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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Types of harmonic structures in music</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fourth chord" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_chord#Fourth" title="Eleventh chord">Eleventh chord § Fourth</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <b>quartal harmony</b> is the building of <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonic</a> structures built from the <a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">intervals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fourth" title="Perfect fourth">perfect fourth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tritone" title="Tritone">augmented fourth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Diminished_fourth" title="Diminished fourth">diminished fourth</a>. For instance, a three-note quartal chord on C can be built by stacking perfect fourths, C–F–B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>. </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/1/5/15yz93395qh2fc5dm0b5rdgaytbjiks/15yz9339.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/1/5/15yz93395qh2fc5dm0b5rdgaytbjiks/15yz9339.png" width="85" height="52" alt="
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" /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/1/5/15yz93395qh2fc5dm0b5rdgaytbjiks/15yz9339.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/1/5/15yz93395qh2fc5dm0b5rdgaytbjiks/15yz9339.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> <p><b>Quintal harmony</b> is harmonic structure preferring the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">perfect fifth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Augmented_fifth" title="Augmented fifth">augmented fifth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tritone" title="Tritone">diminished fifth</a>. For instance, a three-note quintal chord on C can be built by stacking perfect fifths, C–G–D. </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/c/e/cecfkj52ftu2sydjynwu9vbapq3d25n/cecfkj52.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/c/e/cecfkj52ftu2sydjynwu9vbapq3d25n/cecfkj52.png" width="85" height="52" alt="
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 \clef treble \time 4/4 <c g' d'>1
} }
" /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/c/e/cecfkj52ftu2sydjynwu9vbapq3d25n/cecfkj52.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/c/e/cecfkj52ftu2sydjynwu9vbapq3d25n/cecfkj52.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartal_and_quintal_harmony&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:300px;"> <div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/4/x/4xjxrgxr18yxewmof8xace9o9evvqqe/4xjxrgxr.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/4/x/4xjxrgxr18yxewmof8xace9o9evvqqe/4xjxrgxr.png" width="143" height="80" alt="
{
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' { 
 \clef treble \time 4/4 <a d g c f bes es>1 <bes d f a c es g>
} }
" /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/4/x/4xjxrgxr18yxewmof8xace9o9evvqqe/4xjxrgxr.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/4/x/4xjxrgxr18yxewmof8xace9o9evvqqe/4xjxrgxr.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Notes in a quartal chord on A can be arranged to form a <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth" title="Thirteenth">thirteenth chord</a> on B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenward_and_Saker2009279_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenward_and_Saker2009279-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <p>The terms <i>quartal</i> and <i>quintal</i> imply a contrast, either compositional or perceptual, with traditional harmonic constructions based on thirds: listeners familiar with music of the <a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">common practice period</a> are guided by <a href="/wiki/Tonalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonalities">tonalities</a> constructed with familiar elements: the chords that make up major and minor scales, all in turn built from <a href="/wiki/Major_third" title="Major third">major</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minor_third" title="Minor third">minor thirds</a>. </p><p>Regarding chords built from perfect fourths alone, composer <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Persichetti" title="Vincent Persichetti">Vincent Persichetti</a> writes that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Chords by perfect fourth are ambiguous in that, like all chords built by equidistant intervals (<a href="/wiki/Diminished_seventh_chord" title="Diminished seventh chord">diminished seventh chords</a> or <a href="/wiki/Augmented_triad" title="Augmented triad">augmented triads</a>), any member can function as the <a href="/wiki/Root_(chord)" title="Root (chord)">root</a>. The indifference of this rootless harmony to tonality places the burden of <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">key</a> verification upon the <a href="/wiki/Part_(music)" title="Part (music)">voice</a> with the most active melodic line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPersichetti196194_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPersichetti196194-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i>Quintal harmony</i> (the harmonic layering of fifths specifically) is a lesser-used term, and since the fifth is the <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(interval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inversion (interval)">inversion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Complement_(music)" title="Complement (music)">complement</a> of the fourth, it is usually considered indistinct from <i>quartal harmony</i>. Because of this relationship, any quartal chord can be rewritten as a quintal chord by changing the order of its pitches. </p><p>Like tertian chords, a given quartal or quintal chord can be written with different <a href="/wiki/Voicing_(music)" title="Voicing (music)">voicings</a>, some of which obscure its quartal structure. For instance, the quartal chord, C–F–B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, can be written as </p> <blockquote><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/o/2/o26bg128hp4x6bm3gxhzl0mj35fe13u/o26bg128.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/o/2/o26bg128hp4x6bm3gxhzl0mj35fe13u/o26bg128.png" width="280" height="52" alt="
{
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' { 
 \clef treble \time 4/4 <c f bes>1 <f bes c> <bes c f> <f bes c f>
} }
" /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/o/2/o26bg128hp4x6bm3gxhzl0mj35fe13u/o26bg128.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/o/2/o26bg128hp4x6bm3gxhzl0mj35fe13u/o26bg128.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartal_and_quintal_harmony&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Middle Ages</a>, simultaneous notes a fourth apart were heard as a consonance. During the <a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">common practice period</a> (between about 1600 and 1900), this interval came to be heard either as a <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonance</a> (when appearing as a <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (music)">suspension</a> requiring resolution in the <a href="/wiki/Voice_leading" title="Voice leading">voice leading</a>) or as a <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">consonance</a> (when the root of the chord appears in parts higher than the fifth of the chord). In the later 19th century, during the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_the_dissonance" title="Emancipation of the dissonance">breakdown of tonality</a> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, all intervallic relationships were once again reassessed. Quartal harmony was developed in the early <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th century</a> as a result of this breakdown and reevaluation of tonality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartal_and_quintal_harmony&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tristan_chord" title="Tristan chord">Tristan chord</a> is made up of the notes F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-natural">♮</span></span>, B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-natural">♮</span></span>, D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> and G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> and is the first chord heard in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i>. </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/6/t/6tamg05ztna60psy3oeyluq6x7junl5/6tamg05z.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/6/t/6tamg05ztna60psy3oeyluq6x7junl5/6tamg05z.png" width="410" height="144" alt="
 {
 \new PianoStaff <<
 \new Staff <<
 \new Voice \relative c'' {
 \clef treble \key a \minor \time 6/8
 \voiceOne \partial8 r8 R2. \once \override NoteHead.color = #red gis4.->(~ gis4 a8 ais8-> b4~ b8) r r
 }
 \new Voice \relative c' {
 \override DynamicLineSpanner.staff-padding = #4.5
 \once \override DynamicText.X-offset = #-5
 \voiceTwo \partial8 a\pp( f'4.~\< f4 e8 \once \override NoteHead.color = #red dis2.)(\> d!4.)~\p d8 r r
 }
 >>
 \new Staff <<
 \relative c {
 \clef bass \key a \minor \time 6/8
 \partial8 r8 R2. \once \override NoteHead.color = #red <f b>2.( <e gis>4.)~ <e gis>8 r r
 }
 >>
 >> }
" /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="19" data-mwtitle="Wagner_Tristan_opening_(orchestral).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Wagner_Tristan_opening_%28orchestral%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Wagner_Tristan_opening_%28orchestral%29.ogg/Wagner_Tristan_opening_%28orchestral%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWagner_Tristan_opening_%28orchestral%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></dd></dl> <p>The bottom two notes make up an augmented fourth, while the upper two make up a perfect fourth. This layering of fourths in this context has been seen as highly significant. The chord had been found in earlier works,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel196212_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel196212-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notably <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._18_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Sonata No. 18 (Beethoven)">Piano Sonata No. 18</a>, but Wagner's use was significant, first because it is seen as moving away from traditional <a href="/wiki/Tonal_harmony" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal harmony">tonal harmony</a> and even towards <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a>, and second because with this chord Wagner actually provoked the sound or structure of musical harmony to become more predominant than its <a href="/wiki/Functional_harmony" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional harmony">function</a>, a notion which was soon after to be explored by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the layering of fourths, it is rare to find musicologists identifying this chord as "quartal harmony" or even as "proto-quartal harmony", since Wagner's musical language is still essentially built on thirds, and even an ordinary <a href="/wiki/Dominant_seventh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominant seventh">dominant seventh</a> chord can be laid out as augmented fourth plus perfect fourth (F–B–D–G). Wagner's unusual chord is really a device to draw the listener into the musical-dramatic argument which the composer is presenting to us. </p><p>At the beginning of the 20th century, quartal harmony finally became an important element of harmony. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a> used a self-developed system of transposition using fourth-chords, like his <a href="/wiki/Mystic_chord" title="Mystic chord">Mystic chord</a> (shown below) in his <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._6_(Scriabin)" title="Piano Sonata No. 6 (Scriabin)">Piano Sonata No. 6</a>. </p> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/k/g/kgth4gr1n6qqoqu34vtqqhei8losn8t/kgth4gr1.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/k/g/kgth4gr1n6qqoqu34vtqqhei8losn8t/kgth4gr1.png" width="90" height="60" alt=" {
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' { 
 \clef treble \time 4/4 <c fis bes e a d>1
} }
