title="USN">USN</a> or <a href="/wiki/USMC" class="mw-redirect" title="USMC">USMC</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval Aviator">naval aviation pilots</a> (NAPs), or <a href="/wiki/USAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAF">USAF</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_aeronautical_rating#USAF_rating_requirements" title="U.S. Air Force aeronautical rating">pilots of Senior or Command rating</a>. These aviators had long military records, which would give NASA officials more background information on which to base their decisions. Furthermore, these aviators were skilled in flying the most advanced aircraft to date, giving them the best qualifications for the new position of astronaut.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, women were banned from flying in the military and so could not successfully qualify as test pilots. This meant that no female candidates could earn consideration for the title of astronaut. Civilian NASA <a href="/wiki/X-15" class="mw-redirect" title="X-15">X-15</a> pilot <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> was also disqualified, though he had been selected by the US Air Force in 1958 for its <a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Man in Space Soonest</a> program, which was replaced by Mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005173_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005173-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Armstrong had been a combat-experienced NAP during the Korean War, he left active duty in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armstrong became NASA's first civilian astronaut in 1962 when he was selected for NASA's second group,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005201–202_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005201–202-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">became the first man on the Moon</a> in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson200917_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson200917-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was further stipulated that candidates should be between 25 and 40 years old, no taller than 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m), and hold a college degree in a <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics" title="Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics">STEM</a> subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The college degree requirement excluded the USAF's <a href="/wiki/Bell_X-1" title="Bell X-1">X-1</a> pilot, then-Lt Col (later Brig Gen) <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Yeager" title="Chuck Yeager">Chuck Yeager</a>, the first person to exceed the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">speed of sound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192–93_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192–93-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later became a critic of the project, ridiculing the civilian space program, labeling astronauts as "spam in a can."<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Glenn did not have a college degree either, but used influential friends to make the selection committee accept him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001440_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001440-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> USAF Capt. (later Col.) <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kittinger" title="Joseph Kittinger">Joseph Kittinger</a>, a USAF fighter pilot and stratosphere balloonist, met all the requirements but preferred to stay in his contemporary project.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192–93_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192–93-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other potential candidates declined because they did not believe that human spaceflight had a future beyond Project Mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192–93_173-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192–93-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the original 508, 110 candidates were selected for an interview, and from the interviews, 32 were selected for further physical and mental testing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200193_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200193-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their health, vision, and hearing were examined, together with their tolerance to noise, vibrations, g-forces, personal isolation, and heat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200198_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200198-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a special chamber, they were tested to see if they could perform their tasks under confusing conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200198_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200198-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The candidates had to answer more than 500 questions about themselves and describe what they saw in different images.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200198_179-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200198-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Navy Lt (later Capt) <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a>, who was later an astronaut in the <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo programs</a>, did not pass the physical tests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192–93_173-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192–93-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After these tests it was intended to narrow the group down to six astronauts, but in the end it was decided to keep seven.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200194_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200194-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The astronauts went through a training program covering some of the same exercises that were used in their selection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001103–110_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001103–110-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They simulated the g-force profiles of launch and reentry in a centrifuge at the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Development_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Air Development Center">Naval Air Development Center</a>, and were taught special breathing techniques necessary when subjected to more than 6 g.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001104_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001104-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weightlessness training took place in aircraft, first on the rear seat of a two-seater fighter and later inside converted and padded <a href="/wiki/Cargo_aircraft" title="Cargo aircraft">cargo aircraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001105_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001105-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They practiced gaining control of a spinning spacecraft in a machine at the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Flight_Propulsion_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory">Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory</a> called the Multi-Axis Spin-Test Inertia Facility (MASTIF), by using an <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude controller</a> handle simulating the one in the spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further measure for finding the right attitude in orbit was star and Earth recognition training in planetaria and simulators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001105,_109_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001105,_109-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communication and flight procedures were practiced in flight simulators, first together with a single person assisting them and later with the <a href="/wiki/Mission_Control_Center_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Control Center (NASA)">Mission Control Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001111_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001111-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recovery was practiced in pools at <a href="/wiki/Langley_Air_Force_Base" title="Langley Air Force Base">Langley</a>, and later at sea with frogmen and helicopter crews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966346_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966346-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astronaut_Walter_M._Schirra_Prepares_to_Test_Gravitational_Stress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="G-force training, Johnsville, 1960"><img alt="G-force training, Johnsville, 1960" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astronaut_Walter_M._Schirra_Prepares_to_Test_Gravitational_Stress.jpg/236px-Astronaut_Walter_M._Schirra_Prepares_to_Test_Gravitational_Stress.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astronaut_Walter_M._Schirra_Prepares_to_Test_Gravitational_Stress.jpg/354px-Astronaut_Walter_M._Schirra_Prepares_to_Test_Gravitational_Stress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astronaut_Walter_M._Schirra_Prepares_to_Test_Gravitational_Stress.jpg/471px-Astronaut_Walter_M._Schirra_Prepares_to_Test_Gravitational_Stress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4669" data-file-height="3567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">G-force training, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center_Warminster" title="Naval Air Warfare Center Warminster">Johnsville</a>, 1960</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_Astronauts_in_Weightless_Flight_on_C-131_Aircraft_-_GPN-2002-000039.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Weightlessness simulation in a C-131"><img alt="Weightlessness simulation in a C-131" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mercury_Astronauts_in_Weightless_Flight_on_C-131_Aircraft_-_GPN-2002-000039.jpg/250px-Mercury_Astronauts_in_Weightless_Flight_on_C-131_Aircraft_-_GPN-2002-000039.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mercury_Astronauts_in_Weightless_Flight_on_C-131_Aircraft_-_GPN-2002-000039.jpg/500px-Mercury_Astronauts_in_Weightless_Flight_on_C-131_Aircraft_-_GPN-2002-000039.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2671" data-file-height="1928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Weightlessness simulation in a <a href="/wiki/C-131" class="mw-redirect" title="C-131">C-131</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Project_Mercury_AWT_Gimbaling_Rig_close.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MASTIF at Lewis Research Center"><img alt="MASTIF at Lewis Research Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Project_Mercury_AWT_Gimbaling_Rig_close.jpg/250px-Project_Mercury_AWT_Gimbaling_Rig_close.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Project_Mercury_AWT_Gimbaling_Rig_close.jpg/500px-Project_Mercury_AWT_Gimbaling_Rig_close.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="1447" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">MASTIF at <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center" title="Glenn Research Center">Lewis Research Center</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shepard_in_trainer_before_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flight trainer at Cape Canaveral"><img alt="Flight trainer at Cape Canaveral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Shepard_in_trainer_before_launch.jpg/250px-Shepard_in_trainer_before_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Shepard_in_trainer_before_launch.jpg/330px-Shepard_in_trainer_before_launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2413" data-file-height="2907" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flight trainer at Cape Canaveral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:B60_285b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Egress training at Langley"><img alt="Egress training at Langley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/B60_285b.jpg/250px-B60_285b.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/B60_285b.jpg/500px-B60_285b.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Egress training at <a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley</a></div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_profile">Mission profile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mission profile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suborbital_missions">Suborbital missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Suborbital missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr3-flight-timeline-simple-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mr3-flight-timeline-simple-2.png/260px-Mr3-flight-timeline-simple-2.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mr3-flight-timeline-simple-2.png/390px-Mr3-flight-timeline-simple-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mr3-flight-timeline-simple-2.png/520px-Mr3-flight-timeline-simple-2.png 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Profile. See timetable for explanation. Dashed line: region of weightlessness.</figcaption></figure> <p>A Redstone rocket was used to boost the capsule for 2 minutes and 30 seconds to an altitude of 32 nautical miles (59 km); the capsule continued ascending on a ballistic curve after booster separation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnknown1961a7_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnknown1961a7-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001208,_250_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001208,_250-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The launch escape system was jettisoned at the same time. At the top of the curve, the spacecraft's retrorockets were fired for testing purposes; they were not necessary for reentry because orbital speed had not been attained. The spacecraft landed in the Atlantic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001250,_308_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001250,_308-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suborbital mission took about 15 minutes, had an apogee altitude of 102–103 nautical miles (189–191 km), and a downrange distance of 262 nautical miles (485 km).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640–641_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640–641-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001475_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001475-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the time of booster-spacecraft separation until reentry where air started to slow down the spacecraft, the pilot would experience weightlessness as shown on the image.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recovery procedure would be the same as an orbital mission.[AS] </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Timetable (mm:ss) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">0:00</td> <td>Launch </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">2:22</td> <td>Launch vehicle cut-off and tower separation </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">2:32</td> <td>Spacecraft separation </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">2:37</td> <td>Turnaround </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">5:14</td> <td>Retrofire </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">6:14</td> <td>Retropack jettisoned </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">7:48</td> <td>Reentry </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">9:38</td> <td>Drogue deployed </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">10:15</td> <td>Main chute deployed </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">15:22</td> <td>Landing </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbital_missions">Orbital missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Orbital missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Launch-complex-14.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Launch-complex-14.png/260px-Launch-complex-14.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Launch-complex-14.png/390px-Launch-complex-14.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Launch-complex-14.png/520px-Launch-complex-14.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Launch Complex 14 just before launch (service tower rolled aside). Preparations for launch were made in the blockhouse.</figcaption></figure> <p>Preparations for a mission started a month in advance with the selection of the primary and back-up astronaut; they would practice together for the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001110_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001110-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For three days prior to launch, the astronaut went through a special diet to minimize his need for <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">defecating</a> during the flight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001278_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001278-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the morning of the trip he typically ate a steak breakfast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001278_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001278-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After having sensors applied to his body and being dressed in the pressure suit, he started breathing pure oxygen to prepare him for the atmosphere of the spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001280_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001280-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He arrived at the launch pad, took the elevator up the launch tower and entered the spacecraft two hours before launch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001188_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001188-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the astronaut was secured inside, the hatch was bolted, the launch area evacuated and the mobile tower rolled back.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001281_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001281-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, the launch vehicle was filled with liquid oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001281_198-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001281-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire procedure of preparing for launch and launching the spacecraft followed a time table called the countdown. It started a day in advance with a pre-count, in which all systems of the launch vehicle and spacecraft were checked. After that followed a 15-hour hold, during which pyrotechnics were installed. Then came the main countdown which for orbital flights started 6½ hours before launch (T – 390 min), counted backwards to launch (T = 0) and then forward until orbital insertion (T + 5 min).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001188_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001188-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vol-Atlas-Mercury.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Vol-Atlas-Mercury.png/200px-Vol-Atlas-Mercury.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Vol-Atlas-Mercury.png/300px-Vol-Atlas-Mercury.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Vol-Atlas-Mercury.png/400px-Vol-Atlas-Mercury.png 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption>Launch and reentry profiles: A-C: launch; D: orbital insertion; E-K: reentry and landing</figcaption></figure> <p>On an orbital mission, the Atlas' rocket engines were ignited four seconds before lift-off. The launch vehicle was held to the ground by clamps and then released when sufficient thrust was built up at lift-off (<b>A</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001188,_242_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001188,_242-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 30 seconds of flight, the point of maximum <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_pressure" title="Dynamic pressure">dynamic pressure</a> against the vehicle was reached, at which the astronaut felt heavy vibrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001340_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001340-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 2 minutes and 10 seconds, the two outboard booster engines shut down and were released with the aft skirt, leaving the center sustainer engine running (<b>B</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001188_197-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001188-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, the launch escape system was no longer needed, and was separated from the spacecraft by its jettison rocket (<b>C</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The space vehicle moved gradually to a horizontal attitude until, at an altitude of 87 nautical miles (161 km), the sustainer engine shut down and the spacecraft was inserted into orbit (<b>D</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnknown196246_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnknown196246-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This happened after 5 minutes and 10 seconds in a direction pointing east, whereby the spacecraft would gain speed from the rotation of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001188,_460_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001188,_460-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here the spacecraft fired the three posigrade rockets for a second to separate it from the launch vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001133_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001133-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just before orbital insertion and sustainer engine cutoff, g-loads peaked at 8 g (6 g for a suborbital flight).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001340_203-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001340-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnknown196110_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnknown196110-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In orbit, the spacecraft automatically turned 180°, pointed the retropackage forward and its nose 14.5° downward and kept this attitude for the rest of the orbital phase to facilitate communication with the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966333_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966333-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001120_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001120-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once in orbit, it was not possible for the spacecraft to change its <a href="/wiki/Trajectory" title="Trajectory">trajectory</a> except by initiating reentry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001462_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001462-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each orbit would typically take 88 minutes to complete.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001324_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001324-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lowest point of the orbit, called <a href="/wiki/Perigee" class="mw-redirect" title="Perigee">perigee</a>, was at about 87 nautical miles (161 km) altitude, and the highest point, called <a href="/wiki/Apogee" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogee">apogee</a>, was about 150 nautical miles (280 km) altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001475_192-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001475-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When leaving orbit (<b>E</b>), the angle of retrofire was 34° downward from the flight path angle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966333_214-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966333-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retrorockets fired for 10 seconds each (<b>F</b>) in a sequence where one started 5 seconds after the other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001133_210-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001133-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnknown19619_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnknown19619-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During reentry (<b>G</b>), the astronaut would experience about 8 g (11–12 g on a suborbital mission).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966574_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966574-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temperature around the heat shield rose to 3,000 °F (1,600 °C) and at the same time, there was a two-minute radio blackout due to <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionization</a> of the air around the spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnknown19629_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnknown19629-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001134_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001134-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After reentry, a small, drogue parachute (<b>H</b>) was deployed at 21,000 ft (6,400 m) for stabilizing the spacecraft's descent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001147_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001147-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main parachute (<b>I</b>) was deployed at 10,000 ft (3,000 m) starting with a narrow opening that opened fully in a few seconds to lessen the strain on the lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966356_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966356-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just before hitting the water, the landing bag inflated from behind the heat shield to reduce the force of impact (<b>J</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966356_223-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966356-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon landing the parachutes were released.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An antenna (<b>K</b>) was raised and sent out signals that could be traced by ships and <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, a green marker dye was spread around the spacecraft to make its location more visible from the air.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frogmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frogmen">Frogmen</a> brought in by helicopters inflated a collar around the craft to keep it upright in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001166_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001166-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recovery helicopter hooked onto the spacecraft and the astronaut blew the escape hatch to exit the capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144–145_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144–145-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was then hoisted aboard the helicopter that finally brought both him and the spacecraft to the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_profile.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury crewed launches"><img alt="Mercury crewed launches" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mercury_profile.jpg/250px-Mercury_profile.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mercury_profile.jpg/330px-Mercury_profile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mercury_profile.jpg/500px-Mercury_profile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="694" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mercury crewed launches</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glenn62.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Glenn in orbit, 1962 (Mercury-Atlas 6)"><img alt="John Glenn in orbit, 1962 (Mercury-Atlas 6)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Glenn62.jpg/238px-Glenn62.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Glenn62.jpg/357px-Glenn62.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Glenn62.jpg/476px-Glenn62.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4524" data-file-height="3425" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a> in orbit, 1962 (Mercury-Atlas 6)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shepard_Hoisted_into_Recovery_Helicopter_-_GPN-2000-001361-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alan Shepard's 1961 recovery seen from helicopter (Mercury-Redstone 3)"><img alt="Alan Shepard's 1961 recovery seen from helicopter (Mercury-Redstone 3)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Shepard_Hoisted_into_Recovery_Helicopter_-_GPN-2000-001361-crop.jpg/250px-Shepard_Hoisted_into_Recovery_Helicopter_-_GPN-2000-001361-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Shepard_Hoisted_into_Recovery_Helicopter_-_GPN-2000-001361-crop.jpg/500px-Shepard_Hoisted_into_Recovery_Helicopter_-_GPN-2000-001361-crop.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="589" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a>'s 1961 recovery seen from helicopter (Mercury-Redstone 3)</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ground_control">Ground control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ground control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_Control_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A look inside the Mercury Control Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida. Dominated by the control board showing the position of the spacecraft above ground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mercury_Control_crop.jpg/250px-Mercury_Control_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mercury_Control_crop.jpg/330px-Mercury_Control_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mercury_Control_crop.jpg/500px-Mercury_Control_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>Inside Control Center at Cape Canaveral (Mercury-Atlas 8)</figcaption></figure> <p>The number of personnel supporting a Mercury mission was typically around 18,000, with about 15,000 people associated with recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966508_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966508-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnknown19623_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnknown19623-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the others followed the spacecraft from the World Wide Tracking Network, a chain of 18 stations placed around the equator, which was based on a network used for satellites and made ready in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001124,_461–462_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001124,_461–462-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It collected data from the spacecraft and provided two-way communication between the astronaut and the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001117_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001117-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each station had a range of 700 nautical miles (1,300 km) and a pass typically lasted 7 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001121,_126_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001121,_126-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mercury astronauts on the ground would take the role of Capsule Communicator, or CAPCOM, who communicated with the astronaut in orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966360_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966360-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966479_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966479-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data from the spacecraft were sent to the ground, processed at the Goddard Space Center by a redundant pair of transistorized <a href="/wiki/IBM_7090" title="IBM 7090">IBM 7090</a> computers<sup id="cite_ref-NASAComp8_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAComp8-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and relayed to the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a> at Cape Canaveral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001118_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001118-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Control Center, the data were displayed on boards on each side of a world map, which showed the position of the spacecraft, its <a href="/wiki/Ground_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground track">ground track</a> and the place it could land in an emergency within the next 30 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001120_215-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001120-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other computers associated with ground control for Mercury included a vacuum-tube-based <a href="/wiki/IBM_709" title="IBM 709">IBM 709</a> system in Cape Canaveral which determined whether a mid-launch abort might be needed and where an aborting capsule would land, another IBM 709 in Bermuda which served as backup for the two IBM 7090 transistor-based machines at Goddard, and a Burroughs-GE system which provided radio guidance for the Atlas during launch.