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University</span></a></span><h1 class="u-m0x u-fw300 u-fs24 u-displayInline">Criminal law and criminology</h1></div><div class="u-floatRight u-mt1x"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline"><li class="u-floatLeft u-pr5x u-mr5x u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderRight1"><a href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i>  All Departments</span></a></li><li class="u-floatLeft active"><a href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/Departments/Criminal_law_and_criminology/Documents">57 Papers</a></li><li class="u-floatLeft"><a href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/Departments/Criminal_law_and_criminology">18 Researchers</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="u-ph0x"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 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itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27415942/Understanding_human_trafficking_as_a_market_system_Addressing_the_demand_side_of_trafficking_for_sexual_exploitation">Understanding human trafficking as a market system: Addressing the demand side of trafficking for sexual exploitation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27415942" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a 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itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27435562/Understanding_human_trafficking_as_a_market_system_Addressing_the_demand_side_of_trafficking_for_sexual_exploitation">Understanding human trafficking as a market system: Addressing the demand side of trafficking for sexual exploitation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27435562" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_27435562 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27435562"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27435562; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27435562]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27435562").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27435562").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_61293442" data-work_id="61293442" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61293442/Book_Review_Rape_in_the_Nordic_countries_Continuity_and_change_by_Heinskou_M_B_Skilbrei_M_L_Stefansen_K">Book Review: Rape in the Nordic countries: Continuity and change by Heinskou, M. B., Skilbrei, M. L., Stefansen, K</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">and Iceland) is generally characterized by its efforts to promote gender equality and to institute humanitarian penal policies. Despite their progressivist orientations towards punishment and gender equality, as in other industrialized... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_61293442" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">and Iceland) is generally characterized by its efforts to promote gender equality and to institute humanitarian penal policies. Despite their progressivist orientations towards punishment and gender equality, as in other industrialized nations, crimes like sexual violence and rape persist. To disentangle how Nordic governments and their societies in general view and respond to such acts of violence, Heinskou, Skilbrei, and Stefansen's (2020) Rape in the Nordic Countries covers several conceptual, theoretical and methodological debates throughout its 14 chapters. One of the central and recurring issues addressed is the definition and boundaries of the phenomenon: when an act is considered to be sexual violence, and when it is not. This also includes legal discussions on when behavior could qualify as a criminal sexual act, and reflections about how to assess whether a sexual act is consensual. While discussions about definitions and delineations risk being abstract, this volume manages to address these topics in concrete ways that invite the interest and commitment of the reader; for instance in the description of how the criminalization of rape within marriage came about in Finland (chapter 6 by Kotanen). The volume also gives much consideration to the question of whether rape is legally defined as sexual behavior that is committed with force versus performed non-consensually. These opposing paradigms are clarified by Jokila and Niemi (chapter 8, p. 127): "In the lack-of-consent construction, the focus is on the expression of opinion by a victim, thus emphasising a complainant's response to actions (…) of a perpetrator. In the use-of-force construction, the focus is on the denial of the will of the victim." The authors problematize the common assumption that a shift to consent-based rape law will solve problems that many countries have faced with prosecuting rape casesa development and standpoint surely followed with interest in many other national contexts outside of the Nordic region. Not only does the book offer much attention to definitional and legal boundaries and reflections on consent, it also includes studies on perceptions of sexual violence. The contributions in the book on perceptions vary widely, including 'victim' and offender narratives, as well as quantitative work. One example focuses on the issue of question wording and its impact on prevalence estimates of sexual violence, which appears to matter pointedly (chapter 5 by Stefansen, Løvgren and Frøyland). Research by Schierff and Heinskou innovatively devotes attention to offenders' perceptions of their own sexual transgressions, while Stefansen researches how recipients of unwanted sexual touching perceive such behaviors. Further, Gottzén and Franzén (chapter 10) utilized a perception-oriented and evaluation approach to examine the effectiveness of a school-based prevention program on sexuality and bystander responsibility, which was modeled after Mentors in Book Reviews International Criminal Justice Review</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/61293442" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6af6ff32935edc421bd751e0ad40b1ef" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74367622,"asset_id":61293442,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74367622/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51609897" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AnnekeKoning">Anneke Koning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51609897" type="text/json">{"id":51609897,"first_name":"Anneke","last_name":"Koning","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AnnekeKoning","display_name":"Anneke Koning","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AnnekeKoning","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_61293442 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="61293442"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 61293442, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_61293442", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=61293442]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_61293442").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_61293442").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="61293442"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice">Criminal Justice</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="537" type="text/json">{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=61293442]'), work: {"id":61293442,"title":"Book Review: Rape in the Nordic countries: Continuity and change by Heinskou, M. B., Skilbrei, M. L., Stefansen, K","created_at":"2021-11-08T02:48:09.200-08:00","owner_id":51609897,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/61293442/Book_Review_Rape_in_the_Nordic_countries_Continuity_and_change_by_Heinskou_M_B_Skilbrei_M_L_Stefansen_K","slug":"Book_Review_Rape_in_the_Nordic_countries_Continuity_and_change_by_Heinskou_M_B_Skilbrei_M_L_Stefansen_K","dom_id":"work_61293442","summary":"and Iceland) is generally characterized by its efforts to promote gender equality and to institute humanitarian penal policies. Despite their progressivist orientations towards punishment and gender equality, as in other industrialized nations, crimes like sexual violence and rape persist. To disentangle how Nordic governments and their societies in general view and respond to such acts of violence, Heinskou, Skilbrei, and Stefansen's (2020) Rape in the Nordic Countries covers several conceptual, theoretical and methodological debates throughout its 14 chapters. One of the central and recurring issues addressed is the definition and boundaries of the phenomenon: when an act is considered to be sexual violence, and when it is not. This also includes legal discussions on when behavior could qualify as a criminal sexual act, and reflections about how to assess whether a sexual act is consensual. While discussions about definitions and delineations risk being abstract, this volume manages to address these topics in concrete ways that invite the interest and commitment of the reader; for instance in the description of how the criminalization of rape within marriage came about in Finland (chapter 6 by Kotanen). The volume also gives much consideration to the question of whether rape is legally defined as sexual behavior that is committed with force versus performed non-consensually. These opposing paradigms are clarified by Jokila and Niemi (chapter 8, p. 127): \"In the lack-of-consent construction, the focus is on the expression of opinion by a victim, thus emphasising a complainant's response to actions (…) of a perpetrator. In the use-of-force construction, the focus is on the denial of the will of the victim.