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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_mentions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_mentions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 First mentions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_mentions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Migrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethno-cultural_subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethno-cultural_subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ethno-cultural subdivisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethno-cultural_subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_non-Slavic_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_non-Slavic_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Relations with non-Slavic people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_non-Slavic_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Slavs</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" > 100 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slawi%C3%ABrs" title="Slawiërs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slawiërs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slawen" title="Slawen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Slawen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81" title="سلاف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلاف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblos_eslaus" title="Pueblos eslaus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pueblos eslaus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblos_eslavos" title="Pueblos eslavos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pueblos eslavos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Славянал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Славянал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavyanlar" title="Slavyanlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Slavyanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slav_l%C3%A2ng" title="Slav lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Slav lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Славяне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Славяне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Славяне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Славяне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Славяни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Славяни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slawn" title="Slawn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Slawn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveni" title="Slaveni – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Slaveni" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslaus" title="Eslaus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eslaus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Славянсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Славянсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovan%C3%A9" title="Slované – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slované" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slafiaid" title="Slafiaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Slafiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaviske_folkeslag" title="Slaviske folkeslag – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaviske folkeslag" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slawen" title="Slawen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Slawen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owjany" title="Słowjany – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Słowjany" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaavlased" title="Slaavlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Slaavlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Σλάβοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σλάβοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblos_eslavos" title="Pueblos eslavos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblos eslavos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavoj" title="Slavoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Slavoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslaviar" title="Eslaviar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eslaviar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7" title="اسلاوها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسلاوها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaves" title="Slaves – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Slaves" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaven_(folk)" title="Slaven (folk) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slaven (folk)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavaigh" title="Slavaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Slavaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Sl%C3%A0bhaich" title="Na Slàbhaich – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Na Slàbhaich" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobos_eslavos" title="Pobos eslavos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobos eslavos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%AC%EB%9D%BC%EB%B8%8C%EC%A1%B1" title="슬라브족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="슬라브족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սլավոններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սլավոններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="स्लाव लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्लाव लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owjenjo" title="Słowjenjo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Słowjenjo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveni" title="Slaveni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slaveni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavi" title="Slavi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Slavi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_suku_bangsa_Slavia" title="Rumpun suku bangsa Slavia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun suku bangsa Slavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B9%D0%BD%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Славяйнæгтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Славяйнæгтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavar" title="Slavar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Slavar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavi" title="Slavi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Slavi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סלאבים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סלאבים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სლავები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სლავები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owi%C3%B3nie" title="Słowiónie – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Słowiónie" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Славяндар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Славяндар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waslavi" title="Waslavi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waslavi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slav" title="Slav – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Slav" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavi" title="Slavi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Slavi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C4%81vi" title="Slāvi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Slāvi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavai" title="Slavai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Slavai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplas_slavica" title="Poplas slavica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Poplas slavica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szl%C3%A1v_n%C3%A9pek" title="Szláv népek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szláv népek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Словени – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Словени" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slava_(vahoaka)" title="Slava (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Slava (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="സ്ലാവുകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ലാവുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="سلافيين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سلافيين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puak_Slav" title="Puak Slav – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Puak Slav" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangso_Slavia" title="Bangso Slavia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bangso Slavia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Слав – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Слав" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%9C%E1%80%97%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="ဆလဗလူမျိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆလဗလူမျိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavische_volkeren" title="Slavische volkeren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slavische volkeren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaviske_v%C3%B6lker" title="Slaviske völker – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Slaviske völker" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E4%BA%BA" title="スラヴ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スラヴ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavere" title="Slavere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slavere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaviske_folk" title="Slaviske folk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slaviske folk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslaus" title="Eslaus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eslaus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavyanlar" title="Slavyanlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Slavyanlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5" title="ਸਲਾਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਲਾਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88" title="سلاو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلاو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slav" title="Slav – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Slav" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owianie" title="Słowianie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Słowianie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslavos" title="Eslavos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eslavos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavi" title="Slavi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Slavi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Славяне – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Славяне" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Славяне – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Славяне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Slavs" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sllav%C3%ABt" title="Sllavët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sllavët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Slavs" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovania" title="Slovania – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slovania" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovani" title="Slovani – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Slovani" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%A3%D0%BD%D1%94" title="Словѣнє – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Словѣнє" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owjany" title="Słowjany – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Słowjany" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A4" title="سلاڤ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سلاڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Словени – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Словени" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveni" title="Slaveni – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Slaveni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaavit" title="Slaavit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Slaavit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaver" title="Slaver – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaver" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Eslabo" title="Mga Eslabo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Eslabo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சிலாவிக் மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிலாவிக் மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Славяннар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Славяннар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F" title="ชาวสลาฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวสลาฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavlar" title="Slavlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Slavlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Слов'яни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Слов'яни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88" title="سلاو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلاو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Slav" title="Người Slav – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Slav" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslabo" title="Eslabo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Eslabo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="斯拉夫人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斯拉夫人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="斯拉夫人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="斯拉夫人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slav%C4%81" title="Slavā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Slavā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="斯拉夫人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯拉夫人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Grouping of related Eurasian ethnicities</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Slav" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Slav_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Slav (disambiguation)">Slav (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Slav people" redirects here. For the Slavs of the Early Middle Ages, see <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a>. For the First Nations ethnic group, see <a href="/wiki/Slavey" title="Slavey">Slavey</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Slavs" title="Special:EditPage/Slavs">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Slavs%22">"Slavs"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Slavs%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Slavs%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Slavs%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Slavs%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Slavs%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (April 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Slavs</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">see <a href="#Population">§ Population</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mostly <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> · <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> · <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a>) Minorities: <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Non-religious</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic paganism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">neopaganism</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Slavs or Slavic people are groups of people who speak <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>. Slavs are geographically distributed throughout the northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>; they predominantly inhabit <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern Asia</a>, though there is a large Slavic minority scattered across the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and a substantial Slavic diaspora in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-msu-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a> lived during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> (approximately from the 5th to the 10th century AD), and came to control large parts of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> between the sixth and seventh centuries. Beginning in the 7th century, they were gradually <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Christianized</a>. By the 12th century, they formed the core population of a number of medieval Christian states: <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)" title="Principality of Serbia (early medieval)">Principality of Serbia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Croatia" title="Duchy of Croatia">Duchy of Croatia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Banate_of_Bosnia" title="Banate of Bosnia">Banate of Bosnia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Nitra" title="Principality of Nitra">Principality of Nitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)">Kingdom of Poland</a>. Beginning in the mid-19th century, a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">pan-Slavic</a> movement has emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus of the movement was in the Balkans, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> was opposed to it. The Slavic languages belong to the <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>. Present-day Slavs are classified into three groups:<a href="#cite_note-Slav_(people)_-_Britannica_Online_Encyclopedia-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-palgrave-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-CPotSN-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-belgrade-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>).</li></ul> Though the majority of Slavs are <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, some groups, such as the Bosniaks, mostly identify as <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>. Modern Slavic nations and ethnic groups are considerably diverse, both genetically and culturally, and relations between them may range from "ethnic solidarity to mutual feelings of hostility" — even within the individual groups.<a href="#cite_note-Psychology_Press-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ethnonym">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavs_(ethnonym)" title="Slavs (ethnonym)">Slavs (ethnonym)</a></div> The oldest mention of the Slavic <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> is from the 6th century AD, when <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>, writing in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a>, used various forms such as Sklaboi (Σκλάβοι), Sklabēnoi (Σκλαβηνοί), Sklauenoi (Σκλαυηνοί), Sthlabenoi (Σθλαβηνοί), or Sklabinoi (Σκλαβῖνοι),<a href="#cite_note-procopius-11">[11]</a> and his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> refers to the Sclaveni in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jordanes-12">[12]</a> The oldest documents written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>, dating from the 9th century, attest the autonym as Slověne (Словѣне). Those forms point back to a Slavic <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">autonym</a>, which can be reconstructed in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/slov%C4%9Bnin%D1%8A#Proto-Slavic" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/slověninъ">*Slověninъ</a>, plural Slověne.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The reconstructed autonym *Slověninъ is usually considered a derivation from slovo ("word"), originally denoting "people who speak (the same language)", meaning "people who understand one another", in contrast to the Slavic word denoting "<a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German people</a>", namely <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/n%C4%9Bm%D1%8Cc%D1%8C#Proto-Slavic" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/němьcь">*němьcь</a>, meaning "silent, mute people" (from Slavic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/n%C4%9Bm%D1%8A#Proto-Slavic" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/němъ">*němъ</a> "<a href="/wiki/Muteness" title="Muteness">mute</a>, mumbling"). The word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("glory, fame") and sluh ("hearing") originate from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> root <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%E1%B8%B1lew-#Proto-Indo-European" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱlew-">*ḱlew-</a> ("be spoken of, glory"), cognate with Ancient Greek κλέος (kléos "fame"), as in the name <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>, Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clueo#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:clueo">clueō</a> ("be called"), and English <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/loud#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:loud">loud</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In medieval and early modern sources written in Latin, Slavs are most commonly referred to as Sclaveni or the shortened version Sclavi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200141–42,_50,_55,_60,_69,_75,_88-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_origin_and_dispersion_of_Slavs_in_the_5-10th_centuries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/The_origin_and_dispersion_of_Slavs_in_the_5-10th_centuries.png/220px-The_origin_and_dispersion_of_Slavs_in_the_5-10th_centuries.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/The_origin_and_dispersion_of_Slavs_in_the_5-10th_centuries.png/330px-The_origin_and_dispersion_of_Slavs_in_the_5-10th_centuries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/The_origin_and_dispersion_of_Slavs_in_the_5-10th_centuries.