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAComp8_239-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAComp8-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The World Wide Tracking Network went on to serve subsequent space programs, until it was replaced by a satellite relay system in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001409_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001409-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mission Control Center was moved from Cape Canaveral to <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200188_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200188-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:solid 1px #aaa;background:#F9F9F9;padding-left:10px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><div class="center">Tracking network</div></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_Tracking_Network_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ground track and tracking stations for Mercury-Atlas 8. Spacecraft starts from Cape Canaveral in Florida and moves east; each new orbit-track is displaced to the left due to the rotation of the Earth. It moves between latitudes 32.5° north and 32.5° south.[218] Key: 1–6: orbit number. Yellow: launch. Black dot: tracking station. Red: range of station; Blue: landing."><img alt="Ground track and tracking stations for Mercury-Atlas 8. Spacecraft starts from Cape Canaveral in Florida and moves east; each new orbit-track is displaced to the left due to the rotation of the Earth. It moves between latitudes 32.5° north and 32.5° south.[218] Key: 1–6: orbit number. Yellow: launch. Black dot: tracking station. Red: range of station; Blue: landing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mercury_Tracking_Network_2.png/307px-Mercury_Tracking_Network_2.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mercury_Tracking_Network_2.png/460px-Mercury_Tracking_Network_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mercury_Tracking_Network_2.png/613px-Mercury_Tracking_Network_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ground track and tracking stations for Mercury-Atlas 8. Spacecraft starts from Cape Canaveral in Florida and moves east; each new orbit-track is displaced to the left due to the rotation of the Earth. It moves between latitudes 32.5° north and 32.5° south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001128_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001128-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key: 1–6: orbit number. Yellow: launch. Black dot: tracking station. Red: range of station; Blue: landing.</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flights">Flights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Flights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float: right; position: relative;width:400px; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 2em;"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury-splash-down.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mercury-splash-down.png/500px-Mercury-splash-down.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mercury-splash-down.png/600px-Mercury-splash-down.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Mercury-splash-down.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>Project Mercury landing sites</figcaption></figure> <div style="position:absolute; left:274px; top:64px"><span style="color:gray;">/</span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:52px"><span style="background:white; color:gray; font-size:11px; padding-left:2px;">Cape Canaveral</span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:102px"><span style="color:gray;font-size:11px;">Hawaii</span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:284px; top:68px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_locator_23.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/City_locator_23.svg/10px-City_locator_23.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/City_locator_23.svg/15px-City_locator_23.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/City_locator_23.svg/20px-City_locator_23.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:238px; top:76px"><span style="font-size:11px;"><i>Freedom 7</i></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:286px; top:66px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_locator_23.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/City_locator_23.svg/10px-City_locator_23.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/City_locator_23.svg/15px-City_locator_23.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/City_locator_23.svg/20px-City_locator_23.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:296px; top:66px"><span style="font-size:11px;"><i>Liberty Bell 7</i></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:310px; top:86px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_locator_23.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/City_locator_23.svg/10px-City_locator_23.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/City_locator_23.svg/15px-City_locator_23.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/City_locator_23.svg/20px-City_locator_23.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:320px; top:82px"><span style="font-size:11px;"><i>Friendship 7</i></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:324px; top:92px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_locator_23.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/City_locator_23.svg/10px-City_locator_23.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/City_locator_23.svg/15px-City_locator_23.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/City_locator_23.svg/20px-City_locator_23.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:334px; top:94px"><span style="font-size:11px;"><i>Aurora 7</i></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:4px; top:70px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_locator_23.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/City_locator_23.svg/10px-City_locator_23.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/City_locator_23.svg/15px-City_locator_23.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/City_locator_23.svg/20px-City_locator_23.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:14px; top:70px"><span style="font-size:11px;"><i>Sigma 7</i></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:2px; top:82px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_locator_23.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/City_locator_23.svg/10px-City_locator_23.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/City_locator_23.svg/15px-City_locator_23.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/City_locator_23.svg/20px-City_locator_23.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:12px; top:84px"><span style="font-size:11px;"><i>Faith 7</i></span></div> </div> <p>On April 12, 1961, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Cosmonaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonaut">cosmonaut</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> became the first person in space on an orbital flight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966332_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966332-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alan Shepard became the first American in space on a suborbital flight three weeks later, on May 5, 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966341_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966341-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Glenn, the third Mercury astronaut to fly, became the first American to reach orbit on February 20, 1962, but only after the Soviets had launched a second cosmonaut, <a href="/wiki/Gherman_Titov" title="Gherman Titov">Gherman Titov</a>, into a day-long flight in August 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966377,_422_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966377,_422-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three more Mercury orbital flights were made, ending on May 16, 1963, with a day-long, 22 orbit flight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640–641_160-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640–641-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Soviet Union ended its <a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok program</a> the next month, with the human spaceflight endurance record set by the 82-orbit, almost 5-day <a href="/wiki/Vostok_5" title="Vostok 5">Vostok 5</a> flight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001476_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001476-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crewed">Crewed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Crewed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All of the six crewed Mercury flights were successful, though some planned flights were canceled during the project (see below).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640–641_160-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640–641-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main medical problems encountered were simple personal <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a>, and post-flight <a href="/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension" title="Orthostatic hypotension">symptoms of low blood pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966508_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966508-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The launch vehicles had been tested through uncrewed flights, therefore the numbering of crewed missions did not start with 1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966638–641_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966638–641-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, there were two separately numbered series: MR for "Mercury-Redstone" (suborbital flights), and MA for "Mercury-Atlas" (orbital flights). These names were not popularly used, since the astronauts followed a pilot tradition, each giving their spacecraft a name. They selected names ending with a "7" to commemorate the seven astronauts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spacecraft production numbers don't match the mission order, with some capsules being reserved as backup or used in tests.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Times given are <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">Coordinated Universal Time</a>, local time + 5 hours. MA = Mercury-Atlas, MR = Mercury-Redstone, LC = Launch Complex.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Mission </th> <th rowspan="2">Spacecraft No. </th> <th rowspan="2">Call-sign </th> <th rowspan="2">Pilot </th> <th colspan="2" class="unsortable">Launch </th> <th rowspan="2">Duration </th> <th rowspan="2">Orbits </th> <th rowspan="2">Apogee<br />mi (km) </th> <th rowspan="2">Perigee<br />mi (km) </th> <th rowspan="2">Max. velocity <br />mph (km/h) </th> <th rowspan="2">Miss<br />mi (km) </th></tr> <tr> <th>time</th> <th>site </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">MR-3</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td><i>Freedom 7</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Shepard</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="1">14:34 on May 5, 1961 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 5">LC-5</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="1">15 m 22 s </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">117 (188) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">— </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="6">5,134 (8,262) </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="1">3.5 (5.6) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4">MR-4</a> </td> <td>11 </td> <td><i>Liberty Bell 7</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Grissom" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgil Grissom">Grissom</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="2">12:20 on Jul. 21, 1961 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">LC-5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="2">15 m 37 s </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">118 (190) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">— </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="5">5,168 (8,317) </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="4">5.8 (9.3) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">MA-6</a> </td> <td>13 </td> <td><i>Friendship 7</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">Glenn</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="3">14:47 on Feb. 20, 1962 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_14" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14">LC-14</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="3">4 h 55 m 23 s </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">162 (261) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100 (161) </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="4">17,544 (28,234) </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="5">46 (74) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_7" title="Mercury-Atlas 7">MA-7</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td><i>Aurora 7</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Carpenter</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="4">12:45 on May 24, 1962 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">LC-14 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="4">4 h 56 m 5 s </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">167 (269) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100 (161) </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="2">17,549 (28,242) </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="6">248 (400) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_8" title="Mercury-Atlas 8">MA-8</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td><i>Sigma 7</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Schirra" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Schirra">Schirra</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="5">12:15 on Oct. 3, 1962 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">LC-14 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="5">9 h 13 m 15 s </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">176 (283) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100 (161) </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="1">17,558 (28,257) </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="2">4.6 (7.4) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_9" title="Mercury-Atlas 9">MA-9</a> </td> <td>20 </td> <td><i>Faith 7</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Cooper</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="6">13:04 on May 15, 1963 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">LC-14 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="6">1 d 10 h 19 m 49 s </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">166 (267) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100 (161) </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="3">17,547 (28,239) </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="3">5.0 (8.1) </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">Mercury-Redstone 3</span></td> <td>First American in space.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966341_149-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966341-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recovered by <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Lake_Champlain_(CV-39)" title="USS Lake Champlain (CV-39)">USS <i>Lake Champlain</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966357_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966357-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury-Redstone 4</td> <td>Spacecraft sank during recovery when hatch unexpectedly blew off.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966373_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966373-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronaut recovered by carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Randolph_(CV-15)" title="USS Randolph (CV-15)">USS <i>Randolph</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966375_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966375-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury-Atlas 6</td> <td>First American in orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966422_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966422-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retropack retained during reentry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966432_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966432-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recovered by <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Noa_(DD-841)" title="USS Noa (DD-841)">USS <i>Noa</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966433_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966433-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury-Atlas 7</td> <td>Carpenter replaced Deke Slayton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966440_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966440-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recovered by <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Farragut_(DDG-37)" title="USS Farragut (DDG-37)">USS <i>Farragut</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966456_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966456-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biggest miss.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury-Atlas 8</td> <td>The flight closest to plan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966484_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966484-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carried out maneuvering tests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966476_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966476-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recovered by carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Kearsarge_(CV-33)" title="USS Kearsarge (CV-33)">USS <i>Kearsarge</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966483_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966483-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury-Atlas 9</td> <td>First American in space for over a day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966487_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966487-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Last American solo mission.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recovered by USS <i>Kearsarge</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966501_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966501-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Recovery variations</td> <td>MA6) spacecraft and astronaut hoist onboard directly; MA8) spacecraft and astronaut towed by boat to ship; MA9) spacecraft with astronaut inside flown to ship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966353,_375,_433,_457,_483–484,_501_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966353,_375,_433,_457,_483–484,_501-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennedy,_Johnson,_and_others_watching_flight_of_Astronaut_Shepard_on_television,_05_May_1961.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shepard's flight watched on TV in the White House. May 1961."><img alt="Shepard's flight watched on TV in the White House. May 1961." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kennedy%2C_Johnson%2C_and_others_watching_flight_of_Astronaut_Shepard_on_television%2C_05_May_1961.png/295px-Kennedy%2C_Johnson%2C_and_others_watching_flight_of_Astronaut_Shepard_on_television%2C_05_May_1961.png" decoding="async" width="197" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kennedy%2C_Johnson%2C_and_others_watching_flight_of_Astronaut_Shepard_on_television%2C_05_May_1961.png/442px-Kennedy%2C_Johnson%2C_and_others_watching_flight_of_Astronaut_Shepard_on_television%2C_05_May_1961.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kennedy%2C_Johnson%2C_and_others_watching_flight_of_Astronaut_Shepard_on_television%2C_05_May_1961.png/589px-Kennedy%2C_Johnson%2C_and_others_watching_flight_of_Astronaut_Shepard_on_television%2C_05_May_1961.png 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shepard's flight watched on TV in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. May 1961.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astronaut_John_Glenn_being_Honored_-_GPN-2000-000607.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Glenn honored by the President. February 1962"><img alt="John Glenn honored by the President. February 1962" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Astronaut_John_Glenn_being_Honored_-_GPN-2000-000607.jpg/225px-Astronaut_John_Glenn_being_Honored_-_GPN-2000-000607.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Astronaut_John_Glenn_being_Honored_-_GPN-2000-000607.jpg/338px-Astronaut_John_Glenn_being_Honored_-_GPN-2000-000607.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Astronaut_John_Glenn_being_Honored_-_GPN-2000-000607.jpg/450px-Astronaut_John_Glenn_being_Honored_-_GPN-2000-000607.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">John Glenn honored by the President. February 1962</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Kearsarge_(CVS-33)_crew_spells_out_%27Mercury_9%27_on_the_flight_deck,_15_May_1963_(GPN-2000-001403).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="USS Kearsarge with crew spelling Mercury-9. May 1963."><img alt="USS Kearsarge with crew spelling Mercury-9. May 1963." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/USS_Kearsarge_%28CVS-33%29_crew_spells_out_%27Mercury_9%27_on_the_flight_deck%2C_15_May_1963_%28GPN-2000-001403%29.jpg/270px-USS_Kearsarge_%28CVS-33%29_crew_spells_out_%27Mercury_9%27_on_the_flight_deck%2C_15_May_1963_%28GPN-2000-001403%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/USS_Kearsarge_%28CVS-33%29_crew_spells_out_%27Mercury_9%27_on_the_flight_deck%2C_15_May_1963_%28GPN-2000-001403%29.jpg/404px-USS_Kearsarge_%28CVS-33%29_crew_spells_out_%27Mercury_9%27_on_the_flight_deck%2C_15_May_1963_%28GPN-2000-001403%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/USS_Kearsarge_%28CVS-33%29_crew_spells_out_%27Mercury_9%27_on_the_flight_deck%2C_15_May_1963_%28GPN-2000-001403%29.jpg/539px-USS_Kearsarge_%28CVS-33%29_crew_spells_out_%27Mercury_9%27_on_the_flight_deck%2C_15_May_1963_%28GPN-2000-001403%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2924" data-file-height="1953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">USS <i>Kearsarge</i> with crew spelling Mercury-9. May 1963.</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uncrewed_and_chimpanzee_flights">Uncrewed and chimpanzee flights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Uncrewed and chimpanzee flights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 20 uncrewed flights used Little Joe, Redstone, and Atlas launch vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640_148-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were used to develop the launch vehicles, launch escape system, spacecraft and tracking network.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966638–641_247-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966638–641-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One flight of a <a href="/wiki/Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">Scout rocket</a> attempted to launch a specialized satellite equipped with Mercury communications components for testing the ground tracking network, but the booster failed soon after liftoff. The Little Joe program used seven airframes for eight flights, of which three were successful. The second Little Joe flight was named Little Joe 6, because it was inserted into the program after the first 5 airframes had been allocated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001231_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001231-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001278_195-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001278-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production spacecraft and boilerplates were used for these test flights.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_248-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1281342579">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:10}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable),.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi:not(.wikitable){background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>*,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi:not(.wikitable)>thead,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.wikitable,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;border-width:0 1px 1px 0}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.wikitable td,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.wikitable th,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable td,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable th{border-width:1px 0 0 1px}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header.wikitable,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{border-bottom-width:0.2em;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-left-width:1px}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable>thead>tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable>caption+tbody>tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable>thead>tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable>caption+tbody>tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable .sortbottom::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable .sortbottom::before{border-top-width:1px}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable .sortbottom~.sortbottom::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable .sortbottom~.sortbottom::before{border-top-width:0}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable>tbody>tr:not(.static-row-header)::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable>tbody>tr:not(.static-row-header)::before{border-bottom-width:0!important;border-right-width:0!important}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .content-table-scrollbar,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .overflowed,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .overflowed .content-table{overflow:visible}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .scroll-right.overflowed .content-table-right{box-shadow:none;border-left:none}}@media screen and (min-width:1120px){body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{top:3.125rem}}@media screen and (min-width:851px){body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{top:3.51em}}@media screen and (max-width:639px){body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi{display:table}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th>Mission<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Spacecraft No. </th> <th>Launch </th> <th>Duration </th> <th class="unsortable">Purpose </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_1" title="Little Joe 1">Little Joe 1</a> </td> <td>Boilerplate </td> <td style="text-align:right;">August 21, 1959 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="000020">20 s </td> <td>Test of launch escape system during flight. </td> <td>Failure </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Big_Joe_1" title="Big Joe 1">Big Joe 1</a> </td> <td>Big Joe Boilerplate </td> <td style="text-align:right;">September 9, 1959 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="001300">13 m 00 s </td> <td>Test of heat shield and Atlas/spacecraft interface. </td> <td>Partial success </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_6" title="Little Joe 6">Little Joe 6</a> </td> <td>Boilerplate </td> <td style="text-align:right;">October 4, 1959 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="000510">5 m 10 s </td> <td>Test of spacecraft aerodynamics and integrity. </td> <td>Partial success </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_1A" title="Little Joe 1A">Little Joe 1A</a> </td> <td>Boilerplate </td> <td style="text-align:right;">November 4, 1959 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="000811">8 m 11 s </td> <td>Test of launch escape system during flight with boiler plate capsule. </td> <td>Partial success </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_2" title="Little Joe 2">Little Joe 2</a> </td> <td>Boilerplate </td> <td style="text-align:right;">December 4, 1959 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="001106">11 m 6 s </td> <td>Escape system test with primate at high altitude. </td> <td>Success </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_1B" title="Little Joe 1B">Little Joe 1B</a> </td> <td>Boilerplate </td> <td style="text-align:right;">January 21, 1960 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="000835">8 m 35 s </td> <td>Maximum-q abort and escape test with primate with boiler plate capsule. </td> <td>Success </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beach_Abort" title="Beach Abort">Beach Abort</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">May 9, 1960 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="000131">1 m 31 s </td> <td>Test of the off-the-pad abort system. </td> <td>Success </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_1" title="Mercury-Atlas 1">Mercury-Atlas 1</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">July 29, 1960 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="000318">3 m 18 s </td> <td>Test of spacecraft / Atlas combination. </td> <td>Failure </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_5" title="Little Joe 5">Little Joe 5</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">November 8, 1960 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="000222">2 m 22 s </td> <td>First Little Joe escape system test with a production spacecraft, at max-q. </td> <td>Failure </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_1" title="Mercury-Redstone 1">Mercury-Redstone 1</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">November 21, 1960 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="000002">2 s </td> <td>Qualification of spacecraft / Redstone combination. </td> <td>Failure </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_1A" title="Mercury-Redstone 1A">Mercury-Redstone 1A</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">December 19, 1960 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="001545">15 m 45 s </td> <td>Qualification of spacecraft / Redstone combination. </td> <td>Success </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_2" title="Mercury-Redstone 2">Mercury-Redstone 2</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">January 31, 1961 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="001639">16 m 39 s </td> <td>Qualification of spacecraft with <a href="/wiki/Ham_(chimpanzee)" title="Ham (chimpanzee)">chimpanzee named Ham</a>. </td> <td>Success </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_2" title="Mercury-Atlas 2">Mercury-Atlas 2</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">February 21, 1961 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="001756">17 m 56 s </td> <td>Qualified Mercury/Atlas interface. </td> <td>Success </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_5A" title="Little Joe 5A">Little Joe 5A</a> </td> <td>14 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">March 18, 1961 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="002348">5 m 25 s </td> <td>Second test of escape system with a production Mercury spacecraft. </td> <td>Partial success </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_BD" title="Mercury-Redstone BD">Mercury-Redstone BD</a> </td> <td>Boilerplate </td> <td style="text-align:right;">March 24, 1961 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="000823">8 m 23 s </td> <td>Final Redstone test flight. </td> <td>Success </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_3" title="Mercury-Atlas 3">Mercury-Atlas 3</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">April 25, 1961 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="000719">7 m 19 s </td> <td>Orbital flight with robot astronaut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966335_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966335-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001275_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001275-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Failure </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_5B" title="Little Joe 5B">Little Joe 5B</a> </td> <td>14 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">April 28, 1961 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="000525">5 m 25 s </td> <td>Third test of escape system with a production spacecraft. </td> <td>Success </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CDE;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_4" title="Mercury-Atlas 4">Mercury-Atlas 4</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">September 13, 1961 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="014920">1 h 49 m 20 s </td> <td>Test of environmental control system with robot astronaut in orbit. </td> <td>Success </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CDE;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Scout_1" title="Mercury-Scout 1">Mercury-Scout 1</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td style="text-align:right;">November 1, 1961 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="000044">44 s </td> <td>Special satellite to test Mercury tracking network. </td> <td>Failure </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CDE;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_5" title="Mercury-Atlas 5">Mercury-Atlas 5</a> </td> <td>9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">November 29, 1961 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="032059">3 h 20 m 59 s </td> <td>Test of environmental control system in orbit with <a href="/wiki/Enos_(chimpanzee)" title="Enos (chimpanzee)">chimpanzee named Enos</a>. </td> <td>Success </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CDE; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> After suborbital crewed flights</div> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td>Little Joe 1 </td> <td>Due to an electrical malfunction, the escape tower ignited ½ hour before launch and took the spacecraft with it, leaving the rocket on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966208_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966208-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Big Joe 1 </td> <td>Actually the first Mercury-Atlas flight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640_148-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recovered by <a href="/wiki/USS_Strong_(DD-758)" title="USS Strong (DD-758)">USS <i>Strong</i></a> 2,407 km SE of Cape Canaveral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966203–204_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966203–204-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altitude: 65 mi (105 km) Qualified ablative heatshield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001229_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001229-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Little Joe 6 </td> <td>No additional tests<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966209_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966209-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Little Joe 1A </td> <td>The rescue tower rocket ignited 10 seconds too late.