\" The authors problematize the common assumption that a shift to consent-based rape law will solve problems that many countries have faced with prosecuting rape casesa development and standpoint surely followed with interest in many other national contexts outside of the Nordic region. Not only does the book offer much attention to definitional and legal boundaries and reflections on consent, it also includes studies on perceptions of sexual violence. The contributions in the book on perceptions vary widely, including 'victim' and offender narratives, as well as quantitative work. One example focuses on the issue of question wording and its impact on prevalence estimates of sexual violence, which appears to matter pointedly (chapter 5 by Stefansen, Løvgren and Frøyland). Research by Schierff and Heinskou innovatively devotes attention to offenders' perceptions of their own sexual transgressions, while Stefansen researches how recipients of unwanted sexual touching perceive such behaviors. Further, Gottzén and Franzén (chapter 10) utilized a perception-oriented and evaluation approach to examine the effectiveness of a school-based prevention program on sexuality and bystander responsibility, which was modeled after Mentors in Book Reviews International Criminal Justice Review","publication":"International Criminal Justice Review","publication_with_fallback":"International Criminal Justice Review","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74367622,"asset_id":61293442,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/74367622/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/74367622/10575677211050430-libre.pdf?1636370191=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBook_Review_Rape_in_the_Nordic_countries.pdf\u0026Expires=1739852189\u0026Signature=JbBWzywwdCNxfUs3Liqr1WlxxgLDTQQYjJvqPBfPCWR-yF-~fklQqnPXvsiJ6wkTC3D~4hB5SYHWQ1vQDNzVzY92PC3CtW-jaXOZxlEJ8ceRamAAHEYN8SjriMFvlzsxbuXGPRDqaQoABLCby9dIIKQdgi41YQBxIikvywt4gkS7OyDgsdffsgDRaz~Wg0HDANb8mV5a440VSKSCoRsIVHTxOvqi05Ym5kjfh9tbMdzLkikN7bWqB0kGut6lKgQP9eHpaWFFyVS1xg4bkMZnO3m2mqo92cjh31aQSwAATaeE9GnH4nZ1xgAPgvDH5L-83zXDfH72OjjTA7rHX2XHgQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74367622/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/74367622/mini_magick20211108-12483-1fm2fh3.png?1636368537"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":74367622,"asset_id":61293442,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/74367622/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/74367622/10575677211050430-libre.pdf?1636370191=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBook_Review_Rape_in_the_Nordic_countries.pdf\u0026Expires=1739852189\u0026Signature=JbBWzywwdCNxfUs3Liqr1WlxxgLDTQQYjJvqPBfPCWR-yF-~fklQqnPXvsiJ6wkTC3D~4hB5SYHWQ1vQDNzVzY92PC3CtW-jaXOZxlEJ8ceRamAAHEYN8SjriMFvlzsxbuXGPRDqaQoABLCby9dIIKQdgi41YQBxIikvywt4gkS7OyDgsdffsgDRaz~Wg0HDANb8mV5a440VSKSCoRsIVHTxOvqi05Ym5kjfh9tbMdzLkikN7bWqB0kGut6lKgQP9eHpaWFFyVS1xg4bkMZnO3m2mqo92cjh31aQSwAATaeE9GnH4nZ1xgAPgvDH5L-83zXDfH72OjjTA7rHX2XHgQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74367622/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/74367622/mini_magick20211108-12483-1fm2fh3.png?1636368537"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":2,"ordered_authors":[{"id":51609897,"first_name":"Anneke","last_name":"Koning","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AnnekeKoning","display_name":"Anneke Koning","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AnnekeKoning","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology","nofollow":true},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law","nofollow":true},{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":4,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_68788310" data-work_id="68788310" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68788310/Public_Perceptions_of_Child_Sexual_Exploitation_Abroad_A_Vignette_Experiment_on_the_Influence_of_Social_Distance">Public Perceptions of Child Sexual Exploitation Abroad: A Vignette Experiment on the Influence of Social Distance</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study examines the impact of social and spatial distance on public opinion about sexual exploitation of children. A randomized vignette experiment among members of a Dutch household panel investigated whether public perceptions of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_68788310" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study examines the impact of social and spatial distance on public opinion about sexual exploitation of children. A randomized vignette experiment among members of a Dutch household panel investigated whether public perceptions of child sexual exploitation were more damning or more lenient when it occurred in a country closer to home, and explored theoretical explanations. The results show that offenses committed in the Netherlands or U.S. are overall perceived as more negative than those committed in Romania or Thailand. Social distance affects public perceptions about crime severity, and victims are attributed more responsibility in socially close than socially distant conditions. The study concludes that public perceptions are contingent upon the crime location, even when applied to child sexual exploitation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/68788310" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="14147e5888184c74fc3eec13d086b6bf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79139574,"asset_id":68788310,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79139574/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51609897" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AnnekeKoning">Anneke Koning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51609897" type="text/json">{"id":51609897,"first_name":"Anneke","last_name":"Koning","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AnnekeKoning","display_name":"Anneke Koning","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AnnekeKoning","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_68788310 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="68788310"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68788310, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_68788310", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=68788310]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_68788310").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_68788310").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="68788310"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1410172" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime_and_Juvenile_Delinquency">Crime and Juvenile Delinquency</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1410172" type="text/json">{"id":1410172,"name":"Crime and Juvenile Delinquency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime_and_Juvenile_Delinquency","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=68788310]'), work: {"id":68788310,"title":"Public Perceptions of Child Sexual Exploitation Abroad: A Vignette Experiment on the Influence of Social Distance","created_at":"2022-01-20T01:35:21.334-08:00","owner_id":51609897,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/68788310/Public_Perceptions_of_Child_Sexual_Exploitation_Abroad_A_Vignette_Experiment_on_the_Influence_of_Social_Distance","slug":"Public_Perceptions_of_Child_Sexual_Exploitation_Abroad_A_Vignette_Experiment_on_the_Influence_of_Social_Distance","dom_id":"work_68788310","summary":"This study examines the impact of social and spatial distance on public opinion about sexual exploitation of children. A randomized vignette experiment among members of a Dutch household panel investigated whether public perceptions of child sexual exploitation were more damning or more lenient when it occurred in a country closer to home, and explored theoretical explanations. The results show that offenses committed in the Netherlands or U.S. are overall perceived as more negative than those committed in Romania or Thailand. Social distance affects public perceptions about crime severity, and victims are attributed more responsibility in socially close than socially distant conditions. The study concludes that public perceptions are contingent upon the crime location, even when applied to child sexual exploitation.","publication":"Crime \u0026 Delinquency","publication_with_fallback":"Crime \u0026 Delinquency","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79139574,"asset_id":68788310,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79139574/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/79139574/00111287211064786-libre.pdf?1642684490=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPublic_Perceptions_of_Child_Sexual_Explo.pdf\u0026Expires=1739852190\u0026Signature=NUR1H1NLdYBC8Ywqm91aFMTPKjttFU7PSn56pFt915zAsdsUjhfeW9ad8oSq7xgDP64MHBFvpqdAQvwjFC9js0RnqirvGFB00EKVZcSPNH2ao~kjKsoWJZbKz1T6JiaN9uf6IgeNGfhOp7FWgOZVzptLRpsxBqpqED8mwn7hSk0iUGk3Uaip3NL8gKws6Mt0vu3WKukQt6NzodjQXQ2AYv4cTVVr8BZ1YAHtkhOox6gzk3ayU91ql87PtjtYBvxlJxGz6Pk4mm7STrjRtYBW74UD1SbL1L4P~4W9ywF4P-T9Pn3kjubvgpk2uBvgWqZhSdtK2FMeAapIi0-uTZhQsg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79139574/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/79139574/mini_magick20220120-31960-bjmihr.png?1642671966"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":79139574,"asset_id":68788310,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79139574/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/79139574/00111287211064786-libre.pdf?1642684490=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPublic_Perceptions_of_Child_Sexual_Explo.pdf\u0026Expires=1739852190\u0026Signature=NUR1H1NLdYBC8Ywqm91aFMTPKjttFU7PSn56pFt915zAsdsUjhfeW9ad8oSq7xgDP64MHBFvpqdAQvwjFC9js0RnqirvGFB00EKVZcSPNH2ao~kjKsoWJZbKz1T6JiaN9uf6IgeNGfhOp7FWgOZVzptLRpsxBqpqED8mwn7hSk0iUGk3Uaip3NL8gKws6Mt0vu3WKukQt6NzodjQXQ2AYv4cTVVr8BZ1YAHtkhOox6gzk3ayU91ql87PtjtYBvxlJxGz6Pk4mm7STrjRtYBW74UD1SbL1L4P~4W9ywF4P-T9Pn3kjubvgpk2uBvgWqZhSdtK2FMeAapIi0-uTZhQsg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79139574/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/79139574/mini_magick20220120-31960-bjmihr.png?1642671966"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":25,"ordered_authors":[{"id":51609897,"first_name":"Anneke","last_name":"Koning","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AnnekeKoning","display_name":"Anneke Koning","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AnnekeKoning","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology","nofollow":true},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law","nofollow":true},{"id":1410172,"name":"Crime and Juvenile Delinquency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime_and_Juvenile_Delinquency","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":2021,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":12,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_75809600" data-work_id="75809600" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75809600/Understanding_human_trafficking_as_a_market_system_addressing_the_demand_side_of_trafficking_for_sexual_exploitation">Understanding human trafficking as a market system: addressing the demand side of trafficking for sexual exploitation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Electronic distribution by Cairn on behalf of ERES. © ERES. All rights reserved for all countries. Reproducing this article (including by photocopying) is only authorized in accordance with the general terms and conditions of use for the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_75809600" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Electronic distribution by Cairn on behalf of ERES. © ERES. All rights reserved for all countries. Reproducing this article (including by photocopying) is only authorized in accordance with the general terms and conditions of use for the website, or with the general terms and conditions of the license held by your institution, where applicable. Any other reproduction, in full or in part, or storage in a database, in any form and by any means whatsoever is strictly prohibited without the prior written consent of the publisher, except where permitted under French law.