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<ul id="toc-History_of_the_CfA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_the_Smithsonian_Astrophysical_Observatory_(SAO)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_Smithsonian_Astrophysical_Observatory_(SAO)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>History of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_Smithsonian_Astrophysical_Observatory_(SAO)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Harvard_College_Observatory_(HCO)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Harvard_College_Observatory_(HCO)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>History of Harvard College Observatory (HCO)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_Harvard_College_Observatory_(HCO)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_history_as_the_Center_for_Astrophysics_(CfA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_history_as_the_Center_for_Astrophysics_(CfA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Joint history as the Center for Astrophysics (CfA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_history_as_the_Center_for_Astrophysics_(CfA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_CfA_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_CfA_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The CfA today</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_CfA_today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The CfA today subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_CfA_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_at_the_CfA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_at_the_CfA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Research at the CfA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_at_the_CfA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizational_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Organizational structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizational_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientific_divisions_within_the_CfA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_divisions_within_the_CfA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Scientific divisions within the CfA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_divisions_within_the_CfA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centers_hosted_at_the_CfA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centers_hosted_at_the_CfA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Centers hosted at the CfA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centers_hosted_at_the_CfA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observatories_operated_with_CfA_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observatories_operated_with_CfA_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Observatories operated with CfA participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observatories_operated_with_CfA_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ground-based_observatories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground-based_observatories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Ground-based observatories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground-based_observatories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space-based_observatories_and_probes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space-based_observatories_and_probes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Space-based observatories and probes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space-based_observatories_and_probes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planned_future_observatories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_future_observatories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Planned future observatories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_future_observatories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مركز هارفارد-سميثونيان للفيزياء الفلكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركز هارفارد-سميثونيان للفيزياء الفلكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centru_d%27astrof%C3%ADsica_Harvard-Smithsonian" title="Centru d'astrofísica Harvard-Smithsonian – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Centru d'astrofísica Harvard-Smithsonian" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4-%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Гарвард-Смітсанаўскі цэнтр астрафізікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гарвард-Смітсанаўскі цэнтр астрафізікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics" title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics" title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics" title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_de_astrof%C3%ADsica_Harvard-Smithsonian" title="Centro de astrofísica Harvard-Smithsonian – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Centro de astrofísica Harvard-Smithsonian" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مرکز اخترفیزیک هاروارد-اسمیتسونین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرکز اخترفیزیک هاروارد-اسمیتسونین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics" title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%B2%84%EB%93%9C-%EC%8A%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%8A%A4%EC%86%8C%EB%8B%88%EC%95%88_%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99_%EC%84%BC%ED%84%B0" title="하버드-스미스소니안 천체물리학 센터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하버드-스미스소니안 천체물리학 센터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics" title="Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics" title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics" title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87" title="مركز هارفارد سميثسونيان للفيزياء الفلكيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مركز هارفارد سميثسونيان للفيزياء الفلكيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics" title="Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%82%BD%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="ハーバード・スミソニアン天体物理学センター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハーバード・スミソニアン天体物理学センター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics" title="Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics" title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics" title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrul_de_astrofizic%C4%83_Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian" title="Centrul de astrofizică Harvard–Smithsonian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Centrul de astrofizică Harvard–Smithsonian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4-%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Гарвард-Смитсоновский центр астрофизики – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гарвард-Смитсоновский центр астрофизики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics" title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Smithsonian_Astrofizik_Merkezi" title="Harvard-Smithsonian Astrofizik Merkezi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Harvard-Smithsonian Astrofizik Merkezi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4-%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80" title="Гарвард-Смітсонівський астрофізичний центр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гарвард-Смітсонівський астрофізичний центр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B-%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%9D%BE%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="哈佛-史密松天体物理中心 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈佛-史密松天体物理中心" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1133697#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics&params=42.38146_N_71.12837_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°22′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">71°07′42″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.38146°N 71.12837°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.38146; -71.12837</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics">Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Astronomical observatory in Massachusetts, US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CfA" redirects here. For the fast food chain, see <a href="/wiki/Chick-fil-A" title="Chick-fil-A">Chick-fil-A</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/CFA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="CFA (disambiguation)">CFA</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CfA_Horizontal_RGB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/CfA_Horizontal_RGB.png/185px-CfA_Horizontal_RGB.