" /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/k/g/kgth4gr1n6qqoqu34vtqqhei8losn8t/kgth4gr1.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/k/g/kgth4gr1n6qqoqu34vtqqhei8losn8t/kgth4gr1.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> <p>Scriabin wrote this chord in his sketches alongside other quartal passages and more traditional <a href="/wiki/Tertian" title="Tertian">tertian</a> passages, often passing between systems, for example widening the six-note quartal sonority (C–F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>–B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>–E–A–D) into a seven-note chord (C–F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>–B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>–E–A–D–G). Scriabin's sketches for his unfinished work <i><a href="/wiki/Mysterium_(Scriabin)" title="Mysterium (Scriabin)">Mysterium</a></i> show that he intended to develop the Mystic chord into a huge chord incorporating all twelve notes of the <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">chromatic scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison1998316_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison1998316-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Erik Satie</a> experimented with <a href="/wiki/Parallel_harmony" title="Parallel harmony">planing</a> in the stacked fourths (not all perfect) of his 1891 score for <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Fils_des_%C3%A9toiles" title="Le Fils des étoiles">Le Fils des étoiles</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dukas" title="Paul Dukas">Paul Dukas</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice_(Dukas)" title="The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Dukas)">The Sorcerer's Apprentice</a></i> (1897) has a rising repetition in fourths, as the tireless work of out-of-control walking brooms causes the water level in the house to "rise and rise". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th-_and_21st-century_classical_music">20th- and 21st-century classical music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartal_and_quintal_harmony&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th- and 21st-century classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Composers who use the techniques of quartal harmony include <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Poulenc" title="Francis Poulenc">Francis Poulenc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Alexander Scriabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Hisaishi" title="Joe Hisaishi">Joe Hisaishi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerder198778_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerder198778-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Schoenberg">Schoenberg</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartal_and_quintal_harmony&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Schoenberg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber Symphony No. 1">Chamber Symphony Op. 9</a> (1906) displays quartal harmony: the first measure and a half construct a five-part fourth chord with the notes (highlighted in red in the illustration) A–D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>–F–B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>–E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>–A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> distributed over the five stringed instruments (the viola must tune down the lowest string by a minor third, and read in the unfamiliar tenor clef). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SchoenbergOp9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/SchoenbergOp9.png/310px-SchoenbergOp9.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/51/SchoenbergOp9.png 1.5x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Vertical quartal-harmony in the string parts of the opening measures of Arnold Schoenberg's Chamber Symphony Op. 9<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="10" data-mwtitle="SchoenbergOp9.mid" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/3/34/SchoenbergOp9.mid/SchoenbergOp9.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/3/34/SchoenbergOp9.mid/SchoenbergOp9.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/34/SchoenbergOp9.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sch%C3%B6nberg_Kammersymhonie_9_for_wikipedia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sch%C3%B6nberg_Kammersymhonie_9_for_wikipedia.png/280px-Sch%C3%B6nberg_Kammersymhonie_9_for_wikipedia.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Sch%C3%B6nberg_Kammersymhonie_9_for_wikipedia.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="85" /></a><figcaption>Six-note horizontal fourth chord in Arnold Schoenberg's Chamber Symphony Op. 9</figcaption></figure> <p>The composer then picks out this vertical quartal harmony in a horizontal sequence of fourths from the horns, eventually leading to a passage of triadic quartal harmony (i.e., chords of three notes, each layer a fourth apart).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Schoenberg was also one of the first to write on the theoretical consequences of this harmonic innovation. In his <i>Theory of Harmony</i> (<i>Harmonielehre</i>) of 1911, he wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The construction of chords by superimposing fourths can lead to a chord that contains all the twelve notes of the <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">chromatic scale</a>; hence, such construction does manifest a possibility for dealing systematically with those harmonic phenomena that already exist in the works of some of us: seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, and twelve-part chords… But the quartal construction makes possible, as I said, accommodation of all phenomena of harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1978406–407_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1978406–407-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>, the importance of quartal harmony lay in the possibility of building new sounds. After hearing Schoenberg's Chamber Symphony, Webern wrote "You must write something like that, too!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebern196348_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebern196348-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartal_and_quintal_harmony&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his <i>Theory of Harmony</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1978407_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1978407-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Besides myself my students Dr. Anton Webern and <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a> have written these harmonies (fourth chords), but also the Hungarian <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a> or the Viennese <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schreker" title="Franz Schreker">Franz Schreker</a>, who both go a similar way to Debussy, Dukas and perhaps also <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a>, are not far off." </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartok_Mikrokosmos_Quartes_for_wikipedia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bartok_Mikrokosmos_Quartes_for_wikipedia.png/400px-Bartok_Mikrokosmos_Quartes_for_wikipedia.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bartok_Mikrokosmos_Quartes_for_wikipedia.png/600px-Bartok_Mikrokosmos_Quartes_for_wikipedia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Bartok_Mikrokosmos_Quartes_for_wikipedia.png 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Fourths in Béla Bartók's <i><a href="/wiki/Mikrokosmos_(B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikrokosmos (Béla Bartók)">Mikrokosmos V</a></i>, No. 131, <i>Fourths</i> (<i>Quartes</i>)<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-mwtitle="Bartok_Mikrokosmos_Quartes_for_wikipedia.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Bartok_Mikrokosmos_Quartes_for_wikipedia.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/Bartok_Mikrokosmos_Quartes_for_wikipedia.mid/Bartok_Mikrokosmos_Quartes_for_wikipedia.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/Bartok_Mikrokosmos_Quartes_for_wikipedia.mid/Bartok_Mikrokosmos_Quartes_for_wikipedia.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>French composer <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a> used quartal chords in <a href="/wiki/Sonatine_(Ravel)" title="Sonatine (Ravel)">Sonatine</a> (1906) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ma_m%C3%A8re_l%27Oye" title="Ma mère l'Oye">Ma mère l'Oye</a></i> (1910), while American <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a> used quartal chords in his song "The Cage" (1906). </p> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravel_Ma_Mere_l%27Oye_Laideronnette.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ravel_Ma_Mere_l%27Oye_Laideronnette.PNG/360px-Ravel_Ma_Mere_l%27Oye_Laideronnette.PNG" decoding="async" width="360" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Ravel_Ma_Mere_l%27Oye_Laideronnette.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Quartal harmony in "Laideronnette" from Ravel's <i><a href="/wiki/Ma_m%C3%A8re_l%27Oye" title="Ma mère l'Oye">Ma mère l'Oye</a></i>. The top line uses the <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">pentatonic scale</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenward_and_Saker200937_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenward_and_Saker200937-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-mwtitle="Ravel_Ma_Mere_l'Oye_Laideronnette.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Ravel_Ma_Mere_l%27Oye_Laideronnette.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Ravel_Ma_Mere_l%27Oye_Laideronnette.mid/Ravel_Ma_Mere_l%27Oye_Laideronnette.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Ravel_Ma_Mere_l%27Oye_Laideronnette.mid/Ravel_Ma_Mere_l%27Oye_Laideronnette.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ives_-_114_Songs,_The_Cage_introduction.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ives_-_114_Songs%2C_The_Cage_introduction.png/310px-Ives_-_114_Songs%2C_The_Cage_introduction.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ives_-_114_Songs%2C_The_Cage_introduction.png/465px-Ives_-_114_Songs%2C_The_Cage_introduction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Ives_-_114_Songs%2C_The_Cage_introduction.png 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="184" /></a><figcaption>Introduction to Charles Ives's "The Cage" from <i>114 Songs</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975345_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975345-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Ives_-_114_Songs,_The_Cage_introduction.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Ives_-_114_Songs%2C_The_Cage_introduction.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Ives_-_114_Songs%2C_The_Cage_introduction.mid/Ives_-_114_Songs%2C_The_Cage_introduction.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Ives_-_114_Songs%2C_The_Cage_introduction.mid/Ives_-_114_Songs%2C_The_Cage_introduction.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hindemith constructed large parts of his symphonic work <i><a href="/wiki/Symphony:_Mathis_der_Maler" title="Symphony: Mathis der Maler">Symphony: Mathis der Maler</a></i> by means of fourth and fifth intervals. These steps are a restructuring of fourth chords (C–D–G becomes the fourth chord D–G–C), or other mixtures of fourths and fifths (D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>–A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>–D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>–G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>–C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> in measure 3 of the example). </p><p>Hindemith was, however, not a proponent of an explicit quartal harmony. In his 1937 writing <i>Unterweisung im Tonsatz</i> (<i>The Craft of Musical Composition</i>,<a href="#CITEREFHindemith1937">Hindemith 1937</a>) he wrote that "notes have a family of relationships, that are the bindings of tonality, in which the ranking of intervals is unambiguous," so much so, indeed, that in the art of triadic composition "...the musician is bound by this, as the painter to his primary colours, the architect to the three dimensions." He lined up the harmonic and melodic aspects of music in a row in which the octave ranks first, then the fifth and the third, and then the fourth. "The strongest and most unique harmonic interval after the octave is the fifth, the prettiest nevertheless is the third by right of the chordal effects of its <a href="/wiki/Combination_tone" title="Combination tone">Combination tones</a>." </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindemith,_Flute_Sonata,_II_quartal_harmony.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Hindemith%2C_Flute_Sonata%2C_II_quartal_harmony.png" decoding="async" width="378" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>Quartal harmony in Hindemith's Flute Sonata, II with tonal center on B established by descent in left hand in <a href="/wiki/Dorian_mode" title="Dorian mode">Dorian</a> and repeated B's and F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>'s<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostkaPayneAlmén2013Chapter_26:_Materials_and_techniques,_Chord_structures,_Quartal_and_secundal_harmony,_469–470_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostkaPayneAlmén2013Chapter_26:_Materials_and_techniques,_Chord_structures,_Quartal_and_secundal_harmony,_469–470-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="32" data-mwtitle="Hindemith,_Flute_Sonata,_II_quartal_harmony.