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Anti-ship bombing demonstration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Project_B:_Anti-ship_bombing_demonstration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1st_Provisional_Air_Brigade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1st_Provisional_Air_Brigade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1st Provisional Air Brigade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1st_Provisional_Air_Brigade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules_of_engagement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_of_engagement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Rules of engagement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rules_of_engagement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinking_of_the_Ostfriesland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinking_of_the_Ostfriesland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sinking of the <i>Ostfriesland</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinking_of_the_Ostfriesland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_bombing_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_the_bombing_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Aftermath of the bombing tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_bombing_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Virginia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Virginia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>West Virginia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Virginia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promoting_air_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promoting_air_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Promoting air power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Promoting_air_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Promoting air power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Promoting_air_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Friction_and_demotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friction_and_demotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Friction and demotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friction_and_demotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court-martial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court-martial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Court-martial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court-martial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempts_at_posthumous_promotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_at_posthumous_promotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Attempts at posthumous promotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempts_at_posthumous_promotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressional_Gold_Medal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional_Gold_Medal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Congressional Gold Medal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congressional_Gold_Medal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_civilian_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_civilian_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Military and civilian awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_and_civilian_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military and civilian awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_and_civilian_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mitchell's_military_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitchell's_military_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Mitchell's military awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitchell's_military_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitchell's_civilian_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitchell's_civilian_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Mitchell's civilian awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitchell's_civilian_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Military societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_of_promotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_promotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Dates of promotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_promotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Posthumous recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Billy Mitchell</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%84" title="وليم بيلي ميتشل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وليم بيلي ميتشل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Mitchell" title="Billy Mitchell – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Billy Mitchell" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Mitchell_(General)" title="Billy Mitchell (General) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Billy Mitchell (General)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mitchell" title="William Mitchell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Mitchell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Mitchell" title="Billy Mitchell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Billy Mitchell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Mitchell" title="Billy Mitchell – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Billy Mitchell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Mitchell" title="Billy Mitchell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Billy Mitchell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%9C" title="בילי מיטשל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בילי מיטשל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%84" title="وليم بيلى ميتشل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وليم بيلى ميتشل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB" title="ウィリアム・ミッチェル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・ミッチェル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Mitchell" title="Billy Mitchell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Billy Mitchell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Mitchell" title="Billy Mitchell – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Billy Mitchell" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Mitchell_(militar)" title="Billy Mitchell (militar) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Billy Mitchell (militar)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Митчелл, Уильям (генерал) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Митчелл, Уильям (генерал)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Mitchell" title="Billy Mitchell – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Billy Mitchell" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Mitchell" title="Billy Mitchell – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Billy Mitchell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Mitchell" title="Billy Mitchell – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Billy Mitchell" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Вільям Мітчелл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільям Мітчелл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%87%E5%B0%94" title="威廉·米切尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉·米切尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q863201#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">United States Army WWI general (1879–1936)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Billy Mitchell, see <a href="/wiki/Billy_Mitchell_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Billy Mitchell (disambiguation)">Billy Mitchell (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Billy Mitchell</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Billy_Mitchell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Billy_Mitchell.jpg/220px-Billy_Mitchell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Billy_Mitchell.jpg/330px-Billy_Mitchell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Billy_Mitchell.jpg/440px-Billy_Mitchell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2587" data-file-height="3299" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Mitchell, c. 1920s</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">William Lendrum Mitchell</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1879-12-29</span>)</span>December 29, 1879<br /><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 19, 1936<span style="display:none">(1936-02-19)</span> (aged 56)<br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Forest_Home_Cemetery" title="Forest Home Cemetery">Forest Home Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prop_and_wings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Prop_and_wings.svg/20px-Prop_and_wings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Prop_and_wings.svg/30px-Prop_and_wings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Prop_and_wings.svg/40px-Prop_and_wings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="176" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service" title="United States Army Air Service">Army Air Service</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1898–1926</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a> (Permanent) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a> (Temporary)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/US_Army_Air_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army Air Service">Air Service, Third Army – AEF</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel" title="Battle of Saint-Mihiel">Battle of Saint-Mihiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Battalion_(World_War_I)" title="Lost Battalion (World War I)">The Lost Battalion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_coal_wars" title="West Virginia coal wars">West Virginia coal wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United States)">Distinguished Service Cross</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Distinguished Service Medal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" title="World War I Victory Medal (United States)">World War I Victory Medal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> (posthumous)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Lendrum Mitchell</b> (December 29, 1879 – February 19, 1936) was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> officer who had a major role in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ott2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ott2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mitchell served in France during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and, by the conflict's end, commanded all American air combat units in that country. After the war, he was appointed deputy director of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service" title="United States Army Air Service">Air Service</a> and began advocating for increased investment in air power, believing that this would prove vital in future wars. He argued particularly for the ability of <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a> to sink <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> and organized a series of bombing runs against stationary ships designed to test the idea. </p><p>He antagonized many administrative leaders of the Army with his arguments and criticism and in 1925, his temporary appointment as a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> was not renewed, and he reverted to his permanent rank of <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a>, due to his <a href="/wiki/Insubordination" title="Insubordination">insubordination</a>. Later that year, he was <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martialed</a> for insubordination after accusing Army and Navy leaders of an "almost treasonable administration of the national defense"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for investing in battleships. He resigned from the service shortly afterwards. </p><p>Mitchell received many honors following his death, including a Congressional Gold Medal. He is also the first person for whom an American military aircraft design, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">North American B-25 Mitchell</a>, is named. <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Mitchell_International_Airport" title="Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport">Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport</a> in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is also named after Mitchell. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Lendrum_Mitchell_(full_shot).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/William_Lendrum_Mitchell_%28full_shot%29.jpg/220px-William_Lendrum_Mitchell_%28full_shot%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/William_Lendrum_Mitchell_%28full_shot%29.jpg/330px-William_Lendrum_Mitchell_%28full_shot%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/William_Lendrum_Mitchell_%28full_shot%29.jpg/440px-William_Lendrum_Mitchell_%28full_shot%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="1018" /></a><figcaption>Mitchell as assistant chief of Air Service (in non-regulation uniform)</figcaption></figure> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, France, to <a href="/wiki/John_L._Mitchell" title="John L. Mitchell">John L. Mitchell</a>, a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">senator</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bio_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his wife Harriet Danforth (Becker), Mitchell grew up on an estate in North <a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Wisconsin" title="Greenfield, Wisconsin">Greenfield, Wisconsin</a>, which is now the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a> suburb of <a href="/wiki/West_Allis,_Wisconsin" title="West Allis, Wisconsin">West Allis, Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitchell's father served in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> as a first lieutenant in the <a href="/wiki/24th_Wisconsin_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="24th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment">24th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment</a> along with future general <a href="/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur_Jr." title="Arthur MacArthur Jr.">Arthur MacArthur</a> (the father of General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>). The elder Mitchell served as a United States senator from 1883 to 1889. </p><p>His paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mitchell_(Wisconsin_politician)" title="Alexander Mitchell (Wisconsin politician)">Alexander Mitchell</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scotsman</a>, established what became the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Road" title="Milwaukee Road">Milwaukee Road</a> railroad and the Marine Bank of Wisconsin. <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Park_Horticultural_Conservatory#Mitchell_Park" title="Mitchell Park Horticultural Conservatory">Mitchell Park</a> and the shopping precinct of Mitchell Street were named in honor of Alexander. His paternal grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Martha_Reed_Mitchell" title="Martha Reed Mitchell">Martha Reed Mitchell</a>, was well known in charity, art and society circles. </p><p>Mitchell's sister <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mitchell" title="Ruth Mitchell">Ruth</a> fought with the <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a> in Yugoslavia during World War II and later wrote a book about her brother, <i>My Brother Bill</i>. </p><p>Mitchell was accepted into <a href="/wiki/Columbian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian University">Columbian University</a> (later renamed George Washington University) in Washington, D.C., but dropped out to join the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish-American War</a>, though he eventually graduated from the school.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there he was a member of <a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Psi" title="Phi Kappa Psi">Phi Kappa Psi</a> fraternity.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon dropping out of Columbian at age 18, he enlisted in the United States Army as a <a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)" title="Private (rank)">private</a> and was mustered into <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">Company</a> M of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Wisconsin_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment_(1898)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment (1898)">1st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment</a> on May 14, 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitchell was immediately assigned and <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilized</a> into <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur_Jr." title="Arthur MacArthur Jr.">Arthur MacArthur</a>'s command in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, where MacArthur was placed in charge of the Department of Northern Luzon in the spring of 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-Clayton_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayton-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitchell participated in operations against <a href="/wiki/Filipinos#Hispanic_settlement_and_rule_(1521–1898)" title="Filipinos">Filipino</a> <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgents</a> in northern and central <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Clayton_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayton-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the end of the Spanish-American War and during the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>. He quickly gained a <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">commission</a> due to his father's influence and joined the <a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal Corps (United States Army)">U.S. Army Signal Corps</a>. </p><p>Following the cessation of hostilities, Mitchell remained in the Army. From 1900 to 1904, Mitchell was posted in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Alaska" title="District of Alaska">District of Alaska</a> as a lieutenant in the Signal Corps. On May 26, 1900, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> appropriated $450,000 to establish a communications system connecting the many isolated and widely separated U.S. Army outposts and civilian <a href="/wiki/Nome_Gold_Rush" title="Nome Gold Rush">Gold Rush</a> camps in Alaska by <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">telegraph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with Captain George C. Brunnell, Lieutenant Mitchell oversaw the construction of what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Communications_System" title="Alaska Communications System">Washington-Alaska Military Cable and Telegraph System</a> (WAMCATS).