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>The origin and migration of Slavs in Europe between the 5th and 10th centuries AD: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Original Slavic homeland (modern-day southeastern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, northwestern <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and southwestern <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Expansion of the Slavic migration in Europe</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_mentions">First mentions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First mentions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Veneti" title="Vistula Veneti">Vistula Veneti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spori" class="mw-redirect" title="Spori">Spori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Sclaveni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolgari_sclavi_teracota_Vinitza_FYROM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bolgari_sclavi_teracota_Vinitza_FYROM.jpg/220px-Bolgari_sclavi_teracota_Vinitza_FYROM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bolgari_sclavi_teracota_Vinitza_FYROM.jpg/330px-Bolgari_sclavi_teracota_Vinitza_FYROM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bolgari_sclavi_teracota_Vinitza_FYROM.jpg/440px-Bolgari_sclavi_teracota_Vinitza_FYROM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Terracotta tile from the 6th–7th century AD found in <a href="/wiki/Vinica,_North_Macedonia" title="Vinica, North Macedonia">Vinica</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, depicting a battle scene between the <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> and Slavs, with the Latin inscription BOLGAR and SCLAVIGI<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome"> Ancient Roman</a> sources refer to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavic</a> peoples as <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Veneti" title="Vistula Veneti"> "Veneti"</a>, who dwelt in a region of central Europe east of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Peoples">Germanic</a> tribe of <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> and west of the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> between the upper <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> rivers. Slavs - called <a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Sclaveni</a> - first appear in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> records in the early 6th century AD. Byzantine historiographers of the era of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 527–565), such as <a href="/wiki/Procopius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Procopius of Caesarea">Procopius of Caesarea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_Simocatta" title="Theophylact Simocatta">Theophylact Simocatta</a>, describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>, the lower <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to invade the Danubian provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Empire">Eastern Empire</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Jordanes, in his work <a href="/wiki/Getica" title="Getica">Getica</a> (written in 551 AD),<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> describes the Veneti as a "populous nation" whose dwellings begin at the sources of the Vistula and occupy "a great expanse of land". He also describes the Veneti as the ancestors of Antes and Slaveni, two early Slavic tribes, who appeared on the Byzantine frontier in the early-6th century. Procopius wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called <a href="/wiki/Sporoi" title="Sporoi">Sporoi</a> in olden times". The name Sporoi derives from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> σπείρω ("to <a href="/wiki/Sowing" title="Sowing">sow</a>"). He described them as barbarians, who lived under <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and believed in one god, "the maker of lightning" (<a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a>), to whom they made sacrifice. They lived in scattered housing and constantly changed settlement. In war, they were mainly <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry"> foot soldiers</a> with shields, spears, bows, and little armour, which was reserved mainly for <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief"> chiefs</a> and their inner circle of warriors.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Their language is "barbarous" (that is, not Greek), and the two tribes are alike in appearance, being tall and robust, "while their bodies and hair are neither very fair or blond, nor indeed do they incline entirely to the dark type, but they are all slightly ruddy in color. And they live a hard life, giving no heed to bodily comforts..."<a href="#cite_note-ufl-19">[19]</a> Jordanes describes the Sclaveni as having swamps and forests for their cities.<a href="#cite_note-jordanes1-20">[20]</a> Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly-impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes.<a href="#cite_note-strategikon-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Menander_Protector" title="Menander Protector">Menander Protector</a> mentions <a href="/wiki/Daurentius" title="Daurentius">Daurentius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 577 – 579) who slew an <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avar</a> envoy of Khagan <a href="/wiki/Bayan_I" title="Bayan I">Bayan I</a> for asking the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars; Daurentius declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us as long as there are wars and weapons".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200191–92,_315-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Migrations">Migrations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Migrations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_migrations_to_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe">Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_tribes_in_the_7th_to_9th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Slavic_tribes_in_the_7th_to_9th_century.jpg/220px-Slavic_tribes_in_the_7th_to_9th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Slavic_tribes_in_the_7th_to_9th_century.jpg/330px-Slavic_tribes_in_the_7th_to_9th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Slavic_tribes_in_the_7th_to_9th_century.jpg/440px-Slavic_tribes_in_the_7th_to_9th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1442" /></a><figcaption>Slavic tribes from the 7th to 9th centuries AD in Europe</figcaption></figure> According to eastern homeland theory,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] prior to becoming known to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> world, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic language">Slavic</a>-speaking tribes formed part of several successive multi-ethnic confederacies of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> – such as the Sarmatian, <a href="/wiki/Hun_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun Empire"> Hun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths"> Gothic</a> empires. The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germanic tribes in the 5th and 6th centuries AD (thought[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>) started the <a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">great migration</a> of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes who had fled from the Huns and their allies. Slavs, according to this account, moved westward into the country between the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>-<a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> line; southward into <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, much of present-day <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian plain">Pannonian plain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>; and northward along the upper <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> river. It has also been suggested that some Slavs migrated with the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> and even to <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-23">[23]</a> On the other hand, historian <a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Florin Curta</a> categorically dismisses the concept of "Slavs' migration" and opts instead for short-distance population movements that would explain the spread of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>. He argues - in favor of this view - that the proposed migration models are inconsistent with the archaeological findings, for example the <a href="/wiki/Prague-Korchak_culture" title="Prague-Korchak culture">Prague</a>-type pottery associated with Slavs was not found anywhere south of the Danube where large numbers of Slavic-speaking people emerged in the early Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> borders in large numbers.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Byzantine records note that Slav numbers were so great, that grass would not regrow where the Slavs had marched through[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Military movements resulted in even the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> being reported to have Slavic settlements.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion.<a href="#cite_note-hri-27">[27]</a> By the end of the 6th century, Slavs had <a href="/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">settled the Eastern Alps regions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> in 600 AD wrote to Maximus, the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>), expressing concern about the arrival of the Slavs: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Latin: "Et quidem de Sclavorum gente, quae vobis valde imminet, et affligor vehementer et conturbor. Affligor in his quae jam in vobis patior; conturbor, quia per Istriae aditum jam ad Italiam intrare coeperunt."</blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">English: "I am both distressed and disturbed about the Slavs, who are pressing hard on you. I am distressed because I sympathize with you; I am disturbed because they have already begun to arrive in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> through the entry-point of <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_moravia_svatopluk.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Great_moravia_svatopluk.png/220px-Great_moravia_svatopluk.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Great_moravia_svatopluk.png/330px-Great_moravia_svatopluk.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Great_moravia_svatopluk.png/440px-Great_moravia_svatopluk.png 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> during <a href="/wiki/Svatopluk_I_of_Moravia" title="Svatopluk I of Moravia">Svatopluk I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 871–894), according to Štefanovičová (1989)</figcaption></figure> When Slav migrations ended, their first <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> organizations appeared, each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force. In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant <a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a> supported the Slavs against their <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avar</a> rulers and became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, <a href="/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire" title="Samo's Empire">Samo's Empire</a>. This early Slavic polity probably did not outlive its founder and ruler, but it was the foundation for later <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavic</a> states on its territory. The oldest of them was <a href="/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania">Carantania</a>; others are the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Nitra" title="Principality of Nitra">Principality of Nitra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravian</a> principality (see under <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Balaton_Principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaton Principality">Balaton Principality</a>. The <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> was founded in 681 as an alliance between the ruling <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> and the numerous <a href="/wiki/Seven_Slavic_tribes" title="Seven Slavic tribes">Slavs</a> in the area, and their <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">South Slavic</a> language, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>, became the main and official language of the empire in 864 AD. Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Slavic literacy</a> and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world. <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Croatia" title="Duchy of Croatia">Duchy of Croatia</a> was founded in 7th century and later became <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Croatia (medieval)">Kingdom of Croatia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)" title="Principality of Serbia (early medieval)">Principality of Serbia</a> was founded in 8th, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> both in the 9th century. The expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Magyars</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Austria</a> gradually separated the <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a> from the <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a>. Later Slavic states, which formed in the following centuries included the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Kingdom of Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banate_of_Bosnia" title="Banate of Bosnia">Banate of Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duklja" title="Duklja">Duklja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Kingdom of Serbia</a> which later grew into <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slovansky_sjezd_v_Praze_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Slovansky_sjezd_v_Praze_1848.jpg/170px-Slovansky_sjezd_v_Praze_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Slovansky_sjezd_v_Praze_1848.jpg/255px-Slovansky_sjezd_v_Praze_1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Slovansky_sjezd_v_Praze_1848.jpg/340px-Slovansky_sjezd_v_Praze_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Seal from the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Slavic_Congress,_1848" title="Prague Slavic Congress, 1848">pan-Slavic Congress</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, 1848</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a>, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>. Austro-Hungary envisioned its own political concept of <a href="/wiki/Austro-Slavism" title="Austro-Slavism">Austro-Slavism</a>, in opposition of Pan-Slavism that was predominantly led by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> As of 1878, there were only three majority Slavic states in the world: the Russian Empire, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Principality of Montenegro</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> was effectively independent but was de jure vassal to the Ottoman Empire until official independence was declared in 1908. The Slavic peoples who were, for the most part, denied a voice in the affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, were calling for national self-determination.<a href="#cite_note-:1-32">[32]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, representatives of the Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes set up organizations in the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> countries to gain sympathy and recognition.<a href="#cite_note-:1-32">[32]</a> In 1918, after World War I ended, the Slavs established such independent states as <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>. The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was marked by a succession of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">famines</a> and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses.<a href="#cite_note-:2-33">[33]</a> The two major famines were in <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921%E2%80%931922" title="Russian famine of 1921–1922">1921 to 1922</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">1932 to 1933</a>, which caused millions of deaths mostly around the <a href="/wiki/Volga_region" title="Volga region">Volga region</a>, <a href="/wiki/1921%E2%80%931923_famine_in_Ukraine" title="1921–1923 famine in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">Northern Caucasus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The latter resulted from Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Collectivization in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">collectivization of agriculture in Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-36">[36]</a> During the war, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> used hundreds of thousands of people for <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">slave labor in their concentration camps</a>, the majority of whom were <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> or Slavic.<a href="#cite_note-:4-37">[37]</a> Both groups were a part of what Germans claimed to be a "vast racially <a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">subhuman</a> surplus population" that they "<a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">intended to eliminate</a> in time from <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">their new empire</a>",<a href="#cite_note-:4-37">[37]</a> their term for "racial subhumans" being <a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Thus, one of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s ambitions at the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was to exterminate, expel, or enslave most or all West and East Slavs from their native lands, so as to make "<a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">living space</a>" for German settlers.<a href="#cite_note-:2-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131,_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany">Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany</a>. The Generalplan Ost envisaged the deportation, extermination, Germanization, and enslavement of all or most <a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Nazi war crimes in occupied Poland during World War II">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution_of_the_Czech_Question" title="Final Solution of the Czech Question">Czechs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belarus_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belarus during World War II">Belarusians</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">Russians</a>.</figcaption></figure> In early 1941, Germany began planning <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a>, the genocide of Slavs in Eastern Europe which was supposed to start after a major expansion of <a href="/wiki/German_camps_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="German camps in occupied Poland during World War II">German concentration camps in occupied Poland</a> and the fall of Stalin's regime.<a href="#cite_note-:4-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-40">[40]</a> This plan was to be carried out gradually over 25 to 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-:2-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-39">[39]</a> After an approximate 30 million<a href="#cite_note-:7-41">[41]</a> Slavs would be killed through starvation and their major cities depopulated, the Germans were supposed to repopulate Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-:6-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-43">[43]</a> In June 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, Hitler paused the plan to focus on the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">extermination of the Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-43">[43]</a> However, some of the plan was nonetheless implemented. Millions of Slavs were murdered in Eastern Europe;<a href="#cite_note-:8-43">[43]</a> this includes victims of the <a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Hunger Plan</a>, Germany's intentional starvation of the region,<a href="#cite_note-:7-41">[41]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">murders of 3.3. million Soviet prisoners of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Germany's <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> also ordered his subordinate <a href="/wiki/Ludolf-Hermann_von_Alvensleben" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludolf-Hermann von Alvensleben">Ludolf-Hermann von Alvensleben</a> to start repopulating <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, and hundreds of ethnic Germans were forcibly moved to cities and villages there.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> took back their land from the Germans <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">in 1944</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-43">[43]</a> Stephen J. Lee estimates that, by the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1945, the Russian population was about <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">90 million fewer</a> than it could have been otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The ultra-nationalist, fascist <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> committed <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">genocide against Serbs</a> during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Also during World War II, <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">fascist Italy</a> sent tens of thousands of Slavs to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps">concentration camps</a> in mainland Italy, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)">the Balkans</a>, because Italian leader <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> also had a hatred of them.