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966210_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966210-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recovered by <a href="/wiki/USS_Opportune" title="USS Opportune">USS <i>Opportune</i></a> 11.5 mi (18.5 km) SE of Wallops Island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001232_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001232-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Little Joe 2 </td> <td>Carried Sam, a <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_macaque" title="Rhesus macaque">rhesus macaque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966210_280-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966210-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recovered by <a href="/wiki/USS_Borie_(DD-704)" title="USS Borie (DD-704)">USS <i>Borie</i></a> 194 mi (312 km) SE of Wallops Island, Virginia; altitude: 53 mi (85 km).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001234,_474_282-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001234,_474-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Little Joe 1B </td> <td>Carried a female rhesus monkey named Miss Sam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966212_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966212-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Beach Abort </td> <td>A production spacecraft with minimal equipment was lifted from the ground by the launch escape system alone at <a href="/wiki/Wallops_Island" title="Wallops Island">Wallops Island</a>. It reached an apogee of 0.751 kilometres (2,465 ft) and was recovered after landing. Top velocity: 436 metres per second (976 mph). Total payload: 1,154 kg. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury-Atlas 1 </td> <td>Exploded while passing through max-q.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966276_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966276-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To save weight, the airframe had been made thinner since Big Joe, which led to a collapse. The next Atlas was strengthened by a temporary solution while the rest were made from the same specifications as Big Joe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001243_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001243-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Little Joe 5 </td> <td>The clamp holding the spacecraft was deflected by air pressure; due to this and incorrect wiring, the escape tower ignited too early and further failed to separate spacecraft from launch vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001248_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001248-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altitude: 10 mi (16 km)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966291_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966291-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury-Redstone 1 </td> <td>Engine shutdown caused by improper separation of electrical cables;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966298_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966298-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vehicle rose 4 in (10 cm) and settled back on the pad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966294_289-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966294-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury-Redstone 1A </td> <td>First flight of Mercury / Redstone. Recovered by <a href="/wiki/USS_Valley_Forge_(CV-45)" title="USS Valley Forge (CV-45)">USS <i>Valley Forge</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966297_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966297-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altitude: 130 mi (210 km)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966310_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966310-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury-Redstone 2 </td> <td>Carried the chimpanzee Ham on suborbital flight. Recovered by <a href="/wiki/USS_Donner" title="USS Donner">USS <i>Donner</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966316_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966316-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 422 mi (679 km) SE of Cape Canaveral; altitude: 157 mi (253 km)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966638–639_293-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966638–639-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury-Atlas 2 </td> <td>Recovered by USS <i>Donner</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966321–322_294-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966321–322-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1,432 mi (2,305 km) SE of Cape Canaveral. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Little Joe 5A </td> <td>Tower fired 14 seconds too soon; it failed to separate the spacecraft from the rocket.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966327_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966327-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap="">Mercury-Redstone BD </td> <td>BD: Booster Development)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966330_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966330-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury-Atlas 3 </td> <td>Upgraded from suborbital flight. Was aborted when the Atlas continued to vertically climb instead of tilting toward orbit; escaping capsule was recovered and reused in Mercury-Atlas 4.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966337_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966337-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Little Joe 5B </td> <td>Concluded Little Joe program. </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CDE;"> <td>Mercury-Atlas 4 </td> <td>Completed one orbit and sent data to the ground; first orbital flight of the project.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966386-387_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966386-387-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recovery by <a href="/wiki/USS_Decatur_(DD-936)" title="USS Decatur (DD-936)">USS <i>Decatur</i></a> 176 mi (283 km) east of <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966389_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966389-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CDE;"> <td>Mercury-Scout 1 </td> <td>Was aborted after malfunction of booster's guidance system;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966397_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966397-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> results of Mercury-Atlas 4 and Mercury-Atlas 5 were used instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001312_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001312-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CDE;"> <td>Mercury-Atlas 5 </td> <td>Chimpanzee Enos completed a two-orbit flight, performing tasks to prove it possible for a person to function during a flight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966404_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966404-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Last Mercury-Atlas test flight. Recovery by <a href="/wiki/USS_Stormes" title="USS Stormes">USS <i>Stormes</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966406_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966406-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 255 mi (410 km) SE of Bermuda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963169_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963169-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Launch_of_Little_Joe_1B,_January_21,_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Little Joe 1B at launch with Miss Sam, 1960"><img alt="Little Joe 1B at launch with Miss Sam, 1960" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Launch_of_Little_Joe_1B%2C_January_21%2C_1960.jpg/229px-Launch_of_Little_Joe_1B%2C_January_21%2C_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Launch_of_Little_Joe_1B%2C_January_21%2C_1960.jpg/344px-Launch_of_Little_Joe_1B%2C_January_21%2C_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Launch_of_Little_Joe_1B%2C_January_21%2C_1960.jpg/458px-Launch_of_Little_Joe_1B%2C_January_21%2C_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2078" data-file-height="1633" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Little Joe 1B at launch with Miss Sam, 1960</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escape_rocket_of_Mercury-Redstone_1-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury-Redstone 1: launch escape system lift-off after 4'' launch, 1960"><img alt="Mercury-Redstone 1: launch escape system lift-off after 4'' launch, 1960" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Escape_rocket_of_Mercury-Redstone_1-crop.jpg/169px-Escape_rocket_of_Mercury-Redstone_1-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Escape_rocket_of_Mercury-Redstone_1-crop.jpg/254px-Escape_rocket_of_Mercury-Redstone_1-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Escape_rocket_of_Mercury-Redstone_1-crop.jpg/339px-Escape_rocket_of_Mercury-Redstone_1-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3414" data-file-height="3625" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mercury-Redstone 1: launch escape system lift-off after 4'' launch, 1960</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chimpanzee_Ham_in_Biopack_Couch_for_MR-2_flight_MSFC-6100114.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury-Redstone 2: Ham, 1961"><img alt="Mercury-Redstone 2: Ham, 1961" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chimpanzee_Ham_in_Biopack_Couch_for_MR-2_flight_MSFC-6100114.jpg/250px-Chimpanzee_Ham_in_Biopack_Couch_for_MR-2_flight_MSFC-6100114.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chimpanzee_Ham_in_Biopack_Couch_for_MR-2_flight_MSFC-6100114.jpg/500px-Chimpanzee_Ham_in_Biopack_Couch_for_MR-2_flight_MSFC-6100114.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2287" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mercury-Redstone 2: <a href="/wiki/Ham_(chimpanzee)" title="Ham (chimpanzee)">Ham</a>, 1961</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chimpanzee_Enos_before_the_flight_of_Mercury-Atlas_5_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury-Atlas 5: Enos, 1961"><img alt="Mercury-Atlas 5: Enos, 1961" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chimpanzee_Enos_before_the_flight_of_Mercury-Atlas_5_%28cropped%29.jpg/230px-Chimpanzee_Enos_before_the_flight_of_Mercury-Atlas_5_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chimpanzee_Enos_before_the_flight_of_Mercury-Atlas_5_%28cropped%29.jpg/345px-Chimpanzee_Enos_before_the_flight_of_Mercury-Atlas_5_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chimpanzee_Enos_before_the_flight_of_Mercury-Atlas_5_%28cropped%29.jpg/460px-Chimpanzee_Enos_before_the_flight_of_Mercury-Atlas_5_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="2590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mercury-Atlas 5: <a href="/wiki/Enos_(chimpanzee)" title="Enos (chimpanzee)">Enos</a>, 1961</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canceled">Canceled</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Canceled"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_atlas_redstone_rockets_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mercury-Jupiter (center) compared with Redstone (left) and Atlas (right)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jupiter_atlas_redstone_rockets_comparison.jpg/250px-Jupiter_atlas_redstone_rockets_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jupiter_atlas_redstone_rockets_comparison.jpg/330px-Jupiter_atlas_redstone_rockets_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jupiter_atlas_redstone_rockets_comparison.jpg/500px-Jupiter_atlas_redstone_rockets_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Mercury-Jupiter (center) compared with Redstone (left) and Atlas (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>Nine of the planned flights were canceled. </p><p>Mercury-Jupiter was a proposed suborbital launch configuration consisting of a <a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">Jupiter missile</a> carrying a Mercury capsule. Two flights were planned in support of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Project Mercury</a>. The Mercury-Jupiter 1 flight would have been a heat shield test. The Mercury-Jupiter 2 flight was planned as a maximum dynamic pressure qualification test of the production Mercury spacecraft with a chimpanzee on board.<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 1, 1959, less than a year after the October, 1958 program start date, the flights were canceled due to budget constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suborbital flights were planned for four other astronauts but the number of flights was cut down gradually and finally all remaining were canceled after Titov's flight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966377_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966377-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001474_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001474-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mercury-Atlas 9 was intended to be followed by more one-day flights and even a three-day flight but with the coming of the Gemini Project it seemed unnecessary. The Jupiter booster was, as mentioned above, intended to be used for different purposes. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Mission </th> <th>Pilot </th> <th>Planned Launch </th> <th>Cancellation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury-Jupiter 1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>July 1, 1959<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood196381_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood196381-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury-Jupiter 2 </td> <td>Chimpanzee </td> <td>First quarter, 1960 </td> <td>July 1, 1959<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood196381_313-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood196381-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury-Redstone 5 </td> <td>Glenn (likely) </td> <td>March 1960<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001474_310-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001474-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>August 1961<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassuttSlayton1994104_316-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassuttSlayton1994104-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury-Redstone 6 </td> <td> </td> <td>April 1960<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001474_310-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001474-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>July 1961<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassuttSlayton1994101_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassuttSlayton1994101-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury-Redstone 7 </td> <td> </td> <td>May 1960<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001474_310-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001474-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury-Redstone 8 </td> <td> </td> <td>June 1960<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001474_310-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001474-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_10" title="Mercury-Atlas 10">Mercury-Atlas 10</a> </td> <td>Shepard </td> <td>October 1963 </td> <td>June 13, 1963<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury-Atlas 11 </td> <td>Grissom </td> <td>Fourth quarter, 1963 </td> <td>October 1962<sup id="cite_ref-Mercury-Atlas_11_320-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercury-Atlas_11-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury-Atlas 12 </td> <td>Schirra </td> <td>Fourth quarter, 1963 </td> <td>October 1962<sup id="cite_ref-Mercury-Atlas_12_321-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercury-Atlas_12-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gordon_cooper_ticker_tape.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gordon_cooper_ticker_tape.png/190px-Gordon_cooper_ticker_tape.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gordon_cooper_ticker_tape.png/285px-Gordon_cooper_ticker_tape.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gordon_cooper_ticker_tape.png/380px-Gordon_cooper_ticker_tape.png 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ticker_tape_parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticker tape parade">Ticker tape parade</a> for Gordon Cooper in New York City, May 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>Today the Mercury program is commemorated as the first American human space program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001cover_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001cover-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It did not win the race against the Soviet Union, but gave back national prestige and was scientifically a successful precursor of later programs such as Gemini, Apollo and Skylab.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001417_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001417-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1950s, some experts doubted that human spaceflight was possible.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, when <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> was elected president, many, including him, had doubts about the project.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966272_328-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966272-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As president he chose to support the programs a few months before the launch of <i>Freedom 7</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966306_329-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966306-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became a public success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966434_330-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966434-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, a majority of the American public supported human spaceflight, and, within a few weeks, Kennedy announced a plan for a crewed mission to land on the Moon and return safely to Earth before the end of the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966363_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966363-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The six astronauts who flew were awarded medals,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966362,_435,_459,_486,_502,_584_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966362,_435,_459,_486,_502,_584-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> driven in parades and two of them were invited to address a <a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">joint session of the US Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966435,_501_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966435,_501-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing as no women previously met the qualifications for the astronaut program, the question was raised as to whether or not they could. This led to the development of a project named <a href="/wiki/Mercury_13" title="Mercury 13">Mercury 13</a> by the media, in which thirteen American women successfully underwent the tests. The Mercury 13 program was not officially conducted by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. It was created by NASA physician <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Lovelace_II" title="William Randolph Lovelace II">William Randolph Lovelace</a>, who developed the physical and psychological tests used to select NASA's first seven male astronauts for Project Mercury. The women completed physical and psychological tests, but were never required to complete the training as the privately funded program was quickly cancelled. No female candidates adequately met the qualifications for the astronaut program <a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_8" title="NASA Astronaut Group 8">until 1978</a>, when a few finally qualified for the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001448_338-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001448-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Military Highway in <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton, Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News, Virginia</a> was renamed to <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Boulevard" title="Mercury Boulevard">Mercury Boulevard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 25, 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a>, the world's largest technical professional society, awarded <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> (the successor company to McDonnell Aircraft) a Milestone Award for important inventions which debuted on the Mercury spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-BoeingMedia_340-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoeingMedia-340"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-341" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-341"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depictions_on_film">Depictions on film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Depictions on film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A short documentary, <i><a href="/wiki/The_John_Glenn_Story" title="The John Glenn Story">The John Glenn Story</a></i>, was released in 1962. </p><p>On film the program was portrayed in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)" title="The Right Stuff (film)">The Right Stuff</a></i>, a 1983 adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Tom Wolfe</a>'s 1979 <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(book)" title="The Right Stuff (book)">book of the same name</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IMdBRightStuff_342-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMdBRightStuff-342"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 1998 HBO miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)" title="From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)">From the Earth to the Moon</a></i>, in the 2016 film <i><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Figures" title="Hidden Figures">Hidden Figures</a></i>, and the 2020 Disney+ series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(TV_series)" title="The Right Stuff (TV series)">The Right Stuff</a></i>, which is also based on the Tom Wolfe book. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemorations">Commemorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Commemorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1964, a monument commemorating Project Mercury was unveiled near Launch Complex 14 at Cape Canaveral, featuring a metal logo combining the symbol of Mercury with the number 7.<sup id="cite_ref-Monument_343-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monument-343"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This design was first issued to the Mercury astronauts in 1960 as a lapel pin.<sup id="cite_ref-pin_344-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pin-344"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> honored the Mercury-Atlas 6 flight with a Project Mercury commemorative stamp, the first US postal issue to depict a crewed spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-GlennStamp_345-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlennStamp-345"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Project_Mercury_Pad14.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury monument at Launch Complex 14, 1964"><img alt="Mercury monument at Launch Complex 14, 1964" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Project_Mercury_Pad14.jpg/330px-Project_Mercury_Pad14.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Project_Mercury_Pad14.jpg/500px-Project_Mercury_Pad14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Project_Mercury_Pad14.jpg/960px-Project_Mercury_Pad14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1862" data-file-height="1241" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mercury monument at Launch Complex 14, 1964</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Project_Mercury_4%C2%A2_US_Postage_stamp_February_20,_1962_FDC_Scott_-1193.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commemorative Project Mercury 4¢ US Postage stamp[n 45]"><img alt="Commemorative Project Mercury 4¢ US Postage stamp[n 45]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Project_Mercury_4%C2%A2_US_Postage_stamp_February_20%2C_1962_FDC_Scott_-1193.jpg/330px-Project_Mercury_4%C2%A2_US_Postage_stamp_February_20%2C_1962_FDC_Scott_-1193.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Project_Mercury_4%C2%A2_US_Postage_stamp_February_20%2C_1962_FDC_Scott_-1193.jpg/500px-Project_Mercury_4%C2%A2_US_Postage_stamp_February_20%2C_1962_FDC_Scott_-1193.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Project_Mercury_4%C2%A2_US_Postage_stamp_February_20%2C_1962_FDC_Scott_-1193.jpg/960px-Project_Mercury_4%C2%A2_US_Postage_stamp_February_20%2C_1962_FDC_Scott_-1193.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="1029" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Commemorative <a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps#Project_Mercury_Issue_of_1962" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Project Mercury 4¢ US Postage stamp</a><sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Displays">Displays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spacecraft that flew, together with some that did not, are on display in the United States. <i>Friendship 7</i> (Spacecraft No. 13) went on a global tour, popularly known as its "fourth orbit".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966436_349-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966436-349"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20180320_Little_Joe_5A_Virginia_Air_and_Space_Center-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Little Joe 5B (Spacecraft No 14), Virginia Air and Space Center"><img alt="Little Joe 5B (Spacecraft No 14), Virginia Air and Space Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/20180320_Little_Joe_5A_Virginia_Air_and_Space_Center-1.jpg/250px-20180320_Little_Joe_5A_Virginia_Air_and_Space_Center-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/20180320_Little_Joe_5A_Virginia_Air_and_Space_Center-1.jpg/500px-20180320_Little_Joe_5A_Virginia_Air_and_Space_Center-1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4312" data-file-height="3180" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_5B" title="Little Joe 5B">Little Joe 5B</a></i> (Spacecraft No 14), <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Air_and_Space_Science_Center" title="Virginia Air and Space Science Center">Virginia Air and Space Center</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 77.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 75.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20180328_Big_Joe_Mercury_capsule_Udvar-Hazy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Big Joe Boilerplate, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center"><img alt="Big Joe Boilerplate, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/20180328_Big_Joe_Mercury_capsule_Udvar-Hazy.jpg/120px-20180328_Big_Joe_Mercury_capsule_Udvar-Hazy.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/20180328_Big_Joe_Mercury_capsule_Udvar-Hazy.jpg/250px-20180328_Big_Joe_Mercury_capsule_Udvar-Hazy.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3393" data-file-height="5382" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Big_Joe_1" title="Big Joe 1"><i>Big Joe</i></a> Boilerplate, <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury1A.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="MR-1 & MR-1A (Spacecraft No 2), Kennedy Space Center"><img alt="MR-1 & MR-1A (Spacecraft No 2), Kennedy Space Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mercury1A.JPG/250px-Mercury1A.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mercury1A.JPG/330px-Mercury1A.JPG 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_1" title="Mercury-Redstone 1"><i>MR-1</i></a> & <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_1A" title="Mercury-Redstone 1A"><i>MR-1A</i></a> (Spacecraft No 2), <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury-Redstone_2_Capsule.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury-Redstone 2 (Spacecraft No. 5), California Science Center"><img alt="Mercury-Redstone 2 (Spacecraft No. 5), California Science Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mercury-Redstone_2_Capsule.jpg/240px-Mercury-Redstone_2_Capsule.