<sup id="cite_ref-Egbert2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egbert2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He predicted as early as 1906, while an instructor at the Army's Signal School in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a>, Kansas, that future conflicts would take place in the air, not on the ground. </p><p>In 1908, as a young Signal Corps officer, Mitchell observed Orville Wright's flying demonstration at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Myer" title="Fort Myer">Fort Myer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. Mitchell took flight lessons at the <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Flying_School" title="Curtiss Flying School">Curtiss Flying School</a> at <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News, Virginia</a>. </p><p>In March 1912, after assignments in the Philippines that saw him tour battlefields of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> and conclude that war with Japan was inevitable one day,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Mitchell was one of 21 officers selected to serve on the <a href="/wiki/General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="General Staff">General Staff</a>—at the time, its youngest member at age 32. He appeared in August 1913 at legislative hearings considering a bill to make Army aviation a branch separate from the Signal Corps and testified against the bill. As the only Signal Corps officer on the General Staff, he was chosen as temporary head of the <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Section,_U.S._Signal_Corps" title="Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps">Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps</a>, a predecessor of the present day <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>, in May 1916, when its head was reprimanded and relieved of duty for <a href="/wiki/Malfeasance" class="mw-redirect" title="Malfeasance">malfeasance</a> in the section. Mitchell administered the section until the new head, Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/George_O._Squier" class="mw-redirect" title="George O. Squier">George O. Squier</a>, arrived from attaché duties in London, England, where World War I was in progress, then became his permanent assistant. In June, he took private flying lessons at the <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Flying_School" title="Curtiss Flying School">Curtiss Flying School</a> because he was proscribed by law from aviator training by age and rank, at an expense to himself of $1,470 (approximately $33,000 in 2015).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1916, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">major</a> and appointed Chief of the Air Service of the First Army.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spad_XVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Spad_XVI.jpg/220px-Spad_XVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Spad_XVI.jpg/330px-Spad_XVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Spad_XVI.jpg/440px-Spad_XVI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>The French-built <a href="/wiki/SPAD_S.XI" title="SPAD S.XI">SPAD XVI</a> which Mitchell piloted in the war, now exhibited inside the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_National_Air_and_Space_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> in Washington, D.C. The SPAD XVI, an observation and bomber aircraft, has a <a href="/wiki/Lewis_gun" title="Lewis gun">Lewis twin machine gun</a> mounted in the rear <a href="/wiki/Cockpit" title="Cockpit">cockpit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>When the United States <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">declared war on Germany</a> on April 6, 1917, Mitchell was in Spain <i>en route</i> to France as an observer.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He arrived in Paris on April 10, and set up an office for the Aviation Section from which he collaborated extensively with British and French air leaders such as General <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trenchard,_1st_Viscount_Trenchard" title="Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard">Hugh Trenchard</a>, studying their strategies as well as their aircraft. On April 24, he made the first flight by an American officer over German lines, flying with a French pilot. Before long, Mitchell had gained enough experience to begin preparations for American air operations. Mitchell rapidly earned a reputation as a daring, flamboyant, and tireless leader. In May, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He was promoted to the temporary rank of colonel on October 10, 1917, to rank from August 5. </p><p>In September 1918, he planned and led nearly 1,500 British, French, and Italian aircraft in the air phase of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel" title="Battle of Saint-Mihiel">Battle of Saint-Mihiel</a>, one of the first coordinated air-ground offensives in history.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elevated to the rank of (temporary) <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> on October 14, 1918, and commanded all American air combat units in France. He ended the war as Chief of Air Service and Chief Group of Armies. </p><p>Recognized as one of the top American combat airmen of the war alongside <a href="/wiki/Flying_ace" title="Flying ace">aces</a> such as his good friend, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Rickenbacker" title="Eddie Rickenbacker">Eddie Rickenbacker</a>, he was probably the best-known American in Europe. He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United States)">Distinguished Service Cross</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Distinguished Service Medal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" title="World War I Victory Medal (United States)">World War I Victory Medal</a> with eight campaign clasps, and several foreign decorations. Despite his superb leadership and his fine combat record, he alienated many of his superiors during and after his 18 months of service in France.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_advocate_of_air_power">Post-war advocate of air power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post-war advocate of air power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_from_Europe">Return from Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Return from Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Mitchell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/General_Mitchell.jpg/220px-General_Mitchell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/General_Mitchell.jpg/330px-General_Mitchell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/General_Mitchell.jpg/440px-General_Mitchell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3103" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Mitchell posing with his <a href="/wiki/Vought_VE-7" title="Vought VE-7">Vought VE-7 Bluebird</a> aircraft at the <a href="/wiki/Bolling_Air_Force_Base" title="Bolling Air Force Base">Bolling Field</a> Air Tournament in Washington, D.C., held on May 14–16, 1920<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THOMAS-MORSE_MB-3_and_Billy_Mitchell_USAF.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/THOMAS-MORSE_MB-3_and_Billy_Mitchell_USAF.JPG/220px-THOMAS-MORSE_MB-3_and_Billy_Mitchell_USAF.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/THOMAS-MORSE_MB-3_and_Billy_Mitchell_USAF.JPG/330px-THOMAS-MORSE_MB-3_and_Billy_Mitchell_USAF.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/THOMAS-MORSE_MB-3_and_Billy_Mitchell_USAF.JPG/440px-THOMAS-MORSE_MB-3_and_Billy_Mitchell_USAF.JPG 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Mitchell posing with his <a href="/wiki/Thomas-Morse_MB-3" title="Thomas-Morse MB-3">Thomas-Morse MB-3</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Col._Archie_Miller,_Benedict_Crowell,_Lt._Ross_Kirkpatrick,_Gen._Wm._Mitchell,_Sgt._E.N._Bruce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Col._Archie_Miller%2C_Benedict_Crowell%2C_Lt._Ross_Kirkpatrick%2C_Gen._Wm._Mitchell%2C_Sgt._E.N._Bruce.jpg/220px-Col._Archie_Miller%2C_Benedict_Crowell%2C_Lt._Ross_Kirkpatrick%2C_Gen._Wm._Mitchell%2C_Sgt._E.N._Bruce.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Col._Archie_Miller%2C_Benedict_Crowell%2C_Lt._Ross_Kirkpatrick%2C_Gen._Wm._Mitchell%2C_Sgt._E.N._Bruce.jpg/330px-Col._Archie_Miller%2C_Benedict_Crowell%2C_Lt._Ross_Kirkpatrick%2C_Gen._Wm._Mitchell%2C_Sgt._E.N._Bruce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Col._Archie_Miller%2C_Benedict_Crowell%2C_Lt._Ross_Kirkpatrick%2C_Gen._Wm._Mitchell%2C_Sgt._E.N._Bruce.jpg/440px-Col._Archie_Miller%2C_Benedict_Crowell%2C_Lt._Ross_Kirkpatrick%2C_Gen._Wm._Mitchell%2C_Sgt._E.N._Bruce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5190" data-file-height="3737" /></a><figcaption>Col. <a href="/wiki/Archie_Miller_(Medal_of_Honor)" title="Archie Miller (Medal of Honor)">Archie Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Crowell" title="Benedict Crowell">Benedict Crowell</a>, Lt. Ross Kirkpatrick, Mitchell and Sgt. E.N. Bruce</figcaption></figure> <p>Mitchell returned to the United States in January 1919; it had been widely expected throughout the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service" title="United States Army Air Service">Air Service</a> that he would receive the post-war assignment of Director of Air Service. Instead, he returned to find that Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Menoher" title="Charles T. Menoher">Charles T. Menoher</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artilleryman</a> who had commanded the <a href="/wiki/42nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="42nd Infantry Division (United States)">Rainbow Division</a> in France, had been appointed director on the recommendation of his classmate General <a href="/wiki/John_Pershing" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pershing">John Pershing</a>, to maintain operational control of aviation by the ground forces.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mitchell received appointment on February 28, 1919, as <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Military_Aeronautics" title="Division of Military Aeronautics">Director of Military Aeronautics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-afbio_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afbio-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to head the flying component of the Air Service, but that office was in name only as it was a wartime agency that would expire six months after the signing of a peace treaty. Menoher instituted a reorganization of the Air Service based on the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Staff_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Staff System">divisional system of the AEF</a>, eliminating the DMA as an organization, and Mitchell was assigned as third assistant executive, in charge of the Training and Operations Group, Office of Director of Air Service (ODAS), in April 1919. He maintained his temporary wartime rank of brigadier general until June 18, 1920, when he was reduced to lieutenant colonel, Signal Corps (Menoher was reduced to brigadier general in the same orders).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Army was reorganized by Congress on June 4, 1920, the Air Service was recognized as a combatant arm of the line, third in size behind the Infantry and Artillery. On July 1, 1920, Mitchell was promoted to the Regular Army (i.e., permanent) rank of colonel in the Signal Corps, but also received a <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointment</a> (as did Menoher) on July 16 to become Assistant Chief of Air Service with the rank of brigadier general. On July 30, 1920, he was transferred and promoted to the permanent rank of colonel, Air Service, with date of rank from July 1, placing him first in seniority among all Air Service branch officers. On March 4, 1921, Mitchell was appointed Assistant Chief of Air Service by new President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> with consent of the Senate. On April 27, Mitchell was reappointed as a brigadier general with date of rank retroactive to July 2, 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-afbio_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afbio-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mitchell did not share in the common belief that World War I would be <a href="/wiki/The_war_to_end_war" title="The war to end war">the war to end war</a>. "If a nation ambitious for universal conquest gets off to a flying start in a war of the future", he said, "it may be able to control the whole world more easily than a nation has controlled a continent in the past."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He returned from Europe with a fervent belief that within a near future, possibly within ten years, air power would become the predominant force of war, and that it should be united entirely in an independent air force equal to the Army and Navy. He found encouragement in a number of bills before Congress proposing a Department of Aeronautics that included an air force separate from either the Army or Navy, primarily legislation introduced concurrently in August 1919 by Senator <a href="/wiki/Harry_New" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry New">Harry New</a> of Indiana and <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Curry" title="Charles F. Curry">Charles F. Curry</a> of California, influenced by the recommendations of a fact-finding commission sent to Europe under the direction of Assistant Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Crowell" title="Benedict Crowell">Benedict Crowell</a> in early 1919 that contradicted the findings of Army boards and advocated an independent air force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friction_with_the_Navy">Friction with the Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Friction with the Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mitchell believed that the use of floating bases was necessary to defend the nation against naval threats, but the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_S._Benson" title="William S. Benson">William S. Benson</a>, had dissolved <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Aeronautics#First_tests_and_Naval_Aviation_Corps" title="Bureau of Aeronautics">Naval Aeronautics</a> as an organization early in 1919, a decision later reversed by Assistant Secretary of the Navy, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. However, senior <a href="/wiki/Naval_aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval aviator">naval aviators</a> feared that land-based aviators in a "unified" independent air force would no more understand the requirements of sea-based aviation than ground forces commanders understood the capabilities and potential of air power, and vigorously resisted any alliance with Mitchell. </p><p>The Navy's civilian leadership was equally opposed, if for other reasons. On April 3, Mitchell met with Roosevelt and a board of admirals to discuss aviation, and Mitchell urged the development of naval aviation because of the growing obsolescence of the surface fleet. His assurances that the Air Service could develop whatever bomb was needed to sink a battleship, and that a national defense organization of land, sea, and air components was essential and inevitable, were met with cool hostility. Mitchell found his ideas publicly denounced as "pernicious" by Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convinced that within as soon as ten years strategic air bombardment would become a threat to the United States and make the Air Service the nation's first line of defense instead of the Navy, he began to set out to prove that aircraft were capable of sinking ships to reinforce his position.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His relations with superiors continued to sour as he began to criticize both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy</a> departments for being insufficiently farsighted regarding air power.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He advocated the development of a number of aircraft innovations, including bomb-sights, sled-runner landing gear for winter operations, engine <a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">superchargers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aerial_torpedo" title="Aerial torpedo">aerial torpedoes</a>. He ordered the use of aircraft in fighting <a href="/wiki/Forest_fires" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fires">forest fires</a> and border patrols. He also encouraged the staging of a transcontinental <a href="/wiki/Air_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Air race">air race</a>, a flight around the perimeter of the United States. He also encouraged Army pilots to break aviation records for speed, endurance and altitude. In short, he encouraged anything that would further develop the use of aircraft, and that would keep aviation in the news. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project_B:_Anti-ship_bombing_demonstration">Project B: Anti-ship bombing demonstration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Project B: Anti-ship bombing demonstration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1921, at the urging of Mitchell, who was anxious to test his theories of destruction of ships by aerial bombing, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Newton_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton Baker">Newton Baker</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Josephus_Daniels" title="Josephus Daniels">Josephus Daniels</a> agreed to a series of joint Army-Navy exercises, known as <a href="/wiki/Project_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Project B">Project B</a>, to be held that summer in which surplus or captured ships could be used as targets. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indiana_bombing_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A stripped version of Indiana without gun barrels. The superstructure is seriously damaged and her stacks lean sideways, the front one pointing almost horizontal. A second wreck is visible in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Indiana_bombing_1920.jpg/220px-Indiana_bombing_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Indiana_bombing_1920.jpg/330px-Indiana_bombing_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Indiana_bombing_1920.jpg/440px-Indiana_bombing_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>The wreck of the <i>Indiana</i> in the shallow waters of <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>. In the background the remains of <a href="/wiki/USS_Texas_(1892)" title="USS Texas (1892)"><i>San Marcos</i></a> are visible.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mitchell was concerned that the building of <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnoughts</a> was taking precious defense dollars away from military aviation. He was convinced that a force of anti-shipping airplanes could defend a coastline with more economy than a combination of coastal guns and naval vessels. A thousand bombers could be built at the same cost as one battleship, and could sink that battleship.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitchell infuriated the Navy by claiming he could sink ships "under war conditions", and boasted he could prove it if he were permitted to bomb captured German battleships. </p><p>The Navy reluctantly agreed to the demonstration after news leaked of its own tests. To counter Mitchell, the Navy had sunk the old battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_Indiana_(BB-1)" title="USS Indiana (BB-1)"><i>Indiana</i></a> near <a href="/wiki/Tangier_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangier Island">Tangier Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, on November 1, 1920, using its own airplanes. Daniels had hoped to squelch Mitchell by releasing a report on the results written by Captain <a href="/wiki/William_D._Leahy" title="William D. Leahy">William D. Leahy</a> stating that, "The entire experiment pointed to the improbability of a modern battleship being either destroyed or completely put out of action by aerial bombs."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a></i> revealed that the Navy's "tests" were done with dummy sand bombs and that the ship was actually sunk using high explosives placed on the ship, Congress introduced two resolutions urging new tests and backed the Navy into a corner.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the arrangements for the new tests, there was to be a news blackout until all data had been analyzed at which point only the official news report would be released; Mitchell felt that the Navy was going to bury the results. The Chief of the Air Corps attempted to have Mitchell dismissed a week before the tests began, reacting to Navy complaints about Mitchell's criticisms, but the new Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">John W. Weeks</a> backed down when it became apparent that Mitchell had widespread public and media support.