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/75809600" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="80f41957b30a631ec7ed4a62515adc4e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":83432615,"asset_id":75809600,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83432615/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51609897" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AnnekeKoning">Anneke Koning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51609897" type="text/json">{"id":51609897,"first_name":"Anneke","last_name":"Koning","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AnnekeKoning","display_name":"Anneke Koning","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AnnekeKoning","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_75809600 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="75809600"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 75809600, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_75809600", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75809600]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_75809600").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_75809600").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="75809600"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6369" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Trafficking">Human Trafficking</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6369" type="text/json">{"id":6369,"name":"Human Trafficking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Trafficking","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="223201" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ERES">ERES</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="223201" type="text/json">{"id":223201,"name":"ERES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ERES","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="604354" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Relations_Internationales">Relations Internationales</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="604354" type="text/json">{"id":604354,"name":"Relations Internationales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Relations_Internationales","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=75809600]'), work: {"id":75809600,"title":"Understanding human trafficking as a market system: addressing the demand side of trafficking for sexual exploitation","created_at":"2022-04-08T04:37:21.014-07:00","owner_id":51609897,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/75809600/Understanding_human_trafficking_as_a_market_system_addressing_the_demand_side_of_trafficking_for_sexual_exploitation","slug":"Understanding_human_trafficking_as_a_market_system_addressing_the_demand_side_of_trafficking_for_sexual_exploitation","dom_id":"work_75809600","summary":"Electronic distribution by Cairn on behalf of ERES. © ERES. All rights reserved for all countries. Reproducing this article (including by photocopying) is only authorized in accordance with the general terms and conditions of use for the website, or with the general terms and conditions of the license held by your institution, where applicable. Any other reproduction, in full or in part, or storage in a database, in any form and by any means whatsoever is strictly prohibited without the prior written consent of the publisher, except where permitted under French law.","publication":"Revue internationale de droit pénal","publication_with_fallback":"Revue internationale de droit pénal","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":83432615,"asset_id":75809600,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/83432615/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/83432615/4b03b5bee0db55318fdec420941e16e0ea1b-libre.pdf?1649418970=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DUnderstanding_human_trafficking_as_a_mar.pdf\u0026Expires=1739852190\u0026Signature=bIrtnsJRf0YVZb1ViowblyrCyMFuDJ6KDz-XTzE3hrlYQDgKVAlZ7UXT4xyl~CM0zDlGHyOPlR0aDYjw0pLIPbEP1QIjQ~MFKIAnV4v4iCJAIi0RTAF4T~ZkM04zeiobKTiltgWZbkmlIlNdcSI0UjkOGjbhru5kzCSw9nhCB6-ZrSd2malNZMFYeGhrXrec1rgsV2fmyRUFsy9wKiVeraVPhZJN-C-bbSLqINhzmSwFk2UXCKtSonZLcEQePJdkIOc3p9Ce6ICTiY6j~D~5GfdX5AxVWmBvnx~AtTTLvvA0yCpch7tFxZA3kMoAYdN5M1e1a2qqDNXN81LVOOhaLQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83432615/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/83432615/mini_magick20220408-14926-zt6an4.png?1649417986"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":83432615,"asset_id":75809600,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/83432615/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/83432615/4b03b5bee0db55318fdec420941e16e0ea1b-libre.pdf?1649418970=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DUnderstanding_human_trafficking_as_a_mar.pdf\u0026Expires=1739852190\u0026Signature=bIrtnsJRf0YVZb1ViowblyrCyMFuDJ6KDz-XTzE3hrlYQDgKVAlZ7UXT4xyl~CM0zDlGHyOPlR0aDYjw0pLIPbEP1QIjQ~MFKIAnV4v4iCJAIi0RTAF4T~ZkM04zeiobKTiltgWZbkmlIlNdcSI0UjkOGjbhru5kzCSw9nhCB6-ZrSd2malNZMFYeGhrXrec1rgsV2fmyRUFsy9wKiVeraVPhZJN-C-bbSLqINhzmSwFk2UXCKtSonZLcEQePJdkIOc3p9Ce6ICTiY6j~D~5GfdX5AxVWmBvnx~AtTTLvvA0yCpch7tFxZA3kMoAYdN5M1e1a2qqDNXN81LVOOhaLQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83432615/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/83432615/mini_magick20220408-14926-zt6an4.png?1649417986"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":28,"ordered_authors":[{"id":51609897,"first_name":"Anneke","last_name":"Koning","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"AnnekeKoning","display_name":"Anneke Koning","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/AnnekeKoning","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology","nofollow":true},{"id":6369,"name":"Human Trafficking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Trafficking","nofollow":true},{"id":223201,"name":"ERES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ERES","nofollow":true},{"id":604354,"name":"Relations Internationales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Relations_Internationales","nofollow":true},{"id":954689,"name":"Trafficking In Human Beings","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trafficking_In_Human_Beings"}],"publication_year":2014,"publication_year_with_fallback":2014,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":4,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14115643 coauthored" data-work_id="14115643" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14115643/Het_meten_van_effecten_van_gevangenisstraf_op_crimineel_gedrag_in_een_niet_experimentele_studie">Het meten van effecten van gevangenisstraf op crimineel gedrag in een niet-experimentele studie</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Using data from the Criminal Career and Life-course Study (CCLS) we examined the effect of firsttime imprisonment between ages 26-28. Simply comparing recidivism rates of ex-prisoners with offenders who have not been incarcerated would... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14115643" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Using data from the Criminal Career and Life-course Study (CCLS) we examined the effect of firsttime imprisonment between ages 26-28. Simply comparing recidivism rates of ex-prisoners with offenders who have not been incarcerated would lead to biased estimates since imprisonment is likely to be meted out disproportionately to those offenders most likely to recidivate. Our results show firsttime imprisonment to have a criminogenic effect. The rise in conviction rates for ex-prisoners is largest when compared to offenders who had similar offending trajectories up to age 25, but were not convicted in the 26-28 period. Comparisons with offenders who were convicted but not imprisoned show a smaller, but still highly significant increase. 2007, jaargang 82, nr. 3</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14115643" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="90660decfde423150e733c0b3aae2d34" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44588405,"asset_id":14115643,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588405/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33116156" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland">Arjan Blokland</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33116156" type="text/json">{"id":33116156,"first_name":"Arjan","last_name":"Blokland","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"ArjanBlokland","display_name":"Arjan Blokland","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-14115643">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-14115643"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanielNagin">Daniel Nagin</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-14115643'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-14115643').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14115643 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14115643"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14115643, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14115643", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14115643 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14115643; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14115643"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14115643 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14115643"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14115643; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14115643]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14115643").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14115643").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14115644 coauthored" data-work_id="14115644" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14115644/Recidive_na_werkstraffen_en_na_gevangenisstraffen">Recidive na werkstraffen en na gevangenisstraffen</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Het doel van dit artikel is het vergelijken van de recidive van werkgestrafte met de recidive van gevangenisgestrafte volwassen daders in Nederland. We maken gebruik van longitudinale, justitiële gegevens om de recidive over een... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14115644" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Het doel van dit artikel is het vergelijken van de recidive van werkgestrafte met de recidive van gevangenisgestrafte volwassen daders in Nederland. We maken gebruik van longitudinale, justitiële gegevens om de recidive over een maximumperiode van acht jaar van daders die een werkstraf kregen opgelegd, te vergelijken met die van daders die een gevangenisstraf ondergingen. Om rekening te houden met mogelijke selectie-effecten wordt gebruikgemaakt van 'propensity score matching' en 'matching by variable'. De resultaten laten zien dat daders na een werkstraf minder recidiveren dan na een gevangenisstraf.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14115644" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ddbb360512510c1b51a54645b7b35120" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44588371,"asset_id":14115644,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588371/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33116156" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland">Arjan Blokland</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33116156" type="text/json">{"id":33116156,"first_name":"Arjan","last_name":"Blokland","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"ArjanBlokland","display_name":"Arjan Blokland","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-14115644">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-14115644"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/HWermink">H. Wermink</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-14115644'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-14115644').