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Hindemith%2C_Flute_Sonata%2C_II_quartal_harmony.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Hindemith%2C_Flute_Sonata%2C_II_quartal_harmony.mid/Hindemith%2C_Flute_Sonata%2C_II_quartal_harmony.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Hindemith%2C_Flute_Sonata%2C_II_quartal_harmony.mid/Hindemith%2C_Flute_Sonata%2C_II_quartal_harmony.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>The works of the Filipino composer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eliseo_M._Pajaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eliseo M. Pajaro (page does not exist)">Eliseo M. Pajaro</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliseo_Pajaro" class="extiw" title="it:Eliseo Pajaro">it</a>; <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliseo_Pajaro" class="extiw" title="nl:Eliseo Pajaro">nl</a>; <a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliseo_M._Pajaro" class="extiw" title="tl:Eliseo M. Pajaro">tl</a>]</span> (1915–1984) are characterised by quartal and quintal harmonies, as well as by dissonant counterpoint and polychords.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasilag2001_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasilag2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a transition to the history of jazz, <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a> may be mentioned. In the first movement of his <a href="/wiki/Concerto_in_F_(Gershwin)" title="Concerto in F (Gershwin)">Concerto in F</a> altered fourth chords descend chromatically in the right hand with a chromatic scale leading upward in the left hand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jazz">Jazz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartal_and_quintal_harmony&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jazz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Adam_Cuerden_-_Edinburgh_in_August.mp3" title="File:Adam Cuerden - Edinburgh in August.mp3">"Edinburgh in August"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="191" data-mwtitle="Adam_Cuerden_-_Edinburgh_in_August.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/Adam_Cuerden_-_Edinburgh_in_August.mp3/Adam_Cuerden_-_Edinburgh_in_August.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Adam_Cuerden_-_Edinburgh_in_August.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Cuerden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Cuerden (page does not exist)">Adam Cuerden</a>'s "Edinburgh in August", the opening section is made up entirely of quartal chords, which also appear frequently in the piece.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Jazz is often understood as a synthesis of the European common practice harmonic vocabulary with textural paradigms from West African folk music—but it would be an oversimplification to describe jazz as sharing the same fundamental theory of harmony as European music. Important influences come from <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> as well as from the instrumental work of Classical- and Romantic-era composers, and even that of the Impressionists. From the beginning, jazz musicians expressed a particular interest in rich harmonic colours, for which non-tertiary harmony was a means of exploration, as used by pianists and <a href="/wiki/Arranger" class="mw-redirect" title="Arranger">arrangers</a> like <a href="/wiki/Jelly_Roll_Morton" title="Jelly Roll Morton">Jelly Roll Morton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Tatum" title="Art Tatum">Art Tatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Evans" title="Bill Evans">Bill Evans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHester2000199_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHester2000199-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Milt_Buckner" title="Milt Buckner">Milt Buckner</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHester2000199_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHester2000199-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chick_Corea" title="Chick Corea">Chick Corea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerder198778_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerder198778-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScivales2005203_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScivales2005203-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerder198778_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerder198778-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScivales2005203_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScivales2005203-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and especially <a href="/wiki/McCoy_Tyner" title="McCoy Tyner">McCoy Tyner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerder198778_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerder198778-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScivales2005205_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScivales2005205-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:II_V_I_for_wikipedia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/II_V_I_for_wikipedia.png/310px-II_V_I_for_wikipedia.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/II_V_I_for_wikipedia.png 1.5x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="145" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ii%E2%80%93V%E2%80%93I_progression" title="Ii–V–I progression">ii–V–I cadence</a><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_7" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-mwtitle="II_V9_I.MID" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/II_V9_I.MID" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/II_V9_I.MID/II_V9_I.MID.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/II_V9_I.MID/II_V9_I.MID.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span><span class="nowrap">fourth-suspension or <a href="/wiki/Sus_chord" class="mw-redirect" title="Sus chord">sus chord</a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_8" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-mwtitle="II_V9sus_I.MID" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/II_V9sus_I.MID" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/II_V9sus_I.MID/II_V9sus_I.MID.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/II_V9sus_I.MID/II_V9sus_I.MID.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SenorBlues.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SenorBlues.png/400px-SenorBlues.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SenorBlues.png/600px-SenorBlues.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SenorBlues.png/800px-SenorBlues.png 2x" data-file-width="2121" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Typical <a href="/wiki/Hard_bop" title="Hard bop">hard bop</a> brass part, from <a href="/wiki/Horace_Silver" title="Horace Silver">Horace Silver</a>'s "Señor Blues"</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hard_bop" title="Hard bop">hard bop</a> of the 1950s made new applications of quartal harmony accessible to jazz.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Quintet" title="Quintet">Quintet</a> writing in which two melodic instruments (commonly trumpet and saxophone) may proceed in fourths, while the piano (as a uniquely harmonic instrument) lays down chords, but sparsely, only hinting at the intended harmony. This style of writing, in contrast with that of the previous decade, preferred a moderate tempo. Thin-sounding unison bebop horn sections occur frequently, but these are balanced by bouts of very refined <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a> such as is found in <a href="/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz">cool jazz</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:So_What_chord.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/So_What_chord.png/170px-So_What_chord.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/So_What_chord.png/255px-So_What_chord.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/So_What_chord.png/340px-So_What_chord.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/So_What_chord" title="So What chord">"So What" chord</a> uses three intervals of a fourth.</figcaption></figure> <p>On his watershed record <i><a href="/wiki/Kind_of_Blue" title="Kind of Blue">Kind of Blue</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a> with pianist <a href="/wiki/Bill_Evans" title="Bill Evans">Bill Evans</a> used a chord consisting of three perfect fourth intervals and a major third on the composition "<a href="/wiki/So_What_(composition)" class="mw-redirect" title="So What (composition)">So What</a>". This particular voicing is sometimes referred to as a <a href="/wiki/So_What_chord" title="So What chord">So What chord</a>, and can be analyzed (without regard for added sixths, ninths, etc.) as a minor seventh with the root on the bottom, or as a major seventh with the third on the bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine198997_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198997-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the outset of the 1960s, the employment of quartal possibilities had become so familiar that the musician now felt the fourth chord existed as a separate entity, self standing and free of any need to resolve. The pioneering of quartal writing in later jazz and rock, like the pianist <a href="/wiki/McCoy_Tyner" title="McCoy Tyner">McCoy Tyner</a>'s work with saxophonist <a href="/wiki/John_Coltrane" title="John Coltrane">John Coltrane</a>'s "classic quartet", was influential throughout this epoch. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Nelson" title="Oliver Nelson">Oliver Nelson</a> was also known for his use of fourth chord <a href="/wiki/Voicing_(music)" title="Voicing (music)">voicings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorozine200212_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorozine200212-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tom Floyd claims that the "foundation of 'modern quartal harmony'" began in the era when the <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a>–influenced John Coltrane added classically trained pianists Bill Evans and McCoy Tyner to his ensemble.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloyd20044_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloyd20044-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Is this referring to Bill Evans playing with the Miles Davis Quintet? (July 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Jazz guitarists cited as using chord voicings using quartal harmony include <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Smith" title="Johnny Smith">Johnny Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tal_Farlow" title="Tal Farlow">Tal Farlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Wayne" title="Chuck Wayne">Chuck Wayne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barney_Kessel" title="Barney Kessel">Barney Kessel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Pass" title="Joe Pass">Joe Pass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Raney" title="Jimmy Raney">Jimmy Raney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wes_Montgomery" title="Wes Montgomery">Wes Montgomery</a>—however, all in a traditional manner, as major 9th, 13th and minor 11th chords<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloyd20044_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloyd20044-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (an octave and fourth equals an 11th). Jazz guitarists cited as using modern quartal harmony include <a href="/wiki/Jim_Hall_(musician)" title="Jim Hall (musician)">Jim Hall</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Rollins" title="Sonny Rollins">Sonny Rollins</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_(Sonny_Rollins_album)" title="The Bridge (Sonny Rollins album)">The Bridge</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/George_Benson" title="George Benson">George Benson</a> ("Sky Dive"), <a href="/wiki/Pat_Martino" title="Pat Martino">Pat Martino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Wilkins" title="Jack Wilkins">Jack Wilkins</a> ("Windows"), <a href="/wiki/Joe_Diorio" title="Joe Diorio">Joe Diorio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Roberts" title="Howard Roberts">Howard Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Burrell" title="Kenny Burrell">Kenny Burrell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wes_Montgomery" title="Wes Montgomery">Wes Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Johnson_(guitarist)" title="Henry Johnson (guitarist)">Henry Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russell_Malone" title="Russell Malone">Russell Malone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Bruno" title="Jimmy Bruno">Jimmy Bruno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Alden" title="Howard Alden">Howard Alden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Frisell" title="Bill Frisell">Bill Frisell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bollenback" title="Paul Bollenback">Paul Bollenback</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Whitfield" title="Mark Whitfield">Mark Whitfield</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Jones_(guitarist)" title="Rodney Jones (guitarist)">Rodney Jones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloyd20044_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloyd20044-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quartal harmony was also explored as a possibility under new experimental <a href="/wiki/Scale_(music)" title="Scale (music)">scale</a> models as they were "discovered" by jazz.