<sup id="cite_ref-Correll_p.66_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Correll_p.66-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1st_Provisional_Air_Brigade">1st Provisional Air Brigade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1st Provisional Air Brigade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 1, 1921, Mitchell assembled the <a href="/wiki/1st_Provisional_Air_Brigade" title="1st Provisional Air Brigade">1st Provisional Air Brigade</a>, an air and ground crew of 125 aircraft and 1,000 men at <a href="/wiki/Langley_Air_Force_Base" title="Langley Air Force Base">Langley Field</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton, Virginia</a>, using six squadrons from the Air Service: </p> <ul><li>Air Service Field Officers School, Langley Field, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_S.E.5" title="Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5">SE-5</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/50th_Education_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="50th Education Squadron">50th Squadron (Observation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/436th_Strategic_Training_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="436th Strategic Training Squadron">88th Squadron</a></li></ul></li> <li>2nd Bombardment Group (later <a href="/wiki/2nd_Bomb_Wing" title="2nd Bomb Wing">2nd Bomb Group</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelly Air Force Base">Kelly Field</a>, Texas (SE-5 fighters, <a href="/wiki/Martin_NBS-1" title="Martin NBS-1">Martin NBS-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Type_O" title="Handley Page Type O">Handley-Page O/400</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caproni_Ca.3" title="Caproni Ca.3">Caproni CA-5</a> bombers) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/49th_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron" title="49th Test and Evaluation Squadron">49th Squadron (Bombardment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/96th_Bomb_Squadron" title="96th Bomb Squadron">96th Squadron (Bombardment)</a></li></ul></li> <li>7th Observation Group (Second <a href="/wiki/Corps_area" title="Corps area">Corps Area</a>), (now the <a href="/wiki/7th_Operations_Group" title="7th Operations Group">7th Operations Group</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mitchel_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitchel Field">Mitchel Field</a>, New York (<a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.4" title="Airco DH.4">DH-4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-2" title="Douglas O-2">Douglas O-2</a> observation planes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Reconnaissance_Squadron" title="1st Reconnaissance Squadron">1st Squadron (Observation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Reconnaissance_Squadron" title="5th Reconnaissance Squadron">5th Squadron (Observation)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Mitchell took command on May 27 after testing bombs, fuses, and other equipment at <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground" title="Aberdeen Proving Ground">Aberdeen Proving Ground</a> and began training in anti-ship bombing techniques. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Procofieff_de_Seversky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Procofieff de Seversky">Alexander Seversky</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Air_Service" title="Imperial Russian Air Service">veteran Russian pilot</a> who had bombed <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">German</a> ships in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">the Great War</a>, joined the effort, suggesting the bombers aim <i>near</i> the ships so that expanding water pressure from the underwater blasts would stave in and separate hull plates. Further discussion with Captain <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wilkinson_Johnson" title="Alfred Wilkinson Johnson">Alfred Wilkinson Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commander,_Naval_Air_Force_U.S._Atlantic_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander, Naval Air Force U.S. Atlantic Fleet">Commander, Naval Air Force U.S. Atlantic Fleet</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/USS_Oglala_(CM-4)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Oglala (CM-4)">USS <i>Shawmut</i></a>, confirmed that near-miss bombs would inflict more damage than direct hits; near-misses would cause an underwater concussive effect against the hull.<sup id="cite_ref-Correll_p.66_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Correll_p.66-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rules_of_engagement">Rules of engagement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rules of engagement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMS_Frankfurt_burning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SMS_Frankfurt_burning.jpg/220px-SMS_Frankfurt_burning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SMS_Frankfurt_burning.jpg/330px-SMS_Frankfurt_burning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SMS_Frankfurt_burning.jpg/440px-SMS_Frankfurt_burning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption><i>Frankfurt</i> burning during bombing tests</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMS_Frankfurt_sinking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SMS_Frankfurt_sinking.jpg/220px-SMS_Frankfurt_sinking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SMS_Frankfurt_sinking.jpg/330px-SMS_Frankfurt_sinking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SMS_Frankfurt_sinking.jpg/440px-SMS_Frankfurt_sinking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption><i>Frankfurt</i> sunk</figcaption></figure> <p>The Navy and the Air Service were at cross purposes regarding the tests. Supported by General Pershing, the Navy set rules and conditions that enhanced the survivability of the targets, stating that the purpose of the tests was to determine how much damage ships could withstand. The ships had to be sunk in at least 100 <a href="/wiki/Fathom" title="Fathom">fathoms</a> of water (so as not to become navigational hazards), and the Navy chose an area 50 mi (80 km) off the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay rather than either of two possible closer areas, minimizing the effective time the Army's bombers would have in the target area. The planes were forbidden from using aerial torpedoes, would be permitted only two hits on the battleship using their heaviest bombs, and would have to stop between hits so that a damage assessment party could go aboard. Smaller ships could not be struck by bombs larger than 600 pounds, and also were subject to the same interruptions in attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mitchell held to the Navy's restrictions for the tests of June 21, July 13, and July 18, and successfully sank the ex-German destroyer <i>G-102</i> and the ex-German light cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Frankfurt" title="SMS Frankfurt"><i>Frankfurt</i></a> in concert with Navy aircraft. On each of these demonstrations the ships were first attacked by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_S.E.5" title="Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5">SE-5 fighters</a> strafing and bombing the decks of the ships with 25-pound anti-personnel bombs to simulate suppression of antiaircraft fire, followed by attacks from <a href="/wiki/Martin_NBS-1" title="Martin NBS-1">Martin NBS-1</a> (Martin MB-2) twin-engine bombers using high explosive demolition bombs. Mitchell observed the attacks from the controls of his <a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.4" title="Airco DH.4">DH-4</a> aircraft, nicknamed <i>The Osprey</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sinking_of_the_Ostfriesland">Sinking of the <i>Ostfriesland</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sinking of the Ostfriesland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostfriesland_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ostfriesland_original.jpg/220px-Ostfriesland_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ostfriesland_original.jpg/330px-Ostfriesland_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ostfriesland_original.jpg/440px-Ostfriesland_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="2542" /></a><figcaption>1921 cartoon in the <i>Chicago Tribune</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostfriesland-2,000lb-bomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ostfriesland-2%2C000lb-bomb.jpg/220px-Ostfriesland-2%2C000lb-bomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ostfriesland-2%2C000lb-bomb.jpg/330px-Ostfriesland-2%2C000lb-bomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ostfriesland-2%2C000lb-bomb.jpg/440px-Ostfriesland-2%2C000lb-bomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>A 2,000 lb bomb "near-miss" severely damages <i>Ostfriesland</i> at the stern hull plates.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ex-USS_Alabama_(BB-8)_-_NH_57483.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ex-USS_Alabama_%28BB-8%29_-_NH_57483.jpg/220px-Ex-USS_Alabama_%28BB-8%29_-_NH_57483.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ex-USS_Alabama_%28BB-8%29_-_NH_57483.jpg/330px-Ex-USS_Alabama_%28BB-8%29_-_NH_57483.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ex-USS_Alabama_%28BB-8%29_-_NH_57483.jpg/440px-Ex-USS_Alabama_%28BB-8%29_-_NH_57483.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5638" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Alabama_(BB-8)" title="USS Alabama (BB-8)">USS <i>Alabama</i></a> hit by a white phosphorus bomb dropped by an <a href="/wiki/Martin_NBS-1" title="Martin NBS-1">NBS-1</a> in bombing tests, September 1921</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uss_virginia_bb-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Uss_virginia_bb-13.jpg/220px-Uss_virginia_bb-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Uss_virginia_bb-13.jpg/330px-Uss_virginia_bb-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Uss_virginia_bb-13.jpg/440px-Uss_virginia_bb-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5302" data-file-height="3361" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Virginia_(BB-13)" title="USS Virginia (BB-13)">USS <i>Virginia</i></a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_New_Jersey_(BB-16)_in_camouflage_coat,_1918_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/USS_New_Jersey_%28BB-16%29_in_camouflage_coat%2C_1918_edit.jpg/220px-USS_New_Jersey_%28BB-16%29_in_camouflage_coat%2C_1918_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/USS_New_Jersey_%28BB-16%29_in_camouflage_coat%2C_1918_edit.jpg/330px-USS_New_Jersey_%28BB-16%29_in_camouflage_coat%2C_1918_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/USS_New_Jersey_%28BB-16%29_in_camouflage_coat%2C_1918_edit.jpg/440px-USS_New_Jersey_%28BB-16%29_in_camouflage_coat%2C_1918_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2658" data-file-height="1774" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_New_Jersey_(BB-16)" title="USS New Jersey (BB-16)">USS <i>New Jersey</i></a> 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 20, 1921, the Navy brought out the ex-German World War I battleship, <a href="/wiki/SMS_Ostfriesland" title="SMS Ostfriesland"><i>Ostfriesland</i></a>. On the scheduled day, 230, 550, and 600 lb (100, 250, and 270 kg) bomb attacks by Navy, Marine Corps, and Army aircraft settled the <i>Ostfriesland</i> three feet by the stern with a five-degree list to port. She was taking on water. Further bombing was delayed a day, the Navy claiming due to rough seas that prevented their Board of Observers from going aboard, the Air Service countering that as the Army bombers approached, they were ordered not to attack. Mitchell's bombers were forced to circle for 47 minutes, as a result of which they dropped only half their bombs, and none of their large bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-Correll_p._67_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Correll_p._67-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of July 21, in accordance with a strictly orchestrated schedule of attacks, five <a href="/wiki/Martin_NBS-1" title="Martin NBS-1">Martin NBS-1</a> bombers led by 1st Lt. Clayton Bissell dropped a single 1,100 lb (500 kg) bomb each, scoring three direct hits. The Navy stopped further drops, although the Army bombers had nine bombs remaining, to assess damage. By noon, <i>Ostfriesland</i> had settled two more feet by the stern and one foot by the bow. </p><p>At this point, Capt. Walter R. Lawson's flight of bombers, consisting of two <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Type_O" title="Handley Page Type O">Handley-Page O/400</a> and six Martin NBS-1 bombers loaded with 2,000 lb (910 kg) bombs, was dispatched.<sup id="cite_ref-Winged_Defense_1925_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winged_Defense_1925-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One Handley Page dropped out for mechanical reasons, but the NBS-1s dropped six bombs in quick succession between 12:18 pm and 12:31 pm. Bomb aiming points were for the water near the ship. Mitchell described Lawson's attack, "Four bombs hit in rapid succession, close alongside the Ostfriesland. We could see her rise eight to ten feet between the terrific blows from under water. On the fourth shot, Capt Streett, sitting in the back seat of my plane stood up and waving both arms shouted, "She is gone!" <sup id="cite_ref-Winged_Defense_1925_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winged_Defense_1925-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no direct hits but at least three of the bombs landed close enough to rip hull plates as well as cause the ship to roll over. The ship sank at 12:40 pm, 22 minutes after the first bomb, with a seventh bomb dropped by the Handley Page on the foam rising up from the sinking ship.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearby the site, observing, were various foreign and domestic officials aboard the <a href="/wiki/USS_Henderson_(AP-1)" title="USS Henderson (AP-1)">USS <i>Henderson</i></a>. </p><p>Although Mitchell had stressed "war-time conditions", the tests were under static conditions and the sinking of the <i>Ostfriesland</i> was accomplished by violating rules agreed upon by General Pershing that would have allowed Navy engineers to examine the effects of smaller munitions. Navy studies of the wreck of the <i>Ostfriesland</i> show she had suffered little topside damage from bombs and was sunk by progressive flooding that might have been stemmed by a fast-acting damage control party on board the vessel. Mitchell used the sinking for his own publicity purposes, though his results were downplayed in public by <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Armies" title="General of the Armies">General of the Armies</a> <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a> who hoped to smooth Army/Navy relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Correll_p._67_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Correll_p._67-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The efficacy of the tests remains in debate to this day. </p><p>Nevertheless, the test was highly influential at the time, causing budgets to be redrawn for further air development and forcing the Navy to look more closely at the possibilities of naval air power.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the advantages enjoyed by the bombers in the artificial exercise, Mitchell's report stressed points which would later be highly influential in war: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>sea craft of all kinds, up to and including the most modern battleships, can be destroyed easily by bombs dropped from aircraft, and further, that the most effective means of destruction are bombs. [They] demonstrated beyond a doubt that, given sufficient bombing planes—in short an adequate air force—aircraft constitute a positive defense of our country against hostile invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The fact of battleship sinking was indisputable, and Mitchell repeated the performance twice in tests conducted with like results on the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">pre-dreadnought battleships</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Alabama_(BB-8)" title="USS Alabama (BB-8)"><i>Alabama</i></a> in September 1921, and the <a href="/wiki/USS_Virginia_(BB-13)" title="USS Virginia (BB-13)"><i>Virginia</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_New_Jersey_(BB-16)" title="USS New Jersey (BB-16)"><i>New Jersey</i></a> in September 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter two ships were subjected to teargas attacks and hit with specially designed 4,300 lb (2,000 kg) demolition bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_of_the_bombing_tests">Aftermath of the bombing tests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath of the bombing tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stencilled_sign,_%22USS%22_(United_States_Steel_Corporation)_and_%22Christy_Park_Plant_The_Billy_Mitchell_first_1000_LB._aerial_bomb_July_1920%22_at_Soldiers_and_Sailors_National_Military_Museum_and_Memorial,_Pittsburgh_on_24_August_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Stencilled_sign%2C_%22USS%22_%28United_States_Steel_Corporation%29_and_%22Christy_Park_Plant_The_Billy_Mitchell_first_1000_LB._aerial_bomb_July_1920%22_at_Soldiers_and_Sailors_National_Military_Museum_and_Memorial%2C_Pittsburgh_on_24_August_2010.jpg/262px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Stencilled_sign%2C_%22USS%22_%28United_States_Steel_Corporation%29_and_%22Christy_Park_Plant_The_Billy_Mitchell_first_1000_LB._aerial_bomb_July_1920%22_at_Soldiers_and_Sailors_National_Military_Museum_and_Memorial%2C_Pittsburgh_on_24_August_2010.jpg/393px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Stencilled_sign%2C_%22USS%22_%28United_States_Steel_Corporation%29_and_%22Christy_Park_Plant_The_Billy_Mitchell_first_1000_LB._aerial_bomb_July_1920%22_at_Soldiers_and_Sailors_National_Military_Museum_and_Memorial%2C_Pittsburgh_on_24_August_2010.jpg/524px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Stenciled sign, "USS" (United States Steel Corporation) and "Christy Park Plant The Billy Mitchell first 1000 lb aerial bomb July 1920" on display at Soldiers and Sailors National Military Museum and Memorial, Pittsburgh, on August 24, 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>The bombing tests had several immediate and turbulent results. Almost immediately the Navy and President Harding were incensed by an apparent demonstration of naval weakness just after Harding had announced, on July 10, invitations to other naval powers to gather in Washington for a conference on the limitation of naval armaments. Statements asserting the obsolescence of the battleship by disarmament proponents in Congress such as Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Borah" title="William Borah">William Borah</a> heightened official anxiety. Both services tried to defuse the results by reports from the Joint Board and General Pershing dismissing Mitchell's claims and suppressing his report, but the report was leaked to the press.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September, General <a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Menoher" title="Charles T. Menoher">Charles T. Menoher</a> forced a showdown over Mitchell as the bombing tests continued. Menoher confronted Secretary Weeks and demanded that Weeks either relieve Mitchell as Assistant Chief of Air Corps or he would resign. On October 4, Weeks allowed Menoher to resign and return to the ground forces "for personal reasons". A reciprocal resignation offer from Mitchell was refused.<sup id="cite_ref-T18_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T18-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major General <a href="/wiki/Mason_Patrick" title="Mason Patrick">Mason Patrick</a> was again chosen by Pershing to sort out a mess in the Air Service and became the new chief on October 5. Patrick made it clear to Mitchell that although he would accept Mitchell's expertise as counsel, all decisions would be made by Patrick. When Mitchell soon got into a minor but embarrassing protocol rift with Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_A._Moffett" title="William A. Moffett">William A. Moffett</a> at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">naval arms limitation conference</a>, Patrick assigned him to an inspection tour of Europe with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_V._Verville" title="Alfred V. Verville">Alfred V. Verville</a> and Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Bissell" class="mw-redirect" title="Clayton Bissell">Clayton Bissell</a> that lasted the duration of the conference over the winter of 1921–22.