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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Quotations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translations_and_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations_and_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Translations and adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations_and_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alain-René Lesage</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alen_R%C3%B6ne_Lesaj" title="Alen Röne Lesaj – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alen Röne Lesaj" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%98" title="آلن رنه لوزاژ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلن رنه لوزاژ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain-René Lesage – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alain-René Lesage" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain-René Lesage – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alain-René Lesage" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain-René Lesage – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alain-René Lesage" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain-René Lesage – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alain-René Lesage" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain-René Lesage – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alain-René Lesage" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BD_%CE%A1%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD_%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%B6" title="Αλαίν Ρενέ Λεσάζ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλαίν Ρενέ Λεσάζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain-René Lesage – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alain-René Lesage" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain René Lesage – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alain René Lesage" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain-René Lesage – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alain-René Lesage" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%98" title="آلن رنه لوساژ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلن رنه لوساژ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain-René Lesage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alain-René Lesage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%9E%AD%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%A4_%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%A3%BC" title="알랭르네 르사주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알랭르네 르사주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5_%D4%BC%D5%A8%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AA" title="Ալեն Ռենե Լըսաժ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեն Ռենե Լըսաժ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain-René Lesage – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alain-René Lesage" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9F-%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%96%27" title="אלן-רנה לסאז' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלן-רנה לסאז'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Ален-Рене Лесаж – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ален-Рене Лесаж" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanus_Renatus_Lesage" title="Alanus Renatus Lesage – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alanus Renatus Lesage" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain-René Lesage – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alain-René Lesage" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain René Lesage – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alain René Lesage" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Ален Рене Лесаж – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ален Рене Лесаж" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="الاين رين ليساج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاين رين ليساج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%98" title="آلن رنه لوزاژ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلن رنه لوزاژ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain-René Lesage – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alain-René Lesage" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5" title="アラン＝ルネ・ルサージュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラン＝ルネ・ルサージュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain-René Lesage – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alain-René Lesage" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain-René Lesage – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alain-René Lesage" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain-René Lesage – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alain-René Lesage" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B6,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Лесаж, Ален-Рене – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лесаж, Ален-Рене" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain-René Lesage – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alain-René Lesage" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%95%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8E_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%98" title="ئالان ڕێنێ لووساژ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئالان ڕێنێ لووساژ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Ален Рене Лезаж – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ален Рене Лезаж" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain-René Lesage – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alain-René Lesage" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain-René Lesage – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alain-René Lesage" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Ален Рене Лесаж – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ален Рене Лесаж" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Alain-René Lesage</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage.png/220px-Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage.png/330px-Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage.png/440px-Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage.png 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="757" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1668-05-06</span>)</span>6 May 1668<br /><a href="/wiki/Sarzeau" title="Sarzeau">Sarzeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">17 November 1747<span style="display:none">(1747-11-17)</span> (aged 79)<br /><a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">Novelist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alain-René Lesage</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[alɛ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁəne<span class="wrap"> </span>ləsaʒ]</a></span>; 6 May 1668 – 17 November 1747; older spelling <b>Le Sage</b>) was a French <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a>. Lesage is best known for his comic novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_upon_Two_Sticks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Devil upon Two Sticks">The Devil upon Two Sticks</a></i> (1707, <i>Le Diable boiteux</i>), his comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Turcaret" title="Turcaret">Turcaret</a></i> (1709), and his <a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">picaresque novel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Gil_Blas" title="Gil Blas">Gil Blas</a></i> (1715–1735). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth_and_education">Youth and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Youth and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Claude Lesage, the father of the novelist, held the united positions of advocate, notary and registrar of the royal court in Rhuys. His mother's name was Jeanne Brenugat. Both Lesage's father and mother died when Lesage was very young, and he was left in the care of his uncle who wasted his education and fortune.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911486_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911486-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bochard, of the Order of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, Principal of the College in <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>, became interested in the boy on account of his natural talents. Bochard cultivated Lesage's taste for literature. At age 25, Lesage went to Paris in 1693 "to pursue his philosophical studies". </p><p>In August 1694, he married the daughter of a joiner, Marie Elizabeth Huyard. She was beautiful but had no fortune, and Lesage had little practice. About this time he encountered an old schoolfellow, the dramatist <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Danchet" title="Antoine Danchet">Antoine Danchet</a>, who is said to have advised him to take up literature. He began as a translator, and published in 1695 a French version of the <i>Epistles</i> of <a href="/wiki/Aristaenetus" title="Aristaenetus">Aristaenetus</a>, which was not successful. Shortly afterwards he found a valuable patron and adviser in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abb%C3%A9_de_Lyonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbé de Lyonne (page does not exist)">Abbé de Lyonne</a>, who bestowed on him an annuity of 600 livres, and recommended him to exchange the classics for <a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">Spanish literature</a>, of which he was himself a student and collector.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911486_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911486-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish literature was once very popular in France when the queens of the house of Austria sat upon the throne, but had become neglected by Lesage's time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_literary_efforts">First literary efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First literary efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DevilUponTwoSticks1708.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/DevilUponTwoSticks1708.jpg/300px-DevilUponTwoSticks1708.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/DevilUponTwoSticks1708.jpg/450px-DevilUponTwoSticks1708.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/DevilUponTwoSticks1708.jpg/600px-DevilUponTwoSticks1708.jpg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece and titlepage of a 1708 English edition of <i>The Devil upon Two Sticks</i>, aka <i>Le Diable boiteux</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lesage began by translating plays chiefly from <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Rojas_Zorrilla" title="Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla">Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Vega" title="Lope de Vega">Lope de Vega</a>. <i>Le Traître puni</i> and <i>Le Point d'honneur</i> from the former and <i>Don Félix de Mendoce</i> from the latter were acted or published in the first two or three years of the 18th century. In 1704, he translated the continuation of <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Avellaneda" title="Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda">Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda</a>, and soon afterwards adapted a play from <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca" title="Pedro Calderón de la Barca">Pedro Calderón de la Barca</a>, <i>Don César Ursin</i>, which was successful at court and damned in the city. Lesage was, however, nearly forty before he obtained decided success. In 1707, his farce, <i><a href="/wiki/Crispin_rival_de_son_ma%C3%AEtre" title="Crispin rival de son maître">Crispin rival de son maître</a></i>, was well received, and <a href="/wiki/Le_Diable_boiteux_(novel)" title="Le Diable boiteux (novel)"><i>Le Diable boiteux</i></a> (with a <a href="/wiki/Book_frontispiece" title="Book frontispiece">frontispiece</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louise-Magdeleine_Horthemels" title="Louise-Magdeleine Horthemels">Louise-Magdeleine Horthemels</a>) was published and ran to several editions. Lesage altered and improved this play in 1725, giving it its present form. Notwithstanding the success of <i>Crispin</i>, the actors did not like Lesage, and refused a small piece of his called <i>Les Étrennes</i> (1707). He thereupon altered it into <i><a href="/wiki/Turcaret" title="Turcaret">Turcaret</a></i> (1709), considered his theatrical masterpiece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911486_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911486-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time his publisher Claude Barbin also asked Lesage to rework <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_P%C3%A9tis_de_la_Croix" title="François Pétis de la Croix">François Pétis de la Croix</a>'s translation of Turkish tales <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les mille et un jours</i></span> (1710–12) into marketable French, and included two of these stories at the end of the eighth volume of <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Galland" title="Antoine Galland">Antoine Galland</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Les_mille_et_une_nuits" title="Les mille et une nuits">Les mille et une nuits</a></i> (1709).