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union collapsed</a>, and many former Soviet republics became independent countries.<a href="#cite_note-:3-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-49">[49]</a> Currently, former Soviet states in Central Asia such as <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> have very large minority Slavic populations, with most being Russians.<a href="#cite_note-:9-49">[49]</a> Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">History of the Slavic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenguas_eslavas_orientales.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lenguas_eslavas_orientales.PNG/170px-Lenguas_eslavas_orientales.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lenguas_eslavas_orientales.PNG/255px-Lenguas_eslavas_orientales.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lenguas_eslavas_orientales.PNG/340px-Lenguas_eslavas_orientales.PNG 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>East Slavic languages[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">image reference needed</a>] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg/220px-South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg/330px-South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg/440px-South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>South Slavic dialect continuum with major dialect groups</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenguas_eslavas_occidentales.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lenguas_eslavas_occidentales.PNG/170px-Lenguas_eslavas_occidentales.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lenguas_eslavas_occidentales.PNG/255px-Lenguas_eslavas_occidentales.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lenguas_eslavas_occidentales.PNG/340px-Lenguas_eslavas_occidentales.PNG 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>West Slavic languages[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">image reference needed</a>] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a> †</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Sorbian">Lower Sorbian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Sorbian">Upper Sorbian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></div> </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a>, the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages, is a descendant of common <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>, via a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic">Balto-Slavic stage</a> in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic language">Baltic languages</a>. In the framework of the <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a>, "the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations [from the steppe] became speakers of Balto-Slavic".<a href="#cite_note-kortlandt-51">[51]</a> Proto-Slavic is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>. That language was uniform, and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, it cannot be said to have any recognizable dialects, which suggests that there was, at one time, a relatively-small <a href="/wiki/Slavic_urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic urheimat">Proto-Slavic homeland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kortlandt5-52">[52]</a> Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Old_Bulgarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bulgarian">Old Bulgarian</a>) manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standardised</a> Slavic languages that have official status in at least one country are: <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>. Russian is the most spoken Slavic language, and is the most spoken <a href="/wiki/Native_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Native language">native language</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The alphabets used for Slavic languages are usually connected to the dominant religion among the respective ethnic groups. Orthodox Christians use the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic alphabet</a> while Catholics use the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>; the Bosniaks, who are Muslim, also use the Latin alphabet and Cyrillic alphabet in Serbia. Additionally, some <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Western Catholics</a> use the Cyrillic alphabet. Serbian and Montenegrin use both the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Latin_alphabet" title="Belarusian Latin alphabet">Łacinka</a> and in Ukrainian, called <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Latynka</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethno-cultural_subdivisions">Ethno-cultural subdivisions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ethno-cultural subdivisions">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a> originate from early Slavic tribes which settled in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> after the <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="East Germanic tribes">East Germanic tribes</a> had left this area during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">migration period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> They are noted as having mixed with <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a>), <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stocki1950-56">[56]</a> The West Slavs came under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (Latin) and of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed and contacted with <a href="/wiki/Finnic_peoples" title="Finnic peoples">Finns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a><a href="#cite_note-ZickelDivision1991-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and with the remnants of the people of the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Their early Slavic component, <a href="/wiki/Antes_people" title="Antes people">Antes</a>, mixed or absorbed <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a>, and later received influence from the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasto1970237-60">[60]</a> The East Slavs trace their national origins to the tribal unions of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">Rus' Khaganate</a>, beginning in the 10th century. They came particularly under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a> from most of the region have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed with the local Proto-Balkanic tribes (<a href="/wiki/Illyrian_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian tribes">Illyrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacian_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian tribes">Dacian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracian_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian tribes">Thracian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paeonian_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Paeonian tribes">Paeonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic tribes">Hellenic tribes</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic tribes">Celtic tribes</a> (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Scordisci" title="Scordisci">Scordisci</a>), as well as with Romans (and the Romanized remnants of the former groups), and also with remnants of temporarily settled invading East Germanic, Asiatic or Caucasian tribes such as <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avars</a>, Goths and <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The original inhabitants of present-day Slovenia and continental Croatia have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed with Romans and romanized Celtic and Illyrian people as well as with Avars and Germanic peoples (Lombards and East Goths). The South Slavs (except the Slovenes and Croats) came under the cultural sphere of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> (Byzantine Empire), of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, while the Slovenes and the Croats were influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (Latin) and thus by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in a similar fashion to that of the West Slavs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatyanovo%E2%80%93Balanovo_culture" title="Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture">Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper culture</a></div> Consistent with the proximity of their languages, analyses of <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosomes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mDNA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal</a> marker CCR5de132 shows that <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a> are genetically very similar, but demonstrating significant differences from neighboring Finno-Ugric, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>, and North Caucasian peoples. Such genetic homogeneity is somewhat unusual, given such a wide dispersal of Slavic populations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbenko200510–18-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201213-62">[62]</a> Together they form the basis of the "East European" <a href="/wiki/Gene_cluster" title="Gene cluster">gene cluster</a>, which also includes non-Slavic <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbenko200510–18-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201223-63">[63]</a> Only <a href="/wiki/Northern_Russian_dialects" title="Northern Russian dialects">Northern Russians</a> among East and West Slavs belong to a different, "Northern European" genetic cluster, along with <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_peoples" title="Baltic Finnic peoples">Baltic Finnic peoples</a> (Northern Russian populations are very similar to Balts).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–250-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201226-65">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_de_R1a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mapa_de_R1a.png/220px-Mapa_de_R1a.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mapa_de_R1a.png/330px-Mapa_de_R1a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mapa_de_R1a.png/440px-Mapa_de_R1a.png 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Global distribution of the <a href="/wiki/R1a" class="mw-redirect" title="R1a">R1a</a> haplogroup, which is the most frequently found haplogroup among the Slavic peoples of Europe</figcaption></figure> The 2006 Y-DNA study results "suggest that the Slavic expansion started from the territory of present-day Ukraine, thus supporting the hypothesis placing the earliest known homeland of Slavs in the basin of the middle <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Rębała_''et_al.''_2007-66">[66]</a> According to genetic studies until 2020, the distribution, variance and frequency of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-DNA haplogroups</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438#I2a-L621" title="Haplogroup I-M438">I2</a> and their subclades R-M558, R-M458 and I-CTS10228 among <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a> correlate with the spread of Slavic languages during the medieval Slavic expansion from Eastern Europe, most probably from the territory of present-day Ukraine and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Southeastern Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Utevska-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neparaczki-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-HorolmaTibor2019-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fóthi-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kassian2020-73">[73]</a> According to a 2017 study, Slavic speakers like Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians have similar genetic components. Ukrainians and Belarusians have near-equal amounts of two "European components", which are commonly found in North Europe and Caucasus respectively. There is also no evidence of Asian admixture. However, samples of <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a> residents and <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a> in Siberia have 5-10% Central Siberian ancestry despite being genetically close to European Slavs.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic paganism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Swiatowid_(cult_statue)%22,_Krak%C3%B3w_2013.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%22Swiatowid_%28cult_statue%29%22%2C_Krak%C3%B3w_2013.2.jpg/170px-%22Swiatowid_%28cult_statue%29%22%2C_Krak%C3%B3w_2013.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%22Swiatowid_%28cult_statue%29%22%2C_Krak%C3%B3w_2013.2.jpg/255px-%22Swiatowid_%28cult_statue%29%22%2C_Krak%C3%B3w_2013.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%22Swiatowid_%28cult_statue%29%22%2C_Krak%C3%B3w_2013.2.jpg/340px-%22Swiatowid_%28cult_statue%29%22%2C_Krak%C3%B3w_2013.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1546" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Zbruch_Idol" title="Zbruch Idol">Zbruch Idol</a>" preserved at the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Archaeological Museum of Kraków">Kraków Archaeological Museum</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">pagan Slavic</a> populations <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">were Christianized</a> between the 7th and 12th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> is predominant among East and South Slavs, while <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> is predominant among West Slavs and some western <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a>. The religious borders are largely comparable to the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> which began in the 11th century. Islam first arrived in the 7th century during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a>, and was gradually adopted by a number of Slavic ethnic groups through the centuries in the Balkans.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Among Slavic populations who profess a religion, the majority of contemporary Christian Slavs are Orthodox, followed by Catholic. The majority of Muslim Slavs follow the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school of the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> branch of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Ramet1989-75">[75]</a> Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; usually in the Slavic ethnic groups, the vast majority of religious people share the same religion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: 60%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> Mainly <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>:<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> Mainly <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Gorals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> (largely <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Irreligion in the Czech Republic">irreligious</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a><a href="#cite_note-rusyn-religion-79">[a]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarians" title="Banat Bulgarians">Banat Bulgarians</a><a href="#cite_note-VučkovićXXI-80">[79]</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> Mainly <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbe%C5%A1i" title="Torbeši">Torbeši</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Ethnic Muslims</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_non-Slavic_people">Relations with non-Slavic people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Relations with non-Slavic people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic piracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germania_Slavica" title="Germania Slavica">Germania Slavica</a></div>Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups. In the postulated homeland region (present-day <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>), they had contacts with the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> and the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>. After their subsequent spread, the Slavs began assimilating non-Slavic peoples. For example, in the Northern Black Sea region, the Slavs assimilated the remnants of the Goths.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> In the Balkans, there were <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Paleo-Balkan</a> peoples, such as Romanized and <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenized</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jire%C4%8Dek_Line" title="Jireček Line">Jireček Line</a>) <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Scordisci" title="Scordisci">Scordisci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serdi" title="Serdi">Serdi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Because Slavs were so numerous, most indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized. Thracians and Illyrians mixed as ethnic groups in this period. A notable exception is Greece, where <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni#Relationship_between_the_Slavs_in_Byzantium" title="Sclaveni">Slavs were Hellenized</a> because <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Greeks</a> were more numerous, especially with more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and the influence of the church and administration,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199141-87">[86]</a> however, Slavicized regions within <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moesia_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Inferior">Moesia Inferior</a> also had a larger portion of locals compared to migrating Slavs.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Other notable exceptions are the territory of present-day <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, where Slavs settled en route to present-day Greece, North Macedonia, Bulgaria and <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a> but assimilated, and the modern <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> nation which claims descent from Illyrians and other Balkan tribes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The status of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> as a ruling class and their control of the land nominally left their legacy in the <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian country and people</a>, but Bulgars were gradually also Slavicized into the present-day South Slavic ethnic group known as <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance speakers</a> within <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_city-states" title="Dalmatian city-states">the fortified Dalmatian cities</a> retained their culture and language for a long time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199135-89">[88]</a> Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages, but, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a> intermarried with invaders, eventually producing a Slavicized population.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Central Europe, the West Slavs intermixed with <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> peoples, while in Eastern Europe the East Slavs had encountered <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finns" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Finns">Finnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Scandinavian peoples</a>. Scandinavians (<a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a>) and Finnic peoples were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">early formation of the Rus' state</a> but were completely Slavicized after a century. Some <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Finno-Ugric peoples">Finno-Ugric</a> tribes in the north were also absorbed into the expanding Rus population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–250-64">[64]</a> In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchak</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pecheneg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pecheneg">Pecheneg</a>, caused a massive migration of East Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north.<a href="#cite_note-The_course_of_the_Russian_history2-91">[90]</a> In the Middle Ages, groups of <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxon</a> ore miners settled in medieval <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, where they were Slavicized.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_raids_on_Scandinavia,_Nar.Muz.Mor.,_Gda%C5%84sk,_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Slavic_raids_on_Scandinavia%2C_Nar.Muz.Mor.%2C_Gda%C5%84sk%2C_Poland.jpg/170px-Slavic_raids_on_Scandinavia%2C_Nar.Muz.Mor.%2C_Gda%C5%84sk%2C_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Slavic_raids_on_Scandinavia%2C_Nar.Muz.Mor.%2C_Gda%C5%84sk%2C_Poland.jpg/255px-Slavic_raids_on_Scandinavia%2C_Nar.Muz.Mor.%2C_Gda%C5%84sk%2C_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Slavic_raids_on_Scandinavia%2C_Nar.Muz.Mor.%2C_Gda%C5%84sk%2C_Poland.jpg/340px-Slavic_raids_on_Scandinavia%2C_Nar.Muz.Mor.%2C_Gda%C5%84sk%2C_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="1749" /></a><figcaption>Map showing <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Slavic raids</a> on Scandinavia in the mid-12th century</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a> refers to the Slavic <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> in the medieval Arab world in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>. Saqaliba served as caliph's guards.