<sup id="cite_ref-T18_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T18-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="West_Virginia">West Virginia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: West Virginia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mitchell was dispatched by President Harding to West Virginia to stop the warfare that had broken out between the <a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Worker" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mine Worker">United Mine Workers</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_Mountain_Coal_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stone Mountain Coal Company (page does not exist)">Stone Mountain Coal Company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baldwin%E2%80%93Felts_Detective_Agency" title="Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency">Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency</a>, and other groups after the <a href="/wiki/Matewan_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Matewan Massacre">Matewan Massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-christopher_m._finan2007_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christopher_m._finan2007-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miners outraged by the ambush slaying of Matewan Police Chief <a href="/wiki/Sid_Hatfield" title="Sid Hatfield">Sid Hatfield</a> by agents for the coal company marched on Mingo and Logan County leading to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain" title="Battle of Blair Mountain">Battle of Blair Mountain</a>, August 25 to September 2, 1921. On August 26, Mitchell commanded Army bombers from Maryland to <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston, West Virginia</a>. Mitchell told the press that Army bombers alone could end the "Mingo War" by dropping tear gas on the miners. A private army of 3,000 led by Sheriff <a href="/wiki/Don_Chafin" title="Don Chafin">Don Chafin</a> and financed by the Coal Operators Association engaged in gun battles and used private planes to drop dynamite charges and World War I surplus gas and explosive bombs against an estimated 13,000 miners. Neither side responded to President Harding's August 30 proclamation to cease hostilities. In the last days of the civil disturbance, Mitchell's bombers flew several reconnaissance missions but did not engage in combat; one bomber crashed on a return flight, killing three crew members. On September 3, surrounded by 2,000 Army troops, Chafin's force dispersed and most miners went home although some surrendered to the Army. Later, Mitchell cited the "Mingo War" as an example of the potential for air power in civil disturbances.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Promoting_air_power">Promoting air power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Promoting air power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The day has passed when armies on the ground or navies on the sea can be the arbiter of a nation's destiny in war. The main power of defense and the power of initiative against an enemy has passed to the air. – November 1918<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1922, while in Europe for General Patrick, Mitchell met the Italian air power theorist <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Douhet" title="Giulio Douhet">Giulio Douhet</a> and soon afterwards an excerpted translation of Douhet's <i>The Command of the Air</i> began to circulate in the Air Service. In 1924, Gen. Patrick again dispatched him on an inspection tour, this time to Hawaii and Asia, to get him off the front pages. Mitchell came back with a 324-page report that predicted future war with Japan, including the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>. Of note, Mitchell discounted the value of aircraft carriers in an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>, believing they were of little practical use because they could not operate effectively on the high seas or deliver "sufficient aircraft in the air at one time to insure a concentrated operation".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Mitchell believed a surprise attack on the Hawaiian Islands would be conducted by land-based aircraft operating from islands in the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His report, published in 1925 as the book <i>Winged Defense</i>, foretold wider benefits of an investment in air power, believing it to be, at both that time and in the future, "a dominating factor in the world's development", both for national defense and economic benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Winged Defense</i> sold only 4,500 copies between August 1925 and January 1926, the months surrounding the publicity of the court martial, and so Mitchell did not reach a wide audience.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friction_and_demotion">Friction and demotion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Friction and demotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mitchell experienced difficulties within the Army, notably with his superiors when he appeared before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service#Investigating_committees_and_boards" title="United States Army Air Service">Lampert Committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> and sharply castigated Army and Navy leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The War Department had endorsed a proposal to establish a "General Headquarters Air Force" as a vehicle for modernization and expansion of the Air Service, to be funded through shared appropriations for aviation with the Navy, but shelved the plan when the Navy refused, incensing Mitchell. </p><p>In March 1925, when Mitchell's term as Assistant Chief of the Air Service expired, he reverted to his permanent rank of colonel and was transferred to <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, Texas, as air officer to the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Corps_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth Corps Area">Eighth Corps Area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although such demotions were not unusual in demobilizations (Patrick himself had gone from <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a> to colonel upon returning to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a> in 1919), the move was widely seen as punishment and exile,<sup id="cite_ref-bio_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since Mitchell had petitioned to remain as Assistant Chief when his term expired, and his transfer to an assignment with no political influence at a relatively unimportant Army base had been directed by Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">John Weeks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Court-martial">Court-martial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Court-martial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shenandoah_Disaster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Shenandoah_Disaster.jpg/300px-Shenandoah_Disaster.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Shenandoah_Disaster.jpg/450px-Shenandoah_Disaster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Shenandoah_Disaster.jpg/600px-Shenandoah_Disaster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3657" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>The front section of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Shenandoah_(ZR-1)" title="USS Shenandoah (ZR-1)"><i>Shenandoah</i></a> wreck</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Billy_Mitchell_at_his_court-martial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Billy_Mitchell_at_his_court-martial.jpg/250px-Billy_Mitchell_at_his_court-martial.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Billy_Mitchell_at_his_court-martial.jpg/375px-Billy_Mitchell_at_his_court-martial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Billy_Mitchell_at_his_court-martial.jpg/500px-Billy_Mitchell_at_his_court-martial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2862" data-file-height="1865" /></a><figcaption>A scene taken from Mitchell's court-martial, 1925. This scene was recreated for the 1955 movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Court-Martial_of_Billy_Mitchell" title="The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell">The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell</a></i>. Mitchell is wearing the "turned-down" collar uniform, for which the Air Service had campaigned for several years. The prosecutor, <a href="/wiki/Allen_W._Gullion" title="Allen W. Gullion">Allen W. Gullion</a>, is wearing a high "standard military" collar.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Billy_and_Elizabeth_Mitchell_cph.3a46047.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Billy_and_Elizabeth_Mitchell_cph.3a46047.jpg/220px-Billy_and_Elizabeth_Mitchell_cph.3a46047.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Billy_and_Elizabeth_Mitchell_cph.3a46047.jpg/330px-Billy_and_Elizabeth_Mitchell_cph.3a46047.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Billy_and_Elizabeth_Mitchell_cph.3a46047.jpg/440px-Billy_and_Elizabeth_Mitchell_cph.3a46047.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1490" /></a><figcaption>Mitchell with his wife Elizabeth, 1925</figcaption></figure> <p>In response to the Navy's first <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>-filled <a href="/wiki/Rigid_airship" title="Rigid airship">rigid airship</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Shenandoah_(ZR-1)" title="USS Shenandoah (ZR-1)"><i>Shenandoah</i></a> crashing in a storm in September 1925, killing 14 of the crew, and the loss of three <a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">seaplanes</a> on a flight from the West Coast to Hawaii, Mitchell issued a statement accusing senior leaders in the Army and Navy of incompetence and "almost treasonable administration of the national defense."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1925, a charge with eight specifications was proffered against Mitchell on the direct order of President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>, accusing him of violation of the 96th Article of War, an omnibus article that Mitchell's chief counsel, Congressman <a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Reid" title="Frank R. Reid">Frank Reid</a>, declared to be unconstitutional as a violation of free speech.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> began in early November and lasted for seven weeks. </p><p>The youngest of the 13 judges was Major General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, who later described the order to sit on Mitchell's court-martial as "one of the most distasteful orders I ever received."<sup id="cite_ref-MacArthur,_p._85_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacArthur,_p._85-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the thirteen judges, (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Pelot_Summerall" title="Charles Pelot Summerall">Charles Pelot Summerall</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_S._Graves" title="William S. Graves">William S. Graves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Howze" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert L. Howze">Robert L. Howze</a>, MacArthur, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_A._Poore" title="Benjamin A. Poore">Benjamin A. Poore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_W._Sladen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred W. Sladen">Fred W. Sladen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ewing_E._Booth" title="Ewing E. Booth">Ewing E. Booth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Jesse_Bowley_Sr." title="Albert Jesse Bowley Sr.">Albert J. Bowley</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_LeRoy_Irwin" title="George LeRoy Irwin">George Irwin</a>, Edward K. King, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Ross_McCoy" title="Frank Ross McCoy">Frank R. McCoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_B._Winans_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin B. Winans (general)">Edwin B. Winans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blanton_Winship" title="Blanton Winship">Blanton Winship</a>), none had aviation experience and three (Summerall, who was the president of the court, Sladen, and Bowley) were removed by defense challenges for bias. The case was then presided over by Major General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee_Howze" title="Robert Lee Howze">Robert Lee Howze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those who testified for Mitchell were <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Rickenbacker" title="Eddie Rickenbacker">Eddie Rickenbacker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">Hap Arnold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spaatz" title="Carl Spaatz">Carl Spaatz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ira_Eaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Ira Eaker">Ira Eaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Olds" title="Robert Olds">Robert Olds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_George_Lanphier_Sr." title="Thomas George Lanphier Sr.">Thomas George Lanphier Sr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">Fiorello La Guardia</a>. The trial attracted significant interest, and public opinion supported Mitchell.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief prosecutors were Major <a href="/wiki/Allen_W._Gullion" title="Allen W. Gullion">Allen W. Gullion</a>, Lieutenant Joseph L. McMullen, and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Moreland" title="Sherman Moreland">Sherman Moreland</a>. </p><p>Mitchell's public assertions about non-aviation officers being ignorant of aviation matters were shown to be based on events he falsely claimed to have witnessed in Hawaii during experiments led by <a href="/wiki/Lesley_J._McNair" title="Lesley J. McNair">Lesley J. McNair</a>, the Hawaiian Department's assistant chief of staff for operations (G-3).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Army's ongoing debate over the best methods for providing coastal defense, which engaged proponents of the Coast Artillery branch and Army Air Service, McNair's panel compared the use of coast artillery and aircraft for shore defense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"57–62_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"57–62-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The panel concluded that coastal artillery was sufficient, provided that adequate listening and lighting equipment for detecting and illuminating enemy ships and planes was available, and that bombers were less accurate, but more effective at destroying enemy ships at longer distances from shore, provided they could overcome obstacles including inclement weather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"57–62_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"57–62-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summerall, the department commander, was so incensed at Mitchell's questioning of his and McNair's integrity that he attempted to be appointed as president of the court-martial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"76–79_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"76–79-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Mitchell's trial, Major General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Courtney_Davis" title="Robert Courtney Davis">Robert Courtney Davis</a>, the Army's <a href="/wiki/Adjutant_General#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjutant General">adjutant general</a>, ordered Summerall and McNair to provide testimony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"76–79_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"76–79-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They refuted Mitchell's claims that during his time in Hawaii in 1923 the Hawaiian Department had no plan to defend Oahu from Japanese attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"76–79_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"76–79-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also demonstrated that Mitchell was incorrect in stating that the Air Service was not treated fairly in the distribution of resources in Hawaii; in fact, Summerall had reallocated funding, equipment and other items from other branches to the Air Service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"76–79_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"76–79-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court found the truth or falsity of Mitchell's accusations to be immaterial to the charge and on December 17, 1925, found him "guilty of all specifications and of the charge". The court suspended him from active duty for five years without pay, which President Coolidge later reduced to half-pay.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bio_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The generals' ruling in the case wrote, "The Court is thus lenient because of the military record of the Accused during the World War."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacArthur (who himself in 1951 was removed from duty for similar reasons) later said he had voted to acquit, and <a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">Fiorello La Guardia</a> said that MacArthur's "not guilty" ballot had been found in the judges' anteroom.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacArthur felt "that a senior officer should not be silenced for being at variance with his superiors in rank and with accepted doctrine."<sup id="cite_ref-MacArthur,_p._85_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacArthur,_p._85-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, Mitchell's son from his second marriage, William Mitchell, petitioned the Air Force Board for Correction of Military Records to reverse his father's conviction. The Board recommended vacating the conviction, but USAF Secretary <a href="/wiki/James_H._Douglas_Jr." title="James H. Douglas Jr.">James H. Douglas Jr.</a> refused on the grounds that while Mitchell's airpower views "have been vindicated," this did not "affect the propriety or impropriety" of Mitchell's insubordinate behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raymond1958_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raymond1958-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Douglas, by remaining on active duty, Mitchell "was bound to accept the consequences imposed by his service responsibilities."<sup id="cite_ref-Raymond1958_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raymond1958-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mitchell resigned instead on February 1, 1926, and spent the next decade writing and preaching air power to all who would listen.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his departure from the service sharply reduced his ability to influence military policy and public opinion. </p><p>Mitchell viewed the election of his one-time antagonist <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> as advantageous for air power, and met with him early in 1932 to brief him on his concepts for a unification of the military in a Department of Defense. His ideas intrigued and interested Roosevelt. Mitchell believed he might receive an appointment as Assistant Secretary of War for Air or perhaps even Secretary of War in a Roosevelt administration, but neither prospect materialized.