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/CfA_Horizontal_RGB.png/278px-CfA_Horizontal_RGB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/CfA_Horizontal_RGB.png/370px-CfA_Horizontal_RGB.png 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Center_for_Astrophysics_at_Harvard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Center_for_Astrophysics_at_Harvard.jpg/220px-Center_for_Astrophysics_at_Harvard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Center_for_Astrophysics_at_Harvard.jpg/330px-Center_for_Astrophysics_at_Harvard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Center_for_Astrophysics_at_Harvard.jpg/440px-Center_for_Astrophysics_at_Harvard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">CfA Headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">CfA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data note">1973</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Research in <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>, Earth, and <a href="/wiki/Space_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Space sciences">space sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">60 Garden Street, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Kewley" title="Lisa Kewley">Lisa Kewley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Staff</th><td class="infobox-data">850+</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/">www<wbr />.cfa<wbr />.harvard<wbr />.edu</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Formerly called</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian</b> (<b>CfA</b>), previously known as the <b>Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_institute" title="Research institute">research institute</a> jointly operated by the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory" title="Harvard College Observatory">Harvard College Observatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Astrophysical_Observatory" title="Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory">Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory</a>. Founded in 1973 and headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, United States, the CfA leads a broad program of research in <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Space science">space sciences</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Science_education" title="Science education">science education</a>. The CfA either leads or participates in the development and operations of more than fifteen <a href="/wiki/Ground-based_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground-based telescope">ground-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">space-based</a> astronomical research <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">observatories</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>, including the forthcoming <a href="/wiki/Giant_Magellan_Telescope" title="Giant Magellan Telescope">Giant Magellan Telescope</a> (GMT) and the <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories</a>. </p><p>Hosting more than 850 scientists, engineers, and support staff, the CfA is among the largest astronomical research institutes in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its projects have included Nobel Prize-winning advances in <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-energy_astronomy" title="High-energy astronomy">high energy astrophysics</a>, the discovery of many <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Event_Horizon_Telescope" title="Event Horizon Telescope">first image of a black hole</a>. The CfA also serves a major role in the global <a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">astrophysics research community</a>: the CfA's <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics_Data_System" title="Astrophysics Data System">Astrophysics Data System</a> (ADS), for example, has been universally adopted<sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the world's <a href="/wiki/Online_database" title="Online database">online database</a> of astronomy and physics papers. Known for most of its history as the "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics", the CfA <a href="/wiki/Rebranding" title="Rebranding">rebranded</a> in 2018 to its current name in an effort to reflect its unique status as a joint collaboration between <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. The CfA's current director (since 2022) is <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Kewley" title="Lisa Kewley">Lisa Kewley</a>, who succeeds <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Alcock" title="Charles R. Alcock">Charles R. Alcock</a> (Director from 2004 to 2022), <a href="/wiki/Irwin_I._Shapiro" title="Irwin I. Shapiro">Irwin I. Shapiro</a> (Director from 1982 to 2004) and <a href="/wiki/George_B._Field" title="George B. Field">George B. Field</a> (Director from 1973 to 1982). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_CfA">History of the CfA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the CfA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian is not formally an independent legal organization, but rather an institutional entity operated under a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> between <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. This collaboration was formalized on July 1, 1973, with the goal of coordinating the related research activities of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory" title="Harvard College Observatory">Harvard College Observatory</a> (HCO) and the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Astrophysical_Observatory" title="Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory">Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory</a> (SAO) under the leadership of a single director, and housed within the same complex of buildings on the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard campus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>. The CfA's history is therefore also that of the two fully independent organizations that comprise it. With a combined history of more than 300 years, HCO and SAO have been host to major milestones in <a href="/wiki/History_of_astronomy" title="History of astronomy">astronomical history</a> that predate the CfA's founding. These are briefly summarized below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_Smithsonian_Astrophysical_Observatory_(SAO)"><span id="History_of_the_Smithsonian_Astrophysical_Observatory_.28SAO.29"></span>History of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Astrophysical_Observatory" title="Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory">Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pierpont_Langley" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Pierpont Langley">Samuel Pierpont Langley</a>, the third <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution">Secretary of the Smithsonian</a>, founded the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory on the south yard of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Building" title="Smithsonian Institution Building">Smithsonian Castle</a> (on the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a>) on March 1, 1890. The Astrophysical Observatory's initial, primary purpose was to "record the amount and character of the Sun's heat".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Greeley_Abbot" title="Charles Greeley Abbot">Charles Greeley Abbot</a> was named SAO's first director, and the observatory operated <a href="/wiki/Solar_telescope" title="Solar telescope">solar telescopes</a> to take daily measurements of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s intensity in different regions of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">optical electromagnetic spectrum</a>. In doing so, the observatory enabled Abbot to make critical refinements to the <a href="/wiki/Solar_constant" title="Solar constant">Solar constant</a>, as well as to serendipitously discover <a href="/wiki/Solar_cycle" title="Solar cycle">Solar variability</a>. It is likely that SAO's early history as a <a href="/wiki/Solar_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar observatory">solar observatory</a> was part of the inspiration behind the Smithsonian's "sunburst" logo, designed in 1965 by <a href="/wiki/Crimilda_Pontes" title="Crimilda Pontes">Crimilda Pontes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, the scientific headquarters of SAO moved from Washington, D.C. to <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, to affiliate with the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory" title="Harvard College Observatory">Harvard College Observatory</a> (HCO).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Lawrence_Whipple" title="Fred Lawrence Whipple">Fred Lawrence Whipple</a>, then the chairman of the Harvard Astronomy Department, was named the new director of SAO. The collaborative relationship between SAO and HCO therefore predates the official creation of the CfA by 18 years. SAO's move to Harvard's campus also resulted in a rapid expansion of its research program. Following the launch of <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik</a> (the world's first human-made satellite) in 1957, SAO accepted a national challenge<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to create a worldwide satellite-tracking network, collaborating with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> on <a href="/wiki/Project_Space_Track_(1957-1961)" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Space Track (1957-1961)">Project Space Track</a>. </p><p>With the creation of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> the following year and throughout the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>, SAO led major efforts in the development of <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">orbiting observatories</a> and large <a href="/wiki/Ground-based_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground-based telescope">ground-based telescopes</a>, laboratory and <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical astrophysics">theoretical astrophysics</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">application of computers</a> to astrophysical problems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_Harvard_College_Observatory_(HCO)"><span id="History_of_Harvard_College_Observatory_.28HCO.29"></span>History of Harvard College Observatory (HCO)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of Harvard College Observatory (HCO)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory" title="Harvard College Observatory">Harvard College Observatory</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard-Observatory-1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Harvard-Observatory-1899.jpg/310px-Harvard-Observatory-1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Harvard-Observatory-1899.jpg/465px-Harvard-Observatory-1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Harvard-Observatory-1899.jpg/620px-Harvard-Observatory-1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory" title="Harvard College Observatory">Harvard College Observatory</a>, circa 1899. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Square" title="Harvard Square">Harvard Square</a> and the City of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> are in the distant background. Most of the telescope domes in the foreground are no longer standing, but the largest dome in the top right of the photo, housing the 1847 "Great Refractor", still remains. The Great Refractor was the largest telescope in the United States until 1867. It was the first telescope to take a photographic image of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Charles_Pickering%27s_Harem_13_May_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Edward_Charles_Pickering%27s_Harem_13_May_1913.jpg/310px-Edward_Charles_Pickering%27s_Harem_13_May_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Edward_Charles_Pickering%27s_Harem_13_May_1913.jpg/465px-Edward_Charles_Pickering%27s_Harem_13_May_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Edward_Charles_Pickering%27s_Harem_13_May_1913.jpg/620px-Edward_Charles_Pickering%27s_Harem_13_May_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Computers" title="Harvard Computers">Harvard College Observatory "Computers"</a> standing in front of Building C at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory" title="Harvard College Observatory">Harvard College Observatory</a>, May 13, 1913. The Center for Astrophysics exists at this same location today. <i>Back row</i> (L to R): <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Harwood" title="Margaret Harwood">Margaret Harwood</a> (far left), Mollie O'Reilly, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward C. Pickering</a>, Edith Gill, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Leland" title="Evelyn Leland">Evelyn Leland</a> (behind Cannon), <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cushman" title="Florence Cushman">Florence Cushman</a>, Marion Whyte (behind Cushman), Grace Brooks. <i>Front row</i>: Arville Walker, unknown (possibly Johanna Mackie), Alta Carpenter, Mabel Gill, <a href="/wiki/Ida_E._Woods" title="Ida E. Woods">Ida Woods</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>Partly in response to renewed public interest in astronomy following the 1835 return of <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a>, the Harvard College Observatory was founded in 1839, when the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Corporation">Harvard Corporation</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/William_Cranch_Bond" title="William Cranch Bond">William Cranch Bond</a> as an "Astronomical Observer to the University".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For its first four years of operation, the observatory was situated<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/Dana-Palmer_House" title="Dana-Palmer House">Dana-Palmer House</a> (where Bond also resided) near <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Yard" title="Harvard Yard">Harvard Yard</a>, and consisted of little more than three small telescopes and an astronomical clock.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1840 book recounting the history of the college, then Harvard President <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Quincy_III" title="Josiah Quincy III">Josiah Quincy III</a> noted that "there is wanted a reflecting telescope equatorially mounted".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This telescope, the 15-inch "Great Refractor", opened seven years later (in 1847) at the top of Observatory Hill in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a> (where it still exists today, housed in the oldest of the CfA's complex of buildings). The telescope was the <a href="/wiki/Largest_telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest telescopes">largest in the United States</a> from 1847 until 1867. William Bond and pioneer photographer <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Whipple" title="John Adams Whipple">John Adams Whipple</a> used the Great Refractor to produce the first clear <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerrotypes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> (winning them an award at the 1851 <a href="/wiki/Great_Exhibition" title="Great Exhibition">Great Exhibition</a> in London). Bond and his son, <a href="/wiki/George_Phillips_Bond" title="George Phillips Bond">George Phillips Bond</a> (the second director of HCO), used it to discover Saturn's 8th moon, <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a> (which was also independently discovered by <a href="/wiki/William_Lassell" title="William Lassell">William Lassell</a>). </p><p>Under the directorship of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Charles Pickering</a> from 1877 to 1919, the observatory became the world's major producer of stellar spectra and magnitudes, established an observing station in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and applied mass-production methods to the <a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">analysis of data</a>. It was during this time that HCO became host to a series of major discoveries in <a href="/wiki/History_of_astronomy" title="History of astronomy">astronomical history</a>, powered by the observatory's so-called "<a href="/wiki/Harvard_Computers" title="Harvard Computers">Computers</a>" (women hired by Pickering as skilled workers to process astronomical data). These "Computers" included <a href="/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming">Williamina Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt" title="Henrietta Swan Leavitt">Henrietta Swan Leavitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cushman" title="Florence Cushman">Florence Cushman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Maury" title="Antonia Maury">Antonia Maury</a>, all widely recognized today as major figures in <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">scientific history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt" title="Henrietta Swan Leavitt">Henrietta Swan Leavitt</a>, for example, discovered the so-called <a href="/wiki/Period-luminosity_relation" title="Period-luminosity relation">period-luminosity relation</a> for <a href="/wiki/Classical_Cepheid_variable" title="Classical Cepheid variable">Classical Cepheid variable</a> <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> establishing the first major "<a href="/wiki/Cosmic_distance_ladder" title="Cosmic distance ladder">standard candle</a>" with which to measure the distance to <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxies</a>. Now called "<a href="/wiki/Leavitt%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Leavitt's law">Leavitt's law</a>", the discovery is regarded as one of the most foundational and important in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_astronomy" title="History of astronomy">history of astronomy</a>; astronomers like <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a>, for example, would later use Leavitt's law to establish that the <a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law" title="Hubble's law">Universe is expanding</a>, the primary piece of evidence for the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang model</a>. </p><p>Upon Pickering's retirement in 1921, the directorship of HCO fell to <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a> (a major participant in the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Great_Debate_(astronomy)" title="Great Debate (astronomy)">Great Debate</a>" of 1920). This era of the observatory was made famous by the work of <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Payne-Gaposchkin" title="Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin">Cecelia Payne-Gaposchkin</a>, who became the first woman to earn a PhD in astronomy from <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_College" title="Radcliffe College">Radcliffe College</a> (a short walk from the observatory). Payne-Gapochkin's 1925 thesis proposed that <a href="/wiki/Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Stars">stars</a> were composed primarily of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, an idea thought ridiculous at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between Shapley's tenure and the formation of the CfA, the observatory was directed by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Howard_Menzel" title="Donald Howard Menzel">Donald H. Menzel</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Leo_Goldberg" title="Leo Goldberg">Leo Goldberg</a>, both of whom maintained widely recognized programs in solar and stellar astrophysics. Menzel played a major role in encouraging the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory to move to Cambridge and collaborate more closely with HCO. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joint_history_as_the_Center_for_Astrophysics_(CfA)"><span id="Joint_history_as_the_Center_for_Astrophysics_.28CfA.29"></span>Joint history as the Center for Astrophysics (CfA)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Joint history as the Center for Astrophysics (CfA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The collaborative foundation for what would ultimately give rise to the Center for Astrophysics began with SAO's move to Cambridge in 1955. <a href="/wiki/Fred_Lawrence_Whipple" title="Fred Lawrence Whipple">Fred Whipple</a>, who was already chair of the Harvard Astronomy Department (housed within HCO since 1931<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), was named SAO's new director at the start of this new era; an early test of the model for a unified directorship across HCO and SAO. The following 18 years would see the two independent entities merge ever closer together, operating effectively (but informally) as one large research center. </p><p>This joint relationship was formalized as the new Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics on July 1, 1973. <a href="/wiki/George_B._Field" title="George B. Field">George B. Field</a>, then affiliated with <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a>, was appointed as its first director. That same year, a new astronomical <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">journal</a>, the <i>CfA Preprint Series</i> was created, and a <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">CfA/SAO instrument</a> flying aboard <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Coronal_hole" title="Coronal hole">coronal holes</a> on the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founding of the CfA also coincided with the birth of <a href="/wiki/X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">X-ray astronomy</a> as a new, major field that was largely dominated by CfA scientists in its early years. <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a>, regarded as the "father of X-ray astronomy", founded the High Energy Astrophysics Division within the new CfA by moving most of his research group (then at <a href="/wiki/American_Science_and_Engineering" title="American Science and Engineering">American Sciences and Engineering</a>) to SAO in 1973. That group would later go on to launch the <a href="/wiki/Einstein_Observatory" title="Einstein Observatory">Einstein Observatory</a> (the first imaging <a href="/wiki/X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a>) in 1976, and ultimately lead the proposals and development of what would become the <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a>. Chandra, the second of <a href="/wiki/NASA%27s_Great_Observatories" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA's Great Observatories">NASA's Great Observatories</a> and still the most powerful X-ray telescope in history, continues operations today as part of the CfA's Chandra X-ray Center. Giacconi would later win the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">2002 Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for his foundational work in X-ray astronomy. </p><p>Shortly after the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Einstein_Observatory" title="Einstein Observatory">Einstein Observatory</a>, the CfA's <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> won the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">1979 Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for his work on <a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">electroweak unification</a>. The following decade saw the start of the landmark <a href="/wiki/CfA_Redshift_Survey" title="CfA Redshift Survey">CfA Redshift Survey</a> (the first attempt to map the <a href="/wiki/Large-scale_structure_of_the_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Large-scale structure of the Universe">large scale structure of the Universe</a>), as well as the release of the "Field Report", a highly influential <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics_Decadal_Survey" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey">Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey</a> chaired by the outgoing CfA Director <a href="/wiki/George_B._Field" title="George B. Field">George Field</a>. He would be replaced in 1982 by <a href="/wiki/Irwin_I._Shapiro" title="Irwin I. Shapiro">Irwin Shapiro</a>, who during his tenure as director (1982 to 2004) oversaw the expansion of the CfA's observing facilities around the world, including the newly named <a href="/wiki/Fred_Lawrence_Whipple_Observatory" title="Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory">Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/STS-51-F" title="STS-51-F">Infrared Telescope</a> (IRT) aboard the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/MMT_Observatory" title="MMT Observatory">6.5-meter Multiple Mirror Telescope</a> (MMT), the <a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO satellite</a>, and the launch of <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra</a> in 1999. CfA-led discoveries throughout this period include canonical work on <a href="/wiki/SN_1987A" title="SN 1987A">Supernova 1987A</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/CfA2_Great_Wall" title="CfA2 Great Wall">CfA2 Great Wall</a>" (then the largest known coherent structure in the Universe), the best-yet evidence for <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black holes</a>, and the first convincing evidence for an <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">extrasolar planet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1980s also saw the CfA play a distinct role in the history of <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> and the internet: in 1986, SAO started developing SAOImage, one of the world's first <a href="/wiki/X11" class="mw-redirect" title="X11">X11</a>-based applications made publicly available (its successor, DS9, remains the most widely used astronomical <a href="/wiki/FITS" title="FITS">FITS</a> image viewer worldwide). During this time, scientists and software developers at the CfA also began work on what would become the <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics_Data_System" title="Astrophysics Data System">Astrophysics Data System</a> (ADS), one of the world's first online databases of <a href="/wiki/Academic_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic paper">research papers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1993, the ADS was running the first routine transatlantic queries between databases, a foundational aspect of the internet today.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_CfA_today">The CfA today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The CfA today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/220px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/330px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/440px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>The first image of the <a href="/wiki/Photon_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Photon ring">photon ring</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> (<a href="/wiki/M87*" class="mw-redirect" title="M87*">M87*</a>), captured by the <a href="/wiki/Event_Horizon_Telescope" title="Event Horizon Telescope">Event Horizon Telescope</a>. The CfA plays a central role in the project.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_at_the_CfA">Research at the CfA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Research at the CfA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Alcock" title="Charles R. Alcock">Charles Alcock</a>, known for a number of major works related to <a href="/wiki/Massive_compact_halo_object" title="Massive compact halo object">massive compact halo objects</a>, was named the third director of the CfA in 2004. Today Alcock oversees one of the largest and most productive astronomical institutes in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with more than 850 staff and an annual budget in excess of $100 million. The Harvard Department of Astronomy, housed within the CfA, maintains a continual complement of approximately 60 <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD students</a>, more than 100 <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher" title="Postdoctoral researcher">postdoctoral researchers</a>, and roughly 25 <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_degree" title="Undergraduate degree">undergraduate</a> astronomy and astrophysics majors from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>. SAO, meanwhile, hosts a long-running and highly rated <a href="/wiki/Research_Experiences_for_Undergraduates" title="Research Experiences for Undergraduates">REU Summer Intern program</a> as well as many visiting graduate students. The CfA estimates that roughly 10% of the <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">professional astrophysics community</a> in the United States spent at least a portion of their career or education there.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CfA is either a lead or major partner in the operations of the <a href="/wiki/Fred_Lawrence_Whipple_Observatory" title="Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory">Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Submillimeter_Array" title="Submillimeter Array">Submillimeter Array</a>, <a href="/wiki/MMT_Observatory" title="MMT Observatory">MMT Observatory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole_Telescope" title="South Pole Telescope">South Pole Telescope</a>, <a href="/wiki/VERITAS" title="VERITAS">VERITAS</a>, and a number of other smaller <a href="/wiki/Ground-based_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground-based telescope">ground-based telescopes</a>. The CfA's 2019–2024 Strategic Plan includes the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Giant_Magellan_Telescope" title="Giant Magellan Telescope">Giant Magellan Telescope</a> as a driving priority for the center. </p><p>Along with the <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a>, the CfA plays a central role in a number of <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">space-based observing facilities</a>, including the recently launched <a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode</a>. The CfA, via the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, recently played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Lynx_X-ray_Observatory" title="Lynx X-ray Observatory">Lynx X-ray Observatory</a>, a NASA-funded <a href="/wiki/Large_strategic_science_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Large strategic science missions">large mission concept study</a> commissioned as part of the 2020 Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey ("Astro2020"). If launched, <a href="/wiki/Lynx_X-ray_Observatory" title="Lynx X-ray Observatory">Lynx</a> would be the most powerful <a href="/wiki/X-ray_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray observatory">X-ray observatory</a> constructed to date, enabling order-of-magnitude advances in capability over Chandra. </p><p>SAO is one of the 13 stakeholder institutes for the <a href="/wiki/Event_Horizon_Telescope" title="Event Horizon Telescope">Event Horizon Telescope</a> Board, and the CfA hosts its Array Operations Center. In 2019, the project revealed the first direct image of a black hole.