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mercury-Redstone_2_Capsule.jpg/360px-Mercury-Redstone_2_Capsule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mercury-Redstone_2_Capsule.jpg/480px-Mercury-Redstone_2_Capsule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_2" title="Mercury-Redstone 2">Mercury-Redstone 2</a></i> (Spacecraft No. 5), <a href="/wiki/California_Science_Center" title="California Science Center">California Science Center</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedom_7_U.S._Naval_Academy.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Freedom 7 (Spacecraft No. 7) at the United States Naval Academy, 2010"><img alt="Freedom 7 (Spacecraft No. 7) at the United States Naval Academy, 2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Freedom_7_U.S._Naval_Academy.JPG/250px-Freedom_7_U.S._Naval_Academy.JPG" decoding="async" width="152" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Freedom_7_U.S._Naval_Academy.JPG/500px-Freedom_7_U.S._Naval_Academy.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1270" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Freedom 7</a> (Spacecraft No. 7)</i> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a>, 2010</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberty_Bell_7_The_Kansas_Cosmosphere_and_Space_Center.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Liberty Bell 7 (Spacecraft No. 11) at the Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center, 2010"><img alt="Liberty Bell 7 (Spacecraft No. 11) at the Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center, 2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Liberty_Bell_7_The_Kansas_Cosmosphere_and_Space_Center.JPG/223px-Liberty_Bell_7_The_Kansas_Cosmosphere_and_Space_Center.JPG" decoding="async" width="149" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Liberty_Bell_7_The_Kansas_Cosmosphere_and_Space_Center.JPG/335px-Liberty_Bell_7_The_Kansas_Cosmosphere_and_Space_Center.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Liberty_Bell_7_The_Kansas_Cosmosphere_and_Space_Center.JPG/446px-Liberty_Bell_7_The_Kansas_Cosmosphere_and_Space_Center.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2275" data-file-height="1836" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4">Liberty Bell 7</a></i> (Spacecraft No. 11) at the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Cosmosphere_and_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center">Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center</a>, 2010</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friendship_7_the_National_Air_and_Space_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Friendship 7 (Spacecraft No. 13) at the National Air and Space Museum, 2009"><img alt="Friendship 7 (Spacecraft No. 13) at the National Air and Space Museum, 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Friendship_7_the_National_Air_and_Space_Museum.JPG/232px-Friendship_7_the_National_Air_and_Space_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="155" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Friendship_7_the_National_Air_and_Space_Museum.JPG/348px-Friendship_7_the_National_Air_and_Space_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Friendship_7_the_National_Air_and_Space_Museum.JPG/465px-Friendship_7_the_National_Air_and_Space_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2641" data-file-height="2047" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Friendship 7</a></i> (Spacecraft No. 13) at the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>, 2009</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurora_7_the_Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_in_Chicago.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Aurora 7 (Spacecraft No. 18) at the Museum of Science and Industry, 2009"><img alt="Aurora 7 (Spacecraft No. 18) at the Museum of Science and Industry, 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Aurora_7_the_Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_in_Chicago.JPG/227px-Aurora_7_the_Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_in_Chicago.JPG" decoding="async" width="152" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Aurora_7_the_Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_in_Chicago.JPG/341px-Aurora_7_the_Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_in_Chicago.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Aurora_7_the_Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_in_Chicago.JPG/454px-Aurora_7_the_Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_in_Chicago.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="1959" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_7" title="Mercury-Atlas 7">Aurora 7</a></i> (Spacecraft No. 18) at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Chicago)" title="Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)">Museum of Science and Industry</a>, 2009</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MA-8_Sigma_7_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame,_Titusville,_FL.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sigma 7 (Spacecraft No. 16) at the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame, 2011"><img alt="Sigma 7 (Spacecraft No. 16) at the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame, 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MA-8_Sigma_7_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame%2C_Titusville%2C_FL.JPG/250px-MA-8_Sigma_7_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame%2C_Titusville%2C_FL.JPG" decoding="async" width="149" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MA-8_Sigma_7_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame%2C_Titusville%2C_FL.JPG/500px-MA-8_Sigma_7_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame%2C_Titusville%2C_FL.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3564" data-file-height="2873" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_8" title="Mercury-Atlas 8">Sigma 7</a></i> (Spacecraft No. 16) at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">United States Astronaut Hall of Fame</a>, 2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MA-9_Faith_7_Space_Center_Houston,_Houston,_TX.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Faith 7 (Spacecraft No. 20) at Space Center Houston, 2011"><img alt="Faith 7 (Spacecraft No. 20) at Space Center Houston, 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/MA-9_Faith_7_Space_Center_Houston%2C_Houston%2C_TX.JPG/227px-MA-9_Faith_7_Space_Center_Houston%2C_Houston%2C_TX.JPG" decoding="async" width="152" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/MA-9_Faith_7_Space_Center_Houston%2C_Houston%2C_TX.JPG/341px-MA-9_Faith_7_Space_Center_Houston%2C_Houston%2C_TX.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/MA-9_Faith_7_Space_Center_Houston%2C_Houston%2C_TX.JPG/454px-MA-9_Faith_7_Space_Center_Houston%2C_Houston%2C_TX.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1844" data-file-height="1462" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_9" title="Mercury-Atlas 9">Faith 7</a></i> (Spacecraft No. 20) at <a href="/wiki/Space_Center_Houston" title="Space Center Houston">Space Center Houston</a>, 2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_Spacecraft_-_Capsule_15B_%E2%80%98Freedom_7_II%E2%80%99_(51281910923).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unflown Freedom 7 II (Spacecraft No. 15B) at Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center"><img alt="Unflown Freedom 7 II (Spacecraft No. 15B) at Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mercury_Spacecraft_-_Capsule_15B_%E2%80%98Freedom_7_II%E2%80%99_%2851281910923%29.jpg/330px-Mercury_Spacecraft_-_Capsule_15B_%E2%80%98Freedom_7_II%E2%80%99_%2851281910923%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mercury_Spacecraft_-_Capsule_15B_%E2%80%98Freedom_7_II%E2%80%99_%2851281910923%29.jpg/500px-Mercury_Spacecraft_-_Capsule_15B_%E2%80%98Freedom_7_II%E2%80%99_%2851281910923%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mercury_Spacecraft_-_Capsule_15B_%E2%80%98Freedom_7_II%E2%80%99_%2851281910923%29.jpg/960px-Mercury_Spacecraft_-_Capsule_15B_%E2%80%98Freedom_7_II%E2%80%99_%2851281910923%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4581" data-file-height="3054" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Unflown Freedom 7 II (Spacecraft No. 15B) at <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_10_at_the_Evergreen_Aviation_%26_Space_Museum_1679_(6586666405).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unflown (Spacecraft No. 10), Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum"><img alt="Unflown (Spacecraft No. 10), Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mercury_10_at_the_Evergreen_Aviation_%26_Space_Museum_1679_%286586666405%29.jpg/270px-Mercury_10_at_the_Evergreen_Aviation_%26_Space_Museum_1679_%286586666405%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mercury_10_at_the_Evergreen_Aviation_%26_Space_Museum_1679_%286586666405%29.jpg/405px-Mercury_10_at_the_Evergreen_Aviation_%26_Space_Museum_1679_%286586666405%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mercury_10_at_the_Evergreen_Aviation_%26_Space_Museum_1679_%286586666405%29.jpg/540px-Mercury_10_at_the_Evergreen_Aviation_%26_Space_Museum_1679_%286586666405%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Unflown (Spacecraft No. 10), <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Aviation_%26_Space_Museum" title="Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum">Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_Procedures_Simulator.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury Procedures Trainer at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center, 2011"><img alt="Mercury Procedures Trainer at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center, 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mercury_Procedures_Simulator.JPG/120px-Mercury_Procedures_Simulator.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mercury_Procedures_Simulator.JPG/250px-Mercury_Procedures_Simulator.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mercury Procedures Trainer at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Space_%26_Rocket_Center" title="U.S. Space & Rocket Center">U.S. Space and Rocket Center</a>, 2011</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patches">Patches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Patches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commemorative patches were designed by <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneurs</a> after the Mercury program to satisfy collectors.<sup id="cite_ref-patches_350-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patches-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-351" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-351"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_3_-_Patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mercury_3_-_Patch.png/184px-Mercury_3_-_Patch.png" decoding="async" width="123" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mercury_3_-_Patch.png/275px-Mercury_3_-_Patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mercury_3_-_Patch.png/367px-Mercury_3_-_Patch.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="398" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_4_-_Patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mercury_4_-_Patch.png/173px-Mercury_4_-_Patch.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mercury_4_-_Patch.png/259px-Mercury_4_-_Patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mercury_4_-_Patch.png/346px-Mercury_4_-_Patch.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_6_-_Patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mercury_6_-_Patch.png/250px-Mercury_6_-_Patch.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mercury_6_-_Patch.png/330px-Mercury_6_-_Patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mercury_6_-_Patch.png/360px-Mercury_6_-_Patch.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="431" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurora_7_patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aurora_7_patch.png/178px-Aurora_7_patch.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Aurora_7_patch.png 1.5x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury-8-patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mercury-8-patch.png/179px-Mercury-8-patch.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mercury-8-patch.png/269px-Mercury-8-patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mercury-8-patch.png/358px-Mercury-8-patch.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 123.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 121.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_9_-_Patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mercury_9_-_Patch.png/182px-Mercury_9_-_Patch.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mercury_9_-_Patch.png/272px-Mercury_9_-_Patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mercury_9_-_Patch.png/363px-Mercury_9_-_Patch.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="461" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Videos">Videos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Videos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/MA-6.theora.ogv/320px--MA-6.theora.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="214" height="120" data-durationhint="633" data-mwtitle="MA-6.theora.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/MA-6.theora.ogv/MA-6.theora.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/MA-6.theora.ogv/MA-6.theora.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/MA-6.theora.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/MA-6.theora.ogv/MA-6.theora.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/MA-6.theora.ogv/MA-6.theora.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/MA-6.theora.ogv/MA-6.theora.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/MA-6.theora.ogv/MA-6.theora.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">John Glenn documentary from 50th Anniversary of <i>Friendship 7</i>, 2012.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Space_program_comparison">Space program comparison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Space program comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA illustration comparing boosters and spacecraft from Apollo (biggest), Gemini and Mercury (smallest)."><img alt="NASA illustration comparing boosters and spacecraft from Apollo (biggest), Gemini and Mercury (smallest)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg/236px-NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg/354px-NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg/472px-NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4669" data-file-height="3559" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">NASA illustration comparing boosters and spacecraft from <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> (biggest), <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a> and Mercury (smallest).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">List of crewed spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Elvis_Ward_Jr." title="Julian Elvis Ward Jr.">Julian Elvis Ward Jr.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em ;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The project was delayed by 22 months, counting from the beginning until the first orbital mission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966508_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966508-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a dozen prime contractors, 75 major subcontractors, and about 7200 third-tier subcontractors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966508_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966508-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost estimate made by NASA in 1969 was $392.6 million, broken down as follows: Spacecraft: $135.3 million, launch vehicles: $82.9 million, operations: $49.3 million, tracking operations and equipment: $71.9 million and facilities: $53.2 million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilford196967_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilford196967-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966643_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966643-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Man in Space Soonest was the first part of a four-phase Moon landing program estimated to finish in 1965, cost a total of $1.5 billion ($16.2 billion adjusted for inflation), and be launched by a "Super Titan" rocket.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196691_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196691-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name <i>Little Joe</i> was adopted by its designers from the throw of a double deuce in a <a href="/wiki/Craps" title="Craps">craps</a> game since this resembled the four-rocket arrangement in the blueprints for the vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966124_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966124-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NASA's planning for recovery operations in the summer of 1960 was, according to the Navy, asking for the deployment of the whole Atlantic Fleet and might have cost more than the entire Mercury program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966265_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966265-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The decision to eliminate the use of any gas but oxygen was crystalized when a serious accident occurred on April 21, 1960, in which McDonnell Aircraft test pilot G.B. North passed out and was seriously injured when testing a Mercury cabin/spacesuit atmosphere system in a vacuum chamber. The problem was found to be nitrogen-rich (oxygen-poor) air leaking from the cabin into his spacesuit feed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiblin1998_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiblin1998-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pilot and spacecraft data sent automatically to the ground is called <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966313_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966313-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moisture and urine was recycled into drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196647_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196647-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The rocket plane approach to human space flight was pursued by the Air Force with their <a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar" title="Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar">Dyna-Soar</a> project, which was canceled in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001425,_428_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001425,_428-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toward the end of the 1960s, NASA began the development of a reusable space plane, which was ultimately developed into the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first rocket plane to enter space was an X-15 in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Test and rework of Mercury-Redstone 2 at the Hangar required 110 days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966310_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966310-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hangar S was also the place where the chimpanzees were trained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966312_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966312-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">They received a letter designation after their number, <i>e.g.</i>, 2B, 15B.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963216–218_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963216–218-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some were modified twice: for example, spacecraft 15 became 15A and then 15B.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963149_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963149-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the time, the word "booster" was sometimes used for the first stage of the launch stack. Later, "booster" came to refer to additional single-stage rockets attached to the sides of the main launch vehicle, as on the Space Shuttle.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armstrong left the Navy as a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)" title="Lieutenant (junior grade)">Lieutenant, Junior Grade</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">US Naval Reserve</a>, until resigning his commission 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005118_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005118-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the beginning of the project both President Eisenhower and NASA's first administrator, T. K. Glennan, believed that the US would put the first man in space, and that this would be the end of the Space Race.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001407_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001407-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With the exception of the 20 seconds of retrofire during which the pilot would experience g-force.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inside the spacecraft the other astronauts had usually prepared a practical joke, such as a sign saying "No handball playing".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001281_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001281-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Countdown was controlled from the blockhouse at the Launch Complex until 2 min. before launch then it was transferred to Mission Control Center. The countdown of the last 10 sec. before launch would be given to the astronaut by one of the others and included on TV transmissions which had already started.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001282_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001282-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the event of a launch abort before this point, the launch escape system would fire its main rocket for one second, pulling the spacecraft and astronaut away from the launch vehicle and a possible explosion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001179_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001179-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, the spacecraft could be separated from the launch vehicle and land using its parachute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001180_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001180-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The direction of insertion was east and slightly to the north, meaning that, on a three-orbit flight, the tracking network was used optimally and a landing could take place in the North Atlantic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966215_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966215-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The sustainer would disintegrate and fall down; after the launch of <i>Friendship 7</i> a part of the sustainer was found in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963164_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963164-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The capsule's tendency to drift was countered automatically by the attitude control system (ASCS) which used small hydrogen peroxide thrusters. To save fuel, however, the spacecraft would be allowed to drift from time to time, especially on longer missions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966195,_450_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966195,_450-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Radar_chaff" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar chaff">Radar chaff</a> and a <a href="/wiki/SOFAR_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="SOFAR bomb">SOFAR bomb</a> which could be detected by the recovery ship's <a href="/wiki/Hydrophone" title="Hydrophone">hydrophone</a> were eliminated as unnecessary measures after the first orbital flight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966445_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966445-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The collar was not ready for suborbital missions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001166_226-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001166-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It was also possible to exit the capsule through the nose cylinder; only Carpenter did this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966143_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966143-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001147_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001147-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/T._J._O%27Malley" title="T. J. O'Malley">T. J. O'Malley</a> pushed the button to launch Glenn<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Site Manager and Launch Conductor at Complex 14, Calvin D. Fowler, pushed the button to launch Carpenter, Schirra, and Cooper.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Occasionally this communication was broadcast on live TV while the spacecraft was passing over the United States.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander & al., 1966, pp. 638–641. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It was recovered in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001402–405_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001402–405-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Launch of <i>Friendship 7</i> was postponed repeatedly during two months; a frustrated politician compared the spacecraft-Atlas combination to "a <a href="/wiki/Rube_Goldberg_machine" title="Rube Goldberg machine">Rube Goldberg device</a> on top of a plumber's nightmare".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966409,_411_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966409,_411-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter's overshoot of the landing site was caused by a malfunction in the automatic stabilization, which meant that retrofire was out of line with the movement of the spacecraft<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966453-454_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966453-454-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During Carpenter's mission a seaplane from the US Air Force got to the landing site about 1½ hour ahead of the Navy ships and offered to pick him up. This, however, was declined by the admiral in charge of Mercury recovery operations, which led to a Senate hearing about the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966457_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966457-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Likely to be so according to Alexander & al.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966506_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966506-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Source: Alexander & al., 1966, pp. 638–641 when nothing else is mentioned. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A machine that produced the same heat, vapor and CO<sub>2</sub> as an astronaut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001309_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001309-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The clamp was subsequently tested by a rocket sled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001248_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001248-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Immediately after the Redstone's engine shut down, the capsule's <a href="/wiki/Launch_escape_system" title="Launch escape system">escape rocket</a> jettisoned itself, leaving the capsule attached to the booster. The escape rocket rose to an altitude of 4,000 ft (1,200 m) and landed about 400 yd (370 m) away. Three seconds after the escape rocket fired, the capsule deployed its <a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">drogue parachute</a>; it then deployed the main and reserve parachutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966294_289-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966294-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Was given a reward in the form a banana pellet or a punishment in the form of mild electrical shocks depending on whether or not he gave the right response to a given signal; by mistake he was sometimes given shocks on right answers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966405_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966405-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Within the Mercury Project organization the suborbital flights were from the start criticized as being of little value and even compared to a circus act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966100_311-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966100-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proposed maximum dynamic pressure test for capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-MJ2_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ2-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mercury-Atlas 10 was intended to be a three-day mission in November 1962 with extra supplies attached to the heat shield. Call-sign <i>Freedom 7-II</i>. By January 1963, it was changed to a one-day back up mission for Mercury-Atlas 9. It was canceled after the success of the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001385–386_318-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001385–386-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International rules required that a pilot must land safely with the spacecraft; in reality, Gagarin landed separately by parachute; however, the Soviet Union did not admit this until 1971 when their claim was no longer in danger of being challenged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2000283_324-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2000283-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In May 1957, five months before Sputnik I, the president of McDonnell, later the prime contractor, predicted that human spaceflight would not take place before 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966119_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966119-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Along the roads in the US, drivers stopped to follow Freedom 7 on the radio. Later, 100 millions saw or listened to <i>Friendship 7</i>, the first orbital flight, on TV or radio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966423_331-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966423-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The launch of <i>Sigma 7</i> and <i>Faith 7</i> were relayed live via <a href="/wiki/Communication_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication satellite">communication satellite</a> to television audiences in Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Telstar_332-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telstar-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the three major US networks covered Sigma 7 minute-by-minute, while the third was showing the opening of the <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966472_333-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966472-333"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boeing received the award in recognition of Project Mercury's pioneering "navigation and control instruments, autopilot, rate stabilization and control, and <a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">fly-by-wire</a> systems."<sup id="cite_ref-BoeingMedia_340-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoeingMedia-340"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The stamp first went on sale in Cape Canaveral, Florida on February 20, 1962, the same day as the first crewed orbital flight.<sup id="cite_ref-GlennStamp_345-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlennStamp-345"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 4, 2011, the Postal Service released a stamp commemorating the 50th anniversary of <i>Freedom 7</i>, the first flight of the project with people onboard.<sup id="cite_ref-ShepardStamp_346-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShepardStamp-346"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The stamp was issued February 20, 1962, the day of John Glenn's flight in <i>Friendship 7</i>. This one has a <a href="/wiki/First_day_of_issue" title="First day of issue">First day of issue</a> postmark from Cape Canaveral post office.