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mitchell married his first wife, Caroline Stoddard, on December 2, 1903. They had three children: Harriet, Elizabeth, and John Lendrum III. Although the marriage was initially happy, his behavior became more and more erratic primarily as a result of his heavy drinking. The two had a bitter divorce, rife with accusations on both sides, which was finalized on September 22, 1922. On September 27, after a Milwaukee courtroom trial, the judge decided in Caroline's favor. Lawyers for Caroline and biographers reported that the marital problems were caused by Billy Mitchell, who became so erratic that his wife even considered sending him to a psychiatrist. Caroline won custody of the children and alimony including $400.00 a month in child support.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year later, on October 11, 1923, Mitchell married his second wife, Elizabeth Trumbull Miller. They had two children, Lucy and William Jr. In 1926, Mitchell made his home with his wife Elizabeth at the 120-acre (0.5 km<sup>2</sup>) Boxwood Farm in <a href="/wiki/Middleburg,_Virginia" title="Middleburg, Virginia">Middleburg, Virginia</a>, which remained his primary residence until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 19, 1936, Mitchell died in New York City at <a href="/wiki/Doctors_Hospital_(Manhattan)" title="Doctors Hospital (Manhattan)">Doctors Hospital</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Coronary_occlusion" title="Coronary occlusion">coronary occlusion</a>. He had been admitted to the hospital on January 28. He was 56 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTIMES-Obit_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTIMES-Obit-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mitchell was buried at <a href="/wiki/Forest_Home_Cemetery" title="Forest Home Cemetery">Forest Home Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of Mitchell's children from his first marriage attended the funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His widow, Elizabeth, later married Thomas Bolling Byrd, the brother of Virginia governor <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Harry F. Byrd Sr.">Harry F. Byrd Sr.</a> and explorer <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a>. </p><p>Mitchell's son, John Lendrum Mitchell III, enlisted in the Army on October 10, 1941. Promoted to <a href="/wiki/US_First_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="US First Lieutenant">first lieutenant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/4th_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="4th Armored Division (United States)">4th Armored Division</a>, and stationed at Pine Camp, NY (now Fort Drum), he died from a blood infection on October 27, 1942. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Mitchell's first cousin, the Canadian <a href="/wiki/George_Croil" title="George Croil">George Croil</a>, went on to secure an autonomous status for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> and in 1938 became its first <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the Air Staff (Canada)">Chief of the Air Staff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attempts_at_posthumous_promotion">Attempts at posthumous promotion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Attempts at posthumous promotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1940, a bill was introduced in Congress that sought to posthumously promote Mitchell to the rank of major general, but it did not pass.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar bill was drafted in 1942 to promote Mitchell to brigadier general.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Office of Air Force History, "this effort failed to follow the normal process, which called for the War and Navy Departments to submit recommendations to the White House." Instead, only the Senate participated, and passed a joint resolution. Reportedly, "this approach did require the approval of the House, which was not forthcoming." As a result, Mitchell did not actually receive a posthumous promotion, although many misunderstood the Senate resolution as authorizing this.<sup id="cite_ref-media.defense.gov_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-media.defense.gov-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bills were introduced in 1943 to promote Mitchell to brigadier general and also to major general, which did not pass.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945, the same legislation was introduced for a promotion to major general, but it also did not pass.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another bill was introduced in 1947 to the same effect which did not pass either.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, Mitchell's posthumous promotion was finally authorized in the FY2005 National Defense Authorization Act.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the former editor of <i>Air Force Magazine</i>, "neither the Pentagon nor the White House took any action as a result of the authorization," which meant Mitchell was never promoted.<sup id="cite_ref-airforcemag.com_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airforcemag.com-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That bill was introduced by Rep. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bass" title="Charles Bass">Charles Bass</a> (R-N.H.), himself a relative of Mitchell's, and whose own father, Rep. <a href="/wiki/Perkins_Bass" title="Perkins Bass">Perkins Bass</a> (R-N.H.), had also previously sponsored legislation to posthumously promote Mitchell.<sup id="cite_ref-Ott2006_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ott2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reportedly, the promotion authorization drew on "muted support" from the USAF, which may explain why the bill was not acted on.<sup id="cite_ref-Ott2006_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ott2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One author wrote that Mitchell's true history was more complicated than the simple narrative that he was a passionate airpower advocate; according to one historian, he was "vain, petulant, racist, overbearing, and egotistical", which may explain reservations about the many attempts to revise his legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Ott2006_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ott2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An air force officer reflected that if Mitchell's promotion were granted, it would be "only a pyrrhic victory", since it would not "erase the questionable actions that proceeded from his passionate advocacy of airpower's independence".<sup id="cite_ref-Ott2006_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ott2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mitchell is often referred to as a "brigadier general (temporary)" because of his holding temporary rank during World War I and later after the war, although his permanent grade was colonel both during his temporary service as a general officer as well as at the time he resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-media.defense.gov_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-media.defense.gov-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress subsequently passed legislation in 1930 that permitted "all commissioned officers who served in the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and/or Coast Guard of the United States during the World War, and who have been or may be hereafter retired according to law . . . shall . . . be advanced in rank on the retired list to the highest grade held by them during the World War".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it appears that since this act required the officer to be formally retired, it did not apply to Mitchell because he had resigned his commission rather than be subject to the pay forfeiture from his court martial conviction.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, none of the Army Registers from 1926 to 1932 list him as retired.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the 1930 legislation did allow non-retirees to use the wartime titles of ranks they had held honorably, meaning that Mitchell could subsequently call himself a brigadier general without actually being one as a matter of law. <sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a curious status that likely applied to very few general officers, since unlike Mitchell, the vast majority were careerists who subsequently were retired by law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Congressional_Gold_Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Congressional Gold Medal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President of the United States is requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, with suitable emblems, devices and inscriptions, to be presented to the late William Mitchell, formerly a Colonel, United States Army, in recognition of his outstanding pioneer service and foresight in the field of American military aviation.<sup id="cite_ref-history.army.mil_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.army.mil-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>There has been some confusion regarding Mitchell's medal being a Medal of Honor instead of a Congressional Gold Medal, because it was erroneously listed as a Medal of Honor in the Committee on Veterans' Affairs report of 1979 which is often used as a modern index of Medal of Honor listings. According to the Army's Center of Military History, "it seems apparent that the intention was to award the Gold Medal rather than the Medal of Honor," but the Center included Mitchell's award because of the error on the Senate report.<sup id="cite_ref-history.army.mil_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.army.mil-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate error was a consequence of a drafting mistake when the bill was in committee. The House Committee on Military Affairs confused the Medal of Honor with the Congressional Gold Medal in its first draft of the bill, and then retroactively amended the text to remove "a Medal of Honor" and replace it with "a gold medal," but neglected to correct the title of the bill. However, the Committee clarified that "the legislation under consideration does not authorize an award of the Congressional Medal of Honor," which clearly settled the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medal in question is listed as a Congressional Gold Medal in the database of the House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of these verifiable facts, the U.S. Air Force still lists Mitchell as a Medal of Honor recipient (and also incorrectly claims that he was posthumously promoted to major general on July 18, 1947),<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though he has been removed from the official list published online by the Department of Defense.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one author, the Air Force's continued representation that Mitchell is a Medal of Honor recipient constitutes "misinformation" and is "inexplicable, since Congress lists the award as a Gold Medal, the Air Force formally participated in the Gold Medal's design, and the National Museum of the Air Force currently possesses the replica Gold Medal in question."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Museum of the Air Force displays Mitchell's Gold Medal publicly, with the caption that "This is the Congressional Gold Medal awarded posthumously to Gen. Billy Mitchell in 1946. This medallion, the only one of its kind, was sculpted by Erwin F. Springweiler and struck by the Philadelphia Mint."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the medal in question is on public display, it is easily verifiable as not being a Medal of Honor. Several Medal of Honor historians have also published on this subject due to repeated confusion over Mitchell's award.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_and_civilian_awards">Military and civilian awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Military and civilian awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Note – Incomplete list. The dates indicate the year the award was presented and not necessarily the date it was earned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitchell's_military_awards"><span id="Mitchell.27s_military_awards"></span>Mitchell's military awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mitchell's military awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2"><b>U.S. Army decorations</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Distinguished_Service_Cross_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Distinguished_Service_Cross_ribbon.svg/60px-Distinguished_Service_Cross_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Distinguished_Service_Cross_ribbon.svg/90px-Distinguished_Service_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Distinguished_Service_Cross_ribbon.svg/120px-Distinguished_Service_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United States)">Distinguished Service Cross</a> (1918) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Distinguished Service Medal</a> (1919) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2"><b>U.S. Army Service Medals</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_War_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Spanish_War_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Spanish_War_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Spanish_War_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Spanish_War_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Spanish_War_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Spanish_War_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_War_Service_Medal" title="Spanish War Service Medal">Spanish War Service Medal</a> (1918) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Philippine_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Philippine_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Philippine_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Philippine_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Philippine_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Philippine_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="38" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Campaign_Medal" title="Philippine Campaign Medal">Philippine Campaign Medal</a> (1905) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_of_Cuban_Occupation_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Army_of_Cuban_Occupation_ribbon.svg/60px-Army_of_Cuban_Occupation_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Army_of_Cuban_Occupation_ribbon.svg/90px-Army_of_Cuban_Occupation_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Army_of_Cuban_Occupation_ribbon.svg/120px-Army_of_Cuban_Occupation_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Cuban_Occupation_Medal" title="Army of Cuban Occupation Medal">Army of Cuban Occupation Medal</a> (1915) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_of_Cuban_Pacification_service_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Army_of_Cuban_Pacification_service_ribbon.png/60px-Army_of_Cuban_Pacification_service_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Army_of_Cuban_Pacification_service_ribbon.png/90px-Army_of_Cuban_Pacification_service_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Army_of_Cuban_Pacification_service_ribbon.png/120px-Army_of_Cuban_Pacification_service_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Cuban_Pacification_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Cuban Pacification Medal">Cuban Pacification Medal</a> (1909) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mexican_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Mexican_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mexican_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Mexican_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mexican_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Mexican_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Service_Medal" title="Mexican Service Medal">Mexican Service Medal</a> (1917) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 2px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 13px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 24px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 35px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 47px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" title="World War I Victory Medal (United States)">World War I Victory Medal</a> with 8 campaign clasps (8 bronze service stars) (1919) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 7px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 24px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 41px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2"><b>Foreign state decorations</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/60px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/90px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/120px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td>Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a> (United Kingdom) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/90px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Honor">French Legion of Honor</a> (Commander) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grande_ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Grande_ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg/60px-Grande_ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Grande_ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg/90px-Grande_ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Grande_ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg/120px-Grande_ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td>Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy" title="Order of the Crown of Italy">Order of the Crown of Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commendatore_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commendatore_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg/60px-Commendatore_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commendatore_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg/90px-Commendatore_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commendatore_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg/120px-Commendatore_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Italian Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a> (Commander) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg/60px-Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg/90px-Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg/120px-Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/War_Merit_Cross_(Italy)" title="War Merit Cross (Italy)">Italian War Merit Cross</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 2px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Award-star-silver-3d.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver award star"><img alt="Silver star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Award-star-silver-3d.png/13px-Award-star-silver-3d.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Award-star-silver-3d.png/20px-Award-star-silver-3d.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Award-star-silver-3d.png/26px-Award-star-silver-3d.