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Musicians began to work extensively with the so-called <a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">church modes</a> of old European music, and they became firmly situated in their compositional process. Jazz was well-suited to incorporate the medieval use of fourths to thicken lines into its improvisation. The pianists <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chick_Corea" title="Chick Corea">Chick Corea</a> are two musicians well known for their modal experimentation. Around this time, a style known as <a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">free jazz</a> also came into being, in which quartal harmony had extensive use, owing to the wandering nature of its harmony. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maiden_Voyage2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Maiden_Voyage2.png/400px-Maiden_Voyage2.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Maiden_Voyage2.png/600px-Maiden_Voyage2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Maiden_Voyage2.png/800px-Maiden_Voyage2.png 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Fourths in Herbie Hancock's "<a href="/wiki/Maiden_Voyage_(composition)" title="Maiden Voyage (composition)">Maiden Voyage</a>"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In jazz, the way chords were built from a scale came to be called <a href="/wiki/Voicing_(music)" title="Voicing (music)">voicing</a>, and specifically quartal harmony was referred to as fourth voicing. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartal_voicings.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Quartal_voicings.png/400px-Quartal_voicings.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Quartal_voicings.png/600px-Quartal_voicings.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Quartal_voicings.png/800px-Quartal_voicings.png 2x" data-file-width="2981" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ii%E2%80%93V%E2%80%93I_turnaround" class="mw-redirect" title="Ii–V–I turnaround">ii–V–I turnaround</a> with fourth voicings: all chords are in fourth voicings.<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_9" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-mwtitle="Quartal_voicings.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Quartal_voicings.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Quartal_voicings.mid/Quartal_voicings.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Quartal_voicings.mid/Quartal_voicings.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> They are often ambiguous as, for example, the Dm11 and G9sus chords are here voiced identically and will thus be distinguished for the listener by the <a href="/wiki/Root_(chord)" title="Root (chord)">root</a> movement of the <a href="/wiki/Bassist" title="Bassist">bassist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd199794_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd199794-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Thus when the m11 and the dominant 7th sus (9sus above) chords in quartal voicings are used together they tend to "blend into one overall sound" sometimes referred to as modal voicings, and both may be applied where the m11 chord is called for during extended periods such as the entire chorus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd199795_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd199795-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock_music">Rock music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartal_and_quintal_harmony&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rock music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Fripp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Robert_Fripp.jpg/220px-Robert_Fripp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Robert_Fripp.jpg/330px-Robert_Fripp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Robert_Fripp.jpg/440px-Robert_Fripp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Disliking the sound of thirds (in equal-temperament tuning), Robert Fripp builds chords with perfect intervals in his new standard tuning.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphonic rock">Symphonic rock</a></div> <p>Quartal and quintal harmony have been used by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fripp" title="Robert Fripp">Robert Fripp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guitarist" title="Guitarist">guitarist</a> of <a href="/wiki/King_Crimson" title="King Crimson">King Crimson</a>. Fripp dislikes minor thirds and especially major thirds in <a href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">equal temperament</a> tuning, which is used by non-experimental guitars. Of course, <a href="/wiki/Just_intonation" title="Just intonation">just intonation</a>'s perfect octaves, perfect fifths, and perfect fourths are well approximated in equal temperament tuning, and perfect fifths and octaves are highly consonant intervals. Fripp builds chords using perfect fifths, fourths, and octaves in his <a href="/wiki/New_standard_tuning" title="New standard tuning">new standard tuning</a> (NST), a <a href="/wiki/Regular_tuning" title="Regular tuning">regular tuning</a> having perfect fifths between its successive <a href="/wiki/Open_string_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open string (music)">open strings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulhern1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2013)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulhern1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2013)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1971 album <i><a href="/wiki/Tarkus" title="Tarkus">Tarkus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_%26_Palmer" title="Emerson, Lake & Palmer">Emerson, Lake & Palmer</a> depends on quartal harmony throughout,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacan199755_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacan199755-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a recurrent elaboration on the classical <a href="/wiki/Alberti_bass" title="Alberti bass">Alberti bass</a> pattern, in this case consisting of three broken quartal three-note chords, the first two of which are also a perfect fourth apart, and the third a semitone higher than the first. Keith Emerson uses programmatic quintal harmony in several places for extended rapid obbligato passages where human fingering would be impracticable, the first on Hammond organ and the second on Modular Moog, in a similar manner to the mutation stops on pipe organs, such as the "Twelfth" at 2 2/3' pitch played against a 4' "Principal" (which plays the eighth note). In the second instance, the triad is both quartal and quintal, being 1+4+5. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ray_Manzarek" title="Ray Manzarek">Ray Manzarek</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">The Doors</a> was another keyboard player and composer who put classical and jazz elements, including quartal harmonies, into the service of rock music. The keyboard solo of "<a href="/wiki/Riders_on_the_Storm" title="Riders on the Storm">Riders on the Storm</a>", for instance, has several passages where the melody line is doubled at an interval of a perfect fourth, and extensive use of (E dorian) minor chord voicings featuring the seven and three, spaced by that same interval, as the prominent notes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_quartal_pieces">Examples of quartal pieces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartal_and_quintal_harmony&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Examples of quartal pieces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical">Classical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartal_and_quintal_harmony&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Classical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Albright_(musician)" title="William Albright (musician)">William Albright</a> <dl><dd>Sonata for Alto Saxophone and Piano<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1985443_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1985443-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a> <dl><dd>Sonata for Piano, Op. 1<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1996118_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1996118-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck">Wozzeck</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1996118_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1996118-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975344–46_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975344–46-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Carlos Chávez">Carlos Chávez</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Sinfon%C3%ADa_de_Ant%C3%ADgona" title="Sinfonía de Antígona">Sinfonía de Antígona</a></i> (Symphony No. 1), uses quartal harmony throughout<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrbón198783_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrbón198783-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Sinfon%C3%ADa_india" title="Sinfonía india">Sinfonía india</a></i> (Symphony No. 2), the A-minor Sonora melody beginning in b. 183 is accompanied by quartal harmonies<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeyva201056_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeyva201056-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a> <dl><dd><i>Of Mice and Men</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBick2005446,_448,_451_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBick2005446,_448,_451-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_10" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="440" style="width:440px;" data-durationhint="20" data-mwtitle="Parallel_fourths_evoking_organum_in_Debussy's_"The_Sunken_Cathedral"_opening_01.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Parallel_fourths_evoking_organum_in_Debussy%27s_%22The_Sunken_Cathedral%22_opening_01.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Parallel_fourths_evoking_organum_in_Debussy%27s_%22The_Sunken_Cathedral%22_opening_01.wav/Parallel_fourths_evoking_organum_in_Debussy%27s_%22The_Sunken_Cathedral%22_opening_01.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Parallel_fourths_evoking_organum_in_Debussy%27s_%22The_Sunken_Cathedral%22_opening_01.wav/Parallel_fourths_evoking_organum_in_Debussy%27s_%22The_Sunken_Cathedral%22_opening_01.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Parallel_fourths_evoking_organum_in_Debussy%27s_%22The_Sunken_Cathedral%22_opening_01.