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The only patches the Mercury astronauts wore were the NASA logo and a name tag.<sup id="cite_ref-patches_350-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patches-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each crewed Mercury spacecraft was painted black and decorated with a flight insignia, its call-sign, an American flag and the words United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lafleur20100308-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lafleur20100308_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lafleur20100308_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLafleur,_Claude2010" class="citation news cs1">Lafleur, Claude (March 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1579/1">"Costs of US piloted programs"</a>. <i>The Space Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Space+Review&rft.atitle=Costs+of+US+piloted+programs&rft.date=2010-03-08&rft.au=Lafleur%2C+Claude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespacereview.com%2Farticle%2F1579%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966508-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966508_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966508_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966508_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966508_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 508.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilford196967-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilford196967_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilford1969">Wilford 1969</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966643-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966643_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 643.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood196312-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood196312_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimwood1963">Grimwood 1963</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966132-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966132_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966132_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966102-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966102_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196691-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196691_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200112–14-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200112–14_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 12–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200181-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200181_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200181_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196628,_52-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196628,_52_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 28, 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200155-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200155_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966113-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966113_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200157,_82-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200157,_82_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 57, 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200170-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200170_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196613-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196613_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196644-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196644_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196659-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196659_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001466-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001466_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966357-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966357_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966357_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196635,_39–40-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196635,_39–40_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 35, 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196649-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196649_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196637–38-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196637–38_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196661-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196661_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196661_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196698–99-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196698–99_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200182-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200182_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966xiii,_134-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966xiii,_134_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. xiii, 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966134-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966134_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966134_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966143-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966143_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966143_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001157-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001157_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966121,_191-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966121,_191_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 121, 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966137-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966137_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966137_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966137_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966124-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966124_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966124_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966216-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966216_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196621-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196621_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196621_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196621_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001158-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001158_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200189–90-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200189–90_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200186-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200186_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966141-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966141_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001103–110-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001103–110_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001103–110_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 103–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196688-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196688_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196688_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001248-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001248_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001248_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001248_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001172–173-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001172–173_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001172–173_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966265-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966265_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CocoaBeach-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CocoaBeach_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CocoaBeach_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130104190601/http://www.cityofcocoabeach.com/citylife/History_at_A_Glance.htm">"History-At-A-Glance"</a>. City of Cocoa Beach. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofcocoabeach.com/citylife/History_at_A_Glance.htm">the original</a> on January 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History-At-A-Glance&rft.pub=City+of+Cocoa+Beach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofcocoabeach.com%2Fcitylife%2FHistory_at_A_Glance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001150-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001150_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001131-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001131_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001131_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196647-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196647_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196647_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966245-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966245_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966490-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966490_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 490.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001136-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001136_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001134–136-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001134–136_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 134–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966140,_143-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966140,_143_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 140, 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132–134-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132–134_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 132–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966188-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966188_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001134-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001134_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001134_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001136–144-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001136–144_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 136–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001136–137-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001136–137_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 136–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001138-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001138_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001138_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001139-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001139_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001139_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001139_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001139_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144–145-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144–145_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144–145_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001144_68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001135-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001135_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001145–148-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001145–148_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 145–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001147-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001147_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001147_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001147_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966199-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966199_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001179–181-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001179–181_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 179–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001179-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001179_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001179_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASAComp1-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASAComp1_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASAComp1_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNASA1988" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> (March 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/computers/ch1-1.html">"Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience – Chapter One: The Gemini Digital Computer: First Machine in Orbit"</a>. <i>NASA History</i>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+History&rft.atitle=Computers+in+Spaceflight%3A+The+NASA+Experience+%E2%80%93+Chapter+One%3A+The+Gemini+Digital+Computer%3A+First+Machine+in+Orbit&rft.date=1988-03&rft.au=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fcomputers%2Fch1-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DanCompSpace-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DanCompSpace_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRutter2004" class="citation web cs1">Rutter, Daniel (October 28, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dansdata.com/spacecomp.htm">"Computers in space"</a>. <i>Dan's Data</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dan%27s+Data&rft.atitle=Computers+in+space&rft.date=2004-10-28&rft.aulast=Rutter&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dansdata.com%2Fspacecomp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001142-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001142_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001191-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001191_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001191_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatland1976264-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatland1976264_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGatland1976">Gatland 1976</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001410-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001410_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiblin1998-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiblin1998_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiblin1998_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiblin1998">Giblin 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196648–49-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196648–49_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966246-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966246_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001191,_194-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001191,_194_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 191, 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966313-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966313_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001343–344-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001343–344_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 343–344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollins2013-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollins2013_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollins2013">Hollins 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/history-urinating-space/story?id=19641585">"The History of Urinating in Space"</a>. ABC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Urinating+in+Space&rft.pub=ABC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FTechnology%2Fhistory-urinating-space%2Fstory%3Fid%3D19641585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196698-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196698_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966499-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966499_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001143-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001143_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001141-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001141_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200198–99-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200198–99_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966501-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966501_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966501_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnknown19628-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnknown19628_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnknown1962">Unknown 1962</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001152-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001152_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001153-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001153_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001159-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001159_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001149-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001149_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196663-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196663_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196664-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196664_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966206-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966206_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196678–80-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196678–80_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 78–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196672-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196672_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001425,_428-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001425,_428_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 425, 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmview.com/spaceodysseytwo/spacelvs/sld001.htm">"Introduction to future launch vehicle plans [1963–2001]. 3.The Space Shuttle (1968–72)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+future+launch+vehicle+plans+%5B1963%E2%80%932001%5D.+3.The+Space+Shuttle+%281968%E2%80%9372%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmview.com%2Fspaceodysseytwo%2Fspacelvs%2Fsld001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarber" class="citation web cs1">Garber, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/x15/cover.html">"X – 15 Hypersonic Research at the Edge of Space"</a>. <i>NASA History Homepage</i>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+History+Homepage&rft.atitle=X+%E2%80%93+15+Hypersonic+Research+at+the+Edge+of+Space&rft.aulast=Garber&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fx15%2Fcover.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001229-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001229_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001229_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001196-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001196_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001196_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966198-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966198_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132,_159-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001132,_159_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 132, 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001184–188-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001184–188_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 184–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966310-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966310_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966310_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966312-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966312_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963235–238-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963235–238_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963235–238_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963235–238_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimwood1963">Grimwood 1963</a>, pp. 235–238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001402–405-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001402–405_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001402–405_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 402–405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963216–218-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963216–218_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimwood1963">Grimwood 1963</a>, pp. 216–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963149-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963149_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimwood1963">Grimwood 1963</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966126_&_138-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966126_&_138_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 126 & 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196696,_105-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196696,_105_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 96, 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001107-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001107_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-logo_history-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-logo_history_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970605044807/http://www.mdc.com/version2/history/logo.htm"><i>McDonnell Douglas Logo History</i></a>, McDonnell Douglas, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdc.com/version2/history/logo.htm">the original</a> on June 5, 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McDonnell+Douglas+Logo+History&rft.pub=McDonnell+Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdc.com%2Fversion2%2Fhistory%2Flogo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001197-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001197_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001197_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966638-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966638_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 638.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001223-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001223_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001284-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001284_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001198-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001198_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966125-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966125_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966392–397-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966392–397_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 392–397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001206-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001206_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001206_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001207-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001207_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001209,_214-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001209,_214_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 209, 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966151-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966151_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood196369-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood196369_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimwood1963">Grimwood 1963</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001211-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001211_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001211_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001211_141-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001211_141-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196622-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.196622_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001212-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001212_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001225,_250-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001225,_250_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 225, 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001458–459-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001458–459_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 458–459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966164-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966164_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640_148-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640_148-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 640.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966341-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966341_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966341_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966341_149-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001445-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001445_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunbar, B. (2015, May 12). Who was Alan shepherd? Retrieved April 22, 2021, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/who-was-alan-shepard-k4.html">https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/who-was-alan-shepard-k4.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001442-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001442_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Documents – human Space Flight: A record of ACHIEVEMENT, 1961 – 1998. (n.d.). Retrieved April 22, 2021, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225/documentation/hsf-record/hsf.htm#mercury">https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225/documentation/hsf-record/hsf.htm#mercury</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001440,_441-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001440,_441_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 440, 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunbar, B. (2016, December 05). Profile of John Glenn. Retrieved April 22, 2021, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasa.gov/content/profile-of-john-glenn">https://www.nasa.gov/content/profile-of-john-glenn</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fox, S. (2015, February 20). Scott carpenter, 1925–2013. Retrieved April 22, 2021, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasa.gov/astronautprofiles/carpenter">https://www.nasa.gov/astronautprofiles/carpenter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104004807/https://www.nasa.gov/astronautprofiles/carpenter/">Archived</a> November 4, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001446–447-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001446–447_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 446–447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">40Th anniversary of Mercury 7: WALTER Marty Schirra, jr. (n.d.). Retrieved April 22, 2021, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://history.nasa.gov/40thmerc7/schirra.htm">https://history.nasa.gov/40thmerc7/schirra.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Administrator, N. (2015, February 27). Remembering Gordon Cooper. Retrieved April 22, 2021, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_218.html">https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_218.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640–641-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640–641_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640–641_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640–641_160-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966640–641_160-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 640–641.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200199-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200199_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200196-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200196_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001100-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001100_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001100_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200197-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200197_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glenn1998-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glenn1998_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Broadcasting_Corporation2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (February 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/tv/canwehelp/txt/s2160601.htm">"Moment in Time – Episode 1"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Moment+in+Time+%E2%80%93+Episode+1&rft.date=2008-02-15&rft.au=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Ftv%2Fcanwehelp%2Ftxt%2Fs2160601.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunbar2015" class="citation web cs1">Dunbar, Brian (March 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mercury/missions/summary.html">"Project Mercury Overview – Astronaut Selection"</a>. <i>nasa.gov</i>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Project+Mercury+Overview+%E2%80%93+Astronaut+Selection&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft.aulast=Dunbar&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fmercury%2Fmissions%2Fsummary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966160–161-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966160–161_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005173-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005173_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansen2005">Hansen 2005</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005118-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005118_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansen2005">Hansen 2005</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005201–202-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2005201–202_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansen2005">Hansen 2005</a>, pp. 201–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson200917-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson200917_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson2009">Nelson 2009</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192–93-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192–93_173-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192–93_173-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192–93_173-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200192–93_173-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCloer" class="citation web cs1">Cloer, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/biography/alan-b-shepard/17449.aspx">"Alan B. Shepard, Jr.: Spam in a Can?"</a>. <i>vision.org</i>. Vision<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vision.org&rft.atitle=Alan+B.+Shepard%2C+Jr.%3A+Spam+in+a+Can%3F&rft.aulast=Cloer&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vision.org%2Fvisionmedia%2Fbiography%2Falan-b-shepard%2F17449.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001440-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001440_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001407-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001407_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200193-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200193_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200198-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200198_179-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200198_179-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200198_179-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Minard" title="David Minard">Minard, D.