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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ostatnie zmiany</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="wolna encyklopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-pl.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Szukaj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Szukaj</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" aria-label="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Specjalna:Szukaj"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Szukaj</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Zmień rozmiar czcionki, szerokość oraz kolorystykę strony" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wygląd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wygląd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl" class=""><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=Karze%C5%82+%28gwiazda%29" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe." class=""><span>Utwórz konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=Karze%C5%82+%28gwiazda%29" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Zaloguj się</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Więcej opcji" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia osobiste</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu użytkownika" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl"><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=Karze%C5%82+%28gwiazda%29" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Utwórz konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=Karze%C5%82+%28gwiazda%29" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Karzeł (gwiazda)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 48 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwergster" title="Dwergster – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dwergster" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%B2%D9%85" title="نجم قزم – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نجم قزم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patuljasta_zvijezda" title="Patuljasta zvijezda – bośniacki" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Patuljasta zvijezda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bośniacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estel_nan" title="Estel nan – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estel nan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0_%C3%A7%C4%83%D0%BB%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80" title="Карликла çăлтăр – czuwaski" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Карликла çăлтăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="czuwaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trpasl%C3%ADk_(hv%C4%9Bzda)" title="Trpaslík (hvězda) – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trpaslík (hvězda)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwergstern" title="Zwergstern – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zwergstern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Νάνος αστέρας – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νάνος αστέρας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_star" title="Dwarf star – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Dwarf star" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrella_enana" title="Estrella enana – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estrella enana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izar_nano" title="Izar nano – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izar nano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87" title="ستاره کوتوله – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ستاره کوتوله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89toile_naine" title="Étoile naine – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Étoile naine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhacr%C3%A9alta" title="Abhacréalta – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abhacréalta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%9C%EC%84%B1" title="왜성 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="왜성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B3_%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2" title="Գաճաճ աստղ – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գաճաճ աստղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang_katai" title="Bintang katai – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bintang katai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_nan" title="Stella nan – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stella nan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%A1_(%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91)" title="ננס (כוכב) – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ננס (כוכב)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ჯუჯა ვარსკვლავი – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯუჯა ვარსკვლავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Карлик жылдыздар – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Карлик жылдыздар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundurzvaigzne" title="Pundurzvaigzne – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pundurzvaigzne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwergst%C3%A4r" title="Zwergstär – luksemburski" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zwergstär" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D1%83%D1%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Џуџеста ѕвезда – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џуџеста ѕвезда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang_kerdil" title="Bintang kerdil – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bintang kerdil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF" title="ကြယ်ပု – birmański" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြယ်ပု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwergster" title="Dwergster – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dwergster" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="矮星 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="矮星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvergstjerne" title="Dvergstjerne – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dvergstjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvergstjerne" title="Dvergstjerne – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dvergstjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitti_yulduzlar" title="Mitti