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="126" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 13px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_oakleaf-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver oak leaf cluster"><img alt="Silver oak leaf cluster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Silver_oakleaf-3d.svg/13px-Silver_oakleaf-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Silver_oakleaf-3d.svg/20px-Silver_oakleaf-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Silver_oakleaf-3d.svg/26px-Silver_oakleaf-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="85" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 24px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze oak leaf cluster"><img alt="Bronze oak leaf cluster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/13px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/20px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/26px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 35px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze oak leaf cluster"><img alt="Bronze oak leaf cluster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/13px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/20px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/26px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 47px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze oak leaf cluster"><img alt="Bronze oak leaf cluster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/13px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/20px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/26px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Croix_de_Guerre_1914-1918_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Croix_de_Guerre_1914-1918_ribbon.svg/60px-Croix_de_Guerre_1914-1918_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Croix_de_Guerre_1914-1918_ribbon.svg/90px-Croix_de_Guerre_1914-1918_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Croix_de_Guerre_1914-1918_ribbon.svg/120px-Croix_de_Guerre_1914-1918_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre" title="Croix de Guerre">French Croix de Guerre</a> with 1 silver star, 1 silver palm, and 3 bronze palms </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medaille_commemorative_de_la_bataille_de_Verdun_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Medaille_commemorative_de_la_bataille_de_Verdun_ribbon.svg/60px-Medaille_commemorative_de_la_bataille_de_Verdun_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Medaille_commemorative_de_la_bataille_de_Verdun_ribbon.svg/90px-Medaille_commemorative_de_la_bataille_de_Verdun_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Medaille_commemorative_de_la_bataille_de_Verdun_ribbon.svg/120px-Medaille_commemorative_de_la_bataille_de_Verdun_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td>French Verdun Medal </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2"><b>Military badges, patches and tabs</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Award-star-silver-3d.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Award-star-silver-3d.png/20px-Award-star-silver-3d.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Award-star-silver-3d.png/30px-Award-star-silver-3d.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Award-star-silver-3d.png/40px-Award-star-silver-3d.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="126" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_-_Aviator_Wings_WWI_era.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/USA_-_Aviator_Wings_WWI_era.png/110px-USA_-_Aviator_Wings_WWI_era.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/USA_-_Aviator_Wings_WWI_era.png/165px-USA_-_Aviator_Wings_WWI_era.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/USA_-_Aviator_Wings_WWI_era.png/220px-USA_-_Aviator_Wings_WWI_era.png 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="196" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Aviator_Badge" title="United States Aviator Badge">Senior Aviator</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USMC_Rifle_Expert_badge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/USMC_Rifle_Expert_badge.png/110px-USMC_Rifle_Expert_badge.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/USMC_Rifle_Expert_badge.png/165px-USMC_Rifle_Expert_badge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/USMC_Rifle_Expert_badge.png/220px-USMC_Rifle_Expert_badge.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="437" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marksmanship_Badge_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marksmanship Badge (United States)">Expert Rifle Marksmanship Badge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_pilote_12279.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Badge_pilote_12279.JPG/110px-Badge_pilote_12279.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Badge_pilote_12279.JPG/165px-Badge_pilote_12279.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Badge_pilote_12279.JPG/220px-Badge_pilote_12279.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="2056" /></a></span> </td> <td>French Pilot Wings </td></tr> <tr> <td> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_General_Billy_Mitchell_National_Museum_of_the_US_Air_Force_display_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Major_General_Billy_Mitchell_National_Museum_of_the_US_Air_Force_display_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Major_General_Billy_Mitchell_National_Museum_of_the_US_Air_Force_display_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Major_General_Billy_Mitchell_National_Museum_of_the_US_Air_Force_display_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Major_General_Billy_Mitchell_National_Museum_of_the_US_Air_Force_display_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Major_General_Billy_Mitchell_National_Museum_of_the_US_Air_Force_display_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Major_General_Billy_Mitchell_National_Museum_of_the_US_Air_Force_display_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1126" /></a><figcaption>Mitchell's medals on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="National Museum of the United States Air Force">National Museum of the U.S. Air Force</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitchell's_civilian_awards"><span id="Mitchell.27s_civilian_awards"></span>Mitchell's civilian awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mitchell's civilian awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">U.S. Congressional Gold Medal</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1946)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_societies">Military societies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Military societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General Mitchell belonged to the following military societies and veteran organizations – </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Foreign_Wars" title="Military Order of Foreign Wars">Military Order of Foreign Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Carabao" title="Military Order of the Carabao">Military Order of the Carabao</a></li> <li>National Society of the Army of the Philippines (Merged with the Veterans of Foreign Service to form the <a href="/wiki/Veterans_of_Foreign_Wars" title="Veterans of Foreign Wars">Veterans of Foreign Wars</a> in 1914.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_of_promotion">Dates of promotion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dates of promotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Note – the date listed is the date the promotion was accepted by General Mitchell. The actual date of rank was usually a few days earlier. (Source – Army Register, 1926. p. 423.) </p> <table class="wikitable" style="background:white"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center"><i>No pin insignia in 1898</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)" title="Private (rank)">Private</a>, 1st Wisconsin Infantry: May 14, 1898 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>No pin insignia in 1898</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Lieutenant#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lieutenant">Second Lieutenant</a>, Signal Corps, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Volunteers" title="United States Volunteers">Volunteer Army</a>: June 8, 1898 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O2_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/13px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/20px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/26px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Lieutenant#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lieutenant">First Lieutenant</a>, Signal Corps, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Volunteers" title="United States Volunteers">Volunteer Army</a>: March 4, 1899 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>No pin insignia in 1899</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Lieutenant#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lieutenant">Second Lieutenant</a>, Signal Corps, Volunteer Army: April 18, 1899 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O2_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/13px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/20px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/26px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Lieutenant#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lieutenant">First Lieutenant</a>, Signal Corps, Volunteer Army: June 11, 1900 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O2_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/13px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/20px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/26px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td> <td>First Lieutenant, Signal Corps, <a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular Army (USA)">Regular Army</a>: April 26, 1901 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O3_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/33px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/50px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/66px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(U.S._Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (U.S. Army)">Captain</a>, Signal Corps, Regular Army: March 2, 1903 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O4_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/40px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/60px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/80px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Major</a>, Signal Corps, Regular Army: July 1, 1916 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O5_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/40px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/60px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/80px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524" /></a></span> </td> <td>Lieutenant Colonel, Signal Corps, Regular Army: May 15, 1917 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O6_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/60px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/90px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/120px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="475" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a>, Signal Corps, Temporary: October 10, 1917 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O7_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/33px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/50px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/66px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="583" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a>, Air Service, Temporary: October 14, 1918 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O6_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/60px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/90px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/120px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="475" /></a></span> </td> <td>Colonel, Signal Corps, Regular Army: July 1, 1920 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O7_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/33px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/50px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/66px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="583" /></a></span> </td> <td>Brigadier General, Air Service, Temporary: July 16, 1920<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O6_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/60px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/90px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/120px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="475" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a>, Signal Corps, Regular Army: April 25, 1925 (Resigned February 1, 1926) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posthumous_recognition">Posthumous recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Posthumous recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_General_Billy_Mitchell_Uniforms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Major_General_Billy_Mitchell_Uniforms.jpg/220px-Major_General_Billy_Mitchell_Uniforms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Major_General_Billy_Mitchell_Uniforms.jpg/330px-Major_General_Billy_Mitchell_Uniforms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Major_General_Billy_Mitchell_Uniforms.jpg/440px-Major_General_Billy_Mitchell_Uniforms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Mitchell's uniforms on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="National Museum of the United States Air Force">National Museum of the United States Air Force</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitchell_Family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mitchell_Family.jpg/220px-Mitchell_Family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mitchell_Family.jpg/330px-Mitchell_Family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mitchell_Family.jpg/440px-Mitchell_Family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Mitchell family monument</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFCAMfull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/AFCAMfull.jpg/220px-AFCAMfull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/AFCAMfull.jpg/330px-AFCAMfull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/AFCAMfull.jpg/440px-AFCAMfull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Obverse and reverse of the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Combat_Action_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Combat Action Medal">Air Force Combat Action Medal</a></figcaption></figure> </div></div> <p>Mitchell's concept of a battleship's vulnerability to air attack under "war-time conditions" was vindicated after his death. Air power was first shown to be decisive against a capital ship in war conditions during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>: on May 29, 1937, Republican Government bombers <a href="/wiki/Deutschland_incident_(1937)" title="Deutschland incident (1937)">attacked and damaged</a> the German heavy cruiser <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Deutschland" title="German cruiser Deutschland"><i>Deutschland</i></a>. This new dimension for aerial warfare preceded the attack on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">Taranto</a> and Pearl Harbor by a good margin.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, many warships were sunk solely by air attack. The battleships <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Conte_di_Cavour" title="Italian battleship Conte di Cavour"><i>Conte di Cavour</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Duilio" title="Italian battleship Duilio"><i>Duilio</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Littorio" title="Italian battleship Littorio"><i>Littorio</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona" title="USS Arizona"><i>Arizona</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Utah_(BB-31)" title="USS Utah (BB-31)"><i>Utah</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Oklahoma_(BB-37)" title="USS Oklahoma (BB-37)"><i>Oklahoma</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)"><i>Prince of Wales</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Repulse_(1916)" title="HMS Repulse (1916)"><i>Repulse</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Roma_(1940)" title="Italian battleship Roma (1940)"><i>Roma</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Musashi" title="Japanese battleship Musashi"><i>Musashi</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Tirpitz" title="German battleship Tirpitz"><i>Tirpitz</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato" title="Japanese battleship Yamato"><i>Yamato</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SMS_Schleswig-Holstein" title="SMS Schleswig-Holstein"><i>Schleswig-Holstein</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_battleship_Lemnos" title="Greek battleship Lemnos"><i>Lemnos</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_battleship_Kilkis" title="Greek battleship Kilkis"><i>Kilkis</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_battleship_Marat" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet battleship Marat"><i>Marat</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Ise" title="Japanese battleship Ise"><i>Ise</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Hy%C5%ABga" title="Japanese battleship Hyūga"><i>Hyūga</i></a> were all put out of commission or destroyed by aerial attack including bombs, air-dropped torpedoes and missiles fired from aircraft. Some of these ships were destroyed by surprise attacks in harbor, others were sunk at sea after vigorous defense. However, most of the sinkings were carried out by aircraft carrier-based planes, not by land-based bombers as envisioned by Mitchell. The world's navies had responded quickly to the <i>Ostfriesland</i> lesson.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1941: The <a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">North American B-25 Mitchell</a> bomber, introduced in 1941, was named for Mitchell. Nearly 10,000 B-25s were produced, including the <a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">sixteen bombers</a> which Lt. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittle" title="Jimmy Doolittle">Jimmy Doolittle</a> and his raiders used to bomb Tokyo and four other Japanese targets in April 1942.</li> <li>1941: The main airport in Mitchell's hometown of Milwaukee was renamed General Mitchell Field in his honor; it is now known as <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Mitchell_International_Airport" title="Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport">Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MCHS_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCHS-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The airport also houses the Mitchell Gallery of Flight museum<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1942: President Franklin Roosevelt, in recognizing Mitchell's contributions to air power, petitioned the U.S. Congress to posthumously award Mitchell the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a>, "in recognition of his outstanding pioneer service and foresight in the field of American military aviation." It was awarded in 1946.</li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> produced a film, <a href="/wiki/Victory_Through_Air_Power_(film)" title="Victory Through Air Power (film)">"Victory Through Air Power"</a>, which opened with a filmed quote from General Mitchell, and is dedicated to him. The movie is based on a book by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_P._de_Seversky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander P. de Seversky">Major Alexander P. de Seversky</a>, and is an explanation of how long range bombing and concentration of air power could shorten World War II, explaining the logistics and strategies that would give the Allies the upper hand at that time, as the Axis would be unable to develop similar aircraft and strategies due to their own issues. This film was shown to British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt at a conference in Quebec, and reportedly made an impact on the planning and production of U.S. war material at the insistence of Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1943: The unnamed "General" in the classic World War II movie <i><a href="/wiki/A_Guy_Named_Joe" title="A Guy Named Joe">A Guy Named Joe</a></i> who gives the deceased pilot his new assignment, was "probably modeled after Billy Mitchell."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1944: The United States Navy named a troop transport as the <a href="/wiki/USS_General_William_Mitchell" title="USS General William Mitchell">USS <i>General William Mitchell</i> (AP-114)</a>.