</a> (1964). Work Physiology. Archives of Environmental Health. 8(3): 427–436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200194-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200194_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001104-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001104_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001105-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001105_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/history/mastif.html#.VIy1TnvAuJw">"Gimbal Rig Mercury Astronaut Trainer"</a>. NASA. June 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gimbal+Rig+Mercury+Astronaut+Trainer&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2008-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fglenn%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fmastif.html%23.VIy1TnvAuJw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3m5npzgVLY"><span class="plainlinks"> "Gimbal Rig"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001105,_109-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001105,_109_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 105, 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001111-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001111_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966346-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966346_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnknown1961a7-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnknown1961a7_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnknown1961a">Unknown 1961a</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001208,_250-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001208,_250_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 208, 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001250,_308-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001250,_308_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 250, 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001475-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001475_192-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001475_192-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001110-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001110_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001278-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001278_195-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001278_195-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001278_195-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001280-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001280_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001188-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001188_197-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001188_197-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001188_197-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001281-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001281_198-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001281_198-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001281_198-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001282-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001282_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001188,_242-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001188,_242_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 188, 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001340-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001340_203-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001340_203-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001180-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001180_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnknown196246-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnknown196246_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnknown1962">Unknown 1962</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001188,_460-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001188,_460_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 188, 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966215-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966215_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001133-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001133_210-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001133_210-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963164-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963164_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimwood1963">Grimwood 1963</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnknown196110-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnknown196110_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnknown1961">Unknown 1961</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966333-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966333_214-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966333_214-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001120-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001120_215-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001120_215-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966195,_450-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966195,_450_216-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 195, 450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001462-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001462_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001324-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001324_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnknown19619-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnknown19619_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnknown1961">Unknown 1961</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966574-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966574_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 574.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnknown19629-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnknown19629_222-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnknown1962">Unknown 1962</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966356-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966356_223-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966356_223-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966445-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966445_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001166-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001166_226-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001166_226-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnknown19623-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnknown19623_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnknown1962">Unknown 1962</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHevesi2009" class="citation news cs1">Hevesi, Dennis (November 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/12/us/12omalley.html">"Thomas J. O'Malley, Who Helped Launch Glenn Into Orbit, Dies at 94"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thomas+J.+O%27Malley%2C+Who+Helped+Launch+Glenn+Into+Orbit%2C+Dies+at+94&rft.date=2009-11-12&rft.aulast=Hevesi&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F12%2Fus%2F12omalley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/items/show/4975">"Letter from General Ben I. Funk to Dr. Calvin D. Fowler (May 14, 1963)"</a>. University of Central Florida<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+from+General+Ben+I.+Funk+to+Dr.+Calvin+D.+Fowler+%28May+14%2C+1963%29&rft.pub=University+of+Central+Florida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frichesmi.cah.ucf.edu%2Fomeka%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F4975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001124,_461–462-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001124,_461–462_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 124, 461–462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001117-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001117_234-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001121,_126-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001121,_126_235-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 121, 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966360-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966360_236-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966479-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966479_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASAComp8-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASAComp8_239-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASAComp8_239-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNASA1988" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> (March 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/computers/Ch8-2.html">"Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience – Chapter Eight: Computers in Mission Control"</a>. <i>NASA History</i>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+History&rft.atitle=Computers+in+Spaceflight%3A+The+NASA+Experience+%E2%80%93+Chapter+Eight%3A+Computers+in+Mission+Control&rft.date=1988-03&rft.au=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fcomputers%2FCh8-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001118-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001118_240-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001409-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001409_241-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole200188-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole200188_242-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001128-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001128_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966332-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966332_244-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966377,_422-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966377,_422_245-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 377, 422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001476-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001476_246-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 476.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966638–641-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966638–641_247-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966638–641_247-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 638–641.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_248-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_248-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4001/app6.htm">"Project Mercury - A Chronology. Appendix 6"</a>. <i>history.nasa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Project+Mercury+-+A+Chronology.+Appendix+6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4001%2Fapp6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966373-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966373_250-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966375-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966375_252-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966422-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966422_253-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966432-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966432_254-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966409,_411-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966409,_411_255-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 409, 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966433-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966433_257-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966440-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966440_258-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966453-454-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966453-454_259-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 453-454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966456-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966456_261-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966457-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966457_262-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966484-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966484_264-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966476-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966476_265-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 476.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966483-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966483_266-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966487-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966487_267-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966506-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966506_268-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966353,_375,_433,_457,_483–484,_501-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966353,_375,_433,_457,_483–484,_501_270-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 353, 375, 433, 457, 483–484, 501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001231-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001231_271-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966335-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966335_273-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001275-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001275_274-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001309-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001309_275-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966208-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966208_277-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966203–204-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966203–204_278-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 203–204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966209-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966209_279-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966210-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966210_280-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966210_280-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001232-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001232_281-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001234,_474-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001234,_474_282-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 234, 474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966212-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966212_283-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966276-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966276_284-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001243-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001243_285-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966291-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966291_287-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966298-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966298_288-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966294-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966294_289-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966294_289-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966297-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966297_291-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966316-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966316_292-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966638–639-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966638–639_293-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 638–639.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966321–322-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966321–322_294-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 321–322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966327-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966327_295-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966330-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966330_296-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966337-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966337_297-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966386-387-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966386-387_298-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 386-387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966389-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966389_299-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966397-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966397_300-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001312-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001312_301-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966404-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966404_302-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966405-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966405_303-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966406-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966406_305-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963169-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood1963169_306-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimwood1963">Grimwood 1963</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111013154511/http://astronautix.com/flights/merr2mj2.htm">"Mercury-Jupiter MJ-2"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Astronautica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astronautix.com/flights/merr2mj2.htm">the original</a> on October 13, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft.atitle=Mercury-Jupiter+MJ-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastronautix.com%2Fflights%2Fmerr2mj2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrimwood" class="citation web cs1">Grimwood, James M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4001/p2a.htm">"Project Mercury – A Chronology – PART II (A) Research and Development Phase of Project Mercury"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. NASA SP-4001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Project+Mercury+%E2%80%93+A+Chronology+%E2%80%93+PART+II+%28A%29+Research+and+Development+Phase+of+Project+Mercury&rft.aulast=Grimwood&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4001%2Fp2a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966377-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966377_309-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001474-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001474_310-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001474_310-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001474_310-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001474_310-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001474_310-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966100-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966100_311-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimwood196381-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood196381_313-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimwood196381_313-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimwood1963">Grimwood 1963</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MJ2-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MJ2_314-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617195355/http://www.astronautix.com/flights/merr2mj2.htm">"Mercury-Jupiter 2 (MJ-2)"</a>. Astronautix.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/flights/merr2mj2.htm">the original</a> on June 17, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercury-Jupiter+2+%28MJ-2%29&rft.pub=Astronautix.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fflights%2Fmerr2mj2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassuttSlayton1994104-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassuttSlayton1994104_316-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassuttSlayton1994">Cassutt & Slayton 1994</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassuttSlayton1994101-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassuttSlayton1994101_317-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassuttSlayton1994">Cassutt & Slayton 1994</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001385–386-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001385–386_318-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, pp. 385–386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mercury-Atlas_11-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mercury-Atlas_11_320-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823192237/http://www.astronautix.com/flights/meryma11.htm">"Mercury MA-11"</a>. Encyclopedia Astronauticax. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/flights/meryma11.htm">the original</a> on August 23, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercury+MA-11&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Astronauticax&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fflights%2Fmeryma11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mercury-Atlas_12-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mercury-Atlas_12_321-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823200222/http://www.astronautix.com/flights/meryma12.htm">"Mercury MA-12"</a>. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/flights/meryma12.htm">the original</a> on August 23, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercury+MA-12&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fflights%2Fmeryma12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001cover-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001cover_322-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. cover.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001417-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001417_323-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2000283-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiddiqi2000283_324-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiddiqi2000">Siddiqi 2000</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966119-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966119_326-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966272-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966272_328-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966306-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966306_329-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966434-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966434_330-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966423-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966423_331-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telstar-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telstar_332-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-052A">"Mercury Atlas 8"</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercury+Atlas+8&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1962-052A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966472-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966472_333-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966363-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966363_335-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966362,_435,_459,_486,_502,_584-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966362,_435,_459,_486,_502,_584_336-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 362, 435, 459, 486, 502, 584.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966435,_501-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966435,_501_337-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, pp. 435, 501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001448-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatchpole2001448_338-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pilotonline.com/2011/10/24/whats-in-a-name-mercury-boulevard/">"What's in a name? | Mercury Boulevard"</a>. <i>The Virginian-Pilot</i>. October 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Virginian-Pilot&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+name%3F+%7C+Mercury+Boulevard&rft.date=2011-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilotonline.com%2F2011%2F10%2F24%2Fwhats-in-a-name-mercury-boulevard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoeingMedia-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BoeingMedia_340-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoeingMedia_340-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1639">"Boeing Press Release"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boeing+Press+Release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboeing.mediaroom.com%2Findex.php%3Fs%3D43%26item%3D1639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMdBRightStuff-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMdBRightStuff_342-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086197/">"The Right Stuff"</a>. IMdB<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Right+Stuff&rft.pub=IMdB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0086197%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monument-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monument_343-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050117174129/http://images.ksc.nasa.gov/photos/1964/captions/KSC-64C-5517.html">"Mercury Monument Dedication at Launch Complex 14"</a>. Kennedy Space Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.ksc.nasa.gov/photos/1964/captions/KSC-64C-5517.html">the original</a> on January 17, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercury+Monument+Dedication+at+Launch+Complex+14&rft.pub=Kennedy+Space+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.ksc.nasa.gov%2Fphotos%2F1964%2Fcaptions%2FKSC-64C-5517.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pin-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pin_344-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPearlman2020" class="citation web cs1">Pearlman, Robert Z. (January 6, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/nasa-astronaut-pin-history.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Pin'-nacle Achievement: The Story Behind NASA's Astronaut Pin"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=%27Pin%27-nacle+Achievement%3A+The+Story+Behind+NASA%27s+Astronaut+Pin&rft.date=2020-01-06&rft.aulast=Pearlman&rft.aufirst=Robert+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fnasa-astronaut-pin-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlennStamp-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GlennStamp_345-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlennStamp_345-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326102050/http://www.mysticstamp.com/viewProducts.asp?sku=1193">"Mystic stamp company"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysticstamp.com/viewProducts.asp?sku=1193">the original</a> on March 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mystic+stamp+company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysticstamp.com%2FviewProducts.asp%3Fsku%3D1193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShepardStamp-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ShepardStamp_346-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406122605/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/history/features/shepard_stamp.html">"Stamps Mark Shepard's 1961 Flight"</a>. US Postal Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/topics/history/features/shepard_stamp.html">the original</a> on April 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stamps+Mark+Shepard%27s+1961+Flight&rft.pub=US+Postal+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ftopics%2Fhistory%2Ffeatures%2Fshepard_stamp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966436-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander_&_al.1966436_349-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966">Alexander & al. 1966</a>, p. 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patches-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patches_350-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patches_350-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDorr" class="citation web cs1">Dorr, Eugene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genedorr.com/patches/History.html">"History of Patches"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Patches&rft.aulast=Dorr&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenedorr.com%2Fpatches%2FHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_&_al.1966" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, C. C.; Grimwood, J. M.; Swenson, L. S. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670005605_1967005605.pdf"><i>This New Ocean: a History of Project Mercury</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US: NASA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1934941875" title="Special:BookSources/1934941875"><bdi>1934941875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+New+Ocean%3A+a+History+of+Project+Mercury&rft.place=US&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=1934941875&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=C.+C.&rft.au=Grimwood%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Swenson%2C+L.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19670005605_1967005605.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCassuttSlayton1994" class="citation book cs1">Cassutt, Michael; Slayton, Donald K. "Deke" (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dekeusmannedspac00slay"><i>Deke! U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle</i></a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York, US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Forge_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Forge Books">Forge</a> (<a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-85503-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-85503-6"><bdi>0-312-85503-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deke%21+U.S.+Manned+Space%3A+From+Mercury+to+the+Shuttle&rft.place=New+York%2C+US&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Forge+%28St.+Martin%27s+Press%29&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-312-85503-6&rft.aulast=Cassutt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Slayton%2C+Donald+K.+%22Deke%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdekeusmannedspac00slay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatchpole2001" class="citation book cs1">Catchpole, John (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/projectmercuryna0000catc"><i>Project Mercury - NASA's First Manned Space Programme</i></a></span>. Chichester, UK: Springer Praxis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85233-406-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85233-406-1"><bdi>1-85233-406-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Mercury+-+NASA%27s+First+Manned+Space+Programme&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Springer+Praxis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85233-406-1&rft.aulast=Catchpole&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprojectmercuryna0000catc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGatland1976" class="citation book cs1">Gatland, Kenneth (1976). <i>Manned Spacecraft</i> (Second ed.). New York: Macmillan. p. 304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manned+Spacecraft&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=304&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Gatland&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiblin1998" class="citation journal cs1">Giblin, Kelly A. (Spring 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120153024/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1998/4/1998_4_46.shtml">"Fire in the Cockpit!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_of_Invention_%26_Technology" title="American Heritage of Invention & Technology">American Heritage of Invention & Technology</a></i>. <b>13</b> (4). American Heritage Publishing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1998/4/1998_4_46.shtml">the original</a> on November 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage+of+Invention+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Fire+in+the+Cockpit%21&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Giblin&rft.aufirst=Kelly+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Farticles%2Fmagazine%2Fit%2F1998%2F4%2F1998_4_46.