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Parallel fourths evoking organum in Debussy's <i>La cathédrale engloutie</i> opening</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a> <dl><dd>"<a href="/wiki/La_cath%C3%A9drale_engloutie" title="La cathédrale engloutie">La cathédrale engloutie</a>", beginning and ending<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975343–344_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975343–344-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Dello_Joio" title="Norman Dello Joio">Norman Dello Joio</a> <dl><dd>Suite for Piano<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Diethelm" title="Caspar Diethelm">Caspar Diethelm</a> <dl><dd>Piano Sonata No. 7<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroeger1969_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroeger1969-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ginastera" title="Alberto Ginastera">Alberto Ginastera</a> <dl><dd><i>12 American Preludes</i>, Prelude #7<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Guastavino" title="Carlos Guastavino">Carlos Guastavino</a> <dl><dd>"Donde habite el olvido"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulp2006207_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulp2006207-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hanson" title="Howard Hanson">Howard Hanson</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Hanson)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Hanson)">Symphony No. 2 ("Romantic")</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerone19938_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerone19938-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hartley" title="Walter Hartley">Walter Hartley</a> <dl><dd><i>Bacchanalia for Band</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpieth1978_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpieth1978-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a> <dl><dd>"The Cage" (1906)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr1989135_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr1989135-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199044_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199044-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1996118_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1996118-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy2008179,_181,_183,_185–186,_190–191_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2008179,_181,_183,_185–186,_190–191-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975344–345_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975344–345-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1994458_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1994458-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><i>Central Park in the Dark</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1994458_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1994458-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>"Harpalus"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1994458_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1994458-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>Psalm 24, verse 5<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199067_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199067-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1994458_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1994458-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>Psalm 90<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1994458_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1994458-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>"Walking"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1994458_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1994458-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Khachaturian" title="Aram Khachaturian">Aram Khachaturian</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Toccata_(Khachaturian)" title="Toccata (Khachaturian)">Toccata</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lees" title="Benjamin Lees">Benjamin Lees</a> <dl><dd>String Quartet No. 2, Adagio<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowell1956243_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowell1956243-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a> <dl><dd>Sonatina for flute & piano, Op. 76<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardew-Fanningn.d._43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardew-Fanningn.d.-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Piston" title="Walter Piston">Walter Piston</a> <dl><dd>Clarinet Concerto<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1969825_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1969825-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><i>Ricercare for Orchestra</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1969825_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1969825-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einojuhani_Rautavaara" title="Einojuhani Rautavaara">Einojuhani Rautavaara</a> <dl><dd>"Kvartit" (Fourths), Op. 42, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_(Rautavaara)" title="Études (Rautavaara)">Études (Rautavaara)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_m%C3%A8re_l%27oye" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma mère l'oye">Ma mère l'oye</a></i> : "Mouvt de Marche" of "Laideronnette"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy,_Melcher,_and_Warch1973[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy,_Melcher,_and_Warch1973[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_Rorem" title="Ned Rorem">Ned Rorem</a> <dl><dd><i>King Midas</i>, cantata<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoerdsma1972_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoerdsma1972-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Erik Satie</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Fils_des_%C3%A9toiles" title="Le Fils des étoiles">Le Fils des étoiles</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpentern.d._47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpentern.d.-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975347_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975347-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Hanging_Gardens" title="The Book of the Hanging Gardens">The Book of the Hanging Gardens</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDomek1979112–113,_117_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomek1979112–113,_117-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber Symphony No. 1">Chamber Symphony</a></i>, Op. 9<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975344–345_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975344–345-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonn.d._50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonn.d.-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) slow section,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin2005_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin2005-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> b. 1–3<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199068_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199068-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wind_Quintet_(Schoenberg)" title="Wind Quintet (Schoenberg)">Wind Quintet</a>, Op. 26<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorson_and_Christensen1984_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorson_and_Christensen1984-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Scott" title="Cyril Scott">Cyril Scott</a> <dl><dd><i>Diatonic Study</i> (1914)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein197918_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein197918-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Nikos Skalkottas</a> <dl><dd>Suite No. 3 for Piano<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickinson1963_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickinson1963-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> <dl><dd>Piano Sonata<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayne2002285–287,_290_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayne2002285–287,_290-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Klavierst%C3%BCcke_(Stockhausen)#Klavierstück_IX" title="Klavierstücke (Stockhausen)">Klavierstück IX</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975349–350_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975349–350-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Swanson" title="Howard Swanson">Howard Swanson</a> <dl><dd>"Saw a Grave"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoe1981–8270_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoe1981–8270-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Heitor Villa-Lobos</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nonet_(Villa-Lobos)" title="Nonet (Villa-Lobos)">Nonet</a> (1923)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBéhague199470,_72_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBéhague199470,_72-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Variations_for_piano_(Webern)" title="Variations for piano (Webern)">Variations for Piano</a>, Op. 27<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975348_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975348-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(Main_Title)" title="Star Wars (Main Title)">Star Wars - Main Title</a> (1977)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2013a_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2013a-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Superman_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Superman music">Superman - Main Title</a> (1978)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2013b_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2013b-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jazz_2">Jazz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartal_and_quintal_harmony&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jazz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Kind_of_Blue" title="Kind of Blue">Kind of Blue</a></i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a> <dl><dd>"<a href="/wiki/Maiden_Voyage_(composition)" title="Maiden Voyage (composition)">Maiden Voyage</a>"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Harris" title="Eddie Harris">Eddie Harris</a> <dl><dd>"Freedom Jazz Dance"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCoy_Tyner" title="McCoy Tyner">McCoy Tyner</a> <dl><dd>"Contemplation"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd> <dd>"<a href="/wiki/Passion_Dance" title="Passion Dance">Passion Dance</a>"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk">Folk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartal_and_quintal_harmony&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Folk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On her 1968 debut album <i><a href="/wiki/Song_to_a_Seagull" title="Song to a Seagull">Song to a Seagull</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Joni_Mitchell" title="Joni Mitchell">Joni Mitchell</a> used quartal and quintal harmony in "Dawntreader", and she used quintal harmony in the title track <i>Song to a Seagull</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitesell2008131,_202–203_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitesell2008131,_202–203-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock">Rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartal_and_quintal_harmony&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_%26_Palmer" title="Emerson, Lake & Palmer">Emerson, Lake & Palmer</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Tarkus" title="Tarkus">Tarkus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacan199755_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacan199755-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a> <dl><dd>"<a href="/wiki/Zoot_Allures" title="Zoot Allures">Zoot Allures</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMermikides201431_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMermikides201431-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XTC" title="XTC">XTC</a> <dl><dd>"Rook" (composed by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Partridge" title="Andy Partridge">Andy Partridge</a>, from the album <i><a href="/wiki/Nonsuch_(album)" title="Nonsuch (album)">Nonsuch</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d._65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d.