<a href="#cite_note-fordham2-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> In the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Slavic piracy in the Baltics</a> increased. The <a href="/wiki/Wendish_Crusade" title="Wendish Crusade">Wendish Crusade</a> was started against the Polabian Slavs in 1147, as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a>. The pagan chief of the Slavic <a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obodrite</a> tribes, <a href="/wiki/Niklot" title="Niklot">Niklot</a>, began his open resistance when <a href="/wiki/Lothar_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothar III">Lothar III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, invaded Slavic lands. In August 1160, Niklot was killed, and German colonization (<a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a>) of the Elbe-Oder region began. In <a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_Wendland" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoverian Wendland">Hanoverian Wendland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a>, invaders started <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">germanization</a>. Early forms of germanization were described by German monks: <a href="/wiki/Helmold" title="Helmold">Helmold</a> in the manuscript <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Slavorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicon Slavorum">Chronicon Slavorum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hammaburgensis_ecclesiae_pontificum" title="Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum">Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica2-94">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian language</a> survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica42-95">[94]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Germany">Eastern Germany</a>, around 20% of Germans have historic Slavic paternal ancestry, as revealed in Y-DNA testing.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Similarly, in Germany, around 20% of the foreign surnames are of Slavic origin.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cossacks" title="History of the Cossacks">Cossacks</a>, although Slavic and practicing <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a>, came from a mix of ethnic backgrounds, including <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> and other peoples.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Gorals</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> are partially descended from the originally Balkan Romance speaking <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a>, who migrated into the region from the 14th to 17th centuries and were quickly absorbed into the local population, especially since the majority of Vlachs were already <a href="/wiki/Slavicisation" title="Slavicisation">slavicized</a> and the term became synonymous with Ruthenians. The populations of <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Wallachia" title="Moravian Wallachia">Moravian Wallachia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> and parts of northern Slovakia are also descended partially from the Vlachs.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Conversely, some Slavs were assimilated into other populations. Although the majority continued towards Southeast Europe, attracted by the riches of the area that became the state of Bulgaria, a few remained in the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe and were assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Magyar</a> people. Numerous rivers and places in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a> have a name with Slavic origins.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_ancestry_in_the_USA_and_Canada.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Slavic_ancestry_in_the_USA_and_Canada.png/220px-Slavic_ancestry_in_the_USA_and_Canada.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Slavic_ancestry_in_the_USA_and_Canada.png/330px-Slavic_ancestry_in_the_USA_and_Canada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Slavic_ancestry_in_the_USA_and_Canada.png/440px-Slavic_ancestry_in_the_USA_and_Canada.png 2x" data-file-width="1749" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption>Slavs in the US (1990 census) and Canada (2016 census) by area: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  20–35%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  14–20%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  11–14%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  8–11%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  5–8%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  3–5%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0–3%</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg/220px-Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg/330px-Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg/440px-Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of ethnic Russians by <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">federal subjects</a> of Russia according to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">2010 census</a>:<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  above 80%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  70—79%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  50—69%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  20—49%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  below 20%</div></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Winkler_Prins" title="Winkler Prins">Winkler Prins</a> (2002) estimated the number of Slavs worldwide to be around <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 260 million at the time.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Currently it is estimated that there are 300 million Slavic inhabitants in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnicity </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Estimates and census data </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 8.37 million Belarusians in Belarus (2009 Belarusian census)<a href="#cite_note-2009census-105">[104]</a></li> <li>46,787 <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian minority in Poland">Belarusians in Poland</a> (2011 Polish census)<a href="#cite_note-2011_Polish_census-106">[105]</a></li> <li>20,710 "Byelorussian" (5,125 Byelorussian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a href="#cite_note-2016_Canadian_census-107">[106]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> (previously called "Bosnian Muslims") </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li>1,898,963 Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1991, according to Statistic yearbook of SRBiH 1992)<a href="#cite_note-Audit_of_Sarajevo-108">[107]</a>: 43 </li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1.9 million Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2013–2022 <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> estimate)<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a></li> <li>153,801 Bosniaks in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a href="#cite_note-2022_Serbian_census-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017143-111">[110]</a></li> <li>53,786 Bosniaks in Montenegro (2011 Montenegrin census)<a href="#cite_note-114">[b]</a></li> <li>17,018 Bosniaks in North Macedonia (2002 North Macedonia census)<a href="#cite_note-2002_North_Macedonia_census-115">[113]</a></li> <li>26,740 "Bosnians" (15,610 Bosnian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a href="#cite_note-2016_Canadian_census-107">[106]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10 million Bulgarians worldwide (Kolev early 2000s estimate)<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6.5 million Bulgarians in Bulgaria (Jeffreys et al. 2008 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-Jeffreys_2008-117">[115]</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10 million Bulgarian speakers worldwide (Jeffreys et al. 2008 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-Jeffreys_2008-117">[115]</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 9 million Bulgarians worldwide, of which nearly 7 million in Bulgaria (Cole 2011 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-Cole-118">[116]</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 9 million Bulgarians worldwide, of which <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7.3 million in Bulgaria (Danver 2015 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a></li> <li>12,918 Bulgarians in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a href="#cite_note-2022_Serbian_census-110">[109]</a></li> <li>34,560 Bulgarians (19,965 Bulgarian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a href="#cite_note-2016_Canadian_census-107">[106]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunjevci" title="Bunjevci">Bunjevci</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li>11,104 Bunjevci in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a href="#cite_note-2022_Serbian_census-110">[109]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4.5 million Croats in Croatia and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4 million Croats abroad (1993 estimate by Palermo & Sabanadze 2011)<a href="#cite_note-PalermoSabanadze2011-120">[118]</a></li> <li>759,906 Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1991, according to Statistic yearbook of SRBiH 1992)<a href="#cite_note-Audit_of_Sarajevo-108">[107]</a>: 43 </li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4.5 million Croats outside Croatia (Winland 2004 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-diasporas-121">[119]</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4.5 million Croats and people of Croatian heritage outside Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (HWC 2003 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-HWC-122">[120]</a></li> <li>39,107 Croats in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a href="#cite_note-2022_Serbian_census-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017143-111">[110]</a></li> <li>6,021 Croats in Montenegro (2011 Montenegrin census)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017144-113">[112]</a></li> <li>133,965 Croats (55,595 Croatian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a href="#cite_note-2016_Canadian_census-107">[106]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6.1 million Czechs in Czechia (2021–22 <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> estimate)<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a></li> <li>6,732,104 Czechs in Czechia (2011 Czech census)<a href="#cite_note-2011_Czech_census-124">[122]</a></li> <li>28,996 Czechs in Slovakia (2021 Slovak census)<a href="#cite_note-2021_Slovak_census-125">[123]</a></li> <li>3,447 Czechs in Poland (2011 Polish census)<a href="#cite_note-2011_Polish_census-106">[105]</a></li> <li>104,585 Czechs (23,250 Czech-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a href="#cite_note-2016_Canadian_census-107">[106]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovaks" title="Czechoslovaks">Czechoslovaks</a> (a supra-ethnic category of Czechs and Slovaks) </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 304,000 people with Czechoslovak ancestry in the United States (2010 American Community Survey)<a href="#cite_note-FactFinder_2010-126">[124]</a></li> <li>40,715 "Czechoslovak, not otherwise specified" (5,075 Czechoslovak-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a href="#cite_note-2016_Canadian_census-107">[106]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 60,000 Gorani worldwide (2009 estimate by political party Građanska inicijativa Goranaca)<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a></li> <li>7,700 Gorani in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a href="#cite_note-2022_Serbian_census-110">[109]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 331,000 Kashubs and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 184,000 "half-Kashubs" (couldn't speak Kashubian) in the <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Gdańsk Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Gdańsk region</a> (Latoszek 1980s)<a href="#cite_note-Kwidzińska-128">[126]</a></li> <li>52,665 inhabitants of Poland spoke Kashubian at home (49,855 of them also spoke Polish at home) (2002 Polish census)<a href="#cite_note-Modrzejewski-129">[127]</a></li> <li>566,737 "Kashubs and people with partial Kashubian ancestry" in Pomerania (Mordawski 2005)<a href="#cite_note-Modrzejewski-129">[127]</a></li> <li>232,547 Kashubians in Poland (2011 Polish census)<a href="#cite_note-130">[c]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li>1,297,981 Macedonians in North Macedonia (2002 North Macedonia census)<a href="#cite_note-2002_North_Macedonia_census-115">[113]</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 580,000 <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_diaspora" title="Macedonian diaspora">Macedonian emigrants</a> (1964 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a></li> <li>14,767 Macedonians in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a href="#cite_note-2022_Serbian_census-110">[109]</a></li> <li>43,110 Macedonians (18,405 Macedonian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a href="#cite_note-2016_Canadian_census-107">[106]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li>280,873 Montenegrins in Montenegro (2011 Montenegrin census)<a href="#cite_note-132">[d]</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500,000 Montenegrins outside Montenegro (2014 <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Montenegro)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Montenegro)">Montenegrin Foreign Ministry</a> estimate)<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> <ul><li>20,238 Montenegrins in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a href="#cite_note-2022_Serbian_census-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017143-111">[110]</a></li> <li>4,165 Montenegrins (915 Montenegrin-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a href="#cite_note-2016_Canadian_census-107">[106]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moravians_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravians (ethnic group)">Moravians</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li>522,474 Moravians in Czechia (2011 Czech census)<a href="#cite_note-2011_Czech_census-124">[122]</a></li> <li>1,098 Moravians in Slovakia (2021 Slovak census)<a href="#cite_note-2021_Slovak_census-125">[123]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Muslims (ethnic group)</a> (a supra-ethnic category of Bosniaks, Gorani, <a href="/wiki/Torbe%C5%A1i" title="Torbeši">Torbeši</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a>) </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li>13,011 Muslims in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a href="#cite_note-2022_Serbian_census-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017143-111">[110]</a></li> <li>20,977 Muslims in Montenegro (2011 Montenegrin census)<a href="#cite_note-134">[e]</a></li> <li>12,121 Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2013 BiH census)<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a>: 27 </li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li>37,393,651 inhabitants of Poland with declared Polish ethnicity (2011 Polish census)<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-2011_Polish_census-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a></li> <li>Over 20,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Polish_diaspora" title="Polish diaspora">Polish diaspora</a> (2015 estimate by wspolnotapolska.org.pl)<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li> <li>1,106,585 Poles (264,415 Polish-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a href="#cite_note-2016_Canadian_census-107">[106]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 118 million Russians in the Russian Federation (2002 <a href="/wiki/Winkler_Prins" title="Winkler Prins">Winkler Prins</a> estimate)<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a></li> <li>622,445 Russians (120,165 Russian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a href="#cite_note-2016_Canadian_census-107">[106]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a>) </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1.2 million Rusyns worldwide (1995 Magocsi estimate)<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a></li> <li>23,746 Rusyns in Slovakia (2021 Slovak census)<a href="#cite_note-2021_Slovak_census-125">[123]</a></li> <li>11,483 Ruthenians in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a href="#cite_note-2022_Serbian_census-110">[109]</a></li> <li>10,531 Lemkos in Poland (2011 Polish census)<a href="#cite_note-2011_Polish_census-106">[105]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li>5,360,239 Serbs in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a href="#cite_note-2022_Serbian_census-110">[109]</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2.3 million <a href="/wiki/Serbian_diaspora" title="Serbian diaspora">Serbian diaspora</a> (2008 World Bank estimate)<a href="#cite_note-Baird_KvK-141">[136]</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3.2–3.8 million Serbian diaspora (2006 MARRI estimate)<a href="#cite_note-Baird_KvK-141">[136]</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3.9–4.2 million Serbian diaspora broadly defined (2008 <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Religion_and_Diaspora_(Serbia)" title="Ministry of Religion and Diaspora (Serbia)">Serbian Ministry for Diaspora</a> estimate)<a href="#cite_note-Baird_KvK-141">[136]</a></li> <li>1,365,093 Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1991, according to Statistic yearbook of SRBiH 1992)<a href="#cite_note-Audit_of_Sarajevo-108">[107]</a>: 43 </li> <li>180,213 <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Montenegro" title="Serbs of Montenegro">Serbs in Montenegro</a> (2011 Montenegrin census)<a href="#cite_note-142">[f]</a></li> <li>35,939 <a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_North_Macedonia" title="Serbs in North Macedonia">Serbs in North Macedonia</a> (2002 North Macedonia census)<a href="#cite_note-2002_North_Macedonia_census-115">[113]</a></li> <li>96,535 Serbs (52,730 Serbian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a href="#cite_note-2016_Canadian_census-107">[106]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li>435,750 Silesians in Poland (2011 Polish census)<a href="#cite_note-2011_Polish_census-106">[105]</a></li> <li>12,231 Silesians in Czechia (2011 Czech census)<a href="#cite_note-2011_Czech_census-124">[122]</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2 million Silesians in Poland (Grabowska 2002 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a>: 6 </li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slavs (in the United States and Canada) </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 137,000 people with "Slavic" ancestry in the United States (2010 American Community Survey)<a href="#cite_note-FactFinder_2010-126">[124]</a></li> <li>4,870 "Slavic, not otherwise specified" (1,470 Slavic-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a href="#cite_note-2016_Canadian_census-107">[106]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavs in Greece</a> (also a sub-ethnic category of Macedonians and Bulgarians) </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200,000 speakers of "Macedonian" in Greece (Friedman 1985)<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 150,000—350,000 "Macedonians in Greek Macedonia" (various estimates around 1995)<a href="#cite_note-Poulton-145">[139]</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 20,000—50,000 "Slavic-speakers in northern Greece" (1990 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">USDoS</a> estimates)<a href="#cite_note-USDoS_1990-146">[140]</a> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5,000—10,000 of them self-identified as "Macedonians" (1990 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">USDoS</a> estimates)<a href="#cite_note-USDoS_1990-146">[140]</a></li></ul></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10,000—50,000 Slavs in Greece (2002 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">USDoS</a> estimates)<a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li>4,353,775 Slovaks in Slovakia (2011 Slovak census)<a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a>: 10 </li> <li>4,567,547 Slovaks in Slovakia (2021 Slovak census)<a href="#cite_note-2021_Slovak_census-125">[123]</a></li> <li>149,140 Slovaks in Czechia (2011 Czech census)<a href="#cite_note-2011_Czech_census-124">[122]</a></li> <li>41,730 Slovaks in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a href="#cite_note-2022_Serbian_census-110">[109]</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 762,000 people with Slovak ancestry in the United States (2010 American Community Survey)<a href="#cite_note-FactFinder_2010-126">[124]</a></li> <li>2,294 (1,889 single, 947 multiple ethnic identity) Slovaks in Poland (2011 Polish census)<a href="#cite_note-2011_Polish_census-106">[105]</a></li> <li>72,290 Slovaks (20,475 Slovak-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a href="#cite_note-2016_Canadian_census-107">[106]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1,632,000 Slovenes in Slovenia (2002 Slovenian census)<a href="#cite_note-Zupančič-149">[143]</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2.5 million Slovenes worldwide (2004 Zupančič estimate<a href="#cite_note-Zupančič-149">[143]</a>) <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1.8 million Slovenes in Slovenia (2004 Zupančič estimate<a href="#cite_note-Zupančič-149">[143]</a>)</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 0.7 million <a href="/wiki/Slovene_diaspora" title="Slovene diaspora">Slovene diaspora</a> (2004 Zupančič estimate<a href="#cite_note-Zupančič-149">[143]</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>2,829 Slovenes in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a href="#cite_note-2022_Serbian_census-110">[109]</a></li> <li>40,470 Slovenes (13,690 Slovenian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a href="#cite_note-2016_Canadian_census-107">[106]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 60,000 Sorbs in Germany (20,000 