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result is widely regarded as a triumph not only of <a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">observational astronomy</a>, but of its intersection with <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical astrophysics">theoretical astrophysics</a>. Union of the observational and theoretical subfields of astrophysics has been a major focus of the CfA since its founding.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the CfA <a href="/wiki/Rebranding" title="Rebranding">rebranded</a>, changing its official name to the "Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian" in an effort to reflect its unique status as a joint collaboration between <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. Today, the CfA receives roughly 70% of its funding from <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, 22% from <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a> federal funds, and 4% from the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>. The remaining 4% comes from contributors including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Annenberg_Foundation" title="Annenberg Foundation">Annenberg Foundation</a>, as well as other gifts and endowments.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizational_structure">Organizational structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Organizational structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research across the CfA is organized into six divisions and seven research centers: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scientific_divisions_within_the_CfA">Scientific divisions within the CfA</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scientific divisions within the CfA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMP)</li> <li>High Energy Astrophysics (HEA)</li> <li>Optical and Infrared Astronomy (OIR)</li> <li>Radio and Geoastronomy (RG)</li> <li>Solar, Stellar, and Planetary Sciences (SSP)</li> <li>Theoretical Astrophysics (TA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Centers_hosted_at_the_CfA">Centers hosted at the CfA</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Centers hosted at the CfA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chandra X-ray Center (CXC), the science operations center for <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a></li> <li>Institute for Theory and Computation (ITC)</li> <li>Institute for Theoretical Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics (ITAMP)</li> <li>Center for Parallel Astrophysical Computing (CPAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a> (MPC)</li> <li>Telescope Data Center (TDC)</li> <li>Radio Telescope Data Center (RTDC)</li> <li>Solar & Stellar X-ray Group (SSXG)</li></ul> <p>The CfA is also host to the Harvard University Department of Astronomy, large central engineering and computation facilities, the Science Education Department, the John G. Wolbach Library, the <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics_Data_System" title="Astrophysics Data System">world's largest database of astronomy and physics papers (ADS)</a>, and the world's largest collection of astronomical photographic plates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Observatories_operated_with_CfA_participation">Observatories operated with CfA participation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Observatories operated with CfA participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ground-based_observatories">Ground-based observatories</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ground-based observatories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Lawrence_Whipple_Observatory" title="Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory">Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Magellan telescopes">Magellan telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMT_Observatory" title="MMT Observatory">MMT Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_Horizon_Telescope" title="Event Horizon Telescope">Event Horizon Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pole_Telescope" title="South Pole Telescope">South Pole Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submillimeter_Array" title="Submillimeter Array">Submillimeter Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CfA_1.2_m_Millimeter-Wave_Telescope" title="CfA 1.2 m Millimeter-Wave Telescope">1.2-Meter Millimeter-Wave Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS" title="VERITAS">Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Space-based_observatories_and_probes">Space-based observatories and probes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Space-based observatories and probes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a> (TESS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler mission">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOHO_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="SOHO spacecraft">Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Planned_future_observatories">Planned future observatories</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Planned future observatories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynx_X-ray_Observatory" title="Lynx X-ray Observatory">Lynx X-ray Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Magellan_Telescope" title="Giant Magellan Telescope">Giant Magellan Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murchison_Widefield_Array" title="Murchison Widefield Array">Murchison Widefield Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Kilometer_Array" class="mw-redirect" title="Square Kilometer Array">Square Kilometer Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-STARRS" title="Pan-STARRS">Pan-STARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_C._Rubin_Observatory" title="Vera C. Rubin Observatory">Vera C. Rubin Observatory</a> (formerly called the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cfa.harvard.edu%2F&rft.atitle=CfA+Plays+Central+Role+In+Capturing+Landmark+Black+Hole+Image&rft.date=2019-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfa.harvard.edu%2Fnews%2F2019-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian+Center+for+Astrophysics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/">"www.cfa.harvard.edu/"</a>. <i>www.cfa.harvard.edu/</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>875</b> (1): L1. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.11238">1906.11238</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ApJ...875L...1E">2019ApJ...875L...1E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fab0ec7">10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="tmp-color" style="color:white">statue</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University" title="President of Harvard University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">President</span></a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garber" title="Alan Garber"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Alan Garber</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Board_of_Overseers" title="Harvard Board of Overseers"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Board of Overseers</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College" title="President and Fellows of Harvard College"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">President and Fellows</span></a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Provost</span> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Manning" title="John F. Manning"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">John Manning</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Library" title="Harvard Library"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Library</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences"><span style="color:white">Arts and<br /> Sciences</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/Hopi_Hoekstra" title="Hopi Hoekstra">Hopi Hoekstra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College"><span style="color:white">College</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/Rakesh_Khurana" title="Rakesh Khurana">Rakesh Khurana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_College" title="Radcliffe College">Radcliffe College</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_College_freshman_dormitories" title="List of Harvard College freshman dormitories">Freshman dormitories</a></li> <li>Upperclass houses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Adams House (Harvard College)">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabot_House" title="Cabot House">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currier_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Currier House (Harvard College)">Currier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Community" title="Dudley Community">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunster_House" title="Dunster House">Dunster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_House_(Harvard_College)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliot House (Harvard College)">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkland_House" title="Kirkland House">Kirkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_House" title="Leverett House">Leverett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_House" title="Lowell House">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mather_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Mather House (Harvard College)">Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pforzheimer_House" title="Pforzheimer