-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartal_and_quintal_harmony&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secundal" title="Secundal">Secundal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychord" title="Polychord">Polychord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_trichord" title="Viennese trichord">Viennese trichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_sub-Saharan_African_harmony" title="Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony">Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartal_and_quintal_harmony&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenward_and_Saker2009279-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenward_and_Saker2009279_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenward_and_Saker2009">Benward and Saker 2009</a>, 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPersichetti196194-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPersichetti196194_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPersichetti1961">Persichetti 1961</a>, 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel196212-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel196212_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVogel1962">Vogel 1962</a>, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1975">Erickson 1975</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison1998316-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison1998316_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison1998">Morrison 1998</a>, 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon2003-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon2003_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolomon2003">Solomon 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerder198778-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerder198778_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerder198778_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerder198778_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerder198778_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerder1987">Herder 1987</a>, 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1978406–407-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1978406–407_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchoenberg1978">Schoenberg 1978</a>, 406–407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebern196348-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebern196348_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebern1963">Webern 1963</a>, 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1978407-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1978407_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchoenberg1978">Schoenberg 1978</a>, 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenward_and_Saker200937-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenward_and_Saker200937_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenward_and_Saker2009">Benward and Saker 2009</a>, 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975345-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975345_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReisberg1975">Reisberg 1975</a>, 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostkaPayneAlmén2013Chapter_26:_Materials_and_techniques,_Chord_structures,_Quartal_and_secundal_harmony,_469–470-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostkaPayneAlmén2013Chapter_26:_Materials_and_techniques,_Chord_structures,_Quartal_and_secundal_harmony,_469–470_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKostkaPayneAlmén2013">Kostka, Payne & Almén 2013</a>, Chapter 26: Materials and techniques, Chord structures, Quartal and secundal harmony, 469–470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasilag2001-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasilag2001_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKasilag2001">Kasilag 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHester2000199-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHester2000199_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHester2000199_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHester2000">Hester 2000</a>, 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScivales2005203-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScivales2005203_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScivales2005203_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScivales2005">Scivales 2005</a>, 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScivales2005205-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScivales2005205_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScivales2005">Scivales 2005</a>, 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine198997-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine198997_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevine1989">Levine 1989</a>, 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorozine200212-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorozine200212_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorozine2002">Corozine 2002</a>, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloyd20044-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloyd20044_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloyd20044_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloyd20044_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFloyd2004">Floyd 2004</a>, 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd199794-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd199794_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyd1997">Boyd 1997</a>, 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd199795-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd199795_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyd1997">Boyd 1997</a>, 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulhern1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2013)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulhern1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2013)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMulhern1986">Mulhern 1986</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacan199755-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacan199755_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacan199755_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacan1997">Macan 1997</a>, 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1985443-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1985443_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1985">Lewis 1985</a>, 443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1996118-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1996118_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1996118_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1996118_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1996">Lambert 1996</a>, 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975344–46-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975344–46_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReisberg1975">Reisberg 1975</a>, 344–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrbón198783-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrbón198783_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrbón1987">Orbón 1987</a>, 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeyva201056-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeyva201056_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeyva2010">Leyva 2010</a>, 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBick2005446,_448,_451-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBick2005446,_448,_451_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBick2005">Bick 2005</a>, 446, 448, 451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975343–344-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975343–344_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReisberg1975">Reisberg 1975</a>, 343–344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroeger1969-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroeger1969_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKroeger1969">Kroeger 1969</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulp2006207-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulp2006207_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulp2006">Kulp 2006</a>, 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerone19938-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerone19938_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerone1993">Perone 1993</a>, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpieth1978-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpieth1978_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpieth1978">Spieth 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr1989135-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr1989135_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarr1989">Carr 1989</a>, 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199044-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199044_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1990">Lambert 1990</a>, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2008179,_181,_183,_185–186,_190–191-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy2008179,_181,_183,_185–186,_190–191_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurphy2008">Murphy 2008</a>, 179, 181, 183, 185–186, 190–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975344–345-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975344–345_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975344–345_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReisberg1975">Reisberg 1975</a>, 344–345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1994458-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1994458_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1994458_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1994458_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1994458_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1994458_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1994458_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1994">Scott 1994</a>, 458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199067-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199067_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1990">Lambert 1990</a>, 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECowell1956243-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowell1956243_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCowell1956">Cowell 1956</a>, 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECardew-Fanningn.d.-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardew-Fanningn.d._43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCardew-Fanningn.d.">Cardew-Fanning n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1969825-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1969825_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald1969825_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibald1969">Archibald 1969</a>, 825.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy,_Melcher,_and_Warch1973[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy,_Melcher,_and_Warch1973[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2012)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurphy,_Melcher,_and_Warch1973">Murphy, Melcher, and Warch 1973</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoerdsma1972-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoerdsma1972_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSjoerdsma1972">Sjoerdsma 1972</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpentern.d.-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpentern.d._47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpentern.d.">Carpenter n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975347-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975347_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReisberg1975">Reisberg 1975</a>, 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomek1979112–113,_117-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDomek1979112–113,_117_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDomek1979">Domek 1979</a>, 112–113, 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonn.d.-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonn.d._50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandersonn.d.">Sanderson n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin2005-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin2005_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubin2005">Rubin 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert199068-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert199068_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1990">Lambert 1990</a>, 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorson_and_Christensen1984-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorson_and_Christensen1984_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorson_and_Christensen1984">Corson and Christensen 1984</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein197918-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein197918_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1979">Stein 1979</a>, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickinson1963-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickinson1963_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickinson1963">Dickinson 1963</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayne2002285–287,_290-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayne2002285–287,_290_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwayne2002">Swayne 2002</a>, 285–287, 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975349–350-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975349–350_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReisberg1975">Reisberg 1975</a>, 349–350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoe1981–8270-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoe1981–8270_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoe1981–82">Moe 1981–82</a>, 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBéhague199470,_72-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBéhague199470,_72_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBéhague1994">Béhague 1994</a>, 70, 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975348-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisberg1975348_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReisberg1975">Reisberg 1975</a>, 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2013a-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2013a_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards2013a">Richards 2013a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2013b-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2013b_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards2013b">Richards 2013b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitesell2008131,_202–203-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitesell2008131,_202–203_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitesell2008">Whitesell 2008</a>, 131, 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMermikides201431-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMermikides201431_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMermikides2014">Mermikides 2014</a>, 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d.