of which still spoke Sorb) (2007 Reuters estimate)<a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 46.7~51.8 million Ukrainians worldwide (2001 Ukrainian census + various diaspora estimates)<a href="#cite_note-Magocsi2010-151">[145]</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 58,693,854 Ukrainians worldwide (1994 Pawliczko estimate<a href="#cite_note-Satzewich-152">[146]</a>) <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 37,419,000 Ukrainians in Ukraine (1994 Pawliczko estimate<a href="#cite_note-Satzewich-152">[146]</a>)</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 21,274,854 <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Ukrainian diaspora</a> (1994 Pawliczko estimate<a href="#cite_note-Satzewich-152">[146]</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>1,359,655 Ukrainians (273,810 Ukrainian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a href="#cite_note-2016_Canadian_census-107">[106]</a></li> <li>51,001 Ukrainians in Poland (2011 Polish census)<a href="#cite_note-2011_Polish_census-106">[105]</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1.2 million <a href="/wiki/2022_Ukrainian_refugee_crisis#Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis">Ukrainian refugees recorded in Poland</a> (August 2022 UNHCR figures)<a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a> (a supra-ethnic category of Bosniaks, Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs and Slovenes) </td> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li>210,395 <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Americans" title="Yugoslav Americans">Yugoslavs in the United States</a> (2021 American Community Survey)<a href="#cite_note-2021ACS-154">[148]</a></li> <li>38,480 "Yugoslavian, not otherwise specified" (8,570 <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Canadians" title="Yugoslav Canadians">Yugoslav-only</a>) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a href="#cite_note-2016_Canadian_census-107">[106]</a></li> <li>27,143 <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs_in_Serbia" title="Yugoslavs in Serbia">Yugoslavs in Serbia</a> (2022 Serbian census)<a href="#cite_note-2022_Serbian_census-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017143-111">[110]</a></li> <li>26,883 Yugoslavs in Australia (2011 Australian census)<a href="#cite_note-155">[149]</a></li> <li>2,570 Yugoslavs in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2013 Bosnian and Herzegovinian census)<a href="#cite_note-BIH-156">[150]</a></li> <li>1,154 Yugoslavs in Montenegro (2011 Montenegrin census)<a href="#cite_note-2011_Montenegrin_census-112">[111]</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals" title="List of Slavic studies journals">List of Slavic studies journals</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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.mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Slavs at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Slavs" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Slavs">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Slavs" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Slavs">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Slavs" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Slavs">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Slavs" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Slavs">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Slavs" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Slavs">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Slavs" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Slavs">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">Gord (archaeology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Slavonic language">Church Slavonic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech,_%C4%8Cech,_and_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lech, Čech, and Rus">Lech, Čech, and Rus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="List of modern ethnic groups">List of modern ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Slavic tribes">List of Slavic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Slavic_history_and_culture" title="Outline of Slavic history and culture">Outline of Slavic history and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_colors" title="Pan-Slavic colors">Pan-Slavic colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor_Slavs" title="Asia Minor Slavs">Asia Minor Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarisation" title="Bulgarisation">Bulgarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbianisation" title="Serbianisation">Serbianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rusyn-religion-79"><a href="#cite_ref-rusyn-religion_79-0">^</a> Originally Eastern Orthodox, with some groups adopting <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Byzantine-Rite Catholicism</a> under Polish and Austro-Hungarian rule and reverting to Eastern Orthodoxy starting in the late 19th Century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> The 53,786 figure is the sum of 53,605 "Bosniaks" + 181 "Bosniaks-Muslims".<a href="#cite_note-2011_Montenegrin_census-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017144-113">[112]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Including 16,000 single ethnic identity, 216,000 multiple ethnic identity Polish and Kashubian, 1,000 multiple ethnic identity Kashubian and another in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-2011_Polish_census-106">[105]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> The 280,873 figure is the sum of 278,865 "Montenegrins" + 1,833 "Montenegrins-Serbs" + 175 "Montenegrins-Muslims".<a href="#cite_note-2011_Montenegrin_census-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017144-113">[112]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> The 20,977 figure is the sum of 20,537 "Muslims" + 183 "Muslims-Bosniaks" + 257 "Muslims-Montenegrins".<a href="#cite_note-2011_Montenegrin_census-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017144-113">[112]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> The 180,213 figure is the sum of 178,110 "Serbs" + 2,103 "Serbs-Montenegrins".<a href="#cite_note-2011_Montenegrin_census-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017143-111">[110]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKirch1992" class="citation journal cs1">Kirch, Aksel (June 1992). "Russians as a Minority in Contemporary Baltic States". <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_Peace_Proposals" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletin of Peace Proposals">Bulletin of Peace Proposals</a>. 23 (2). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>: 205–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096701069202300212">10.1177/096701069202300212</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44481642">44481642</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157870839">157870839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Peace+Proposals&rft.atitle=Russians+as+a+Minority+in+Contemporary+Baltic+States&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-212&rft.date=1992-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157870839%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44481642%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F096701069202300212&rft.aulast=Kirch&rft.aufirst=Aksel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet1978" class="citation journal cs1">Ramet, Pedro (1978). "Migration and Nationality Policy in Soviet Central Asia". 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Retrieved 23 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=%27The+Italians+hid+behind+Nazi+crimes+to+forget+their+own+and+failed+to+firmly+anchor+democracy+in+their+society%27&rft.date=2022-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Fopinion%2Farticle%2F2022%2F10%2F22%2Fthe-italians-hid-behind-nazi-crimes-to-forget-their-own-and-failed-to-firmly-anchor-democracy-in-their-society_6001338_23.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2013/12/10/kyrgyzstan-offers-an-unlikely-window-into-slavic-culture-a30350">"Kyrgyzstan Offers an Unlikely Window Into Slavic Culture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a>. 10 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Kyrgyzstan+Offers+an+Unlikely+Window+Into+Slavic+Culture&rft.date=2013-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2013%2F12%2F10%2Fkyrgyzstan-offers-an-unlikely-window-into-slavic-culture-a30350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm">Russians left behind in Central Asia</a>, by Robert Greenall, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 23 November 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-kortlandt-51"><a href="#cite_ref-kortlandt_51-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art111e.pdf">F. Kortlandt, The spread of the Indo-Europeans</a>, Journal of Indo-European Studies, vol. 18 (1990), pp. 131–140. Online version, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-kortlandt5-52"><a href="#cite_ref-kortlandt5_52-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art111e.pdf">F. Kortlandt, The spread of the Indo-Europeans</a>, Journal of Indo-European Studies, vol. 18 (1990), pp. 131–140. Online version, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (2006), pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.utoronto.ca/programs-courses/languages-and-translation/language-learning/russian">"Russian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>. Retrieved 26 March 2022. <q>Russian is the most widespread of the Slavic languages and the largest native language in Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.utoronto.ca%2Fprograms-courses%2Flanguages-and-translation%2Flanguage-learning%2Frussian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobyliński1995" class="citation book cs1">Kobyliński, Zbigniew (1995). "The Slavs". In <a href="/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick" title="Rosamond McKitterick">McKitterick, Rosamond</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JcmwuoTsKO0C">The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 1, c.500-c.700</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36291-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36291-7"><bdi>978-0-521-36291-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Slavs&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+1%2C+c.500-c.700&rft.pages=531&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36291-7&rft.aulast=Kobyli%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJcmwuoTsKO0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stocki1950-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Stocki1950_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoman_Smal_Stocki1950" class="citation book cs1">Roman Smal Stocki (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VM0KAQAAIAAJ">Slavs and Teutons: The Oldest Germanic-Slavic Relations</a>. Bruce.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavs+and+Teutons%3A+The+Oldest+Germanic-Slavic+Relations&rft.pub=Bruce&rft.date=1950&rft.au=Roman+Smal+Stocki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVM0KAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZickelDivision1991-57"><a href="#cite_ref-ZickelDivision1991_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_E._ZickelLibrary_of_Congress._Federal_Research_Division1991" class="citation book cs1">Raymond E. Zickel; Library of Congress. Federal Research Division (1 December 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TnYsAAAAYAAJ">Soviet Union: A Country Study</a>. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0727-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0727-2"><bdi>978-0-8444-0727-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Union%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1991-12-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-0727-2&rft.au=Raymond+E.+Zickel&rft.au=Library+of+Congress.+Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTnYsAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTAkDMtho0sC&pg=PA182">Comparative Politics</a>. Pearson Education India. pp. 182–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-6033-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-6033-8"><bdi>978-81-317-6033-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.pages=182-&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.isbn=978-81-317-6033-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTAkDMtho0sC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/98572077">Tarasov I.M. On the Mention of the Dnieper Varangians in the Context of the Legend of the Beginning of Kiev. 2023. P. 59–60</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasto1970237-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasto1970237_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVlasto1970">Vlasto 1970</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbenko200510–18-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbenko200510–18_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbenko200510–18_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVerbenko2005">Verbenko 2005</a>, pp. 10–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201213-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201213_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalanovsky2012">Balanovsky 2012</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201223-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201223_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalanovsky2012">Balanovsky 2012</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–250-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–250_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–250_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalanovskyRootsi2008">Balanovsky & Rootsi 2008</a>, pp. 236–250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201226-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201226_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalanovsky2012">Balanovsky 2012</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rębała_''et_al.''_2007-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Rębała_''et_al.''_2007_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebałaMikulichTsybovskySiváková2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rebała, K; Mikulich, AI; Tsybovsky, IS; Siváková, D; Dzupinková, Z; Szczerkowska-Dobosz, A; Szczerkowska, Z (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10038-007-0125-6">"Y-STR variation among Slavs: Evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin"</a>. Journal of Human Genetics. 52 (5): 406–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10038-007-0125-6">10.1007/s10038-007-0125-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17364156">17364156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Y-STR+variation+among+Slavs%3A+Evidence+for+the+Slavic+homeland+in+the+middle+Dnieper+basin&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=406-14&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10038-007-0125-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17364156&rft.aulast=Reba%C5%82a&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Mikulich%2C+AI&rft.au=Tsybovsky%2C+IS&rft.au=Siv%C3%A1kov%C3%A1%2C+D&rft.au=Dzupinkov%C3%A1%2C+Z&rft.au=Szczerkowska-Dobosz%2C+A&rft.au=Szczerkowska%2C+Z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10038-007-0125-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Zupan2013" class="citation journal cs1">A. Zupan; et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251567977">"The paternal perspective of the Slovenian population and its relationship with other populations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Human_Biology" title="Annals of Human Biology">Annals of Human Biology</a>. 40 (6): 515–526. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F03014460.2013.813584">10.3109/03014460.2013.813584</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23879710">23879710</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34621779">34621779</a>. <q>However, a study by Battaglia et al. (2009) showed a variance peak for I2a1 in the Ukraine and, based on the observed pattern of variation, it could be suggested that at least part of the I2a1 haplogroup could have arrived in the Balkans and Slovenia with the Slavic migrations from a homeland in present-day Ukraine... The calculated age of this specific haplogroup together with the variation peak detected in the suggested Slavic homeland could represent a signal of Slavic migration arising from medieval Slavic expansions. However, the strong genetic barrier around the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, associated with the high frequency of the I2a1b-M423 haplogroup, could also be a consequence of a Paleolithic genetic signal of a Balkan refuge area, followed by mixing with a medieval Slavic signal from modern-day Ukraine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Human+Biology&rft.atitle=The+paternal+perspective+of+the+Slovenian+population+and+its+relationship+with+other+populations&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=515-526&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34621779%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23879710&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F03014460.2013.813584&rft.au=A.+Zupan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F251567977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhill2015" class="citation cs2">Underhill, Peter A. (2015), "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a", European Journal of Human Genetics, 23 (1): 124–131, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2014.50">10.1038/ejhg.2014.50</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4266736">4266736</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24667786">24667786</a>, <q>R1a-M458 exceeds 20% in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Western Belarus. The lineage averages 11–15% across Russia and Ukraine and occurs at 7% or less elsewhere (Figure 2d). Unlike hg R1a-M458, the R1a-M558 clade is also common in the Volga-Uralic populations. R1a-M558 occurs at 10–33% in parts of Russia, exceeds 26% in Poland and Western Belarus, and varies between 10 and 23% in the Ukraine, whereas it drops 10-fold lower in Western Europe. In general, both R1a-M458 and R1a-M558 occur at low but informative frequencies in Balkan populations with known Slavonic heritage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+phylogenetic+and+geographic+structure+of+Y-chromosome+haplogroup+R1a&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=124-131&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4266736%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24667786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2014.50&rft.aulast=Underhill&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Utevska-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Utevska_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO.M._Utevska2017" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">O.M. Utevska (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrcrm.gov.ua/science/councils/dissertation/">Генофонд українців за різними системами генетичних маркерів: походження і місце на європейському генетичному просторі</a> [The gene pool of Ukrainians revealed by different systems of genetic markers: the origin and statement in Europe] (PhD) (in Ukrainian). National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Ukraine" title="National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine">National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine</a>. pp. 219–226, 302.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%3A+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%96+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96&rft.inst=National+Research+Center+for+Radiation+Medicine+of+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2017&rft.au=O.M.+Utevska&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrcrm.gov.ua%2Fscience%2Fcouncils%2Fdissertation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neparaczki-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Neparaczki_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeparáczkiMaróti2019" class="citation journal cs1">Neparáczki, Endre; et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6851379">"Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a>. 9 (16569). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: 16569. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...916569N">2019NatSR...916569N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-53105-5">10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6851379">6851379</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31719606">31719606</a>. <q>Hg I2a1a2b-L621 was present in 5 Conqueror samples, and a 6th sample form Magyarhomorog (MH/9) most likely also belongs here, as MH/9 is a likely kin of MH/16 (see below). This Hg of European origin is most prominent in the Balkans and Eastern Europe, especially among Slavic speaking groups.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Y-chromosome+haplogroups+from+Hun%2C+Avar+and+conquering+Hungarian+period+nomadic+people+of+the+Carpathian+Basin&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=16569&rft.pages=16569&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6851379%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31719606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-53105-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatSR...916569N&rft.aulast=Nepar%C3%A1czki&rft.aufirst=Endre&rft.au=Mar%C3%B3ti%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6851379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorolmaTibor2019-71"><a href="#cite_ref-HorolmaTibor2019_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamjavFehérNémethKoppány_Csáji2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pamjav, Horolma; Fehér, Tibor; Németh, Endre; Koppány Csáji, László (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xq2xDwAAQBAJ">Genetika és őstörténet</a> (in Hungarian). Napkút Kiadó. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-263-855-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-263-855-3"><bdi>978-963-263-855-3</bdi></a>. <q>Az I2-CTS10228 (köznevén "dinári-kárpáti") alcsoport legkorábbi közös őse 2200 évvel ezelőttre tehető, így esetében nem arról van szó, hogy a mezolit népesség Kelet-Európában ilyen mértékben fennmaradt volna, hanem arról, hogy egy, a mezolit csoportoktól származó szűk család az európai vaskorban sikeresen integrálódott egy olyan társadalomba, amely hamarosan erőteljes demográfiai expanzióba kezdett. Ez is mutatja, hogy nem feltétlenül népek, mintsem családok sikerével, nemzetségek elterjedésével is számolnunk kell, és ezt a jelenlegi etnikai identitással összefüggésbe hozni lehetetlen. A csoport elterjedése alapján valószínűsíthető, hogy a szláv népek migrációjában vett részt, így válva az R1a-t követően a második legdominánsabb csoporttá a mai Kelet-Európában. Nyugat-Európából viszont teljes mértékben hiányzik, kivéve a kora középkorban szláv nyelvet beszélő keletnémet területeket.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genetika+%C3%A9s+%C5%91st%C3%B6rt%C3%A9net&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Napk%C3%BAt+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-963-263-855-3&rft.aulast=Pamjav&rft.aufirst=Horolma&rft.au=Feh%C3%A9r%2C+Tibor&rft.au=N%C3%A9meth%2C+Endre&rft.au=Kopp%C3%A1ny+Cs%C3%A1ji%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxq2xDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fóthi-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Fóthi_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFóthiGonzalezFehér2020" class="citation cs2">Fóthi, E.; Gonzalez, A.; Fehér, T.; et al. (2020), "Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes", Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 12 (1): 31, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ArAnS..12...31F">2020ArAnS..12...31F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12520-019-00996-0">10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0</a>, <q>Based on SNP analysis, the CTS10228 group is 2200 ± 300 years old. The group's demographic expansion may have begun in Southeast Poland around that time, as carriers of the oldest subgroup are found there today. The group cannot solely be tied to the Slavs, because the proto-Slavic period was later, around 300–500 CE... The SNP-based age of the Eastern European CTS10228 branch is 2200 ± 300 years old. The carriers of the most ancient subgroup live in Southeast Poland, and it is likely that the rapid demographic expansion which brought the marker to other regions in Europe began there. The largest demographic explosion occurred in the Balkans, where the subgroup is dominant in 50.5% of Croatians, 30.1% of Serbs, 31.4% of Montenegrins, and in about 20% of Albanians and Greeks. As a result, this subgroup is often called Dinaric. It is interesting that while it is dominant among modern Balkan peoples, this subgroup has not been present yet during the Roman period, as it is almost absent in Italy as well (see Online Resource 5; ESM_5).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+and+Anthropological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Genetic+analysis+of+male+Hungarian+Conquerors%3A+European+and+Asian+paternal+lineages+of+the+conquering+Hungarian+tribes&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12520-019-00996-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ArAnS..12...31F&rft.aulast=F%C3%B3thi&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+A.&rft.au=Feh%C3%A9r%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassian2020-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Kassian2020_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushniarevichKassian2020" class="citation cs2">Kushniarevich, Alena; Kassian, Alexei (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341945550">"Genetics and Slavic languages"</a>, in Marc L. Greenberg (ed.), Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics Online, Brill, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-6229_ESLO_COM_032367">10.1163/2589-6229_ESLO_COM_032367</a>, retrieved 10 December 2020, <q>The geographic distributions of the major eastern European NRY haplogroups (R1a-Z282, I2a-P37) overlap with the area occupied by the present-day Slavs to a great extent, and it might be tempting to consider both haplogroups as Slavic-specic patrilineal lineages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genetics+and+Slavic+languages&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Slavic+Languages+and+Linguistics+Online&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589-6229_ESLO_COM_032367&rft.aulast=Kushniarevich&rft.aufirst=Alena&rft.au=Kassian%2C+Alexei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F341945550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriskaChekanovStepanovKhusnutdinova2017" class="citation journal cs1">Triska, Petr; Chekanov, Nikolay; Stepanov, Vadim; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5751809">"Between Lake Baikal and the Baltic Sea: genomic history of the gateway to Europe"</a>. BMC Genetics. 18 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12863-017-0578-3">10.1186/s12863-017-0578-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5751809">5751809</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29297395">29297395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Genetics&rft.atitle=Between+Lake+Baikal+and+the+Baltic+Sea%3A+genomic+history+of+the+gateway+to+Europe&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5751809%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29297395&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12863-017-0578-3&rft.aulast=Triska&rft.aufirst=Petr&rft.au=Chekanov%2C+Nikolay&rft.au=Stepanov%2C+Vadim&rft.au=Khusnutdinova%2C+Elza+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5751809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet1989-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramet1989_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabrina_P._Ramet1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabrina_P._Ramet" title="Sabrina P. Ramet">Sabrina P. Ramet</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=50GTIhntKvYC&pg=PA380">Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics</a>. Duke University Press. pp. 380–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0891-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0891-1"><bdi>978-0-8223-0891-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Nationalism+in+Soviet+and+East+European+Politics&rft.pages=380-&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-0891-1&rft.au=Sabrina+P.+Ramet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D50GTIhntKvYC%26pg%3DPA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldblatt1986" class="citation journal cs1">Goldblatt, Harvey (December 1986). "Orthodox Slavic Heritage and National Consciousness: Aspects of the East Slavic and South Slavic National Revivals". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 10 (3/4). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 336–354. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036261">41036261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Slavic+Heritage+and+National+Consciousness%3A+Aspects+of+the+East+Slavic+and+South+Slavic+National+Revivals&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=336-354&rft.date=1986-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41036261%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Goldblatt&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZdravkovskiMorrison2014" class="citation book cs1">Zdravkovski, Aleksander; Morrison, Kenneth (January 2014). "The Orthodox Churches of Macedonia and Montenegro: The Quest for Autocephaly". Religion and Politics in Post-Socialist Central and Southeastern Europe. pp. 240–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137330727_10">10.1057/9781137330727_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-46120-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-46120-2"><bdi>978-1-349-46120-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Orthodox+Churches+of+Macedonia+and+Montenegro%3A+The+Quest+for+Autocephaly&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Politics+in+Post-Socialist+Central+and+Southeastern+Europe&rft.pages=240-262&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137330727_10&rft.isbn=978-1-349-46120-2&rft.aulast=Zdravkovski&rft.aufirst=Aleksander&rft.au=Morrison%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparrow2021" class="citation web cs1">Sparrow, Thomas (16 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210615-sorbs-the-ethnic-minority-inside-germany">"Sorbs: The ethnic minority inside Germany"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belstat.gov.by/en/perepis-naseleniya/perepis-naseleniya-2009-goda/main-demographic-and-social-characteristics-of-population-of-the-republic-of-belarus/changes-in-the-populations-of-the-majority-ethnic-groups/">the original</a> on 28 July 2016. 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Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna</a> [Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011] (PDF) (in Polish). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. pp. 89–101. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ludno%C5%9B%C4%87.+Stan+i+struktura+demograficzno-spo%C5%82eczna&rft.pages=89-101&rft.pub=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny&rft.date=2013-01&rft.au=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fcps%2Frde%2Fxbcr%2Fgus%2FLUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2016_Canadian_census-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2016_Canadian_census_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016_Canadian_census_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016_Canadian_census_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016_Canadian_census_107-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016_Canadian_census_107-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016_Canadian_census_107-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016_Canadian_census_107-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016_Canadian_census_107-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016_Canadian_census_107-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016_Canadian_census_107-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016_Canadian_census_107-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016_Canadian_census_107-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016_Canadian_census_107-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016_Canadian_census_107-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016_Canadian_census_107-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016_Canadian_census_107-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D">"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables (2016 Canadian census)"</a>. 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March 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eured-bih.org/publikacije/SERSEA_SWOTeng.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 February 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Socio-Economic+Audit+of+Sarajevo+Macro+Region&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eured-bih.org%2Fpublikacije%2FSERSEA_SWOTeng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> This number is derived from the 2022 total population estimate of 3,816,459, multiplied by 0.501 based on the 2013 50.1% Bosniak share estimate. It is not certain that the Bosniak share was still 50.1% in 2022. 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Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+results+of+the+Census+of+Population%2C+Households+and+Dwellings%2C+2022&rft.pub=Statistical+Office+of+the+Republic+of+Serbia&rft.date=2023-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopis2022.stat.gov.rs%2Fen-us%2F5-vestisaopstenja%2Fnews-events%2F20230428-konacnirezpopisa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017143-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017143_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017143_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017143_111-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017143_111-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017143_111-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017143_111-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017">Đečević, Vuković-Ćalasan & Knežević 2017</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-2011_Montenegrin_census-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Montenegrin_census_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Montenegrin_census_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Montenegrin_census_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Montenegrin_census_112-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Montenegrin_census_112-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje(1).pdf">"Stanovništvo Crne Gore prema polu, tipu naselja, nacionalnoj, odnosno etničkoj pripadnosti, vjeroispovijesti i maternjem jeziku po opštinama u Crnoj Gori"</a> [Population of Montenegro by sex, type of settlement, national or ethnic affiliation, religion and mother tongue by municipalities in Montenegro] (PDF) (in Montenegrin and English). Retrieved 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stanovni%C5%A1tvo+Crne+Gore+prema+polu%2C+tipu+naselja%2C+nacionalnoj%2C+odnosno+etni%C4%8Dkoj+pripadnosti%2C+vjeroispovijesti+i+maternjem+jeziku+po+op%C5%A1tinama+u+Crnoj+Gori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonstat.org%2Fuserfiles%2Ffile%2Fpopis2011%2Fsaopstenje%2Fsaopstenje%281%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017144-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017144_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017144_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017144_113-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017144_113-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017">Đečević, Vuković-Ćalasan & Knežević 2017</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-2002_North_Macedonia_census-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2002_North_Macedonia_census_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2002_North_Macedonia_census_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2002_North_Macedonia_census_115-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/knigaX.pdf">"Census of population in the Republic of Macedonia 2002"</a> (PDF). www.stat.gov.mk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stat.gov.mk&rft.atitle=Census+of+population+in+the+Republic+of+Macedonia+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.mk%2FPublikacii%2FknigaX.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> (page 62) </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=buOgAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+1945">Kolev, Yordan, Българите извън България 1878 – 1945, 2005, р. 18</a> Quote:"В началото на XXI в. общият брой на етническите българи в България и зад граница се изчислява на около 10 милиона души./At the beginning of the 21st century, the total number of ethnic Bulgarians in Bulgaria and abroad was estimated at about 10 million people." </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeffreys_2008-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jeffreys_2008_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jeffreys_2008_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc6pDjcpnoUC&pg=PA7">The Report: Bulgaria 2008</a>. Oxford Business Group. 2008. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-92-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-92-4"><bdi>978-1-902339-92-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Bulgaria+2008&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-902339-92-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHc6pDjcpnoUC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Cole_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Cole" title="Jeffrey Cole">Cole, Jeffrey E.</a> (25 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M9fDifnkMJMC&pg=PA55">Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia</a>. Abc-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-303-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-303-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-303-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Europe%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-303-3&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM9fDifnkMJMC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanver2015" class="citation book cs1">Danver, Steven L. (10 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA271">Native Peoples of the World</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46400-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46400-6"><bdi>978-1-317-46400-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+Peoples+of+the+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.isbn=978-1-317-46400-6&rft.aulast=Danver&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvf4TBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-PalermoSabanadze2011-120"><a href="#cite_ref-PalermoSabanadze2011_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalermo2011" class="citation book cs1">Palermo, Francesco (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cDm-lw2nQ7IC&pg=PA11">"National Minorities in Inter-State Relations: Filling the Legal Vacuum?"</a>. In Francesco Palermo (ed.). National Minorities in Inter-State Relations. Natalie Sabanadze. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17598-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17598-3"><bdi>978-90-04-17598-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Minorities+in+Inter-State+Relations%3A+Filling+the+Legal+Vacuum%3F&rft.btitle=National+Minorities+in+Inter-State+Relations&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17598-3&rft.aulast=Palermo&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcDm-lw2nQ7IC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-diasporas-121"><a href="#cite_ref-diasporas_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaphne_Winland2004" class="citation cs2">Daphne Winland (2004), "Croatian Diaspora", in Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian Skoggard (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC">Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities</a>, vol. 2 (illustrated ed.), <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>, p. 76, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-48321-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-48321-9"><bdi>978-0-306-48321-9</bdi></a>, <q>It is estimated that 4.5 million Croatians live outside Croatia ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Croatian+Diaspora&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Diasporas%3A+Immigrant+and+Refugee+Cultures+Around+the+World.+Volume+I%3A+Overviews+and+Topics%3B+Volume+II%3A+Diaspora+Communities&rft.pages=76&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-306-48321-9&rft.au=Daphne+Winland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7QEjPVyd9YMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HWC-122"><a href="#cite_ref-HWC_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030623031342/http://www.crowc.org/english/about.asp?subcat=general">"Hrvatski Svjetski Kongres"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crowc.org/english/about.asp?subcat=general">the original</a> on 23 June 2003. Retrieved 1 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hrvatski+Svjetski+Kongres&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crowc.org%2Fenglish%2Fabout.asp%3Fsubcat%3Dgeneral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988">, Croatian World Congress, "4.5 million Croats and people of Croatian heritage live outside of the Republic of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina" </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> An estimated 57.3% ethnic Czechs (2021) on an estimated 10,705,384 total population (2022) makes about 6.1 million. However, 31.6% was unspecified, so this may be far off the real figure. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/czechia/">"Czech Republic"</a>. CIA - The World Factbook. Retrieved 16 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Czech+Republic&rft.pub=CIA+-+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fczechia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011_Czech_census-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Czech_census_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Czech_census_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Czech_census_124-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Czech_census_124-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131022340/http://notes2.czso.cz/cz/sldb2011/cd_sldb2011_11_12/index_html_files/PVCR062.pdf">"Tab. 6.2 Obyvatelstvo podle národnosti podle krajů"</a> [Table. 6.2 Population by nationality, by region] (PDF). Czech Statistical Office (in Czech). 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notes2.czso.cz/cz/sldb2011/cd_sldb2011_11_12/index_html_files/PVCR062.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Czech+Statistical+Office&rft.atitle=Tab.+6.2+Obyvatelstvo+podle+n%C3%A1rodnosti+podle+kraj%C5%AF&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnotes2.czso.cz%2Fcz%2Fsldb2011%2Fcd_sldb2011_11_12%2Findex_html_files%2FPVCR062.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_Slovak_census-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Slovak_census_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Slovak_census_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Slovak_census_125-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Slovak_census_125-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pop-stat.mashke.org/slovakia-ethnic-loc2021.htm">"Ethnic composition of Slovakia 2021"</a>. Retrieved 5 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+composition+of+Slovakia+2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpop-stat.mashke.org%2Fslovakia-ethnic-loc2021.