House">Pforzheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Quincy House (Harvard College)">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_House" title="Winthrop House">Winthrop</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_College_undergraduate_organizations" title="List of Harvard College undergraduate organizations">Undergraduate organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Theatricals" title="Hasty Pudding Theatricals">Hasty Pudding Theatricals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Advocate" title="The Harvard Advocate">The Harvard Advocate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Independent" title="The Harvard Independent">The Harvard Independent</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Lampoon" title="The Harvard Lampoon">The Harvard Lampoon</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson">Athletics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_baseball" title="Harvard Crimson baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_basketball" title="Harvard Crimson men's basketball">Men's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women%27s_basketball" title="Harvard Crimson women's basketball">Women's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_fencing" title="Harvard Crimson fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football" title="Harvard Crimson football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey">Men's ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Harvard Crimson women's ice hockey">Women's ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_lacrosse" title="Harvard Crimson men's lacrosse">Men's lacrosse‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_rugby" title="Harvard rugby">Men's rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_women%27s_rugby" title="Harvard women's rugby">Women's rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_soccer" title="Harvard Crimson men's soccer">Men's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women%27s_soccer" title="Harvard Crimson women's soccer">Women's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_squash" title="Harvard Crimson men's squash">Men's squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_volleyball" title="Harvard Crimson men's volleyball">Men's volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women%27s_volleyball" title="Harvard Crimson women's volleyball">Women's volleyball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell%E2%80%93Harvard_hockey_rivalry" title="Cornell–Harvard hockey rivalry">Cornell hockey rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry" title="Harvard–Yale football rivalry">Yale football rivalry</a></li> <li>Stadiums and arenas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beanpot_(ice_hockey)" title="Beanpot (ice hockey)">Beanpot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright-Landry_Hockey_Center" title="Bright-Landry Hockey Center">Bright-Landry Hockey Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Stadium" title="Harvard Stadium">Harvard Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Field" title="Jordan Field">Jordan Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavietes_Pavilion" title="Lavietes Pavilion">Lavietes Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohiri_Field" title="Ohiri Field">Ohiri Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkin_Athletic_Center" title="Malkin Athletic Center">Malkin Athletic Center</a></li></ul></li> <li>Boathouses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newell_Boathouse" title="Newell Boathouse">Newell Boathouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weld_Boathouse" title="Weld Boathouse">Weld Boathouse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Division_of_Continuing_Education" title="Harvard Division of Continuing Education"><span style="color:white">Continuing Education</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean Nancy Coleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Extension_School" title="Harvard Extension School">Extension School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Harvard_Extension_School" title="History of Harvard Extension School">Extension School history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Summer_School" title="Harvard Summer School">Summer School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences" title="Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences"><span style="color:white">Engineering and<br />Applied Sciences</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/David_C._Parkes" title="David C. Parkes">David C. Parkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Laboratory_of_Physics" title="Lyman Laboratory of Physics">Lyman Laboratory of Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences"><span style="color:white">Graduate School</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/Emma_Dench" title="Emma Dench">Emma Dench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%">Libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabot_Science_Library" title="Cabot Science Library">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yenching_Library" title="Harvard–Yenching Library">Harvard-Yenching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houghton_Library" title="Houghton Library">Houghton</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Review" title="Harvard Review">Harvard Review</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamont_Library" title="Lamont Library">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusey_Library" title="Pusey Library">Pusey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widener_Library" title="Widener Library">Widener</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Elkins_Widener" title="Harry Elkins Widener">Harry Elkins Widener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Elkins_Widener" title="Eleanor Elkins Widener">Eleanor Elkins Widener</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossman_Library" title="Grossman Library">Grossman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%">Centers, institutes,<br />and societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Asia_Center" title="Harvard University Asia Center">Asia Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchins_Center_for_African_and_African_American_Research" title="Hutchins Center for African and African American Research">Center for African and African American Research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois_Research_Institute" title="W. E. B. Du Bois Research Institute">Du Bois Institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Center for Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbank_Center_for_Chinese_Studies" title="Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies">Center for Chinese Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minda_de_Gunzburg_Center_for_European_Studies" title="Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies">Center for European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts" title="Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts">Center for Visual Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Hellenic_Studies" title="Center for Hellenic Studies">Center for Hellenic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Forest" title="Harvard Forest">Harvard Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rowland_Institute_at_Harvard" title="The Rowland Institute at Harvard">Rowland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute" title="Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute">Ukrainian Research Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School"><span style="color:white">Business</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/Srikant_Datar" title="Srikant Datar">Srikant Datar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Library/Bloomberg_Center" title="Baker Library/Bloomberg Center">Baker Library/Bloomberg Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Publishing" title="Harvard Business Publishing">Harvard Business Publishing</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School_RFC" title="Harvard Business School RFC">Harvard Business School RFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spangler_Center" title="Spangler Center">Spangler Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design" title="Harvard Graduate School of Design"><span style="color:white">Design</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Whiting" title="Sarah Whiting">Sarah Whiting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Design_Magazine" title="Harvard Design Magazine">Harvard Design Magazine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Housing_Studies" title="Joint Center for Housing Studies">Center for Housing Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School"><span style="color:white">Divinity</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/David_N._Hempton" title="David N. Hempton">David N. Hempton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education" title="Harvard Graduate School of Education"><span style="color:white">Education</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/Bridget_Terry_Long" title="Bridget Terry Long">Bridget Terry Long</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School"><span style="color:white">Government</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean Jeremy M. Weinstein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Center_for_Democratic_Governance_and_Innovation" title="Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation">Ash Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr_Center_for_Human_Rights_Policy" title="Carr Center for Human Rights Policy">Carr Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_%26_Lily_Safra_Center_for_Ethics" title="Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Ethics">Center for Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Housing_Studies" title="Joint Center for Housing Studies">Center for Housing Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauser_Center_for_Nonprofit_Organizations" title="Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations">Center for Nonprofit Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Leadership" title="Center for Public Leadership">Center for Public Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Institute_of_Politics" title="Harvard Institute of Politics">Institute of Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rappaport_Institute_for_Greater_Boston" title="Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston">Rappaport Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorenstein_Center_on_Media,_Politics_and_Public_Policy" title="Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy">Shorenstein Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Journalist%27s_Resource" title="The Journalist's Resource">The Journalist's Resource</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School"><span style="color:white">Law</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/John_F._Manning" title="John F. Manning">John F. Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkman_Klein_Center_for_Internet_%26_Society" title="Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society">Berkman Klein Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Civil_Rights%E2%80%93Civil_Liberties_Law_Review" title="Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review">Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_International_Law_Journal" title="Harvard International Law Journal">International Law Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Journal_of_Law_%26_Technology" title="Harvard Journal of Law & Technology">Journal of Law & Technology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Journal_on_Legislation" title="Harvard Journal on Legislation">Journal on Legislation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Record" title="Harvard Law Record">Law Record</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Law Review</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School"><span style="color:white">Medicine</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/George_Q._Daley" title="George Q. Daley">George Q. Daley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Institute" title="Broad Institute">Broad Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Medical_Library" title="Boston Medical Library">Medical Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Anatomical_Museum" title="Warren Anatomical Museum">Anatomical Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93MIT_Program_in_Health_Sciences_and_Technology" title="Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology">Program in Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Harvard School of Dental Medicine">School of Dental Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health" title="Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health"><span style="color:white">Public Health</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dean <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Ann_Williams" title="Michelle Ann Williams">Michelle Ann Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%">Museums and<br /> arboretum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Arboretum" title="Arnold Arboretum">Arnold Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Art_Museums" title="Harvard Art Museums">Harvard Art Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology" title="Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology">Archaeology and Ethnology Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busch%E2%80%93Reisinger_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Busch–Reisinger Museum">Busch–Reisinger Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogg_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fogg Museum">Fogg Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur M. Sackler Museum">Sackler Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Collection_of_Historical_Scientific_Instruments" title="Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments">Collection of Scientific Instruments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_Flowers" title="Glass Flowers">Glass Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mineralogical_Museum" title="Harvard Mineralogical Museum">Mineralogical Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Artemas_Ward_House" title="General Artemas Ward House">General Artemas Ward House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Harvard Museum of Natural History">Natural History Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Comparative_Zoology" title="Museum of Comparative Zoology">Comparative Zoology Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria" title="Harvard University Herbaria">Herbaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Museum_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East">Museum of the Ancient Near East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%">Cambridge<br /> campus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boylston_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="Boylston Hall (Harvard University)">Boylston Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stow_Bradley_Jr._Memorial" title="Robert Stow Bradley Jr. Memorial">Bradley Memorial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discobolus_(Harvard_University)" title="Discobolus (Harvard University)">Discobolus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Harvard_Yard" title="Gates of Harvard Yard">Gates of Harvard Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_Center" title="Harvard Graduate Center">Graduate Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Hall" title="Harvard Hall">Harvard Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Church_of_Harvard_University" title="Memorial Church of Harvard University">Memorial Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Choir" title="Harvard University Choir">Choir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Yard" title="Harvard Yard">Harvard Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)">Massachusetts Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="Memorial Hall (Harvard University)">Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_Wall_I" title="Night Wall I">Night Wall I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody_Terrace" title="Peabody Terrace">Peabody Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Harvard)" title="President's House (Harvard)">President's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Science_Center" title="Harvard Science Center">Science Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Campus_Center" title="Smith Campus Center">Smith Campus Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="University Hall (Harvard University)">University Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%">Centers and<br /> institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Innovation_Labs" title="Harvard Innovation Labs">Harvard Innovation Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Green_High_Performance_Computing_Center" title="Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center">Computing Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Institute" title="Harvard Radcliffe Institute">Harvard Radcliffe Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schlesinger_Library" title="Schlesinger Library">Schlesinger Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Theater_Training" title="Institute for Advanced Theater Training">Institute for Advanced Theater Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieman_Foundation_for_Journalism" title="Nieman Foundation for Journalism">Nieman Foundation for Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Colegio_Complutense" title="Real Colegio Complutense">Real Colegio Complutense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_I_Tatti" title="Villa I Tatti">Villa I Tatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyss_Institute_for_Biologically_Inspired_Engineering" title="Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering">Wyss Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_people" title="List of Harvard University people">List of Harvard University people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_non-graduate_alumni" title="List of Harvard University non-graduate alumni">Non-graduate alumni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Harvard" title="Fair Harvard">Alma mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_traditions_of_Harvard_commencements" title="History and traditions of Harvard commencements">Commencement traditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Harvard_University" title="Academic regalia of Harvard University">Academic regalia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_Students_Union" title="Harvard Graduate Students Union">Graduate Students Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Harvard_University" title="Heraldry of Harvard University">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Tercentenary_celebration" title="Harvard Tercentenary celebration">Tercentenary celebration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Magazine" title="Harvard Magazine">Harvard Magazine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Jersey_Harvard" title="Lionel de Jersey Harvard">Lionel de Jersey Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_55" title="Math 55">Math 55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Society_of_Fellows" title="Harvard Society of Fellows">Society of Fellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_Professors_at_Harvard_University" title="List of University Professors at Harvard University">University Professor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Harvard_University" title="Category:Harvard