</li> <li>1951: The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell_Drill_Team&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Billy Mitchell Drill Team (page does not exist)">Billy Mitchell Drill Team</a> (BMDT) was founded as an <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_ROTC" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force ROTC">Air Force ROTC</a> Drill Team; it is a drill, ceremony and color guard team at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1955: The <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Association">Air Force Association</a> passed a resolution calling for the voiding of Mitchell's court-martial. The Association named their Institute for Airpower Studies for the General; the current Dean of the Mitchell Institute is Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/David_Deptula" title="David Deptula">David A. Deptula</a>, USAF (Ret.).</li> <li>1955: The motion picture <i><a href="/wiki/The_Court-Martial_of_Billy_Mitchell" title="The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell">The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Preminger" title="Otto Preminger">Otto Preminger</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</a>, portrays Mitchell's plight in a dramatic light.</li> <li>1966: Mitchell was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Aviation Hall of Fame">National Aviation Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AviationHOF_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AviationHOF-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1968: The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names">United States Board on Geographic Names</a> officially named <a href="/wiki/Mount_Billy_Mitchell_(Chugach_Mountains)" title="Mount Billy Mitchell (Chugach Mountains)">Mount Billy Mitchell</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chugach_Mountains" title="Chugach Mountains">Chugach Mountains</a>, near the city of <a href="/wiki/Valdez,_Alaska" title="Valdez, Alaska">Valdez</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southcentral_Alaska" title="Southcentral Alaska">Southcentral Alaska</a>. This was in recognition of his central role in overseeing the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Communications_System" title="Alaska Communications System">Washington-Alaska Military Cable and Telegraph System</a> (WAMCATS) while he was stationed in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Alaska" title="District of Alaska">District of Alaska</a> from 1900 to 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-BillyMitchell_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BillyMitchell-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1970: Mitchell was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/International_Air_%26_Space_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Air & Space Hall of Fame">International Air & Space Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1971: <i>Pipes and Drums, the Billy Mitchell Scottish</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was created in Milwaukee to honor Mitchell and his ties to Scotland and Milwaukee.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Mitchell_Airport" title="Billy Mitchell Airport">Billy Mitchell Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Hatteras,_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Hatteras, North Carolina">Cape Hatteras, North Carolina</a> is named for Mitchell.</li> <li>Mitchell Hall, the cadet dining facility at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy">United States Air Force Academy</a>, was dedicated in honor of Mitchell in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_(Billy)_Mitchell_High_School_(Colorado)" class="mw-redirect" title="William (Billy) Mitchell High School (Colorado)">William (Billy) Mitchell High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a>, and Billy Mitchell Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/Lawndale,_California" title="Lawndale, California">Lawndale, California</a>, are named after him.</li> <li>General Mitchell was honored at his alma mater, the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> in Washington, D.C., with the naming of a large undergraduate residence building, William Mitchell Hall.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol" title="Civil Air Patrol">Civil Air Patrol</a> <a href="/wiki/Cadet" title="Cadet">cadet</a> program includes an award called the <a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Civil_Air_Patrol#General_Billy_Mitchell_Award" title="Awards and decorations of the Civil Air Patrol">General Billy Mitchell Award</a>, signifying the rank of Cadet 2nd Lieutenant, and completion of several tests and essays. There is also a CAP "Billy Mitchell Squadron" in the LA Wing, based at Lakefront airport, New Orleans.</li> <li>The U.S. Air Force Pipe Band, which existed as a free-standing unit within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_military_bands#Air_Force" title="United States military bands">U.S. Air Force Band</a> between 1960 and 1970, wore a <a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a> created in honor of Billy Mitchell.<sup id="cite_ref-wilk_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilk-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/William_Sanders_(writer)" title="William Sanders (writer)">William Sanders</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> story "Billy Mitchell's Overt Act".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the variant history depicted in the story, Mitchell managed to avoid the court-martial, and was still alive as an active service general in 1941. Being stationed in Hawaii, Mitchell correctly guessed the Japanese intentions and launched a preemptive strike on the oncoming Japanese carriers, and at the cost of his own life, several carriers were destroyed and disabled which prevented the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a>.</li> <li>1999: General Mitchell's portrait was put on a U.S. postage stamp. Although the 55-cent stamp met an airmail rate and portrayed a figure important to the development of aviation, it was not marked or issued as an airmail stamp. It also met the two-ounce first-class rate in effect at the time.</li> <li>Mitchell was named as the <a href="/wiki/USAFA_Class_exemplar" class="mw-redirect" title="USAFA Class exemplar">class exemplar</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy">United States Air Force Academy</a> for the Class of 2001.</li> <li>2003: The House voted to reauthorize the president to posthumously commission Mitchell as a major general in the Army (2003 HR2755).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as the bill clearly notes, it did not pass the Senate, and therefore did not become law.</li> <li>2006: On May 18, the U.S. Air Force unveiled two prototypes for new <a href="/wiki/Dress_uniform" class="mw-redirect" title="Dress uniform">service dress uniforms</a>, referencing the service's heritage. One, modeled on the United States Army Air Service uniform, was designated the "Billy Mitchell heritage coat" (the other was named for <a href="/wiki/Hap_Arnold" class="mw-redirect" title="Hap Arnold">Hap Arnold</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ironically, the Air Service (including Mitchell) campaigned persistently against the high-collar blouse, which was the Army's regulation uniform coat of the time, because of its chafing effect on pilots' necks. In 1924, they succeeded and adopted the "turned-down" collar style blouse shown as the "Hap Arnold" uniform.</li> <li>2007: The Air Force established and awarded the first <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Combat_Action_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Combat Action Medal">Air Force Combat Action Medal</a> (s), which is based on the insignia<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> painted on Billy Mitchell's own aircraft which he flew during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WPOST_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPOST-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_American_Legion" title="List of members of the American Legion">List of members of the American Legion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ott2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ott2006_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ott2006_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ott2006_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ott2006_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ott2006_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOtt2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ott, William J. (Winter 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/ASPJ/journals/Volume-20_Issue-1-4/2006_Vol20_No4.pdf">"Maj Gen William 'Billy' Mitchell: A Pyrrhic Promotion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Air & Space Power Journal</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 27–34. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA158835229">A158835229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+%26+Space+Power+Journal&rft.atitle=Maj+Gen+William+%27Billy%27+Mitchell%3A+A+Pyrrhic+Promotion&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=27-34&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ott&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airuniversity.af.edu%2FPortals%2F10%2FASPJ%2Fjournals%2FVolume-20_Issue-1-4%2F2006_Vol20_No4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/mitchell-william-lendrum-1879-1936">"Mitchell, William Lendrum 1879-1936"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This comment is quoted as "incompetency, criminal negligence, and almost treasonable administration by the War and Navy departments" from an interview given by General Mitchell in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, Texas, and published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (September 7, 1925, page 4) according to "The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (1925)" in <i>Footnotes to American History</i> by Harold S. Sharp, Scarecrow Press, Inc., Metuchen, N.J., 1977, pp. 430–433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bio_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Colonel Phillip S. Meilinger, USAF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/cc/mitch.html">Maxwell AFB. American Airpower Biography: <i>Billy Mitchell</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924000311/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/cc/mitch.html">Archived</a> September 24, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay1979" class="citation book cs1">May, J. J. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nWUNAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Harriet+Danforth+Becker%22&pg=PA224"><i>Danforth genealogy</i></a>. Рипол Классик. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5877066076" title="Special:BookSources/978-5877066076"><bdi>978-5877066076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danforth+genealogy&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-5877066076&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnWUNAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Harriet%2BDanforth%2BBecker%2522%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Mitchell">"William Mitchell"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=William+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FWilliam-Mitchell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Phi Kappa Psi (1991). Grand Catalogue of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity (13th ed.)</i>. Publishing Concepts, Inc. 1991. pp. 278, 466.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phi+Kappa+Psi+%281991%29.+Grand+Catalogue+of+the+Phi+Kappa+Psi+Fraternity+%2813th+ed.%29&rft.pages=278%2C+466&rft.pub=Publishing+Concepts%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Mitchell">"William Mitchell"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=William+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FWilliam-Mitchell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayton-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton1970" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, James D. (1970). <i>The Years of MacArthur Volume 1 1880–1941</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 32–33, 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Years+of+MacArthur+Volume+1+1880%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=32-33%2C+65&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sewardpeninsula.com/s/Billy-Mitchell.pdf">"William Lendrum Mitchell"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Lendrum+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sewardpeninsula.com%2Fs%2FBilly-Mitchell.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egbert2003-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Egbert2003_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Bureau_of_Land_ManagementEagle_Historical_Society_&_Museums2003" class="citation book cs1">United States Bureau of Land Management; Eagle Historical Society & Museums (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DDS0zjLOQM4C&q=June+27%2C+1903+WAMCATS&pg=PA1905">"A new mission"</a>. <i>Eagle-Fort Egbert: A Remnant of the Past</i>. Fairbanks, Alaska: United States Bureau of Land Management. pp. 10–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+new+mission&rft.btitle=Eagle-Fort+Egbert%3A+A+Remnant+of+the+Past&rft.place=Fairbanks%2C+Alaska&rft.pages=10-12&rft.pub=United+States+Bureau+of+Land+Management&rft.date=2003&rft.au=United+States+Bureau+of+Land+Management&rft.au=Eagle+Historical+Society+%26+Museums&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDDS0zjLOQM4C%26q%3DJune%2B27%252C%2B1903%2BWAMCATS%26pg%3DPA1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Roger G. (2004). <i>Billy Mitchell: "Stormy Petrel of the Air"</i>. Office of Air Force History: Washington, D.C., pp. 3–5. The Act of July 18, 1914, creating the Aviation Section restricted aviation training to unmarried lieutenants under the age of 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420092328/http://www.mitchellgallery.org/gen-mitchell/">"General William 'Billy' Mitchell"</a>. Mitchell Gallery of Flight. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitchellgallery.org/gen-mitchell/">the original</a> on April 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+William+%27Billy%27+Mitchell&rft.pub=Mitchell+Gallery+of+Flight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mitchellgallery.org%2Fgen-mitchell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/spad-xvi/nasm_A19200002000">"Spad XVI"</a>. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.af.mil/News/Photos.aspx?igphoto=2000594012">"Billy Mitchell and Vought VE-7 Bluebird"</a>. Air Force Photos.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakim1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joy_Hakim" title="Joy Hakim">Hakim, Joy</a> (1995). <i>A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509514-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509514-6"><bdi>0-19-509514-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Us%3A+War%2C+Peace+and+all+that+Jazz&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-509514-6&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=Joy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-afbio-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-afbio_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afbio_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905142352/http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090601-135.pdf">"Mitchell William"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biographical Data on Air Force General Officers, 1917–1952</i>. AFHRA (USAF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090601-135.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Data+on+Air+Force+General+Officers%2C+1917%E2%80%931952&rft.atitle=Mitchell+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhra.af.mil%2Fshared%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2FAFD-090601-135.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>U.S. Air Service</i>, September 1920, Vol. 4, Number 2, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glines, Carroll V. (1973). <i>The Compact History of the United States Air Force</i>. p. 111. Hawthorn Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hurley, Alfred (2006). <i>Billy Mitchell: Crusader for Air Power</i>, Indiana University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20180-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20180-2">0-253-20180-2</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hurley (2006), pp. 45–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Futrell, Robert F. (1989). <i>Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine: Basic Thinking in the United States Air Force, 1907–1960</i>, Air University Press, Maxwell Air Force Base, pp. 32–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreer1985" class="citation book cs1">Greer, Thomas H. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313132536/http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090601-130.pdf"><i>USAF Historical Study 89, The Development of Air Doctrine in the Army Air Arm, 1917–1941</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Maxwell Air Force Base: Center For Air Force History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090601-130.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=USAF+Historical+Study+89%2C+The+Development+of+Air+Doctrine+in+the+Army+Air+Arm%2C+1917%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Maxwell+Air+Force+Base&rft.pub=Center+For+Air+Force+History&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Greer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhra.af.mil%2Fshared%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2FAFD-090601-130.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033015/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Air_Power/mitchell_tests/AP14.htm">"U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission: Billy Mitchell Sinks the Ships"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Air_Power/mitchell_tests/AP14.htm">the original</a> on September 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Centennial+of+Flight+Commission%3A+Billy+Mitchell+Sinks+the+Ships&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centennialofflight.gov%2Fessay%2FAir_Power%2Fmitchell_tests%2FAP14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1921/01/30/archives/deny-air-fleets-doom-battleships-navy-officials-challenge-gen.html">"DENY AIR FLEETS DOOM BATTLESHIPS; Navy Officials Challenge Gen. Mitchell's Assertions Based on Bombing of Indiana. NO LIVE BOMBS WERE USED Official Report on the Tests Is Issued--Mitchell Has Caused Navy Protests Before. No Live Bombs Dropped. Previous Protest on Mitchell"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 30, 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=DENY+AIR+FLEETS+DOOM+BATTLESHIPS%3B+Navy+Officials+Challenge+Gen.+Mitchell%27s+Assertions+Based+on+Bombing+of+Indiana.+NO+LIVE+BOMBS+WERE+USED+Official+Report+on+the+Tests+Is+Issued--Mitchell+Has+Caused+Navy+Protests+Before.+No+Live+Bombs+Dropped.+Previous+Protest+on+Mitchell.&rft.date=1921-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1921%2F01%2F30%2Farchives%2Fdeny-air-fleets-doom-battleships-navy-officials-challenge-gen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John T. Correll (June 2008). "Billy Mitchell and the Battleships". <i><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Magazine">Air Force Magazine</a></i>. pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Correll_p.66-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Correll_p.66_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Correll_p.66_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Correll. "Billy Mitchell and the Battleships". p.66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1959" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wilkinson_Johnson" title="Alfred Wilkinson Johnson">Johnson, Alfred Wilkinson</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120815222438/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/navybomb1.htm">"The Naval Bombing Experiments Off the Virginia Capes June and July 1921"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/navybomb1.htm#AtlanticFleet2">the original</a> on August 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Bombing+Experiments+Off+the+Virginia+Capes+June+and+July+1921&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Wilkinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Flibrary%2Fonline%2Fnavybomb1.htm%23AtlanticFleet2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Correll. "Billy Mitchell and the Battleships". pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20-%200615.html">"The US Aerial Bombing Experiment on Ships"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/FlightGlobal" title="FlightGlobal">Flight</a></i>. September 15, 1921. pp. 615–618.