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14115644 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14115644"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14115644, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14115644", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14115644 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14115644; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14115644"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14115644 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14115644"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14115644; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14115644]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14115644").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14115644").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14115644"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="224672" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tijdschrift_voor_geschiedenis_3">Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis 3</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="224672" type="text/json">{"id":224672,"name":"Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis 3","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tijdschrift_voor_geschiedenis_3","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14115644]'), work: {"id":14115644,"title":"Recidive na werkstraffen en na gevangenisstraffen","created_at":"2015-07-16T07:40:04.846-07:00","owner_id":33116156,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/14115644/Recidive_na_werkstraffen_en_na_gevangenisstraffen","slug":"Recidive_na_werkstraffen_en_na_gevangenisstraffen","dom_id":"work_14115644","summary":"Het doel van dit artikel is het vergelijken van de recidive van werkgestrafte met de recidive van gevangenisgestrafte volwassen daders in Nederland. We maken gebruik van longitudinale, justitiële gegevens om de recidive over een maximumperiode van acht jaar van daders die een werkstraf kregen opgelegd, te vergelijken met die van daders die een gevangenisstraf ondergingen. Om rekening te houden met mogelijke selectie-effecten wordt gebruikgemaakt van 'propensity score matching' en 'matching by variable'. 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Wermink","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/HWermink","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":224672,"name":"Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis 3","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tijdschrift_voor_geschiedenis_3","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2009,"publication_year_with_fallback":2009,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":37,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14115645" data-work_id="14115645" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14115645/Considering_Criminal_Continuity_Testing_for_Heterogeneity_and_State_Dependence_in_the_Association_of_Past_to_Future_Offending">Considering Criminal Continuity: Testing for Heterogeneity and State Dependence in the Association of Past to Future Offending</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">T his study examines the extent to which the positive association between past and future offending can be explained by either (un)observed population heterogeneity, or by state dependence. We use criminal career data derived from (1) a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14115645" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">T his study examines the extent to which the positive association between past and future offending can be explained by either (un)observed population heterogeneity, or by state dependence. We use criminal career data derived from (1) a self-report survey administered to 2,900 Dutch individuals aged 15 years or older, and the Criminal Career and Life-course Study (CCLS) that has official data on a 4% (N = 4,684) sample of Dutch offenders convicted in 1977. Using hierarchical linear modelling we find both heterogeneity and state dependence partially explaining continuity in crime in both samples. In addition, we find that the impact of prior offending decreases over time and that that impact depends on the total number of previously committed offences.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14115645" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2c7f2efb0352de82323ea82c12282ff8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44588394,"asset_id":14115645,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588394/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33116156" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland">Arjan Blokland</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33116156" type="text/json">{"id":33116156,"first_name":"Arjan","last_name":"Blokland","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"ArjanBlokland","display_name":"Arjan Blokland","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14115645 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14115645"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14115645, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14115645", }); 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We use criminal career data derived from (1) a self-report survey administered to 2,900 Dutch individuals aged 15 years or older, and the Criminal Career and Life-course Study (CCLS) that has official data on a 4% (N = 4,684) sample of Dutch offenders convicted in 1977. Using hierarchical linear modelling we find both heterogeneity and state dependence partially explaining continuity in crime in both samples. In addition, we find that the impact of prior offending decreases over time and that that impact depends on the total number of previously committed offences.","publication":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology","publication_with_fallback":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44588394,"asset_id":14115645,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44588394/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/44588394/Considering_Criminal_Continuity_Testing_20160410-843-6ojs40-libre.pdf?1460284908=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DConsidering_Criminal_Continuity_Testing.pdf\u0026Expires=1739852190\u0026Signature=dZ5GkRrrmLJl7FQ5t5A~Qwzpu9LAbkUKp8J8uEfwhFhZVzFMIiZA1Ed~NqYZnK~Uea-qGSfKmg~5MDuxkviqcrM~~F8sHFfmm9PmhwrF0KGcUbhYQfkdwWdiTs04mr6-2k2R7ny2jU9N0jFFPzepEmL5fPwrpE5J4VohwJ1r~ZPg9A7g4s1xKScYcN7CEIj7vkoF3piy46zr577Ik8HfetOfAqHr734mzxFBmUS9ZuVs2IvAfseX3BcjpRM3Tku4pYoF5jwMQM9QxO0QyVjb6GNQSfQHu9sylTTyLQWt3nwTmyvhISpXXtjoICshJavOgHxZHxoncdAeWtck2rP5RA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588394/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/44588394/mini_magick20190214-14149-11jdj05.png?1550149989"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":44588394,"asset_id":14115645,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44588394/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/44588394/Considering_Criminal_Continuity_Testing_20160410-843-6ojs40-libre.pdf?1460284908=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DConsidering_Criminal_Continuity_Testing.pdf\u0026Expires=1739852190\u0026Signature=dZ5GkRrrmLJl7FQ5t5A~Qwzpu9LAbkUKp8J8uEfwhFhZVzFMIiZA1Ed~NqYZnK~Uea-qGSfKmg~5MDuxkviqcrM~~F8sHFfmm9PmhwrF0KGcUbhYQfkdwWdiTs04mr6-2k2R7ny2jU9N0jFFPzepEmL5fPwrpE5J4VohwJ1r~ZPg9A7g4s1xKScYcN7CEIj7vkoF3piy46zr577Ik8HfetOfAqHr734mzxFBmUS9ZuVs2IvAfseX3BcjpRM3Tku4pYoF5jwMQM9QxO0QyVjb6GNQSfQHu9sylTTyLQWt3nwTmyvhISpXXtjoICshJavOgHxZHxoncdAeWtck2rP5RA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588394/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/44588394/mini_magick20190214-14149-11jdj05.png?1550149989"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":32,"ordered_authors":[{"id":33116156,"first_name":"Arjan","last_name":"Blokland","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"ArjanBlokland","display_name":"Arjan Blokland","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology","nofollow":true},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2010,"publication_year_with_fallback":2010,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":43,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14115647" data-work_id="14115647" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14115647/A_Life_Course_Analysis_of_Offense_Specialization_Across_Age_Introducing_a_New_Method_for_Studying_Individual_Specialization_Over_the_Life_Course">A Life-Course Analysis of Offense Specialization Across Age: Introducing a New Method for Studying Individual Specialization Over the Life Course</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Much of the knowledge base on offense specialization indicates that, although there is some (short-term) specialization, it exists amidst much versatility in offending. Yet this general conclusion is drawn on studies using very different... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14115647" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Much of the knowledge base on offense specialization indicates that, although there is some (short-term) specialization, it exists amidst much versatility in offending. Yet this general conclusion is drawn on studies using very different conceptualizations of specialization and emerges with data primarily through the first two to three decades of life. Using data on a sample of Dutch offenders through age 72 years, this article introduces and applies a new method for studying individual offender specialization over the life course. The results indicate that although, in general, individual offending patterns over the life course are diverse, there is also evidence of an age-diversity curve. Linking offense frequency trajectories to the estimated diversity index, the authors also examine distinct specialization patterns across unique trajectory groups. Implications for theory and research are outlined. Crime Delinquency OnlineFirst,</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14115647" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="00d72d012780cb661c207e7a792d52cf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44588400,"asset_id":14115647,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588400/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33116156" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland">Arjan Blokland</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33116156" type="text/json">{"id":33116156,"first_name":"Arjan","last_name":"Blokland","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"ArjanBlokland","display_name":"Arjan Blokland","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14115647 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14115647"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14115647, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14115647", }); 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Yet this general conclusion is drawn on studies using very different conceptualizations of specialization and emerges with data primarily through the first two to three decades of life. Using data on a sample of Dutch offenders through age 72 years, this article introduces and applies a new method for studying individual offender specialization over the life course. The results indicate that although, in general, individual offending patterns over the life course are diverse, there is also evidence of an age-diversity curve. Linking offense frequency trajectories to the estimated diversity index, the authors also examine distinct specialization patterns across unique trajectory groups. Implications for theory and research are outlined. Crime Delinquency OnlineFirst,","publication":"Crime \u0026 Delinquency","publication_with_fallback":"Crime \u0026 Delinquency","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44588400,"asset_id":14115647,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44588400/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/44588400/A_life_course_analysis_of_offense_specia20160410-6915-1dxhglr-libre.pdf?1460284909=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Life_Course_Analysis_of_Offense_Specia.pdf\u0026Expires=1739852190\u0026Signature=BRl4giSPxkU6P5zLmlieRIoJOErrAGr3EG~XbPllEhe7PSme-eEt3vte5gsWrcv1m37k9aL-Ry9wMqppRJqK67OgCqwZLLflsZ0USEYTyU0TwCoPr~RXM3qW1Jjc32TWUyKm8J~sgMm6pKq-mOO02MRzuvN1Yuje4pTJAnQrM14BhbnRZ3vnb5Scsahe2uDShz5hE-1XhVPyLOi-3mA~Rts15T9a7cOwlTtG~JRQyjtsmFWMCq-~Gymw-aETA4wc8m6MAhaZxl6otvM82vGYvW6kaaEcjtQ~fFAPg3YZSorhbgvIDPMVnuz~C4vRfgVsm0IgOvC-TeYG0vKrgW-Z~A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588400/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/44588400/mini_magick20190214-16634-4jztn3.png?1550149985"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":44588400,"asset_id":14115647,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44588400/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/44588400/A_life_course_analysis_of_offense_specia20160410-6915-1dxhglr-libre.pdf?1460284909=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Life_Course_Analysis_of_Offense_Specia.pdf\u0026Expires=1739852190\u0026Signature=BRl4giSPxkU6P5zLmlieRIoJOErrAGr3EG~XbPllEhe7PSme-eEt3vte5gsWrcv1m37k9aL-Ry9wMqppRJqK67OgCqwZLLflsZ0USEYTyU0TwCoPr~RXM3qW1Jjc32TWUyKm8J~sgMm6pKq-mOO02MRzuvN1Yuje4pTJAnQrM14BhbnRZ3vnb5Scsahe2uDShz5hE-1XhVPyLOi-3mA~Rts15T9a7cOwlTtG~JRQyjtsmFWMCq-~Gymw-aETA4wc8m6MAhaZxl6otvM82vGYvW6kaaEcjtQ~fFAPg3YZSorhbgvIDPMVnuz~C4vRfgVsm0IgOvC-TeYG0vKrgW-Z~A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588400/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/44588400/mini_magick20190214-16634-4jztn3.png?1550149985"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":27,"ordered_authors":[{"id":33116156,"first_name":"Arjan","last_name":"Blokland","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"ArjanBlokland","display_name":"Arjan Blokland","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology","nofollow":true},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law","nofollow":true},{"id":13859,"name":"Life course","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_course","nofollow":true},{"id":246163,"name":"Knowledge base","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_base","nofollow":true},{"id":876158,"name":"Diversity index","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversity_index"}],"publication_year":2011,"publication_year_with_fallback":2011,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":196,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14115649" data-work_id="14115649" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14115649/THE_EFFECTS_OF_LIFE_CIRCUMSTANCES_ON_LONGITUDINAL_TRAJECTORIES_OF_OFFENDING_">THE EFFECTS OF LIFE CIRCUMSTANCES ON LONGITUDINAL TRAJECTORIES OF OFFENDING*</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study, which is based on individual criminal careers over a 60year period, focuses on the development of criminal behavior. It first examines the impact that life circumstances such as work and marriage have on offending, then tests... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14115649" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study, which is based on individual criminal careers over a 60year period, focuses on the development of criminal behavior. It first examines the impact that life circumstances such as work and marriage have on offending, then tests whether the effects of these circumstances are different for different groups of offenders, and finally examines the extent to which the age-crime relationship at the aggregate level can be explained by age-graded differences in life circumstances. Official data were retrieved for a 4-percent (N=4,615) sample of all individuals whose criminal case was tried in the Netherlands in 1977. Self-report data were derived from a nationally representative survey administered in the Netherlands in 1996 to 2,244 individuals aged 15 years or older. In analyzing this data, we use semi-parametric group-based models. Results indicate that life circumstances substantially influence the chances of criminal behavior, and that the effects of these circumstances on offending differ across offender groups. Age-graded changes in life circumstances, however, explain the aggregate age-crime relationship only to a modest extent. * We thank Daniel Nagin, John Laub, Rolf Loeber, Gerben Bruinsma, Catrien Bijleveld and Ray Paternoster and anonymous referees for numerous helpful suggestions. Please contact the authors at NSCR (Nederlands Studiecentrum Criminaliteit en Rechtshandhaving),</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14115649" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="617b60198411e9ef3caeef0719a3286a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44588397,"asset_id":14115649,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588397/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33116156" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland">Arjan Blokland</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33116156" type="text/json">{"id":33116156,"first_name":"Arjan","last_name":"Blokland","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"ArjanBlokland","display_name":"Arjan Blokland","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14115649 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14115649"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14115649, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14115649", }); 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Based... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14115654" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We investigated trajectories of adolescent delinquent development using data from the Pittsburgh Youth Study and examined the extent to which these different trajectories are differentially predicted by childhood parenting styles. Based on self-reported and official delinquency seriousness, covering ages 10-19, we identified five distinct delinquency trajectories differing in both level and change in seriousness over time: a nondelinquent, minor persisting, moderate desisting, serious persisting, and serious desisting trajectory. More serious delinquents tended to more frequently engage in delinquency, and to report a higher proportion of theft. Proportionally, serious persistent delinquents were the most violent of all trajectory groups. Using cluster analysis we identified three parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian (moderately supportive), and neglectful (punishing). Controlling for demographic characteristics and childhood delinquency, neglectful parenting was more frequent in moderate desisters, serious persisters, and serious desisters, suggesting that parenting styles differentiate non-or minor delinquents from more serious delinquents.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14115654" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eaa2878526e5c3417d4e0ae28858b5e9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44588396,"asset_id":14115654,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588396/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33116156" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland">Arjan Blokland</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33116156" type="text/json">{"id":33116156,"first_name":"Arjan","last_name":"Blokland","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"ArjanBlokland","display_name":"Arjan Blokland","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14115654 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14115654"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14115654, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14115654", }); 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Based on self-reported and official delinquency seriousness, covering ages 10-19, we identified five distinct delinquency trajectories differing in both level and change in seriousness over time: a nondelinquent, minor persisting, moderate desisting, serious persisting, and serious desisting trajectory. More serious delinquents tended to more frequently engage in delinquency, and to report a higher proportion of theft. Proportionally, serious persistent delinquents were the most violent of all trajectory groups. Using cluster analysis we identified three parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian (moderately supportive), and neglectful (punishing). Controlling for demographic characteristics and childhood delinquency, neglectful parenting was more frequent in moderate desisters, serious persisters, and serious desisters, suggesting that parenting styles differentiate non-or minor delinquents from more serious