yulduzlar – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mitti yulduzlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwargsteern" title="Dwargsteern – dolnoniemiecki" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Dwargsteern" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="dolnoniemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrela_an%C3%A3" title="Estrela anã – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estrela anã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stea_pitic%C4%83" title="Stea pitică – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stea pitică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Карликовая звезда – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карликовая звезда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94" title="වාමන තරු – syngaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වාමන තරු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="syngaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_star" title="Dwarf star – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dwarf star" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trpasl%C3%ADk_(hviezda)" title="Trpaslík (hviezda) – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Trpaslík (hviezda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezda_pritlikavka" title="Zvezda pritlikavka – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zvezda pritlikavka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%86" title="ئەستێرەی گرگن – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەستێرەی گرگن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4%C3%A4pi%C3%B6t%C3%A4hti" title="Kääpiötähti – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kääpiötähti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dv%C3%A4rgstj%C3%A4rna" title="Dvärgstjärna – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dvärgstjärna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwendeng_bituin" title="Duwendeng bituin – tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Duwendeng bituin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0" title="ดาวแคระ – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวแคระ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BCce_y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z" title="Cüce yıldız – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cüce yıldız" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F" title="Карликова зоря – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карликова зоря" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_l%C3%B9n" title="Sao lùn – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao lùn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%AE%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="矮恒星 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="矮恒星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q244393#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Karze%C5%82_(gwiazda)" title="Zobacz stronę treści [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artykuł</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja:Karze%C5%82_(gwiazda)&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Dyskusja o zawartości tej strony (strona nie istnieje) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zmień wariant języka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">polski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Widok"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Karze%C5%82_(gwiazda)"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karze%C5%82_(gwiazda)&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karze%C5%82_(gwiazda)&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karze%C5%82_(gwiazda)&action=history" title="Starsze wersje tej strony [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Narzędzia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Więcej opcji" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Działania </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Karze%C5%82_(gwiazda)"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karze%C5%82_(gwiazda)&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karze%C5%82_(gwiazda)&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karze%C5%82_(gwiazda)&action=history"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ogólne </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Linkuj%C4%85ce/Karze%C5%82_(gwiazda)" title="Pokaż listę wszystkich stron linkujących do tej strony [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Linkujące</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Zmiany_w_linkowanych/Karze%C5%82_(gwiazda)" rel="nofollow" title="Ostatnie zmiany w stronach, do których ta strona linkuje [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Zmiany w linkowanych</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Prześlij_plik" title="Prześlij pliki [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Prześlij plik</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Strony_specjalne" title="Lista wszystkich stron specjalnych [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Strony specjalne</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karze%C5%82_(gwiazda)&oldid=70748380" title="Stały link do tej wersji tej strony"><span>Link do tej wersji</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karze%C5%82_(gwiazda)&action=info" title="Więcej informacji na temat tej strony"><span>Informacje o tej stronie</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Cytuj&page=Karze%C5%82_%28gwiazda%29&id=70748380&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacja o tym jak należy cytować tę stronę"><span>Cytowanie tego artykułu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Skr%C3%B3%C4%87_adres_URL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKarze%25C5%2582_%28gwiazda%29"><span>Zobacz skrócony adres URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Kod_QR&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKarze%25C5%2582_%28gwiazda%29"><span>Pobierz kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Drukuj lub eksportuj </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Karze%C5%82+%28gwiazda%29"><span>Utwórz książkę</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_ujednoznaczniaj%C4%85ca" title="Inne znaczenia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/25px-Disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/38px-Disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/50px-Disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="183" /></a></span><span>Ten artykuł dotyczy gwiazd ciągu głównego. Zobacz też: <a href="/wiki/Karze%C5%82" class="mw-disambig" title="Karzeł">inne znaczenia tego słowa</a> (gwiazdy i nie tylko).