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrimwood1963" class="citation book cs1">Grimwood, James M. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4001/cover.htm"><i>Project Mercury. A Chronology – NASA SP-4001</i></a>. Washington DC, US: NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Mercury.+A+Chronology+%E2%80%93+NASA+SP-4001&rft.place=Washington+DC%2C+US&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Grimwood&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4001%2Fcover.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHansen2005" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, James R. (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/First_Man:_The_Life_of_Neil_A._Armstrong" title="First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong">First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong</a></i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5631-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5631-X"><bdi>0-7432-5631-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Man%3A+The+Life+of+Neil+A.+Armstrong&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7432-5631-X&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHollins2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hollins, Hunter (March 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/advan.00175.2012">"Forgotten hardware: how to urinate in a spacesuit"</a>. <i>Advances in Physiology Education</i>. <b>37</b> (1). American Physilogy Society: <span class="nowrap">123–</span>128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fadvan.00175.2012">10.1152/advan.00175.2012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23728129">23728129</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Physiology+Education&rft.atitle=Forgotten+hardware%3A+how+to+urinate+in+a+spacesuit&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=2013-03-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fadvan.00175.2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23728129&rft.aulast=Hollins&rft.aufirst=Hunter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.physiology.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1152%2Fadvan.00175.2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKranz2000" class="citation book cs1">Kranz, Gene (2000). <i>Failure Is Not an Option: Mission Control from Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond</i>. New York: Berkley Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-17987-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-425-17987-7"><bdi>0-425-17987-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failure+Is+Not+an+Option%3A+Mission+Control+from+Mercury+to+Apollo+13+and+Beyond&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Berkley+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-425-17987-7&rft.aulast=Kranz&rft.aufirst=Gene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNelson2009" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Craig (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780670021031"><i>Rocket Men: The Epic Story of the First Men on the Moon</i></a>. New York, New York: Viking Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02103-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02103-1"><bdi>978-0-670-02103-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rocket+Men%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+the+First+Men+on+the+Moon&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02103-1&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780670021031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShesol2021" class="citation book cs1">Shesol, Jeff (2021). <i>Mercury Rising: John Glenn, John Kennedy, and the New Battleground of the Cold War</i>. New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-324-00324-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-324-00324-3"><bdi>978-1-324-00324-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercury+Rising%3A+John+Glenn%2C+John+Kennedy%2C+and+the+New+Battleground+of+the+Cold+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-324-00324-3&rft.aulast=Shesol&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqi2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asif_Azam_Siddiqi" title="Asif Azam Siddiqi">Siddiqi, Asif A.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916023444/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4408pt1.pdf"><i>Challenge To Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945-1974</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US: NASA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1780393016" title="Special:BookSources/1780393016"><bdi>1780393016</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4408pt1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenge+To+Apollo%3A+The+Soviet+Union+and+the+Space+Race%2C+1945-1974&rft.place=US&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1780393016&rft.aulast=Siddiqi&rft.aufirst=Asif+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4408pt1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnknown1961" class="citation book cs1">Unknown (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140131113236/http://msquair.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/results-of-the-first-manned-sub-orbital-space-flight.pdf"><i>Results of the first U.S. manned suborbital space flight</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US: NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msquair.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/results-of-the-first-manned-sub-orbital-space-flight.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 31, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Results+of+the+first+U.S.+manned+suborbital+space+flight&rft.place=US&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsquair.files.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F05%2Fresults-of-the-first-manned-sub-orbital-space-flight.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnknown1961a" class="citation book cs1">Unknown (1961a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/mission_trans/MR04_TEC.PDF"><i>Results of the second U.S. manned suborbital space flight</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US: NASA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Results+of+the+second+U.S.+manned+suborbital+space+flight&rft.place=US&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fmission_trans%2FMR04_TEC.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnknown1962" class="citation book cs1">Unknown (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102071604/https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/ma-6/docs/ma-6-results.pdf"><i>Results of the first United States manned orbital space flight, 20 February 1962</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US: NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/ma-6/docs/ma-6-results.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Results+of+the+first+United+States+manned+orbital+space+flight%2C+20+February+1962&rft.place=US&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.ksc.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fmercury%2Fma-6%2Fdocs%2Fma-6-results.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilford1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Noble_Wilford" title="John Noble Wilford">Wilford, John Noble</a> (July 1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wereachmoonnewyo00wilf"><i>We Reach the Moon</i></a></span>. New York, US: Bantam Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Reach+the+Moon&rft.place=New+York%2C+US&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1969-07&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=John+Noble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwereachmoonnewyo00wilf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNASA1988" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> (March 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/computers/ch1-1.html">"Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience – Chapter One: The Gemini Digital Computer: First Machine in Orbit"</a>. <i>NASA History</i>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+History&rft.atitle=Computers+in+Spaceflight%3A+The+NASA+Experience+%E2%80%93+Chapter+One%3A+The+Gemini+Digital+Computer%3A+First+Machine+in+Orbit&rft.date=1988-03&rft.au=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fcomputers%2Fch1-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRutter2004" class="citation web cs1">Rutter, Daniel (October 28, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dansdata.com/spacecomp.htm">"Computers in space"</a>. <i>Dan's Data</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dan%27s+Data&rft.atitle=Computers+in+space&rft.date=2004-10-28&rft.aulast=Rutter&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dansdata.com%2Fspacecomp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050119055349/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/space/space_chronology.html">"Space flight chronology"</a>. <i>IBM Archives</i>. IBM. January 23, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/space/space_chronology.html">the original</a> on January 19, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBM+Archives&rft.atitle=Space+flight+chronology&rft.date=2003-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fibm%2Fhistory%2Fexhibits%2Fspace%2Fspace_chronology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProject+Mercury" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mercury_program" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mercury program">Mercury program</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mercury/index.html">NASA Project Mercury images and videos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128100852/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mercury/index.html">Archived</a> November 28, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4003/toc.htm">Space Medicine In Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/mscorbit/document.html">PDFs of historical Mercury documents including familiarization manuals.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/diagrams/mercury.html">Project Mercury Drawings and Technical Diagrams</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100712232928/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/diagrams/mercury.html">Archived</a> July 12, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.1151850"><i> The Astronauts: United States Project Mercury </i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Project_Mercury167" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Project_Mercury" title="Template:Project Mercury"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Project_Mercury" title="Template talk:Project Mercury"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Project_Mercury" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Project Mercury"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Project_Mercury167" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Project Mercury</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Space flight</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-right:1.0em;"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_Capsule2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury program capsule"><img alt="Mercury program capsule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mercury_Capsule2.png/70px-Mercury_Capsule2.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mercury_Capsule2.png/105px-Mercury_Capsule2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mercury_Capsule2.png/140px-Mercury_Capsule2.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Mercury program capsule</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Suborbit: <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3"><i>Freedom 7</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4"><i>Liberty Bell 7</i></a></li> <li>Earth orbit: <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6"><i>Friendship 7</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_7" title="Mercury-Atlas 7"><i>Aurora 7</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_8" title="Mercury-Atlas 8"><i>Sigma 7</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_9" title="Mercury-Atlas 9"><i>Faith 7</i></a></li> <li>Cancelled: <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_10" title="Mercury-Atlas 10"><i>Freedom 7 II</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_1" title="Little Joe 1">Little Joe 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Joe_1" title="Big Joe 1">Big Joe 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_6" title="Little Joe 6">LJ-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_1A" title="Little Joe 1A">LJ-1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_2" title="Little Joe 2">LJ-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_1B" title="Little Joe 1B">LJ-1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_Abort" title="Beach Abort">Beach Abort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_1" title="Mercury-Atlas 1">MA-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_5" title="Little Joe 5">Little Joe 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_1" title="Mercury-Redstone 1">MR-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_1A" title="Mercury-Redstone 1A">MR-1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_2" title="Mercury-Redstone 2">MR-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_2" title="Mercury-Atlas 2">MA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_5A" title="Little Joe 5A">LJ-5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_BD" title="Mercury-Redstone BD">MR-BD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_3" title="Mercury-Atlas 3">MA-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_5B" title="Little Joe 5B">LJ-5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_4" title="Mercury-Atlas 4">MA-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Scout_1" title="Mercury-Scout 1">MS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_5" title="Mercury-Atlas 5">MA-5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Flown non-human</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_2" title="Little Joe 2">Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_1B" title="Little Joe 1B">Miss Sam</a></li> <li>Suborbit: <a href="/wiki/Ham_(chimpanzee)" title="Ham (chimpanzee)">Ham</a></li> <li>Earth orbit: <a href="/wiki/Enos_(chimpanzee)" title="Enos (chimpanzee)">Enos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronauts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury Seven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In order of flight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Suborbit: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a></li> <li>Earth orbit: <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Wally Schirra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Gordon Cooper</a></li> <li>Did not fly: <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Mark_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Mark IV">Navy Mark IV</a> (space suit)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subprograms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas" title="Mercury-Atlas">Mercury-Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle">Mercury-Redstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Scout_1" title="Mercury-Scout 1">Mercury-Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury-Jupiter">Mercury-Jupiter</a> (canceled)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contractors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Aircraft">McDonnell Aircraft Corporation</a> (spacecraft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair" title="Convair">Convair</a> (Atlas rocket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> (Redstone rocket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a> (Little Joe rocket)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rockets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle">Redstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-90_Blue_Scout_II" title="RM-90 Blue Scout II">Blue Scout II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_(rocket)" title="Little Joe (rocket)">Little Joe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">Jupiter</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch sites<br />and Control Center</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Island" title="Wallops Island">Wallops Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_5" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 5">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_14" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 14">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a> (successor program)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> (lunar program)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Soviet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a> (rival in space race)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_spacesuit" title="Mercury spacesuit">Mercury spacesuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_Wives_Club" title="Astronaut Wives Club">Astronaut Wives Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_13" title="Mercury 13">Mercury 13</a> (non-NASA project inspired by Project Mercury)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_human_spaceflight_programs98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template:US human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template talk:US human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_human_spaceflight_programs98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">human spaceflight programs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_program" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station program">International Space Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:S66-63536.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/S66-63536.jpg/250px-S66-63536.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/S66-63536.jpg/330px-S66-63536.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6856" data-file-height="4741" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Completed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Apollo Applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle-<i>Mir</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar" title="Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar">Dyna-Soar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HL-20_Personnel_Launch_System" title="HL-20 Personnel Launch System">HL-20 Personnel Launch System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Man in Space Soonest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_(rocket)" title="Nova (rocket)">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Space_Plane_Program" title="Orbital Space Plane Program">Orbital Space Plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)" title="Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)">Orion (nuclear)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_X-30" title="Rockwell X-30">NASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom"><i>Freedom</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA578" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope"><i>Hubble</i> Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory"><i>Chandra</i> X-ray Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory"><i>SDO</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-APEX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite"><i>TESS</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope"><i>James Webb</i> Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem"><i>PACE</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope"><i>Nancy Grace Roman</i> Space Telescope</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="McDonnell_and_McDonnell_Douglas_aircraft_and_spacecraft366" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:McDonnell_Douglas_aircraft" title="Template:McDonnell Douglas aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:McDonnell_Douglas_aircraft" title="Template talk:McDonnell Douglas aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:McDonnell_Douglas_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:McDonnell Douglas aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="McDonnell_and_McDonnell_Douglas_aircraft_and_spacecraft366" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Aircraft_Corporation" title="McDonnell Aircraft Corporation">McDonnell</a> and <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a> aircraft and spacecraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">DC-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-9">DC-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">DC-10</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DC-10_Air_Tanker" title="DC-10 Air Tanker">Air Tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10_Twin" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10 Twin">Twin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">MD-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11">MD-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-12" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-12">MD-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-80">MD-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-80">MD-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-80">MD-82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-80">MD-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-80">MD-87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-80">MD-88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-90" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-90">MD-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-94X" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-94X">MD-91X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-94X" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-94X">MD-92X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-94X" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-94X">MD-94X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_717" title="Boeing 717">MD-95</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_941" title="Bréguet 941">Model 188E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_941" title="Bréguet 941">Model 210</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_High_Speed_Civil_Transport" title="McDonnell Douglas High Speed Civil Transport">High Speed Civil Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Business_jet" title="Business jet">Business jets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_119" title="McDonnell 119">Model 119/220</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">US Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XP-67" title="McDonnell XP-67">XP-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XF-85_Goblin" title="McDonnell XF-85 Goblin">XF-85 Goblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XF-88_Voodoo" title="McDonnell XF-88 Voodoo">XF-88 Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F-101_Voodoo" title="McDonnell F-101 Voodoo">F-101 Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-110 Spectre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-4 Phantom II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle">F-15 Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15E_Strike_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle">F-15E Strike Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F-15EX_Eagle_II" title="Boeing F-15EX Eagle II">F-15EX Eagle II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_YF-23" title="Northrop YF-23">Northrop YF-23</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">US Navy</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">USMC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_FH_Phantom" title="McDonnell FH Phantom">FH Phantom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F2H_Banshee" title="McDonnell F2H Banshee">F2H Banshee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F3H_Demon" title="McDonnell F3H Demon">F3H Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-4 Phantom II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">F/A-18 Hornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet" title="Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet">F/A-18E/F Super Hornet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Export</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_CF-101_Voodoo" title="McDonnell CF-101 Voodoo">CF-101 Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II_in_Australian_service" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in Australian service">F-4E Phantom (RAAF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_Phantom_in_UK_service" title="McDonnell Douglas Phantom in UK service">F-4K Phantom · F-4M Phantom · F-4J(UK) Phantom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_CF-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet">CF-18 / CF-188 Hornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet_in_Australian_service" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet in Australian service">F/A-18A/B Hornet (RAAF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Licensed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_F-15J" title="Mitsubishi F-15J">F-15J Eagle</a> (Mitsubishi)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">Attack</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Navy / USMC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-4_Skyhawk" title="Douglas A-4 Skyhawk">A-4 Skyhawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II" title="McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II">AV-8B Harrier II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_A-12_Avenger_II" title="McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II">A-12 Avenger II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Export</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_A-4G_Skyhawk" title="McDonnell Douglas A-4G Skyhawk">A-4G Skyhawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trainer_aircraft" title="Trainer aircraft">Trainers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_Navy7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_T-45_Goshawk" title="McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk">T-45 Goshawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">Transports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_119" title="McDonnell 119">Model 119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_C-9" title="McDonnell Douglas C-9">C-9 Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_KC-10_Extender" title="McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender">KC-10 Extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_YC-15" title="McDonnell Douglas YC-15">YC-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">C-17 Globemaster III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_C-9" title="McDonnell Douglas C-9">C-9 Skytrain II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Licensed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_941" title="Bréguet 941">Model 188</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_helicopter" title="Military helicopter">Helicopters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Army / US Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XH-20_Little_Henry" title="McDonnell XH-20 Little Henry">XH-20 Little Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_AH-64_Apache" title="Boeing AH-64 Apache">AH-64 Apache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XHJH_Whirlaway" title="McDonnell XHJH Whirlaway">XHJH Whirlaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XHCH" title="McDonnell XHCH">XHCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_HRH" title="McDonnell HRH">XHRH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_120_Flying_Crane" title="McDonnell 120 Flying Crane">Model 120 Flying Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD_500_Defender" title="McDonnell Douglas MD 500 Defender">MD500 Defender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Drones (UAVs)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADM-20_Quail" title="ADM-20 Quail">ADM-20 Quail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_TD2D_Katydid" title="McDonnell TD2D Katydid">KDH Katydid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBD_Gargoyle" title="LBD Gargoyle">KUD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_AQUILINE" title="Project AQUILINE">Aquiline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_Army_/_US_Air_Force31" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Army / US Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XV-1" title="McDonnell XV-1">XV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_X-36" title="McDonnell Douglas X-36">X-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_STOL/MTD" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 STOL/MTD">F-15 STOL/MTD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Bird_of_Prey" title="Boeing Bird of Prey">Bird of Prey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-X" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-X">DC-X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Gemini B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Gemini" title="Big Gemini">Big Gemini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13.0em;;font-weight:normal;">US Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Gemini" title="Blue Gemini">Blue Gemini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Model numbers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XP-67" title="McDonnell XP-67">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_FH_Phantom" title="McDonnell FH Phantom">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XP-67" title="McDonnell XP-67">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XP-67" title="McDonnell XP-67">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_FH_Phantom" title="McDonnell FH Phantom">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F2H_Banshee" title="McDonnell F2H Banshee">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBD_Gargoyle" title="LBD Gargoyle">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XF-85_Goblin" title="McDonnell XF-85 Goblin">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_TD2D_Katydid" title="McDonnell TD2D Katydid">31</a></li> <li>36 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XF-88_Voodoo" title="McDonnell XF-88 Voodoo">36–36V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F-101_Voodoo" title="McDonnell F-101 Voodoo">36W–36DH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XHJH_Whirlaway" title="McDonnell XHJH Whirlaway">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XH-20_Little_Henry" title="McDonnell XH-20 Little Henry">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_TD2D_Katydid" title="McDonnell TD2D Katydid">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_TD2D_Katydid" title="McDonnell TD2D Katydid">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F3H_Demon" title="McDonnell F3H Demon">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XHJH_Whirlaway" title="McDonnell XHJH Whirlaway">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_HRH" title="McDonnell HRH">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XH-20_Little_Henry" title="McDonnell XH-20 Little Henry">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XV-1" title="McDonnell XV-1">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-8_Talos" title="RIM-8 Talos">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_XHCH" title="McDonnell XHCH">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSM-N-2_Triton" title="SSM-N-2 Triton">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-20_Quail" title="ADM-20 Quail">107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_119" title="McDonnell 119">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_120_Flying_Crane" title="McDonnell 120 Flying Crane">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AAM-N-10_Eagle" title="AAM-N-10 Eagle">127</a></li> <li>133 <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">133A–133K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">133L–133P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Gemini" title="Big Gemini">133Q</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASSET_(spacecraft)" title="ASSET (spacecraft)">151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(satellite)" title="Samos (satellite)">164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temco_TT_Pinto" title="Temco TT