<sup id="cite_ref-Karateke_1997_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karateke_1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose_writings">Prose writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prose writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some years passed before he again attempted romance writing, and then the first two parts of <i>Gil Blas de Santillane</i> were published in 1715, without the popularity of <i>Le Diable boiteux</i>. Lesage worked at it for a long time, and did not bring out the third part till 1724, nor the fourth till 1735. During these twenty years he was, however, continually busy. Notwithstanding the great merit and success of <i>Turcaret</i> and <i>Crispin</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Fran%C3%A7ais" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre Français">Théâtre Français</a> did not welcome him, and in 1715 he began to write for the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_foire" title="Théâtre de la foire">Théâtre de la foire</a>, the comic opera held in booths at festival time. According to one computation he produced, either alone or with others, about a hundred pieces, varying from strings of songs with no regular dialogues, to comediettas only distinguished from regular plays by the introduction of music. He was also industrious in prose fiction. Besides finishing <i><a href="/wiki/Gil_Blas" title="Gil Blas">Gil Blas</a></i> he translated the <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_innamorato" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando innamorato">Orlando innamorato</a></i> (1721), rearranged <i>Guzman d'Alfarache</i> (1732), published two more or less original novels, <i>Le Bachelier de Salamanque</i> and <i>Estevanille Gonzalez</i>, and in 1732<sup id="cite_ref-DCB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produced <i>Les avantures de monsieur Robert Chevalier, dit de Beauchêne, capitaine de flibustiers dans la Nouvelle-France</i>, which resembles certain works of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>. Besides all this, Lesage was also the author of <i>La Valise trouvée</i>, a collection of imaginary letters, and of some minor pieces including <i>Une journée des Parques</i>. He did not retire until 1740, when he was more than seventy years of age; he and his wife went to live with his second son, who was a canon at <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a>. Lesage's eldest son, Louis-André, had become an actor, and Lesage had disowned him. Lesage's last work, <i>Mélange amusant de saillies d'esprit et de traits historiques les plus frappants</i>, appeared in 1743.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911486_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911486-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With his wife he had three sons and a daughter whose filial piety made her devote her entire life to serving her genius father. Though he lived happily, one event embittered Lesage for years. His eldest son had been educated for the bar, but insisted going on stage. Lesage, who had often painted the life of the actor in the most ridiculous and hateful aspect, was pained by his son's career choice, especially when his son joined the Théâtre Français, against which Lesage had long waged a satirical war. Probably out of deference to his father, the son took the name Montménil, and by the merit of his talents and private character, soon entered the upper society of Paris. Lesage was reconciled with his son many years later and became so devoted to Montménil that he could barely leave his side. </p><p>Montménil caught cold during a hunting party and died on 8 September 1743. This was such a severe blow to Lesage that he retired forever from Paris and the world. Lesage's youngest son had also become an actor under the name Pittenec, so Lesage and his wife saw out their old age in the home of their second son who had become the <a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9" title="Abbé">Abbé</a> Lesage. This son had been made a Canon of the Cathedral of Boulogne, through the patronage of the queen, and been bestowed a fair pension. </p><p>Lesage lived beyond 80 years of age, but was afflicted with deafness and had to use an ear trumpet. However, his conversation was so delightful that when he ventured into the world and frequented his favourite coffee house in Rue St. Jacques in Paris, guests would gather around him, climbing onto tables and chairs, to hear his famous words of wit and wisdom. </p><p>Alain-René Lesage died on 17 November 1747. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality">Personality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Very little is known of Lesage's life and personality. Various anecdotes represent him as a very independent man, declining to accept the literary patronage required to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911486_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911486-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One story tells of the time he had been entreated to read his manuscript (according to the fashion of the day) at the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Bouillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hôtel de Bouillon">Hôtel de Bouillon</a> by the Duchess. The hour appointed for the reading was noon, but the dramatist was still very interested in legal matters and was detained until 1 o'clock attending the decision of a lawsuit. When he finally appeared at the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hôtel">Hôtel</a> and attempted to apologise, the <a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Bouillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchess of Bouillon">Duchess of Bouillon</a> was so cold and haughty, observing that he had made her guests lose one hour waiting for his arrival. "It is easy to make up the loss madame", replied Lesage; "I will not read my comedy, and thus you will gain two hours." With that, he left the Hôtel and could never be persuaded to return to the Duchess's house. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quotations">Quotations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Quotations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Pride and conceit were the original sins of man."</li> <li>"Facts are stubborn things."