delinquents.","publication":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44588396,"asset_id":14115654,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44588396/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/44588396/Trajectories_of_Delinquency_and_Parentin20160410-16523-rd9l6n-libre.pdf?1460284908=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTrajectories_of_Delinquency_and_Parentin.pdf\u0026Expires=1739852191\u0026Signature=Sqt8Act2DIaldFD6rUmTTs6QFQivkEDmyQ7DGLcTFAm-h9FnevlGn9Yd1-zp3T7yrzTqOosMY2zZZX-MTZp0r1RLOaCNpwcYT7PpfEkauAOHFz1OErzRmbCnTTLO~2RxCAGRI6HFrleJMfi3vqSxkXaNMqlqlSJFI1e0ULo6ApLAztbm4QjpUXVst60xYK3M3A-cTMlyTioyk6i2U3ouKPgKhHbIeq-4rmfXwyvYx1lxq4E2Z8tYHq568~zqZogDtvXIuOgMWRQSre4EStCMdKoLTY7cyxV6IMoKN3~eNO3zh9mxKK0eEIeTMbi3IX0XkQbiw6IQwdeeGY8OAxSY5A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588396/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/44588396/mini_magick20190214-16641-31xtvv.png?1550149983"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":44588396,"asset_id":14115654,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44588396/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/44588396/Trajectories_of_Delinquency_and_Parentin20160410-16523-rd9l6n-libre.pdf?1460284908=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTrajectories_of_Delinquency_and_Parentin.pdf\u0026Expires=1739852191\u0026Signature=Sqt8Act2DIaldFD6rUmTTs6QFQivkEDmyQ7DGLcTFAm-h9FnevlGn9Yd1-zp3T7yrzTqOosMY2zZZX-MTZp0r1RLOaCNpwcYT7PpfEkauAOHFz1OErzRmbCnTTLO~2RxCAGRI6HFrleJMfi3vqSxkXaNMqlqlSJFI1e0ULo6ApLAztbm4QjpUXVst60xYK3M3A-cTMlyTioyk6i2U3ouKPgKhHbIeq-4rmfXwyvYx1lxq4E2Z8tYHq568~zqZogDtvXIuOgMWRQSre4EStCMdKoLTY7cyxV6IMoKN3~eNO3zh9mxKK0eEIeTMbi3IX0XkQbiw6IQwdeeGY8OAxSY5A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588396/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/44588396/mini_magick20190214-16641-31xtvv.png?1550149983"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":13,"ordered_authors":[{"id":33116156,"first_name":"Arjan","last_name":"Blokland","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"ArjanBlokland","display_name":"Arjan 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Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parent_child_Relations"},{"id":1181690,"name":"Adolescent Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent_Behavior"},{"id":1318932,"name":"Predictive value of tests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Predictive_value_of_tests"},{"id":1819400,"name":"Cohort Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cohort_Studies"}],"publication_year":2008,"publication_year_with_fallback":2008,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":59,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14115655 coauthored" data-work_id="14115655" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14115655/Delinquent_Development_in_Dutch_Childhood_Arrestees_Developmental_Trajectories_Risk_Factors_and_Co_morbidity_with_Adverse_Outcomes_during_Adolescence">Delinquent Development in Dutch Childhood Arrestees: Developmental Trajectories, Risk Factors and Co-morbidity with Adverse Outcomes during Adolescence</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Heterogeneity of re-offending patterns was studied in a group of 287 male early onset offenders who were first arrested before age 12. By combining data on the frequency and severity of offending as registered by the police over a 5-year... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14115655" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Heterogeneity of re-offending patterns was studied in a group of 287 male early onset offenders who were first arrested before age 12. By combining data on the frequency and severity of offending as registered by the police over a 5-year follow-up period, three delinquent trajectories were identified; low, escalating, and high level re-offenders. Predicting group membership by individual and environmental characteristics known to the police at the time of the first arrest proved difficult. Compared to low level re-offenders, escalators were older and more often came from disadvantaged neighborhoods. High level re-offenders were also older at onset, more often had a non-Western ethnic background, and initially committed more vandalism. Furthermore, at the first police encounter, the police reacted more severely towards those who later became high level re-offenders. Finally, high and escalating re-offenders more often had other adverse outcomes, such as criminal victimization and Child Welfare Agency involvement.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14115655" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3aad638703695fd042e1b6068eea599b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44588403,"asset_id":14115655,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588403/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33215404" href="https://vumc.academia.edu/LVanDomburgh">L. Van Domburgh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33215404" type="text/json">{"id":33215404,"first_name":"L. Van","last_name":"Domburgh","domain_name":"vumc","page_name":"LVanDomburgh","display_name":"L. Van Domburgh","profile_url":"https://vumc.academia.edu/LVanDomburgh","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-14115655">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-14115655"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland">Arjan Blokland</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-14115655'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-14115655').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14115655 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14115655"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14115655, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14115655", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14115655]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14115655").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14115655").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14115655"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6116" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Welfare">Child Welfare</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6116" type="text/json">{"id":6116,"name":"Child Welfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Welfare","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8206" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police">Police</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8206" type="text/json">{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14115655]'), work: {"id":14115655,"title":"Delinquent Development in Dutch Childhood Arrestees: Developmental Trajectories, Risk Factors and Co-morbidity with Adverse Outcomes during Adolescence","created_at":"2015-07-16T07:40:05.936-07:00","owner_id":33116156,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/14115655/Delinquent_Development_in_Dutch_Childhood_Arrestees_Developmental_Trajectories_Risk_Factors_and_Co_morbidity_with_Adverse_Outcomes_during_Adolescence","slug":"Delinquent_Development_in_Dutch_Childhood_Arrestees_Developmental_Trajectories_Risk_Factors_and_Co_morbidity_with_Adverse_Outcomes_during_Adolescence","dom_id":"work_14115655","summary":"Heterogeneity of re-offending patterns was studied in a group of 287 male early onset offenders who were first arrested before age 12. 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Policy makers have been seeking to reduce crime more efficiently by targeting corrections at these frequent offenders. Thus far, both macro-and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14115656" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A small number of offenders are responsible for a disproportionate share of total crime. Policy makers have been seeking to reduce crime more efficiently by targeting corrections at these frequent offenders. Thus far, both macro-and micro-level research have yielded mixed results regarding the effects of these kinds of selective policies. The current study uses data from the Netherlands Criminal Career and Life-course Study to estimate the incapacitative effects of alternative selective prison policies. Using the rolling cohorts method, implementations of various penal scenarios differing in selection rate, sentence disparity and selective accuracy are simulated. Results show that it is hard for selective policies to yield a positive societal result: costs of imprisonment typically exceed benefits gained from crimes prevented.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14115656" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c1cd0bc741ba179fcc940de9b15e929d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44588393,"asset_id":14115656,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588393/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33116156" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland">Arjan Blokland</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33116156" type="text/json">{"id":33116156,"first_name":"Arjan","last_name":"Blokland","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"ArjanBlokland","display_name":"Arjan Blokland","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14115656 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14115656"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14115656, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14115656", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14115656]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14115656").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14115656").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14115656"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13859" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_course">Life course</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13859" type="text/json">{"id":13859,"name":"Life course","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_course","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="73900" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_criminology">Quantitative criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="73900" type="text/json">{"id":73900,"name":"Quantitative criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_criminology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="457859" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_Benefit_Analysis">Cost Benefit Analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="457859" type="text/json">{"id":457859,"name":"Cost Benefit Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_Benefit_Analysis","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14115656]'), work: {"id":14115656,"title":"Selectively Incapacitating Frequent Offenders: Costs and Benefits of Various Penal Scenarios","created_at":"2015-07-16T07:40:06.036-07:00","owner_id":33116156,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/14115656/Selectively_Incapacitating_Frequent_Offenders_Costs_and_Benefits_of_Various_Penal_Scenarios","slug":"Selectively_Incapacitating_Frequent_Offenders_Costs_and_Benefits_of_Various_Penal_Scenarios","dom_id":"work_14115656","summary":"A small number of offenders are responsible for a disproportionate share of total crime. Policy makers have been seeking to reduce crime more efficiently by targeting corrections at these frequent offenders. Thus far, both macro-and micro-level research have yielded mixed results regarding the effects of these kinds of selective policies. The current study uses data from the Netherlands Criminal Career and Life-course Study to estimate the incapacitative effects of alternative selective prison policies. Using the rolling cohorts method, implementations of various penal scenarios differing in selection rate, sentence disparity and selective accuracy are simulated. Results show that it is hard for selective policies to yield a positive societal result: costs