Pinto">182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temco_TT_Pinto" title="Temco TT Pinto">183</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_941" title="Bréguet 941">188</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Isinglass" title="Project Isinglass">192</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">195</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle">199</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_941" title="Bréguet 941">210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_119" title="McDonnell 119">220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon_(missile)" title="Harpoon (missile)">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II" title="McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II">258</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Harrier" title="Hawker Siddeley Harrier">258AP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">267</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight370" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight" title="Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight" title="Template talk:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight370" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Astrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_programme_of_Australia" title="Category:Space programme of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_space_program" title="North Korean space program">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_space_program" title="South Korean space program">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation of space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Imagery and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather and environment monitoring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_research" title="Space research">Space research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_effect" title="Overview effect">Overview effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_diving" title="Space diving">Space diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Space psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sexology" title="Space sexology">Space sexology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_module" title="Orbital module">Orbital module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_capsule" title="Reentry capsule">Reentry capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_module" title="Service module">Service module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft" title="Self-replicating spacecraft">Self-replicating spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_electric_propulsion" title="Spacecraft electric propulsion">Electric propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Destinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">Ground segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">Flight controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_pass" title="Orbital pass">Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">Mission control center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight_lists_and_timelines353" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight_lists_and_timelines" title="Template:Spaceflight lists and timelines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight_lists_and_timelines" title="Template talk:Spaceflight lists and timelines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight_lists_and_timelines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight lists and timelines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight_lists_and_timelines353" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a> lists and timelines</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline of spaceflight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_space_exploration" title="Timeline of space exploration">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Spaceflight records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Space_Race" title="Timeline of the Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_rocket_and_missile_technology" title="Timeline of rocket and missile technology">Rocket and missile technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">Crewed spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights#Timeline" title="List of human spaceflights">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">by program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights" title="List of human spaceflights">Spaceflights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_1961%E2%80%931970" title="List of human spaceflights, 1961–1970">1961–1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_1971%E2%80%931980" title="List of human spaceflights, 1971–1980">1971–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_1981%E2%80%931990" title="List of human spaceflights, 1981–1990">1981–1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_1991%E2%80%932000" title="List of human spaceflights, 1991–2000">1991–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_2001%E2%80%932010" title="List of human spaceflights, 2001–2010">2001–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_2011%E2%80%932020" title="List of human spaceflights, 2011–2020">2011–2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_2021%E2%80%93present" title="List of human spaceflights, 2021–present">2021–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Soviet human spaceflight missions">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Russian human spaceflight missions">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vostok_and_Voskhod_missions" title="List of Vostok and Voskhod missions">Vostok and Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soyuz_missions" title="List of Soyuz missions">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Gaganyaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Artemis_missions" title="List of Artemis missions">Artemis</a></li> <li>Civilian spaceflight <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fully_civilian_crewed_orbital_spaceflights" title="List of fully civilian crewed orbital spaceflights">Orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fully_civilian_crewed_suborbital_spaceflights" title="List of fully civilian crewed suborbital spaceflights">Suborbital</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Salyut_expeditions" title="List of Salyut expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li>Spaceflights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_Salyut_space_stations" title="List of human spaceflights to Salyut space stations">crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_spaceflights_to_Salyut_space_stations" title="List of uncrewed spaceflights to Salyut space stations">uncrewed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Salyut_spacewalks" title="List of Salyut spacewalks">Spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Salyut_visitors" title="List of Salyut visitors">Visitors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_expeditions" title="List of Mir expeditions">Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ESA_space_expeditions" title="List of ESA space expeditions">ESA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spaceflights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_Mir" title="List of human spaceflights to Mir">crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_spaceflights_to_Mir" title="List of uncrewed spaceflights to Mir">uncrewed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_spacewalks" title="List of Mir spacewalks">Spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_visitors" title="List of Mir visitors">Visitors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_expeditions" title="List of International Space Station expeditions">Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ESA_space_expeditions" title="List of ESA space expeditions">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_visiting_expeditions_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of visiting expeditions to the International Space Station">Visiting</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spaceflights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station">crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station">uncrewed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_spacewalks" title="List of International Space Station spacewalks">Spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_visitors_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of visitors to the International Space Station">Visitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacecraft_deployed_from_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of spacecraft deployed from the International Space Station">Deployed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tiangong_Space_Station_expeditions" title="List of Tiangong Space Station expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_the_Tiangong_space_station" title="List of human spaceflights to the Tiangong space station">Crewed Spaceflights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tiangong_space_station_spacewalks" title="List of Tiangong space station spacewalks">Spacewalks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Shuttle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Crews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_rollbacks" title="List of Space Shuttle rollbacks">Rollbacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_astronauts" title="Lists of astronauts">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year of selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven#Group_members" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_astronauts" title="List of Chinese astronauts">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_astronauts" title="List of Asian astronauts">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_astronauts" title="List of European astronauts">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts" title="List of cosmonauts">Cosmonauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_astronauts" title="List of women astronauts">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_astronauts" title="List of Muslim astronauts">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_astronauts" title="List of Arab astronauts">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ibero-American_spacefarers" title="List of Ibero-American spacefarers">Ibero-America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_space_scientists" title="Lists of space scientists">Space scientists</a></li> <li>Space travelers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_travelers_by_name" class="mw-redirect" title="List of space travelers by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_travellers_by_first_flight" title="List of space travellers by first flight">by first flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_travelers_by_nationality" title="List of space travelers by nationality">by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_billionaire_spacetravellers" title="List of billionaire spacetravellers">billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_space_travel_by_nationality" title="Timeline of space travel by nationality">timeline by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Spaceflight-related human fatalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">EVA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalks_and_moonwalks_1965%E2%80%931999" title="List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999">1965–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalks_2000%E2%80%932014" title="List of spacewalks 2000–2014">2000–2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalks_2015%E2%80%932024" title="List of spacewalks 2015–2024">2015–2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalks_since_2025" title="List of spacewalks since 2025">2025–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cumulative_spacewalk_records" title="List of cumulative spacewalk records">Cumulative spacewalk records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_spacewalks" title="List of longest spacewalks">Longest spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalkers" title="List of spacewalkers">Spacewalkers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Solar System<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interplanetary_voyages" title="List of interplanetary voyages">Interplanetary voyages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landings_on_extraterrestrial_bodies" title="List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies">Landings on other planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rovers_on_extraterrestrial_bodies" title="List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies">rovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_extraterrestrial_surfaces" title="List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces">artificial objects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_objects_at_Lagrange_points" title="List of objects at Lagrange points">Objects at Lagrange points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Solar_System_probes" title="List of active Solar System probes">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_Solar_System_probes" title="List of proposed Solar System probes">future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_leaving_the_Solar_System" title="List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System">leaving the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">lunar probes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Missions to the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_satellites_and_space_probes" title="Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes">Timeline of satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Mars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Earth-orbiting<br />satellites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communications_satellite_firsts" title="List of communications satellite firsts">Communications satellite firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CubeSat" title="CubeSat">CubeSats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PocketQube" title="PocketQube">PocketQube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth_observation_satellites" title="List of Earth observation satellites">Earth observation satellites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_Earth_observation_satellites" title="Timeline of first Earth observation satellites">Timeline of first Earth observation satellites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satellites_in_geosynchronous_orbit" title="List of satellites in geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GOES_satellites" title="List of GOES satellites">GOES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GPS_satellites" title="List of GPS satellites">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites" title="List of Kosmos satellites">Kosmos</a></li> <li>Magnetospheric</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NRO_launches" title="List of NRO launches">NRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_TDRS_satellites" title="List of TDRS satellites">TDRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of USA satellites">USA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="List of orbital launch systems">Orbital launch systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="Comparison of orbital launch systems">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sounding_rockets" title="List of sounding rockets">Sounding rocket list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of spacecraft">Spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_spacecraft_by_program" class="mw-redirect" title="List of uncrewed spacecraft by program">uncrewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heaviest_spacecraft" title="List of heaviest spacecraft">heaviest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_stages" title="List of rocket stages">Upper stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">Sounding rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Small-lift launch vehicle">Small-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Medium-lift launch vehicle">Medium-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Heavy-lift launch vehicle">Heavy-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">Super heavy-lift launch vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launches<br />by rocket type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ariane_launches" title="List of Ariane launches">Ariane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antares_launches" title="List of Antares launches">Antares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atlas_launches" title="List of Atlas launches">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atlas_LV3B_launches" title="List of Atlas LV3B launches">Atlas LV3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atlas_LV3C_launches" title="List of Atlas LV3C launches">Atlas LV3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Black_Brant_launches" title="List of Black Brant launches">Black Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Electron_launches" title="List of Electron launches">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_DM-19_launches" title="List of Delta DM-19 launches">Delta DM-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_1_launches" title="List of Delta 1 launches">Delta 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_II_launches" title="List of Delta II launches">Delta II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_III_launches" title="List of Delta III launches">Delta III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_IV_Heavy_launches" title="List of Delta IV Heavy launches">Delta IV Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_IV_Medium_launches" title="List of Delta IV Medium launches">Delta IV Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_IV_launches" title="List of Delta IV launches">Delta IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches">Falcon 9 and Heavy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2010%E2%80%932019)" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2010–2019)">2010–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2020%E2%80%932022)" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2020–2022)">2020–2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GSLV_launches" title="List of GSLV launches">GSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_H-II_series_and_H3_launches" title="List of H-II series and H3 launches">H-II and H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_launches" title="List of Kosmos launches">Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Long_March_launches" title="List of Long March launches">Long March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Proton_launches" title="List of Proton launches">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PSLV_launches" title="List of PSLV launches">PSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_R-7_launches" title="List of R-7 launches">R-7 (including Semyorka, Molniya, Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scout_launches" title="List of Scout launches">Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Launch_System_launches" title="List of Space Launch System launches">SLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Starship_launches" title="List of Starship launches">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thor_and_Delta_launches" title="List of Thor and Delta launches">Thor and Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thor-Agena_launches" title="List of Thor-Agena launches">Thor-Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thor-Able_launches" title="List of Thor-Able launches">Thor DM-18 Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thor_DM-18_Agena-A_launches" title="List of Thor DM-18 Agena-A launches">Thor DM-18 Agena-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thor_DM-18_launches" title="List of Thor DM-18 launches">Thor DM-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thor_DM-21_Agena-B_launches" title="List of Thor DM-21 Agena-B launches">Thor DM-21 Agena-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Titan_launches" title="List of Titan launches">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tsyklon_launches" title="List of Tsyklon launches">Tsyklon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_V-2_test_launches" title="List of V-2 test launches">V-2 tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vega_launches" title="List of Vega launches">Vega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vulcan_launches" title="List of Vulcan launches">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zenit_launches" title="List of Zenit launches">Zenit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.15em;">Launches by spaceport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_launches" title="List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches">Satish Dhawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies, companies<br />and facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communication_satellite_companies" title="List of communication satellite companies">Communications satellite companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_communication_satellite_operators" title="Comparison of communication satellite operators">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_spaceflight_companies" title="List of private spaceflight companies">Private spaceflight companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_launch_sites" title="List of rocket launch sites">Rocket launch sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Space agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacecraft_manufacturers" title="List of spacecraft manufacturers">Spacecraft manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.15em;">Other mission lists<br />and timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">First orbital launches by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_satellites_by_country" title="List of first satellites by country">First satellites by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Constellation_missions" title="List of Constellation missions">Constellation missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_images_of_Earth_from_space" title="Timeline of first images of Earth from space">Timeline of first images of Earth from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_longest_spaceflights" title="Timeline of longest spaceflights">Timeline of longest spaceflights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_private_spaceflight" title="Timeline of private spaceflight">Timeline of private spaceflight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crewed_spacecraft_(programs)125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crewed_spacecraft" title="Template:Crewed spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crewed_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Crewed spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crewed_spacecraft_(programs)125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">Crewed spacecraft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Shenzhou (spacecraft)">Shenzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Crew Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Starliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(spacecraft)" title="Vostok (spacecraft)">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(spacecraft)" title="Voskhod (spacecraft)">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and service module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mengzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Mengzhou (spacecraft)">Mengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanyue_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyue (spacecraft)">Lanyue</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">Starship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Starship HLS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShip_III" title="SpaceShip III">SpaceShip III</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States495" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_United_States_navbox" title="Template:History of the United States navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_United_States_navbox" title="Template talk:History of the United States navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_United_States_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the United States navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_crash_of_1929" title="Wall Street crash of 1929">Wall Street crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932016)" title="History of the United States (1991–2016)">1991–2016</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2016–present)">2016–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52162#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata929" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52162#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata929" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52162#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/144391728">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/679411/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4649244-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92071511">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007511403205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10445665">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6129mmr">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&oldid=1281060497">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&oldid=1281060497</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Project_Mercury" title="Category:Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1959_establishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1959 establishments in the United States">1959 establishments in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1961_in_spaceflight" title="Category:1961 in spaceflight">1961 in spaceflight</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1962_in_spaceflight" title="Category:1962 in spaceflight">1962 in spaceflight</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1963_disestablishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1963 disestablishments in the United States">1963 disestablishments in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1963_in_spaceflight" title="Category:1963 in spaceflight">1963 in spaceflight</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crewed_spacecraft" title="Category:Crewed spacecraft">Crewed spacecraft</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA">NASA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_program_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Space program of the United States">Space program of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nelson_P._Jackson_Aerospace_Memorial_Award_winners" title="Category:Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Memorial Award winners">Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Memorial Award winners</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2015" title="Category:Use mdy dates from August 2015">Use mdy dates from August 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_September_2018" title="Category:Use American English from September 2018">Use American English from September 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 March 2025, at 01:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Project Mercury</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>53 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-57zgw","wgBackendResponseTime":366,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.523","walltime":"2.964","ppvisitednodes":{"value":36275,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":561902,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":47486,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":32,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":500604,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2337.841 1 -total"," 36.12% 844.521 354 Template:Sfn"," 13.04% 304.863 2 Template:Reflist"," 8.60% 201.052 46 Template:Refn"," 5.25% 122.670 1 Template:Infobox_space_program"," 5.02% 117.382 1 Template:Infobox"," 4.82% 112.632 30 Template:Cite_web"," 4.54% 106.042 22 Template:Navbox"," 3.68% 86.121 2 Template:Cite_news"," 3.51% 81.967 365 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.256","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12872153,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlexander_\u0026amp;_al.1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustralian_Broadcasting_Corporation2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassuttSlayton1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatchpole2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCloer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorr\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunbar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarber\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGatland1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiblin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimwood\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimwood1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHevesi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollins2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKranz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLafleur,_Claude2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNASA1988\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearlman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutter2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShesol2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiqi2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnknown1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnknown1961a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnknown1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilford1969\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 30,\n [\"Clear\"] = 11,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 46,\n [\"Crewed spacecraft\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Format_price\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatprice\"] = 2,\n [\"Hidden begin\"] = 4,\n [\"Hidden end\"] = 4,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Image label\"] = 15,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox space program\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive film\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 1,\n [\"McDD aircraft\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NASA navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Project Mercury\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 46,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 354,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaceflight\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaceflight lists and timelines\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date\"] = 3,\n [\"Sticky header\"] = 1,\n [\"US history\"] = 1,\n [\"US human spaceflight programs\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 7,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 5,\n [\"United States space program sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","240","16.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","16.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","11.3"],["?","120","8.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","5.6"],["type","80","5.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","4.2"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:429\u003E","40","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityId","40","2.8"],["[others]","320","22.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-qpmvc","timestamp":"20250331025701","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Project Mercury","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Mercury","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q52162","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q52162","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-24T15:58:57Z","dateModified":"2025-03-18T01:27:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e5\/NASA_logo.svg","headline":"first human spaceflight program of the United States"}</script> </body> </html>