-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d._65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon.n.d.">Anon. n.d</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAnon.n.d.">Anon. 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Austin: Institute of Latin American Studies, University of Texas at Austin, 1994. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-70823-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-70823-8">0-292-70823-8</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBenward_and_Saker2009">Benward, Bruce, and Nadine Saker (2009). <i>Music in Theory and Practice</i>, Vol. II. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-310188-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-310188-0">978-0-07-310188-0</a>.</cite><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2012)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBick2005">Bick, Sally (2005). "<i>Of Mice and Men</i>: Copland, Hollywood, and American Musical Modernism". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Music_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Music (journal)">American Music</a></i> 23, no. 4 (Winter): 426–72.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBoyd1997">Boyd, Bill (1997). <i>Jazz Chord Progressions</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2012)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7935-7038-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7935-7038-7">0-7935-7038-7</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFCardew-Fanningn.d.">Cardew-Fanning, Neil (n.d.). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/work/sonatina-for-flute--piano-op-76-c50158/description">Sonatina for flute & piano, Op. 76</a>", <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFCarpentern.d.">Carpenter, Alexander (n.d.). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/work/le-fils-des-toiles-chaldean-pastoral-3-preludes-for-piano-c18057/description">Le fils des étoiles, Chaldean pastoral, 3 preludes for piano</a>", <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFCarr1989">Carr, Cassandra I. (1989). "Charles Ives's Humor as Reflected in His Songs". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Music_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Music (journal)">American Music</a></i> 7, no. 2 (Summer): 123–39.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorozine2002" class="citation book cs1">Corozine, Vince (2002). <i>Arranging Music for the Real World: Classical and Commercial Aspects</i>. Pacific, Missouri: Mel Bay. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7866-4961-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7866-4961-7"><bdi>978-0-7866-4961-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50470629">50470629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arranging+Music+for+the+Real+World%3A+Classical+and+Commercial+Aspects&rft.place=Pacific%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Mel+Bay&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50470629&rft.isbn=978-0-7866-4961-7&rft.aulast=Corozine&rft.aufirst=Vince&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartal+and+quintal+harmony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFCorson_and_Christensen1984">Corson, Langdon, and Roy Christensen (1984). <i>Arnold Schoenberg's Woodwind Quintet, Op. 26: Background and Analysis</i>. 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"Some Aspects of Organization in Schoenberg's Book of the Hanging Gardens, opus 15". <i>College Music Symposium</i> 19, no. 2 (Fall): 111–28.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFErickson1975"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Erickson" title="Robert Erickson">Erickson, Robert</a> (1975). <i>Sound Structure in Music</i>. Oakland, California: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-02376-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-02376-5">0-520-02376-5</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFFloyd2004">Floyd, Tom (2004). <i>Quartal Harmony & Voicings for Guitar</i>. 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(June 2012)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943748-48-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-943748-48-8">0-943748-48-8</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindemith1937" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith, Paul</a> (1937). <i>Unterweisung im Tonsatz</i>. 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"Sondheim's Piano Sonata". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Musical_Association" title="Journal of the Royal Musical Association">Journal of the Royal Musical Association</a></i> 127, no. 2:258–304.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFVogel1962">Vogel, Martin (1962). <i>Der Tristan-Akkord und die Krise der modernen Harmonielehre</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2012)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebern1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern, Anton</a> (1963). Willi Reich (ed.). <i>The Path to the New Music</i>. Translated by Leo Black. Bryn Mawr: Theodore Presser, in association with Universal Edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+the+New+Music&rft.place=Bryn+Mawr&rft.pub=Theodore+Presser%2C+in+association+with+Universal+Edition&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Webern&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartal+and+quintal+harmony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitesell2008" class="citation book cs1">Whitesell, Lloyd (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSmJbcWcYA0C&q=Joni%20Mitchell&pg=PP1"><i>The Music of Joni Mitchell</i></a>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530757-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530757-3"><bdi>978-0-19-530757-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+Joni+Mitchell&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530757-3&rft.aulast=Whitesell&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxSmJbcWcYA0C%26q%3DJoni%2520Mitchell%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartal+and+quintal+harmony" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartal_and_quintal_harmony&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Baker, David N. (1983). <i>Jazz Improvisation</i>. Bloomington: Frangipani. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89917-397-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89917-397-9"><bdi>978-0-89917-397-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jazz+Improvisation&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Frangipani&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-89917-397-9&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartal+and+quintal+harmony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BernardFLOIRAT">Floirat, Bernard</a> (2015). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12232101/Introduction_aux_accords_de_quartes_chez_Arnold_Sch%C5%93nberg">Introduction aux accords de quartes chez Arnold Schoenberg</a></i>, Paris, www.academia.edu.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. self-published (March 2016)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Rosenthal" title="David H. Rosenthal">Rosenthal, David H.</a> (1993). <i>Hard Bop, Jazz and Black Music 1955–1965</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508556-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508556-3"><bdi>978-0-19-508556-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hard+Bop%2C+Jazz+and+Black+Music+1955%E2%80%931965&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508556-3&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartal+and+quintal+harmony" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartal_and_quintal_harmony&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.d.umn.edu/~jrubin1/JHR%20Quartal%201.htm">Quartal harmony with notes and listening examples</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060503155941/http://www.schoenberg.at/6_archiv/music/works/op/compositions_op9_notes_e.htm">Program notes for Arnold Schoenberg's Chamber Symphony for 15 Solo Instruments, Op. 9</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jazzguitar.be/blog/quartal-chords-harmony-voicings-for-guitar/">The Use of Quartal Harmony in Jazz Guitar</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Atonality" title="Template:Atonality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atonality" title="Template talk:Atonality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atonality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atonality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atonality_and_post-tonality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-tonal_music_theory" title="Post-tonal music theory">post-tonality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scales and<br /> tuning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">Equal temperament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_limited_transposition" title="Mode of limited transposition">Mode of limited transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic_chord" title="Mystic chord">Mystic chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatonic_scale" title="Octatonic scale">Octatonic scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_tone_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole tone scale">Whole tone scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres and<br /> schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tone_row" title="Tone row">Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tone_rows_and_series" title="List of tone rows and series">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectral music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques<br /> and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">Chromaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_set" title="Cyclic set">Cyclic set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissonant_counterpoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissonant counterpoint">Dissonant counterpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_tonality" title="Dynamic tonality">Dynamic tonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_the_dissonance" title="Emancipation of the dissonance">Emancipation of the dissonance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klangfarbenmelodie" title="Klangfarbenmelodie">Klangfarbenmelodie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymodal_chromaticism" title="Polymodal chromaticism">Polymodal chromaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytonality" title="Polytonality">Polytonality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_model" title="Distance model">Distance model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quartal and quintal harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_Clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone Clock">Tone Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_cluster" title="Tone cluster">Tone cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_field" title="Unified field">Unified field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_atonal_compositions" title="List of atonal compositions">List of atonal compositions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chords" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chords" title="Template:Chords"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chords" title="Template