of imprisonment typically exceed benefits gained from crimes prevented.","publication":"Journal of Quantitative Criminology","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of Quantitative Criminology","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44588393,"asset_id":14115656,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44588393/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/44588393/Selectively_Incapacitating_Frequent_Offe20160410-2720-1svokab-libre.pdf?1460284908=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSelectively_Incapacitating_Frequent_Offe.pdf\u0026Expires=1739852191\u0026Signature=Nna~NdJuQhJK~iZBkWODQuLWRLkwsKbwlUCIv-PdghnbQwwyBqWxGhvf4oSf21oNYTpMvH5HfYi8wgv7HgKFd79s8ca-O4q7paiRdEXxhFeo~uYBvS9H4t5Dxe4OsKDNodGTZ3qHSck8cE14Jek8xswm11VPSFRBDp3Udm~qmzp521tstbwAp-HSnAOn7Y2dRAjIxa0LkRmLH8lYcOyR1n5vDzGI9pjsIAn3gKiujLncLVPxyiEDzPAJDnXecSnYIu5MZsm8lsy22Cv7AZbgHV~zlz1rzwhsA3y~~onqXosr8W8x7y1~edxFxX1koilYeERxlR8h2aXTO~RBkFjWoQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588393/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/44588393/mini_magick20190214-14155-pjjm6t.png?1550149987"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":44588393,"asset_id":14115656,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44588393/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/44588393/Selectively_Incapacitating_Frequent_Offe20160410-2720-1svokab-libre.pdf?1460284908=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSelectively_Incapacitating_Frequent_Offe.pdf\u0026Expires=1739852191\u0026Signature=Nna~NdJuQhJK~iZBkWODQuLWRLkwsKbwlUCIv-PdghnbQwwyBqWxGhvf4oSf21oNYTpMvH5HfYi8wgv7HgKFd79s8ca-O4q7paiRdEXxhFeo~uYBvS9H4t5Dxe4OsKDNodGTZ3qHSck8cE14Jek8xswm11VPSFRBDp3Udm~qmzp521tstbwAp-HSnAOn7Y2dRAjIxa0LkRmLH8lYcOyR1n5vDzGI9pjsIAn3gKiujLncLVPxyiEDzPAJDnXecSnYIu5MZsm8lsy22Cv7AZbgHV~zlz1rzwhsA3y~~onqXosr8W8x7y1~edxFxX1koilYeERxlR8h2aXTO~RBkFjWoQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588393/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/44588393/mini_magick20190214-14155-pjjm6t.png?1550149987"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":27,"ordered_authors":[{"id":33116156,"first_name":"Arjan","last_name":"Blokland","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"ArjanBlokland","display_name":"Arjan Blokland","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology","nofollow":true},{"id":13859,"name":"Life course","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_course","nofollow":true},{"id":73900,"name":"Quantitative criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_criminology","nofollow":true},{"id":457859,"name":"Cost Benefit Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_Benefit_Analysis","nofollow":true},{"id":1353931,"name":"Costs and Benefits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Costs_and_Benefits"}],"publication_year":2007,"publication_year_with_fallback":2007,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":22,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14115658" data-work_id="14115658" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14115658/Assessing_the_Impact_of_First_Time_Imprisonment_on_Offenders_Subsequent_Criminal_Career_Development_A_Matched_Samples_Comparison">Assessing the Impact of First-Time Imprisonment on Offenders’ Subsequent Criminal Career Development: A Matched Samples Comparison</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Using data from the Netherlands-based Criminal Career and Life-course Study the effect of first-time imprisonment between age 18-38 on the conviction rates in the 3 years immediately following the year of the imprisonment was examined.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14115658" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Using data from the Netherlands-based Criminal Career and Life-course Study the effect of first-time imprisonment between age 18-38 on the conviction rates in the 3 years immediately following the year of the imprisonment was examined. Unadjusted comparisons of those imprisoned and those not imprisoned will be biased because imprisonment is not meted out randomly. Selection processes will tend to make the imprisoned group disproportionately crime prone compared to the not imprisoned group. In this study group-based trajectory modeling was combined with risk set matching to balance a variety of measurable indicators of criminal propensity. Findings indicate that first-time imprisonment is associated with an increase in criminal activity in the 3 years following release. The effect of imprisonment is similar across offence types.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14115658" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="05acb445125f67be8fdf0b2adb224675" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44588404,"asset_id":14115658,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588404/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33116156" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland">Arjan Blokland</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33116156" type="text/json">{"id":33116156,"first_name":"Arjan","last_name":"Blokland","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"ArjanBlokland","display_name":"Arjan Blokland","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14115658 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14115658"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14115658, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14115658", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14115658]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14115658").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14115658").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14115658"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13859" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_course">Life course</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13859" type="text/json">{"id":13859,"name":"Life course","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_course","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="66911" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Career_Development">Career Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="66911" type="text/json">{"id":66911,"name":"Career Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Career_Development","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="73900" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_criminology">Quantitative criminology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="73900" type="text/json">{"id":73900,"name":"Quantitative criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_criminology","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14115658]'), work: {"id":14115658,"title":"Assessing the Impact of First-Time Imprisonment on Offenders’ Subsequent Criminal Career Development: A Matched Samples Comparison","created_at":"2015-07-16T07:40:06.154-07:00","owner_id":33116156,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/14115658/Assessing_the_Impact_of_First_Time_Imprisonment_on_Offenders_Subsequent_Criminal_Career_Development_A_Matched_Samples_Comparison","slug":"Assessing_the_Impact_of_First_Time_Imprisonment_on_Offenders_Subsequent_Criminal_Career_Development_A_Matched_Samples_Comparison","dom_id":"work_14115658","summary":"Using data from the Netherlands-based Criminal Career and Life-course Study the effect of first-time imprisonment between age 18-38 on the conviction rates in the 3 years immediately following the year of the imprisonment was examined. Unadjusted comparisons of those imprisoned and those not imprisoned will be biased because imprisonment is not meted out randomly. Selection processes will tend to make the imprisoned group disproportionately crime prone compared to the not imprisoned group. In this study group-based trajectory modeling was combined with risk set matching to balance a variety of measurable indicators of criminal propensity. Findings indicate that first-time imprisonment is associated with an increase in criminal activity in the 3 years following release. The effect of imprisonment is similar across offence types.","publication":"Journal of Quantitative Criminology","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of Quantitative Criminology","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44588404,"asset_id":14115658,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44588404/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/44588404/Assessing_the_Impact_of_First-Time_Impri20160410-6915-xb0dpl-libre.pdf?1460284908=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAssessing_the_Impact_of_First_Time_Impri.pdf\u0026Expires=1739827637\u0026Signature=CRRdxYiT0WpfX5yESp-XiRb2vWrQLXGZ8Fdc6KyMhwKVSktGsdllISWOmrPHIIfVvQoyG3VF4dDoQ9dmj95u0AsreyNxfAiIYqulNvrFaJdAqrbxFeRvrO5dCrAndqXdOPNWkXL473WHMd5kqIYZbSxtrRHfDB1SrUnnacyozo9T41dlOf2Eify8JCSKCPAEukhkMcUr3y~oFGfotv6o8GiW6VoI-fHtvmmTnYIrMwx88J6uQhd5wgp-zjM9XrTrZpOd4WEI-taZZKYdn61hlXcdCyPxKFrNzCkMebcvQCGE-9ChX8Utho7GrQFsTmjYrxJzcfo1kfs6-s3v8KM8nA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588404/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/44588404/mini_magick20190214-16634-1l9xuzp.png?1550149979"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":44588404,"asset_id":14115658,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44588404/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/44588404/Assessing_the_Impact_of_First-Time_Impri20160410-6915-xb0dpl-libre.pdf?1460284908=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAssessing_the_Impact_of_First_Time_Impri.pdf\u0026Expires=1739827637\u0026Signature=CRRdxYiT0WpfX5yESp-XiRb2vWrQLXGZ8Fdc6KyMhwKVSktGsdllISWOmrPHIIfVvQoyG3VF4dDoQ9dmj95u0AsreyNxfAiIYqulNvrFaJdAqrbxFeRvrO5dCrAndqXdOPNWkXL473WHMd5kqIYZbSxtrRHfDB1SrUnnacyozo9T41dlOf2Eify8JCSKCPAEukhkMcUr3y~oFGfotv6o8GiW6VoI-fHtvmmTnYIrMwx88J6uQhd5wgp-zjM9XrTrZpOd4WEI-taZZKYdn61hlXcdCyPxKFrNzCkMebcvQCGE-9ChX8Utho7GrQFsTmjYrxJzcfo1kfs6-s3v8KM8nA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588404/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/44588404/mini_magick20190214-16634-1l9xuzp.png?1550149979"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":31,"ordered_authors":[{"id":33116156,"first_name":"Arjan","last_name":"Blokland","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"ArjanBlokland","display_name":"Arjan Blokland","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology","nofollow":true},{"id":13859,"name":"Life course","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_course","nofollow":true},{"id":66911,"name":"Career Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Career_Development","nofollow":true},{"id":73900,"name":"Quantitative criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_criminology","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2009,"publication_year_with_fallback":2009,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":121,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14115659" data-work_id="14115659" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14115659/The_Impact_of_Imprisonment_on_Marriage_and_Divorce_A_Risk_Set_Matching_Approach">The