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FactFinder_2010-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FactFinder_2010_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FactFinder_2010_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FactFinder_2010_126-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table">"2010 American Community Survey"</a>. American FactFinder. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table">the original</a> on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+FactFinder&rft.atitle=2010+American+Community+Survey&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_10_1YR_B04003%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gig.rs/program.html">"Program političke stranke GIG"</a>. <q>Do Nato intervencije na Srbiju, 24.03.1999.godine, u Gori je živelo oko 18.000 Goranaca. U Srbiji i bivšim jugoslovenskim republikama nalazi se oko 40.000 Goranaca, a značajan broj Goranaca živi i radi u zemljama Evropske unije i u drugim zemljama. Po našim procenama ukupan broj Goranaca, u Gori u Srbiji i u rasejanju iznosi oko 60.000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Program+politi%C4%8Dke+stranke+GIG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgig.rs%2Fprogram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kwidzińska-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Kwidzińska_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwidzińska2007" class="citation book cs1">Kwidzińska, Sławina (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134213/http://instytutkaszubski.republika.pl/pdfy/angielski.pdf">The Kashubs Today: Culture — Language — Identity</a> (PDF). Gdańsk: The Kashubian Institute. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-89079-78-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-89079-78-7"><bdi>978-83-89079-78-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instytutkaszubski.republika.pl/pdfy/angielski.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kashubs+Today%3A+Culture+%E2%80%94+Language+%E2%80%94+Identity&rft.place=Gda%C5%84sk&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=The+Kashubian+Institute&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-83-89079-78-7&rft.aulast=Kwidzi%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=S%C5%82awina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finstytutkaszubski.republika.pl%2Fpdfy%2Fangielski.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modrzejewski-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Modrzejewski_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modrzejewski_129-1">b</a> ["Polen-Analysen. Die Kaschuben" (PDF). Länder-Analysen (in German). Polen NR. 95: 10–13. 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University of Toronto Press. pp. 10–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1021-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1021-7"><bdi>978-1-4426-1021-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine%3A+The+Land+and+Its+Peoples&rft.pages=10-&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1021-7&rft.au=Paul+R.+Magocsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTA1zVKTTsXUC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Satzewich-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Satzewich_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Satzewich_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Satzewich_152-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVic_Satzewich2003" class="citation book cs1">Vic Satzewich (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SfWBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">The Ukrainian Diaspora</a>. Routledge. pp. 19–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-43495-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-43495-4"><bdi>978-1-134-43495-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ukrainian+Diaspora&rft.pages=19-21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-43495-4&rft.au=Vic+Satzewich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSfWBAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine">"Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation"</a>. data.unhcr.org. Retrieved 18 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.unhcr.org&rft.atitle=Situation+Ukraine+Refugee+Situation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.unhcr.org%2Fen%2Fsituations%2Fukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021ACS-154"><a href="#cite_ref-2021ACS_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408113537/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=people%20reporting%20ancestry&t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B04006">"2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a> 2021. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=people%20reporting%20ancestry&t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B04006">the original</a> on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Community+Survey+2021&rft.atitle=2021+American+Community+Survey+1-Year+Estimates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Fq%3Dpeople%2520reporting%2520ancestry%26t%3DAncestry%26tid%3DACSDT1Y2021.B04006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/factsheetsancserb?opendocument&navpos=450">"Fact sheets: Ancestry – Serbian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+sheets%3A+Ancestry+%E2%80%93+Serbian&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2016-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fwebsitedbs%2Fcensushome.nsf%2Fhome%2Ffactsheetsancserb%3Fopendocument%26navpos%3D450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BIH-156"><a href="#cite_ref-BIH_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/Knjiga2/K2_B_E.pdf#page=14">"Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u Bosni i Hercegovini - Etnička/nacionalna pripadnost, vjeroispovjest i maternji jezik"</a> [Census of population, households and dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ethnic/national affiliation, religion and mother tongue] (PDF). Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2019. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popis+stanovni%C5%A1tva%2C+doma%C4%87instava+i+stanova+u+Bosni+i+Hercegovini+-+Etni%C4%8Dka%2Fnacionalna+pripadnost%2C+vjeroispovjest+i+maternji+jezik&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Agency+for+Statistics+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popis.gov.ba%2Fpopis2013%2Fdoc%2FKnjiga2%2FK2_B_E.pdf%23page%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Primary sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Moravcsik" title="Gyula Moravcsik">Moravcsik, Gyula</a>, ed. (1967) [1949]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC">Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio</a> (2nd revised ed.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-021-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-021-9"><bdi>978-0-88402-021-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+Porphyrogenitus%3A+De+Administrando+Imperio&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Center+for+Byzantine+Studies&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-021-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3al15wpFWiMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Scholz, Bernhard Walter, ed. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTzl6wFjehMC">Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories</a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06186-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06186-0"><bdi>978-0-472-06186-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carolingian+Chronicles%3A+Royal+Frankish+Annals+and+Nithard%27s+Histories&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06186-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsTzl6wFjehMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Secondary sources</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Allentoft, ME (11 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155">"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 522 (7555). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: 167–172. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..167A">2015Natur.522..167A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14507">10.1038/nature14507</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26062507">26062507</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4399103">4399103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Population+genomics+of+Bronze+Age+Eurasia&rft.volume=522&rft.issue=7555&rft.pages=167-172&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4399103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26062507&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.522..167A&rft.aulast=Allentoft&rft.aufirst=ME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepot.ceon.pl%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F13155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalanovskyRootsi2008" class="citation journal cs1">Balanovsky, Oleg; Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2253976">"Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context"</a>. American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (1): 236–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2007.09.019">10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2253976">2253976</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18179905">18179905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Two+sources+of+the+Russian+patrilineal+heritage+in+their+Eurasian+context&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=236-250&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2253976%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18179905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2007.09.019&rft.aulast=Balanovsky&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft.au=Rootsi%2C+Siiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2253976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalanovsky2012" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Balanovsky, Oleg P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.med-gen.ru/ar/ar_Balanovsky.pdf">Изменчивость генофонда в пространстве и времени: синтез данных о геногеографии митохондриальной ДНК и Y-хромосомы</a> [Variability of the gene pool in space and time: synthesis of data on the genogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome] (PDF) (Dr. habil. in Biology thesis) (in Russian). Moscow: <a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Russian Academy of Medical Sciences</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%3A+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A+%D0%B8+Y-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Balanovsky&rft.aufirst=Oleg+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.med-gen.ru%2Far%2Far_Balanovsky.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Barford, Paul M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z9ItAtbJ5AC">The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe</a>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3977-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3977-3"><bdi>978-0-8014-3977-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Slavs%3A+Culture+and+Society+in+Early+Medieval+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3977-3&rft.aulast=Barford&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Z9ItAtbJ5AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC">The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42888-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42888-0"><bdi>978-1-139-42888-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Slavs%3A+History+and+Archaeology+of+the+Lower+Danube+Region%2C+c.+500%E2%80%93700&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-139-42888-0&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrcFGhCVs0sYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt">Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0"><bdi>978-0-521-81539-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+500%E2%80%931250&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81539-0&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoutheasterneuro0000curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Curta Florin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/229543/The_early_Slavs_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia_a_response_to_my_critics">The early Slavs in Bohemia and Moravia: a response to my critics</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĐečevićVuković-ĆalasanKnežević2017" class="citation journal cs1">Đečević, Mehmed; Vuković-Ćalasan, Danijela; Knežević, Saša (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042">"Re-designation of Ethnic Muslims as Bosniaks in Montenegro"</a>. East European Politics and Societies. 31 (1): 137–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0888325416678042">10.1177/0888325416678042</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152238874">152238874</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Politics+and+Societies&rft.atitle=Re-designation+of+Ethnic+Muslims+as+Bosniaks+in+Montenegro&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137-157&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0888325416678042&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152238874%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=%C4%90e%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mehmed&rft.au=Vukovi%C4%87-%C4%86alasan%2C+Danijela&rft.au=Kne%C5%BEevi%C4%87%2C+Sa%C5%A1a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0888325416678042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dvornik" title="Francis Dvornik">Dvornik, Francis</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slavsineuropeanh0000dvor">The Slavs in European History and Civilization</a>. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-0799-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-0799-6"><bdi>978-0-8135-0799-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavs+in+European+History+and+Civilization&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-0799-6&rft.aulast=Dvornik&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fslavsineuropeanh0000dvor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.</a> (1991) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C">The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century</a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08149-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08149-3"><bdi>978-0-472-08149-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Sixth+to+the+Late+Twelfth+Century&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08149-3&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Antwerp+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0NBxG9Id58C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.</a> (1994) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC">The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5"><bdi>978-0-472-08260-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08260-5&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Antwerp+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lacey, Robert. 2003. Great Tales from English History. Little, Brown and Company. New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-10910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-10910-X">0-316-10910-X</a>.</li> <li>Lewis, Bernard. Race and Slavery in the Middle East. Oxford Univ. Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Mathieson, Iain (21 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6091220">"The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 555 (7695). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: 197–203. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.555..197M">2018Natur.555..197M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature25778">10.1038/nature25778</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6091220">6091220</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29466330">29466330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Genomic+History+of+Southeastern+Europe&rft.volume=555&rft.issue=7695&rft.pages=197-203&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6091220%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29466330&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature25778&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.555..197M&rft.aulast=Mathieson&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6091220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Nystazopoulou-Pelekidou, Maria. 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hri.org/cgi-bin/brief?/docs/macque/">The "Macedonian Question": A Historical Review</a>. © Association Internationale d'Etudes du Sud-Est Europeen (AIESEE, International Association of Southeast European Studies), Comité Grec. Corfu: Ionian University. (English translation of a 1988 work written in Greek.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Obolensky" title="Dimitri Obolensky">Obolensky, Dimitri</a> (1974) [1971]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RlBoAAAAMAAJ">The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453</a>. London: Cardinal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-351-17644-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-351-17644-9"><bdi>978-0-351-17644-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Commonwealth%3A+Eastern+Europe%2C+500%E2%80%931453&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cardinal&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-351-17644-9&rft.aulast=Obolensky&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlBoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ">History of the Byzantine State</a>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBt0_AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rębała, Krzysztof, et al.. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10038-007-0125-6">Y-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin</a>. Journal of Human Genetics, May 2007, 52(5): 408–414.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerbenko2005" class="citation journal cs1">Verbenko, Dmitry A.; et al. (2005). "Variability of the 3'ApoB Minisatellite Locus in Eastern Slavonic Populations". Human Heredity. 60 (1): 10–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000087338">10.1159/000087338</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16103681">16103681</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8926871">8926871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Heredity&rft.atitle=Variability+of+the+3%27ApoB+Minisatellite+Locus+in+Eastern+Slavonic+Populations&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-18&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8926871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16103681&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000087338&rft.aulast=Verbenko&rft.aufirst=Dmitry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlasto1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexis_P._Vlasto" title="Alexis P. Vlasto">Vlasto, Alexis P.</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fpVOAAAAIAAJ">The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07459-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07459-9"><bdi>978-0-521-07459-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Entry+of+the+Slavs+into+Christendom%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Medieval+History+of+the+Slavs&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-521-07459-9&rft.aulast=Vlasto&rft.aufirst=Alexis+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfpVOAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://macedonia.kroraina.com/rs/rs43_7.pdf">"Linguistic Marginalia on Slavic Ethnogensis"</a> (PDF). Sorin Palgia, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sorin+Palgia%2C+University+of+Bucharest&rft.atitle=Linguistic+Marginalia+on+Slavic+Ethnogensis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmacedonia.kroraina.com%2Frs%2Frs43_7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavs&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Slavs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Slavs">Slavs</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Slav" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Slav">Slav</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614174952/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/25/8/1651">Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeny in Eastern and Western Slavs, B. Malyarchuk, T. Grzybowski, M. Derenko, M. Perkova, T. Vanecek, J. Lazur, P. Gomolcaknd I. Tsybovsky, Oxford Journals</a> (archived 14 June 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Slavs" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Slavs">Slavs</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavs&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Slavs" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Slavs">Slavs</a>". <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavs&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeopold_Lénard1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Leopold Lénard (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/The_Slavs" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/The Slavs">The Slavs</a>". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Slavs&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Leopold+L%C3%A9nard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavs" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavic_ethnic_groups" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Template:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Template talk:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_ethnic_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavic ethnic groups</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Creole_people" title="Alaskan Creole people">Alaskan Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Latvia" title="Belarusians in Latvia">Belarusian Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Lithuania" title="Belarusians in Lithuania">Belarusian Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian minority in Poland">Belarusian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia" title="Belarusians in Russia">Belarusian Russians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_Cossacks" title="Baikal Cossacks">Baikal Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekrasov_Cossacks" title="Nekrasov Cossacks">Nekrasov Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terek_Cossacks" title="Terek Cossacks">Terek Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greben_Cossacks" title="Greben Cossacks">Greben Cossacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurans_(Transbaikal_people)" title="Gurans (Transbaikal people)">Gurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyms" title="Karyms">Karyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Molokan">Molokans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlashuks" title="Podlashuks">Podlashuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleshuks" title="Poleshuks">Poleshuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryuns" title="Goryuns">Goryuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchadals" title="Kamchadals">Kamchadals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenschik" title="Kamenschik">Kamenschiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polekhs" title="Polekhs">Polekhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semeiskie" title="Semeiskie">Semeiskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberians" title="Siberians">Siberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_old-settlers" title="Russian old-settlers">Starozhily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Pannonian Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns_of_Romania" title="Rusyns of Romania">Rusyn Romanians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podolyans" title="Podolyans">Podolyans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvin#Ethnic_group_in_Ukraine" title="Litvin">Litvins</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/100px-Slavic_europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/150px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/200px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chods" title="Chods">Chods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Gorals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Gorals" title="Silesian Gorals">Silesian Gorals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gochy" title="Gochy">Gochans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krubans" title="Krubans">Krubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masurians" title="Masurians">Masurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambers" title="Bambers">Bambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderlands_Poles" title="Borderlands Poles">Borderlands Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug_River_Poles" title="Bug River Poles">Bug River Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_people" title="Greater Poland people">Greater Poland people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaliszans" title="Kaliszans">Kaliszans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavians" title="Kuyavians">Kuyavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Btaks" title="Taśtaks">Taśtaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kociewie#Kociewians" title="Kociewie">Kociewians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurpie" title="Kurpie">Kurpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasovians" title="Lasovians">Lasovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czycans" title="Łęczycans">Łęczycans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_people" title="Lesser Poland people">Lesser Poland people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masovians" title="Masovians">Masovians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81owiczans" title="Łowiczans">Łowiczans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Boyars" title="Międzyrzec Boyars">Międzyrzec Boyars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poborzans" title="Poborzans">Poborzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Uplanders" title="Polish Uplanders">Polish Uplanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Russian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85cz_Lachs" title="Sącz Lachs">Sącz Lachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradzans" title="Sieradzans">Sieradzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmians_(ethnic_group)" title="Warmians (ethnic group)">Warmians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhrpolen" title="Ruhrpolen">Ruhrpolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Vlachs" title="Cieszyn Vlachs">Cieszyn Vlachs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends_of_Texas" title="Wends of Texas">Texas Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Albania" title="Bosniaks in Albania">Bosniak Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Croatia" title="Bosniaks of Croatia">Bosniak Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Kosovo" title="Bosniaks in Kosovo">Bosniak Kosovars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Montenegro" title="Bosniaks of Montenegro">Bosniak Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Serbia" title="Bosniaks of Serbia">Bosniak Serbians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Bulgarians" title="Anatolian Bulgarians">Anatolian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarians" title="Banat Bulgarians">Banat Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Bulgarians" title="Bessarabian Bulgarians">Bessarabian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Albania" title="Bulgarians in Albania">Bulgarian Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Croatia" title="Bulgarians in Croatia">Bulgarian Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Hungary" title="Bulgarians in Hungary">Bulgarian Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Italy" title="Bulgarians in Italy">Bulgarian Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Bulgarians" title="Macedonian Bulgarians">Macedonian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Bulgarians" title="Thracian Bulgarians">Thracian Bulgarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevci" title="Bunjevci">Bunjevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croats" title="Burgenland Croats">Burgenland Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croat_Muslims" title="Croat Muslims">Croat Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjevci" title="Janjevci">Janjevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krashovani" title="Krashovani">Krashovani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molise_Croats" title="Molise Croats">Molise Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okci" title="Šokci">Šokci</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_in_Albania" title="Macedonians in Albania">Albanian Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Macedonians_in_Bulgaria" title="Ethnic Macedonians in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijaks" title="Mijaks">Mijaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Muslims">Torbeši</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Ethnic Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resia,_Friuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Resia, Friuli">Resians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">Kosovo Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs of North Macedonia">Macedonian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Montenegro" title="Serbs of Montenegro">Montenegrin Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia" title="Serbs of Croatia">Croatian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Vojvodina" title="Serbs in Vojvodina">Vojvodina Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Muslims" title="Serb Muslims">Serb Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopi" title="Shopi">Shopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Slovenes" title="Carinthian Slovenes">Carinthian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes_of_Croatia" title="Slovenes of Croatia">Croatian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovenes" title="Hungarian Slovenes">Hungarian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_minority_in_Italy" title="Slovene minority in Italy">Italian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovenes" title="Prekmurje Slovenes">Prekmurje Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavia_Friulana" title="Slavia Friulana">Venetian Slavs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Slavic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Slavs" title="Template:History of Slavs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:History_of_Slavs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:History of Slavs (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Slavs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Slavs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Slavic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic history">History of the Slavic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> origin identified by their use of the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, and related history</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisza_culture" title="Tisza culture">Tisza culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan%E2%80%93Danubian_culture" title="Balkan–Danubian culture">Balkan–Danubian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov culture">Chernyakhov culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%99bczyn_culture" title="Dębczyn culture">Dębczyn culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev culture">Kiev culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penkovka_culture" title="Penkovka culture">Penkovka culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague-Korchak_culture" title="Prague-Korchak culture">Prague-Korchak culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Veneti" title="Vistula Veneti">Vistula Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Slavic_peoples_and_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Slavic peoples and tribes">Ancient tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buzhans" title="Buzhans">Buzhans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dregoviches" title="Dregoviches">Dregoviches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drevlians" title="Drevlians">Drevlians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulebes" title="Dulebes">Dulebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmen_Slavs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilmen Slavs">Ilmen Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krivichs" title="Krivichs">Krivichs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polans_(eastern)" title="Polans (eastern)">Polans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polochans" title="Polochans">Polochans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radimichs" title="Radimichs">Radimichs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severians" title="Severians">Severians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivertsi" title="Tivertsi">Tivertsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulichs" title="Ulichs">Ulichs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volhynians" title="Volhynians">Volhynians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyatichs" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyatichs">Vyatichs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">White Croats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemians_(tribe)" title="Bohemians (tribe)">Bohemians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circipania" title="Circipania">Circipane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carantanians" title="Carantanians">Carantanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drevani" title="Drevani">Drevani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golensizi" title="Golensizi">Golensizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goplans" title="Goplans">Goplans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hevelli" title="Hevelli">Hevelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kessinians" title="Kessinians">Kessinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendians" title="Lendians">Lendians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litom%C4%9B%C5%99ici" class="mw-redirect" title="Litoměřici">Litoměřici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masovians" title="Masovians">Masovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milceni" title="Milceni">Milceni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravians_(tribe)" title="Moravians (tribe)">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Nitra" title="Principality of Nitra">Nitran Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opolans" title="Opolans">Opolans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polabians_(tribe)" title="Polabians (tribe)">Polabians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polans_(western)" title="Polans (western)">Polans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(Slavic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)">Pomeranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prissani" title="Prissani">Pyritzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_(Slavic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani (Slavic tribe)">Rani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians_(tribe)" title="Silesians (tribe)">Silesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smeldingi" title="Smeldingi">Smeldingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs_(tribe)" title="Sorbs (tribe)">Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprevane" title="Sprevane">Sprevane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tollensians" title="Tollensians">Tollensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrani" title="Ukrani">Ukrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veleti" title="Veleti">Veleti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistulans" title="Vistulans">Vistulans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolinians" title="Wolinians">Wolinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagri" title="Wagri">Wagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warnabi" title="Warnabi">Warnabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">White Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlicans" title="Zlicans">Zlicans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiounitai" title="Baiounitai">Baiounitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belegezites" title="Belegezites">Belegezites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berziti" title="Berziti">Berziti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brani%C4%8Devci" title="Braničevci">Braničevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drougoubitai" title="Drougoubitai">Drougoubitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duklja" title="Duklja">Docleani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezerites" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezerites">Ezerites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guduscani" title="Guduscani">Guduscani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanalites" title="Kanalites">Kanalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melingoi" title="Melingoi">Melingoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merehani" title="Merehani">Merehani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praedenecenti" title="Praedenecenti">Praedenecenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rynchines" class="mw-redirect" title="Rynchines">Rynchines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagudates" title="Sagudates">Sagudates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severians" title="Severians">Severians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Slavic_tribes" title="Seven Slavic tribes">Seven Slavic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolyani" title="Smolyani">Smolyani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strymonites" title="Strymonites">Strymonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timo%C4%8Dani" title="Timočani">Timočani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travunia" title="Travunia">Travunians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachumlia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zachumlia">Zachumliani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> (before 1500)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">Slavic states (<a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lower_Pannonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Lower Pannonia">Balaton Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania">Carantania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Croatia" title="Duchy of Croatia">Duchy of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Nitra" title="Principality of Nitra">Principality of Nitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">Rus' Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire" title="Samo's Empire">Samo's Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe" title="Civitas Schinesghe">Civitas Schinesghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)" title="Principality of Serbia (early medieval)">Principality of Serbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">Slavic states (<a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banate_of_Bosnia" title="Banate of Bosnia">Banate of Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Masovia" title="Duchy of Masovia">Duchy of Masovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia" title="Grand Principality of Serbia">Grand Principality of Serbia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Kingdom of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Zeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Zeta">Principality of Zeta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">Slavic states (<a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Kingdom of Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Language</a> development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">Pre-Christian Pagan society (until about <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Christian_Slavic_writing" title="Pre-Christian Slavic writing">Pre-Christian Slavic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customary law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_calendar" title="Slavic calendar">Slavic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Slavs" title="King of the Slavs">King of the Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Wends" title="King of the Wends">King of the Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deities_of_Slavic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities of Slavic religion">Deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rod_(Slavic_religion)" title="Rod (Slavic religion)">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svarog" title="Svarog">Svarog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Veles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%C5%BEbog" class="mw-redirect" title="Dažbog">Dažbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokosh" title="Mokosh">Mokosh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Burial practices <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_field" title="Grave field">Grave field</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Christianisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Serbia" title="Christianity in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Cyril and Methodius">Saints Cyril and Methodius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavic_history" title="Category:Slavic history">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40477#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40477#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1120771/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4077491-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85123385">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11967423j">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11967423j">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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[\"CITEREFGasparovRaevsky-Hughes2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldblatt1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGwiazda_II2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGłówny_Urząd_Statystyczny2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHugh_PoultonSuha_Taji-Farouki1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamusellaNomachiGibson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirch1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlyuchevsky1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKobyliński1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKushniarevichKassian2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwidzińska2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeopold_Lénard1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivi-Bacci2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoginovaRadovanovićYamashkinVasin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopasic1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNandriș1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeparáczkiMaróti2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO.M._Utevska2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalermo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPamjavFehérNémethKoppány_Csáji2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_R._Magocsi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoulton1995\"] = 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