talk:Chords"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chords" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chords"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chords" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">Chords</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Triad_(music)" title="Triad (music)">Triad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_chord" title="Major chord">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_chord" title="Minor chord">Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_triad" title="Augmented triad">Augmented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diminished_triad" title="Diminished triad">Diminished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_chord" title="Suspended chord">Suspended</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_chord" title="Seventh chord">Seventh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leading_tone#Leading-tone_seventh_chord" title="Leading tone">Leading-tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_seventh_chord" title="Major seventh chord">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_seventh_chord" title="Minor seventh chord">Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_seventh_chord" title="Dominant seventh chord">Dominant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_seventh_flat_five_chord" title="Dominant seventh flat five chord">Dominant seventh flat five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diminished_seventh_chord" title="Diminished seventh chord">Diminished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-diminished_seventh_chord" title="Half-diminished seventh chord">Half-diminished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diminished_major_seventh_chord" title="Diminished major seventh chord">Diminished major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_major_seventh_chord" title="Minor major seventh chord">Minor-major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_major_seventh_chord" title="Augmented major seventh chord">Augmented major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_seventh_chord" title="Augmented seventh chord">Augmented minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altered_seventh_chord" class="mw-redirect" title="Altered seventh chord">Altered seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondominant_seventh_chord" title="Nondominant seventh chord">Nondominant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_seventh_chord" title="Harmonic seventh chord">Harmonic seventh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Extended_chord" title="Extended chord">Extended</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_chord" title="Ninth chord">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_chord" title="Eleventh chord">Eleventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth" title="Thirteenth">Thirteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_structure" title="Upper structure">Upper structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_seventh_sharp_ninth_chord" title="Dominant seventh sharp ninth chord">Dominant 7<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychord" title="Polychord">Polychord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_cluster" title="Tone cluster">Tone cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Added_tone_chord" title="Added tone chord">Added</a> / <br />omitted</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_chord" title="Sixth chord">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_sixth_chord" title="Augmented sixth chord">Augmented sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_chord" title="Lydian chord">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_six_chord" title="Seven six chord">Seven six</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octatonic_scale#Alpha_chord" title="Octatonic scale">Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_chord" title="Bridge chord">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complexe_sonore" title="Complexe sonore">Complexe sonore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_chord" title="Dream chord">Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektra_chord" title="Elektra chord">Elektra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farben_chord" title="Farben chord">Farben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-interval_twelve-tone_row#Grandmother_chord" title="All-interval twelve-tone row">Grandmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_chord" title="Magic chord">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic_chord" title="Mystic chord">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_lights_chord" title="Northern lights chord">Northern lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrushka_chord" title="Petrushka chord">Petrushka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_chord" title="Psalms chord">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So_What_chord" title="So What chord">So What</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_chord" title="Tristan chord">Tristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_trichord" title="Viennese trichord">Viennese trichord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-interval_chord" title="Mixed-interval chord">Mixed interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secundal" title="Secundal">Secundal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertian" title="Tertian">Tertian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_chord" title="Synthetic chord">Synthetic chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrad_(music)" title="Tetrad (music)">Tetrad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_chord" title="Pyramid chord"><img alt="P8-M7-m7-M6-m6-P5-TT-P4-M3-m3-M2-m2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pyramid_chord.png/60px-Pyramid_chord.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pyramid_chord.png/90px-Pyramid_chord.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pyramid_chord.png/120px-Pyramid_chord.png 2x" data-file-width="1592" data-file-height="3640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic function">function</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Diatonic_and_chromatic" title="Diatonic and chromatic">Diatonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tonic_(music)" title="Tonic (music)">Tonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supertonic" title="Supertonic">Supertonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediant" title="Mediant">Mediant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdominant" title="Subdominant">Subdominant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_(music)" title="Dominant (music)">Dominant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submediant" title="Submediant">Submediant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_tone" title="Leading tone">Leading tone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Subtonic" title="Subtonic">Subtonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Altered_chord" title="Altered chord">Altered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approach_chord" title="Approach chord">Approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borrowed_chord" title="Borrowed chord">Borrowed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_mediant" title="Chromatic mediant">Chromatic mediant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_chord" title="Neapolitan chord">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_chord" title="Passing chord">Passing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_chord" title="Secondary chord">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_dominant" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary dominant">Secondary dominant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_leading-tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary leading-tone">Secondary leading-tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_supertonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary supertonic">Secondary supertonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_chord_(music)" title="Common chord (music)">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_and_counter_parallel" title="Parallel and counter parallel">Contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_triad" title="Primary triad">Primary triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_chord" title="Subsidiary chord">Subsidiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_substitution" title="Chord substitution">Substitute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barre_chord" title="Barre chord">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_chord" title="Block chord">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordioid" title="Chordioid">Chordioid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord-scale_system" title="Chord-scale system">Chord-scale system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_chord" title="Guitar chord">Guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_chord" title="Open chord">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_chord" title="Power chord">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_chord" title="Slash chord">Slash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpeggio" title="Arpeggio">Arpeggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_names_and_symbols_(popular_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chord names and symbols (popular music)">Chord names and symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chords" title="List of chords">List of chords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factor_(chord)" title="Factor (chord)">Factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernist_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism_(music)" title="Template talk:Modernism (music)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism (music)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernist_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_composers" title="List of modernist composers">List of modernist composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Austria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Krenek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></li></ul></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pousseur" title="Henri Pousseur">Pousseur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Czechia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alois_H%C3%A1ba" title="Alois Hába">Hába</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Bergman" title="Erik Bergman">Bergman</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Henry" title="Pierre Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolivet" title="André Jolivet">Jolivet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koechlin" title="Charles Koechlin">Koechlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Messiaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Reger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Skalkottas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hungary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Prokofiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Genres and<br />techniques</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(music)" title="Futurism (music)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">Microtonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_limited_transposition" title="Mode of limited transposition">Modes of limited transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotonality" title="Neotonality">Neotonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Complexity" title="New Complexity">New Complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandiatonicism" title="Pandiatonicism">Pandiatonicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">Polyrhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytonality" title="Polytonality">Polytonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_music" title="Process music">Process</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quartal and quintal harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_mass" title="Sound mass">Sound mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic" title="Stochastic">Stochastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_music" title="Surrealist music">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_cluster" title="Tone cluster">Tone cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Schools of composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_School" title="Darmstadt School">Darmstadt School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ←<b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music">Romantic music</a></b></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism_(music)" 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