Impact of Imprisonment on Marriage and Divorce: A Risk Set Matching Approach</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Marriage has a prominent place in criminological theory and research as one institution that has the potential to genuinely foster desistance from a criminal career. Mass imprisonment policies in the United States and elsewhere,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14115659" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Marriage has a prominent place in criminological theory and research as one institution that has the potential to genuinely foster desistance from a criminal career. Mass imprisonment policies in the United States and elsewhere, therefore, pose a potential threat of increased crime if they impede the ability of ex-prisoners to reintegrate into society by stigmatizing them and limiting their chances in the marriage market. We use a long-term study of a conviction cohort in The Netherlands to ascertain the effect that first-time imprisonment has on the likelihood of marriage and divorce. The results suggest that the effect of imprisonment on the likelihood of marriage (among unmarried offenders) is largely a selection artifact, although there is very weak evidence for a short-lived impact that does not persist past the first year post-release. This is interpreted as a residual incapacitation effect. On the other hand, the results strongly suggest that the experience of incarceration leads to a substantially higher divorce risk among offenders who are married when they enter prison.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14115659" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7302d5d831b452317a4a0639c9890e44" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38978105,"asset_id":14115659,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38978105/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33116156" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland">Arjan Blokland</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33116156" type="text/json">{"id":33116156,"first_name":"Arjan","last_name":"Blokland","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"ArjanBlokland","display_name":"Arjan Blokland","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14115659 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14115659"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14115659, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14115659", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14115659 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14115659; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14115659"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14115659 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14115659"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14115659; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14115659]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14115659").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14115659").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14115659"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="73900" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_criminology">Quantitative criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="73900" type="text/json">{"id":73900,"name":"Quantitative criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_criminology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="98134" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States">United States</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="98134" type="text/json">{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="442734" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/First_Year">First Year</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="442734" type="text/json">{"id":442734,"name":"First Year","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/First_Year","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14115659]'), work: {"id":14115659,"title":"The Impact of Imprisonment on Marriage and Divorce: A Risk Set Matching Approach","created_at":"2015-07-16T07:40:06.245-07:00","owner_id":33116156,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/14115659/The_Impact_of_Imprisonment_on_Marriage_and_Divorce_A_Risk_Set_Matching_Approach","slug":"The_Impact_of_Imprisonment_on_Marriage_and_Divorce_A_Risk_Set_Matching_Approach","dom_id":"work_14115659","summary":"Marriage has a prominent place in criminological theory and research as one institution that has the potential to genuinely foster desistance from a criminal career. Mass imprisonment policies in the United States and elsewhere, therefore, pose a potential threat of increased crime if they impede the ability of ex-prisoners to reintegrate into society by stigmatizing them and limiting their chances in the marriage market. We use a long-term study of a conviction cohort in The Netherlands to ascertain the effect that first-time imprisonment has on the likelihood of marriage and divorce. The results suggest that the effect of imprisonment on the likelihood of marriage (among unmarried offenders) is largely a selection artifact, although there is very weak evidence for a short-lived impact that does not persist past the first year post-release. This is interpreted as a residual incapacitation effect. On the other hand, the results strongly suggest that the experience of incarceration leads to a substantially higher divorce risk among offenders who are married when they enter prison.","publication":"Journal of Quantitative Criminology","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of Quantitative Criminology","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38978105,"asset_id":14115659,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/38978105/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/38978105/2010_CCLS_The_impact_of_imprisonment_on_marriage_and_divorce_JQC-libre.pdf?1443794776=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Impact_of_Imprisonment_on_Marriage_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1739852191\u0026Signature=XHyS9sGmL0WVzksJKvXfpcp7RE-agmOJTWM0dDEy~mHeXgb6N2rP3nFAEPtz2BJzwvKAwOJtXrh2SG1cR7KScIX6gtqLs1fgph6UwE3B2NS1my18eXxo6jPwbMYX29gTaaZkKBrERvjZtu5gpxK9noHvpfsQ8nCC6Oeew856LVkG8o3xVIdNUsqANzJMk0ZuoaUnGblSQ7l4u9SsYhtK91u-DSyhz7GuzLwnkvSmD4M6uwVrf3eexTAOymX9q1M-4BYuIQGLyoj5IYM69ytHIlmVfSr01cXNaq8~6HaCzMsXiUgPVU~A94n2iYgA6CA0dvu6V-fBykIoElRv~my3kA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38978105/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/38978105/mini_magick20190223-2412-1ymyqod.png?1550966449"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":38978105,"asset_id":14115659,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/38978105/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/38978105/2010_CCLS_The_impact_of_imprisonment_on_marriage_and_divorce_JQC-libre.pdf?1443794776=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Impact_of_Imprisonment_on_Marriage_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1739852191\u0026Signature=XHyS9sGmL0WVzksJKvXfpcp7RE-agmOJTWM0dDEy~mHeXgb6N2rP3nFAEPtz2BJzwvKAwOJtXrh2SG1cR7KScIX6gtqLs1fgph6UwE3B2NS1my18eXxo6jPwbMYX29gTaaZkKBrERvjZtu5gpxK9noHvpfsQ8nCC6Oeew856LVkG8o3xVIdNUsqANzJMk0ZuoaUnGblSQ7l4u9SsYhtK91u-DSyhz7GuzLwnkvSmD4M6uwVrf3eexTAOymX9q1M-4BYuIQGLyoj5IYM69ytHIlmVfSr01cXNaq8~6HaCzMsXiUgPVU~A94n2iYgA6CA0dvu6V-fBykIoElRv~my3kA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38978105/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/38978105/mini_magick20190223-2412-1ymyqod.png?1550966449"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":32,"ordered_authors":[{"id":33116156,"first_name":"Arjan","last_name":"Blokland","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"ArjanBlokland","display_name":"Arjan Blokland","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology","nofollow":true},{"id":73900,"name":"Quantitative criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_criminology","nofollow":true},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States","nofollow":true},{"id":442734,"name":"First Year","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/First_Year","nofollow":true},{"id":1271415,"name":"Long Term Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Study"}],"publication_year":2010,"publication_year_with_fallback":2010,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":66,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14115664" data-work_id="14115664" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14115664/Het_incapacitatie_effect_van_de_eerste_gevangenisstraf_een_gematchte_vergelijking">Het incapacitatie-effect van de eerste gevangenisstraf: een gematchte vergelijking</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">One sure way that imprisonment prevents crime in the community is by incapacitating offenders. We used official criminal records data of all individuals convicted in the Netherlands in 1997 to provide estimates of the incapacitation... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14115664" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">One sure way that imprisonment prevents crime in the community is by incapacitating offenders. We used official criminal records data of all individuals convicted in the Netherlands in 1997 to provide estimates of the incapacitation effect of first-time imprisonment. Two different analytical strategies were applied for the estimation of the incapacitation effect. First, the incapacitation effect was estimated based on the offending rate individuals imprisoned in 1997 showed prior to their confinement. Second, imprisoned offenders were paired with comparable non-imprisoned offenders using the method of propensity score matching. Our best estimate is that between 0.17 and 0.21 registered offenses are prevented per year of incarceration.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14115664" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4fc8b3fedf517aa6d9273ad7044af42b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44588398,"asset_id":14115664,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44588398/download_file?st=MTczOTg0ODU5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33116156" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland">Arjan Blokland</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33116156" type="text/json">{"id":33116156,"first_name":"Arjan","last_name":"Blokland","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"ArjanBlokland","display_name":"Arjan Blokland","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/ArjanBlokland","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14115664 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14115664"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14115664, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14115664", }); 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