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations_and_adaptations">Translations and adaptations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Translations and adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Le Traître puni</i>, 1700</li> <li><i>Don Félix de Mendoce</i>, 1700</li> <li><i>Point d'honneur</i>, 1702 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N082252">French version</a>)</li> <li><i>Second Book of the Ingenious Knight Don Quixote of La Mancha</i>, 1704</li> <li><i>Orlando innamorato</i>, 1721</li> <li><i>Guzman d'Alfarache</i>, 1732 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N088837">French version</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plays">Plays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Don César Ursin</i>, 1707 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N009897">French version</a>)</li> <li><i>Les Étrennes</i>, 1707</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crispin_rival_de_son_ma%C3%AEtre" title="Crispin rival de son maître">Crispin rival de son maître</a></i>, 1707 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N070764">French version</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turcaret" title="Turcaret">Turcaret</a></i>, 1709</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arlequin_roi_de_Serendib" title="Arlequin roi de Serendib">Arlequin roi de Serendib</a></i>, 1713</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Foire_de_Guibray" title="La Foire de Guibray">La Foire de Guibray</a></i>, 1714</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arlequin_Mahomet" title="Arlequin Mahomet">Arlequin Mahomet</a></i>, 1714</li> <li><i>La Statue merveilleuse</i> (fair play, with d'Orneval), 1720 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZEGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA291">French version</a>)</li> <li><i>La Boîte de Pandore</i> 1721, comedy in 1 act.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Diable_boiteux_(novel)" title="Le Diable boiteux (novel)"><i>Le Diable boiteux</i></a>, 1707. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/lfa/activites/textes/diable_boiteux/V1-NOTES.html">French version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716230631/http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/lfa/activites/textes/diable_boiteux/V1-NOTES.html">Archived</a> 16 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) (tr. <i>The Devil upon Two Sticks</i>, <i>The Devil on Two Sticks</i>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exclassics.com/devil/devlintr.htm">English version</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gil_Blas" title="Gil Blas">Gil Blas</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exclassics.com/gilblas/gilconts.htm">English version</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abu.cnam.fr/cgi-bin/go?gilblas1">French</a>) <ul><li><i>Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane, (Livres I–VI)</i>, 1715. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N080493">French version</a>)</li> <li><i>Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane, (Livres VII–IX)</i>, 1724. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N080494">French version</a>)</li> <li><i>Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane, (Livres X–XII)</i>, 1735. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N108005">French version</a>)</li> <li><i>Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane</i>, 1747.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Les avantures de monsieur Robert Chevalier, dit de Beauchêne, capitaine de flibustiers dans la Nouvelle-France</i>, 1732<sup id="cite_ref-DCB_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N088834">French version</a>)</li> <li><i>Le Bachelier de Salamanque</i>, 1736. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N088839">French version</a>)</li> <li><i>Estevanille Gonzalez</i>, 1732</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/alain-rene-lesage/gil-blas/tobias-smollett">Alain-René Lesage</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a> <i>La Valise trouvée</i>, 1740 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N088838">French version</a>)</li> <li><i>Mélange amusant de saillies d'esprit et de traits historiques les plus frappants</i>, 1743</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Francis Assaf - <i>Lesage et le picaresque</i> (A.-G. Nizet, 1983) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7078-1032-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-7078-1032-0">2-7078-1032-0</a></li> <li>Christelle Bahier-Porte - <i>La Poétique d'Alain-René Lesage</i> (Champion, 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1406-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1406-2">978-2-7453-1406-2</a></li> <li>V. Barberet - <i>Lesage et le théâtre de la foire</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSgrAAAAYAAJ&dq=intitle%3Alesage%20intitle%3Afoire%20inauthor%3Abarberet&pg=PA3">Paul Sordoillet, 1887</a>), (Slatkine Reprints, 1970)</li> <li>Roger Laufer - <i>Lesage; ou, Le métier de romancier</i> (Gallimard, 1971)</li> <li>Tobias Smollet's Prefatory Memoir in his 1893 English translation of Le Sage's "The Adventures of Gil Blas"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911486-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911486_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911486_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911486_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911486_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911486_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaintsbury1911">Saintsbury 1911</a>, p. 486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karateke_1997-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karateke_1997_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarateke2015" class="citation journal cs1">Karateke, Hakan T. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/682237">"The Politics of Translation: Two Stories from the Turkish <i>Ferec baʿde Şidde</i> in <i>Les mille et une nuit, contes arabes</i>"</a>. <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>74</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>: 211–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F682237">10.1086/682237</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/682237">10.1086/682237</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156007752">156007752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Translation%3A+Two+Stories+from+the+Turkish+Ferec+ba%CA%BFde+%C5%9Eidde+in+Les+mille+et+une+nuit%2C+contes+arabes&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-224&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156007752%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F682237%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F682237&rft.aulast=Karateke&rft.aufirst=Hakan+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F682237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain-Ren%C3%A9+Lesage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/chevalier_robert_2E.html">"Biography – CHEVALIER, Beauchêne, ROBERT – Volume II (1701-1740) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"</a>. <i>www.biographi.