University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Category</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Harvard_University" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Harvard University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Commons</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Smithsonian_Institution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E6C373"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Smithsonian_Institution" title="Template:Smithsonian Institution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Smithsonian_Institution" title="Template talk:Smithsonian Institution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Smithsonian_Institution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Smithsonian Institution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Smithsonian_Institution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Smithsonian_museums" title="List of Smithsonian museums">Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">African American History and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_Art" title="National Museum of African Art">African Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">Air and Space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Udvar–Hazy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Art Museum">American Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renwick_Gallery" title="Renwick Gallery">Renwick Gallery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">American History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Jazz_Masterworks_Orchestra" title="Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra">Jazz Masterworks Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Numismatic_Collection" title="National Numismatic Collection">Numismatic Collection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_American_Indian" title="National Museum of the American Indian">American Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Gustav_Heye_Center" title="George Gustav Heye Center">Heye Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacostia_Community_Museum" title="Anacostia Community Museum">Anacostia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Industries_Building" title="Arts and Industries Building">Arts and Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Asian_Art" title="National Museum of Asian Art">Asian Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freer_Gallery_of_Art" title="Freer Gallery of Art">Freer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Sackler_Gallery" title="Arthur M. Sackler Gallery">Sackler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Building" title="Smithsonian Institution Building">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt,_Smithsonian_Design_Museum" title="Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum">Cooper–Hewitt Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Gardens" title="Smithsonian Gardens">Gardens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archives_of_American_Gardens" title="Archives of American Gardens">Archives of American Gardens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirshhorn_Museum_and_Sculpture_Garden" title="Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden">Hirshhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_American_Latino" title="National Museum of the American Latino">Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">Natural History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consortium_for_the_Barcode_of_Life" title="Consortium for the Barcode of Life">Barcode of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)" title="National Portrait Gallery (United States)">Portrait Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Postal_Museum" title="National Postal Museum">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Women%27s_History_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Women's History Museum">Women's History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zoo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Zoological_Park_(United_States)" title="National Zoological Park (United States)">National Zoological Park</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Beazley" title="Uncle Beazley">Uncle Beazley</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archives_of_American_Art" title="Archives of American Art">Archives of American Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Coral_Reef_Ecosystems_Program" title="Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems Program">Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_at_the_Smithsonian_Institution" title="Conservation and restoration at the Smithsonian Institution">Conservation and restoration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Astrophysics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Conservation_Biology_Institute" title="Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute">Conservation Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Environmental_Research_Center" title="Smithsonian Environmental Research Center">Environmental Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Libraries_and_Archives" title="Smithsonian Libraries and Archives">Libraries and Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Marine_Station_at_Fort_Pierce" title="Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce">Marine Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_Conservation_Institute" title="Museum Conservation Institute">Museum Conservation Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Migratory_Bird_Center" title="Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center">Migratory Bird</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Tropical_Research_Institute" title="Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute">Tropical Research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Asian_Pacific_American_Center" title="Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center">Asian Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Latino_Center" title="Smithsonian Latino Center">Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Center_for_Folklife_and_Cultural_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage">Folklife and Cultural Heritage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Folklife_Festival" title="Smithsonian Folklife Festival">Folklife Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Folkways" title="Smithsonian Folkways">Folkways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Global_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Global Sound">Global Sound</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Affiliations" title="Smithsonian Affiliations">Affiliations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Dillon_Ripley_Center" title="S. Dillon Ripley Center">Ripley Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Art_(journal)" title="American Art (journal)">American Art</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space/Smithsonian" title="Air & Space/Smithsonian">Air & Space/Smithsonian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/STEM_in_30" title="STEM in 30">STEM in 30</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)"><i>Smithsonian</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel" title="Smithsonian Channel">Smithsonian Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Contributions_and_Studies_Series" title="Smithsonian Contributions and Studies Series">Smithsonian Contributions and Studies Series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Smithson_Medal" title="James Smithson Medal">James Smithson Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lang_Freer_Medal" title="Charles Lang Freer Medal">Charles Lang Freer Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodgkins_Medal" title="Hodgkins Medal">Hodgkins Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langley_Gold_Medal" title="Langley Gold Medal">Langley Gold Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Design_Awards" title="National Design Awards">National Design Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Philatelic_Achievement_Award" title="Smithsonian Philatelic Achievement Award">Smithsonian Philatelic Achievement Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Awards" title="Woodrow Wilson Awards">Woodrow Wilson Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Smithson" title="James Smithson">James Smithson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Wilson Center</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Wilson_Quarterly" title="The Wilson Quarterly">The Wilson Quarterly</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Police">Smithsonian Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Tick_Collection" title="U.S. National Tick Collection">U.S. National Tick Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/19px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/29px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/38px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133697#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133697#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133697#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000091366366">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133715727">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2082521-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82103389">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/4021176">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007570745105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0385297X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics&params=42.38146_N_71.12837_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°22′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">71°07′42″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.38146°N 71.12837°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span 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