</span></div> <p><b>Karły</b> – gwiazdy zaliczane do <a href="/wiki/Typ_widmowy" title="Typ widmowy">klasy jasności</a> V. Najczęściej występujący typ <a href="/wiki/Gwiazda" title="Gwiazda">gwiazdy</a>; są to <a href="/wiki/Populacje_gwiazdowe" title="Populacje gwiazdowe">gwiazdy I populacji</a> leżące w granicach <a href="/wiki/Ci%C4%85g_g%C5%82%C3%B3wny" title="Ciąg główny">ciągu głównego</a> na <a href="/wiki/Diagram_Hertzsprunga-Russella" title="Diagram Hertzsprunga-Russella">diagramie Hertzsprunga-Russella</a>. </p><p>Bezpośrednio po powstaniu gwiazdy mają stosunkowo duże rozmiary; następnie kurczą się, zmierzając na diagramie Hertzsprunga-Russella do linii zwanej <a href="/wiki/Ci%C4%85g_g%C5%82%C3%B3wny_wieku_zero" title="Ciąg główny wieku zero">ciągiem głównym wieku zero</a>. Jej dokładne położenie zależy od składu chemicznego materii gwiazdowej, mierzonego sumaryczną zawartością wszystkich <a href="/wiki/Pierwiastek_chemiczny" title="Pierwiastek chemiczny">pierwiastków</a> cięższych od <a href="/wiki/Hel_(pierwiastek)" title="Hel (pierwiastek)">helu</a>. Po osiągnięciu ciągu głównego wieku zero gwiazda przestaje się kurczyć (osiągając swój minimalny promień) i staje się karłem; w jej jądrze rozpoczyna się reakcja przemiany <a href="/wiki/Wod%C3%B3r" title="Wodór">wodoru</a> w hel. W miarę zużywania wodoru promień karła powoli rośnie. Gwiazda opuszcza ciąg główny, gdy w jej środku wyczerpie się całkowicie wodór. Czas główny na ciągu głównym, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{cg},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{cg},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4c4237c48cd70ba73b451c153b33dacaa3715d2c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.22ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{cg},}"></span> czyli czas trwania w stadium karła, można oszacować z przybliżonej formuły: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{cg}\approx 10^{10}(M/M_{\odot })^{-2{,}5}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{cg}\approx 10^{10}(M/M_{\odot })^{-2{,}5}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e1b14abdc5c2862b17189d6952d1d310aa6fc1e1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:22.664ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{cg}\approx 10^{10}(M/M_{\odot })^{-2{,}5}}"></span> lat, gdzie <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}"></span> jest masą karła, a <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{\odot }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{\odot }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fa96ed83d5db40d3350f1eb4f3e87754ef91793" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.765ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{\odot }}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Masa_S%C5%82o%C5%84ca" title="Masa Słońca">masą Słońca</a>. Od ciągu głównego gwiazda przechodzi do obszarów olbrzymów. Podstawowe parametry karłów, czyli jasność <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}"></span> i temperatura efektywna (a zatem i promień), są określone w dobrym przybliżeniu przez masę gwiazdy, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log(L/L_{\odot })=k\log(M/M_{\odot })+0{,}08,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>08</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log(L/L_{\odot })=k\log(M/M_{\odot })+0{,}08,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4e3bb2a0d5427edde65987ac1ad9b00a4add7983" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:35.089ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log(L/L_{\odot })=k\log(M/M_{\odot })+0{,}08,}"></span> gdzie <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=3{,}8}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>8</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=3{,}8}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9e3b77b4420fe09d264a20c0bb8a35fe8e87ce2b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.281ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=3{,}8}"></span> dla <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M>0{,}2\ M_{\odot }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mo>></mo> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M>0{,}2\ M_{\odot }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dc839e41d5c0fe4c41091bf098e5c8fadab49ab1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.858ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M>0{,}2\ M_{\odot }}"></span> (dla gwiazd mniej masywnych – ok. 2,5), a <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{\odot }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{\odot }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/373a5cff1f662ec2b7103301e2a6ed98c2b78498" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.094ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{\odot }}"></span> jest jasnością <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82o%C5%84ce" title="Słońce">Słońca</a>. </p><p>Przemiana wodoru w hel zachodzi w jądrach karłów przez dwa podstawowe łańcuchy <a href="/wiki/Reakcja_termoj%C4%85drowa" title="Reakcja termojądrowa">reakcji termojądrowych</a>: tzw. <a href="/wiki/Cykl_protonowy" title="Cykl protonowy">cykl proton-proton (p-p)</a> i <a href="/wiki/Cykl_w%C4%99glowo-azotowo-tlenowy" title="Cykl węglowo-azotowo-tlenowy">cykl CNO</a>. W mało masywnych karłach dominuje cykl p-p, w karłach o masie ok. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1{,}3\ M_{\odot }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1{,}3\ M_{\odot }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/58fba6db2052f1fd7d9a7cc97409d0d800b97666" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.317ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1{,}3\ M_{\odot }}"></span> obydwa cykle mają porównywalną wydajność, w bardziej masywnych karłach dominuje zaś cykl CNO. W jądrach karłów o <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M>1{,}3\ M_{\odot }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mo>></mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M>1{,}3\ M_{\odot }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/030e9947bf504150a740d66260598b40fb8a99a8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.858ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M>1{,}3\ M_{\odot }}"></span> wskutek <a href="/wiki/Konwekcja" title="Konwekcja">konwekcji</a> następuje mieszanie materii powodujące utrzymanie w całym jądrze praktycznie takiego samego składu chemicznego; skokowy spadek zawartości helu – do wartości odpowiadającej nie przetworzonej w reakcjach jądrowych materii gwiazdowej – występuje na jej zewnętrznej granicy; poza jądrem energia jest przenoszona na zewnątrz gwiazdy na drodze promienistej. W jądrach karłów o <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M<1{,}3\ M_{\odot }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M<1{,}3\ M_{\odot }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/37351f9109da1a919cb9590c2a3ebc5056663a50" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.858ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M<1{,}3\ M_{\odot }}"></span> nie ma konwekcji, a tempo malenia zawartości wodoru najszybsze jest w środku, coraz wolniejsze ku zewnętrznej granicy jądra; w efekcie zawartość helu spada płynnie od środka gwiazdy do granicy jądra; wytworzona energia jest przenoszona na zewnątrz, początkowo na drodze promienistej, a bliżej powierzchni karła w wyniku konwekcji. W karłach o coraz mniejszych masach i temperaturach efektywnych warstwa częściowej <a href="/wiki/Jonizacja" title="Jonizacja">jonizacji</a> (a wraz z nią warstwa konwekcyjna) sięga coraz głębiej pod powierzchnię (np. w Słońcu do ok. 1/3 promienia), aż przy masie karłów ok. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0{,}3\ M_{\odot }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0{,}3\ M_{\odot }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1b898e40b84e994b89d60653043ac0e7c16e7610" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.317ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0{,}3\ M_{\odot }}"></span> dochodzi do środka gwiazdy. Obecność warstwy konwektywnej w rotującej gwieździe prowadzi do powstania aktywności magnetycznej gwiazdy. Minimalna masa karłów wynosi ok. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0{,}08\ M_{\odot }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>08</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0{,}08\ M_{\odot }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/90cdc379a63747e3f779dcb437f4a9fe22f6f129" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.48ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0{,}08\ M_{\odot }}"></span> (dokładana jej wartość zależy od składy chemicznego materii gwiazdowej). Obiekty o mniejszych masach nie osiągają w centrum dostatecznie wysokiej temperatury, by mogły zachodzić w nich reakcje przemiany wodoru w hel (<a href="/wiki/Br%C4%85zowy_karze%C5%82" title="Brązowy karzeł">brązowe karły</a>). </p><p>Dla karłów poszczególnych <a href="/wiki/Typ_widmowy" title="Typ widmowy">typów widmowych</a> używa się nazw pochodzących od ich barwy: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czerwony_karze%C5%82" title="Czerwony karzeł">czerwony karzeł</a> – karzeł o typie widmowym K-M,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomara%C5%84czowy_karze%C5%82" title="Pomarańczowy karzeł">pomarańczowy karzeł</a> – karzeł o typie widmowym K,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82ty_karze%C5%82" title="Żółty karzeł">żółty karzeł</a> – karzeł o typie widmowym G (przykładem gwiazdy tego typu jest <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82o%C5%84ce" title="Słońce">Słońce</a>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82to-bia%C5%82y_karze%C5%82" title="Żółto-biały karzeł">żółto-biały karzeł</a> – karzeł o typie widmowym F,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwiazdy_typu_widmowego_O_V" title="Gwiazdy typu widmowego O V">błękitny karzeł</a> – karzeł o typie widmowym O,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%85zowy_karze%C5%82" title="Brązowy karzeł">brązowy karzeł</a> – obiekt gwiazdopodobny o masie zbyt małej, żeby zachodziły w nim reakcje termojądrowe</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karze%C5%82_(gwiazda)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karze%C5%82_(gwiazda)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Bibliografia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><i>Encyklopedia G.W</i>. EU: Mediasat Poland Sp. z o.o., s. 709–710. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/8389651424" title="Specjalna:Książki/8389651424">ISBN <span class="isbn">83-89651-42-4</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+G.W&rft.pub=Mediasat+Poland+Sp.+z+o.o.&rft.place=EU&rft.pages=709%E2%80%93710&rft.isbn=83-89651-42-4"></span></cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description"><a href="/wiki/Gwiazda" title="Gwiazda">gwiazda</a></span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85040185">sh85040185</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4191562-8">4191562-8</a></span></li><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_NDL_Authorities" class="extiw" title="de:Web NDL Authorities">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574115">00574115</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale" title="Bibliothèque nationale">BnF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12216439k">12216439k</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centralna_Biblioteka_Narodowa_we_Florencji" title="Centralna Biblioteka Narodowa we Florencji">BNCF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=49163">49163</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565470805171">987007565470805171</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">PWN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3920545.html">3920545</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/dwarf-star">topic/dwarf-star</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=dvergstjerner">dvergstjerner</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0181721.xml">0181721</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karzeł_(gwiazda)&oldid=70748380">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karzeł_(gwiazda)&oldid=70748380</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Kar%C5%82y" title="Kategoria:Karły">Karły</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Tę stronę ostatnio edytowano 28 cze 2023, 17:28.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst udostępniany na licencji <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pl">Creative Commons: uznanie autorstwa, na tych samych warunkach</a>, z możliwością obowiązywania dodatkowych ograniczeń. 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