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.biographi.ca&rft.atitle=Biography+%E2%80%93+CHEVALIER%2C+Beauch%C3%AAne%2C+ROBERT+%E2%80%93+Volume+II+%281701-1740%29+%E2%80%93+Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fchevalier_robert_2E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain-Ren%C3%A9+Lesage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Petite bibliothèque des théâtres</i>, Paris, 1789, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iT80AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Pandore%22++piece+de+theatre+-boite&pg=PA68">vol.62 pp.67-8</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Attribution:</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaintsbury1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Saintsbury" title="George Saintsbury">Saintsbury, George</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Le_Sage,_Alain_Ren%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Le Sage, Alain René">Le Sage, Alain René</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 486–487.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+Sage%2C+Alain+Ren%C3%A9&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=486-487&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Saintsbury&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain-Ren%C3%A9+Lesage" class="Z3988"></span> That entry includes a long critical appraisal by Saintsbury.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Le_Sage" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Alain-René Le Sage">Alain-René Le Sage</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alain-Ren%C3%A9+Le+Sage&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain-Ren%C3%A9+Lesage" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Alain-René Lesage">Alain-René Lesage</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/11912638/alain-rene_lesage/">Alain-René Lesage</a> on <a href="/wiki/Data.bnf.fr" class="mw-redirect" title="Data.bnf.fr">data.bnf.fr</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/alain-rene-lesage">Works by Alain-René Lesage in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/6207">Works by Alain-René Lesage</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28%22Le+Sage%22+OR+%22Lesage%22%29+AND+%28Alain%29%29">Works by or about Alain-René Lesage</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/10537">Works by Alain-René Lesage</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Alain-René Le Sage"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Le_Sage">"Alain-René Le Sage" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alain-Ren%C3%A9+Le+Sage&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain-Ren%C3%A9+Lesage" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Template:Alain-René Lesage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Template talk:Alain-René Lesage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alain-René Lesage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alain-René_Lesage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alain-René Lesage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Diable_boiteux_(novel)" title="Le Diable boiteux (novel)">Le Diable boiteux</a></i> (1707)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gil_Blas" title="Gil Blas">Gil Blas</a></i> (1715–1735)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Crispin_rival_de_son_ma%C3%AEtre" title="Crispin rival de son maître">Crispin rival de son maître</a></i> (1707)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turcaret" title="Turcaret">Turcaret</a></i> (1709)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arlequin_roi_de_Serendib" title="Arlequin roi de Serendib">Arlequin roi de Serendib</a></i> (1713)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Foire_de_Guibray" title="La Foire de Guibray">La Foire de Guibray</a></i> (1714)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arlequin_Mahomet" title="Arlequin Mahomet">Arlequin Mahomet</a></i> (1714)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267962#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267962#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267962#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121258113">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29536937">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/67438/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjRTKg79TKrrKb8cJwV4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118572032">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81013473">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11912638w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11912638w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00447094">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lesage, Alain René"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV030364">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35042435">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000603727&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX886050">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/169541">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068350325">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90323863">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000057988&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000064676&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000038975">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=125164">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=69482">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018O8481">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhc7vm5gm4h72">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810690275605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/5146">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264222005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000127484">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523272806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14319803">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00811273?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/aa3256e6-0360-47b0-9eec-33724b712274">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/809824">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118572032.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118572032">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026985799">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30033594">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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