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Correll_p._67-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Correll_p._67_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Correll_p._67_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Correll, "Billy Mitchell and the Battleships", p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winged_Defense_1925-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winged_Defense_1925_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winged_Defense_1925_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell, William (1925). <i>Winged Defense</i>. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-45318-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-45318-9">0-486-45318-9</a>) Reissued by Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1959" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">Arnold, H.H.</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100409214248/http%3A//www%2Ehistory%2Enavy%2Emil/library/online/navybomb2%2Ehtm">"The Naval Bombing Experiments: Bombing Operations"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/navybomb2.htm">the original</a> on April 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Bombing+Experiments%3A+Bombing+Operations&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=H.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Flibrary%2Fonline%2Fnavybomb2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid, John Alden (2006). "Bomb the Dread Noughts!" <i>Air Classics</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Roger (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FpI_DoUoYK0C&pg=PA33"><i>Billy Mitchell: Stormy Petrel of the Air</i></a>. Diane Publishing. p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craven (1959). <i>The Army Air Forces in World War II</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207133540/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,716164,00.html">"Thunderbolts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. July 23, 1923.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New York Times</i>. (July 11, 1921). p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T18-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T18_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T18_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tate (1998), p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Futrell (1985), p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-christopher_m._finan2007-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-christopher_m._finan2007_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_M._Finan2007" class="citation book cs1">Christopher M. Finan (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frompalmerraidst00fina"><i>From the Palmer Raids to the Patriot Act: A History of the Fight for Free Speech in America</i></a></span>. Beacon Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frompalmerraidst00fina/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4428-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4428-5"><bdi>978-0-8070-4428-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Palmer+Raids+to+the+Patriot+Act%3A+A+History+of+the+Fight+for+Free+Speech+in+America&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-4428-5&rft.au=Christopher+M.+Finan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrompalmerraidst00fina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wvculture.org/history/journal_wvh/wvh50-1.html">Clayton D. Laurie, "The United States Army and the Return to Normalcy in Labor Dispute Interventions: The Case of the West Virginia Coal Mine Wars, 1920–1921"</a>, 50 West Virginia History 1–24, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell quotation at Call Field Memorial Museum in <a href="/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas" title="Wichita Falls, Texas">Wichita Falls</a>, Texas</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell, William L. "Strategical Aspect of the Pacific Problem" as quoted in Clodfelter, Mark A., "Molding Air Power Convictions: Development and Legacy of William Mitchell's Strategic Thought", in Melinger, Phillip S. ed., <i>The Paths of Heaven: The Evolution of Air Power Theory</i>, Alabama, Air University Press, 1997, pp.79–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clodfelter, Mark A. "Molding Air Power Convictions: Development and Legacy of William Mitchell's Strategic Thought", in Melinger, p.92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell, William. <i>Winged Defense: The Development and Possibilities of Modern Air Power—Economic and Military</i> (Dover Publications, 2006), p. 119. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-45318-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-45318-9">0-486-45318-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hurley, Alfred F., "Billy Mitchell: Crusader for Air Power," p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTate1998" class="citation book cs1">Tate, Dr. James P., Lt Col USAF, Retired (1998). <i>The Army and Its Air Corps: Army Policy toward Aviation, 1919–1941</i>. Air University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-061379-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-061379-5"><bdi>0-16-061379-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+and+Its+Air+Corps%3A+Army+Policy+toward+Aviation%2C+1919%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=Air+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-16-061379-5&rft.aulast=Tate&rft.aufirst=Dr.+James+P.%2C+Lt+Col+USAF%2C+Retired&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106102302/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,728580-1,00.html">"Army & Navy: Court Martial"</a>. <i>Time</i>. November 2, 1925. "Though not mentioned in these articles, all disorders and neglect; to the prejudice of good order and military discipline, all conduct of a nature to bring discredit upon the military service and all crimes or offenses not capital, of which persons subject to military law may be guilty, shall be taken cognizance of by a general or special or summary court martial, according to the nature and degree of the offense, and punished at the discretion of the court."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacArthur,_p._85-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacArthur,_p._85_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacArthur,_p._85_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacArthur1964">MacArthur 1964</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mitchell-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1998" class="citation news cs1">Goldstein, Richard (December 18, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/18/nyregion/gen-hh-howze-89-dies-proposed-copters-as-cavalry.html">"Gen. H.H. Howze, 89, Dies; Proposed Copters as Cavalry"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gen.+H.H.+Howze%2C+89%2C+Dies%3B+Proposed+Copters+as+Cavalry&rft.date=1998-12-18&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F12%2F18%2Fnyregion%2Fgen-hh-howze-89-dies-proposed-copters-as-cavalry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longden, Tom (January 26, 2009). "War flights by two Lanphiers made history". <i>Des Moines Register</i>. Des Moines, Iowa</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maksel 2009, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"" class="citation web cs1">Calhoun, Mark T. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/10437/Calhoun_ku_0099D_11980_DATA_1.pdf?sequence=1">"General Lesley J. McNair: Little-Known Architect of the U.S. Army"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>kuscholarworks.ku.edu/</i>. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kuscholarworks.ku.edu%2F&rft.atitle=General+Lesley+J.+McNair%3A+Little-Known+Architect+of+the+U.S.+Army&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=Mark+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkuscholarworks.ku.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1808%2F10437%2FCalhoun_ku_0099D_11980_DATA_1.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"57–62-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"57–62_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"57–62_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"">"General Lesley J. McNair: Little-Known Architect of the U.S. Army"</a>, pp. 57–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"76–79-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"76–79_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"76–79_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"76–79_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"76–79_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"General_Lesley_J._McNair:_Little-Known_Architect_of_the_U.S._Army"">"General Lesley J. McNair: Little-Known Architect of the U.S. Army"</a>, pp. 76–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter J. Boyne, "The Spirit of Billy Mitchell," Air Force Magazine, June 1, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maksel 2009, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1970">James 1970</a>, pp. 307–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur W. Arundel, "Billy Mitchell Conviction to Stand," Washington Post, March 5, 1958, p.A1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raymond1958-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raymond1958_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raymond1958_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond1958" class="citation news cs1">Raymond, Jack (March 5, 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1958/03/05/archives/billy-mitchell-verdict-affirmed-sons-plea-fails-in-25-conviction.html">"Billy Mitchell Verdict Affirmed; Son's Plea Fails in '25 Conviction; AIR FORCE BACKS MITCHELL VERDICT"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Billy+Mitchell+Verdict+Affirmed%3B+Son%27s+Plea+Fails+in+%2725+Conviction%3B+AIR+FORCE+BACKS+MITCHELL+VERDICT&rft.date=1958-03-05&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1958%2F03%2F05%2Farchives%2Fbilly-mitchell-verdict-affirmed-sons-plea-fails-in-25-conviction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2002" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, James J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUKCiovSy_gC&q=caroline"><i>Billy Mitchell</i></a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588260826" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588260826"><bdi>978-1588260826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billy+Mitchell&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1588260826&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUKCiovSy_gC%26q%3Dcaroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/aviation/mit.htm">"Gen. William 'Billy' Mitchell House"</a>. <i>Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms – A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary</i>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation%3A+From+Sand+Dunes+to+Sonic+Booms+%E2%80%93+A+National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Travel+Itinerary&rft.atitle=Gen.+William+%27Billy%27+Mitchell+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnr%2Ftravel%2Faviation%2Fmit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTIMES-Obit-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTIMES-Obit_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1936/02/20/archives/gen-mitghell-dies-air-leader-in-war-flying-hero-quit-army-in-1926-a.html">"GEN, MITGHELL DIES;] AIR LEADER IN WAR; Flying Hero Quit Army in 1926 After Court-Martial for His Criticism of Superiors. BEGAN AS PRIVATE IN '98 Rose to Assistmlt Corps Chief -- A Pioneer in Service, He Predicted Ocean Feats"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. February 20, 1936. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822034904/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/02/20/archives/gen-mitghell-dies-air-leader-in-war-flying-hero-quit-army-in-1926-a.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=GEN%2C+MITGHELL+DIES%3B%5D+AIR+LEADER+IN+WAR%3B+Flying+Hero+Quit+Army+in+1926+After+Court-Martial+for+His+Criticism+of+Superiors.+BEGAN+AS+PRIVATE+IN+%2798+Rose+to+Assistmlt+Corps+Chief+--+A+Pioneer+in+Service%2C+He+Predicted+Ocean+Feats.&rft.date=1936-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1936%2F02%2F20%2Farchives%2Fgen-mitghell-dies-air-leader-in-war-flying-hero-quit-army-in-1926-a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forest Home Cemetery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foresthomepreservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/FHC_SelfTour.pdf">"Self-Guided Historical Tour"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204000022/http://foresthomepreservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/FHC_SelfTour.pdf">Archived</a> February 4, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed February 3, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2002" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, James J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUKCiovSy_gC&q=byrd"><i>Billy Mitchell</i></a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588260826" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588260826"><bdi>978-1588260826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billy+Mitchell&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1588260826&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUKCiovSy_gC%26q%3Dbyrd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118020958/http://airforce.ca/magazine/last-postings/a-f/">"A–F"</a>. Air Force Association of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://airforce.ca/magazine/last-postings/a-f/">the original</a> on January 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A%E2%80%93F&rft.pub=Air+Force+Association+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fairforce.ca%2Fmagazine%2Flast-postings%2Fa-f%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">86 Cong. Rec. 10559 (Senate)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Senate Rept. No. 933, "William Mitchell," January 6, 1942, Report to accompany SJ Res. 109, 77th Cong., 2d Sess.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-media.defense.gov-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-media.defense.gov_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-media.defense.gov_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.defense.gov/2010/May/25/2001330275/-1/-1/0/AFD-100525-082.pdf">"Billy Mitchel: Stormy Petrel of the Air"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Billy+Mitchel%3A+Stormy+Petrel+of+the+Air&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.defense.gov%2F2010%2FMay%2F25%2F2001330275%2F-1%2F-1%2F0%2FAFD-100525-082.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">House Journal, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., Doc. No. 1, p.10; Senate Journal, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., Doc. No. 1, p.719.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Senate Rept. No. 190, "William Mitchell," April 17, 1945, Report to accompany SJ Res. 34, 79th Cong., 1st Sess.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Senate Rept. No. 453, "Authorizing the President to Issue Posthumously to the Late Col. William Mitchell a Commission as a Major General, United States Army," July 8, 1947, Report to accompany SJ Res. 70, 80th Cong., 1st Sess.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">118 Stat. 1918</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-airforcemag.com-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-airforcemag.com_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airforcemag.com/article/0812mitchell/">"The Billy Mitchell Court-Martial"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Billy+Mitchell+Court-Martial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airforcemag.com%2Farticle%2F0812mitchell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An act to give war-time rank to retired officers and former officers of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and/or Coast Guard of the United States, June 21, 1930, 46 Stat. 793.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/ASOR/Journals/Volume-1_Number-4/Mears.pdf">"Stars on Tombstones: Honorary Promotions of Air Corps and Air Force Leaders"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Air & Space Operations Review</i>: 16. December 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+%26+Space+Operations+Review&rft.atitle=Stars+on+Tombstones%3A+Honorary+Promotions+of+Air+Corps+and+Air+Force+Leaders&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2022-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airuniversity.af.edu%2FPortals%2F10%2FASOR%2FJournals%2FVolume-1_Number-4%2FMears.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official Army Register, 1926, p.761; Official Army Register, 1927, p.775; Official Army Register, 1928, p.785; Official Army Register, 1929, p.814; Official Army Register, 1930, p.831; Official Army Register, 1931, p.874; Official Army Register, 1932, p.883</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/ASOR/Journals/Volume-1_Number-4/Mears.pdf">"Stars on Tombstones: Honorary Promotions of Air Corps and Air Force Leaders"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Air & Space Operations Review</i>: 16. December 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+%26+Space+Operations+Review&rft.atitle=Stars+on+Tombstones%3A+Honorary+Promotions+of+Air+Corps+and+Air+Force+Leaders&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2022-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airuniversity.af.edu%2FPortals%2F10%2FASOR%2FJournals%2FVolume-1_Number-4%2FMears.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history.army.mil-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history.army.mil_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.army.mil_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802225002/https://history.army.mil/moh/asaoc.html">"Authorized by Special Acts of Congress Medal of Honor Recipients"</a>. <i>US Army Center of Military History</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/moh/asaoc.html">the original</a> on August 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Authorized+by+Special+Acts+of+Congress+Medal+of+Honor+Recipients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fmoh%2Fasaoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dwight S. Mears, The Medal of Honor: The Evolution of America's Highest Military Decoration (Lawrence: U. 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Mears, The Medal of Honor: The Evolution of America's Highest Military Decoration (Lawrence: U. Press of Kansas, 2018), 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/ASOR/Journals/Volume-1_Number-4/Mears.pdf">"Stars on Tombstones: Honorary Promotions of Air Corps and Air Force Leaders"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Air & Space Operations Review</i>: 16. December 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Naval Institute Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/usnavyhistory00mill/page/200">200</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-595-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-595-0"><bdi>1-55750-595-0</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The lesson is that we must put planes on battleships and get aircraft carriers quickly', declared Rear Admiral William A. 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Milwaukee County Historical Society. 1978. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicmarkers.com/Wisconsin/Milwaukee_County_Wisconsin/General_Mitchell_Field_WI221/">the original</a> on September 28, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Publishers, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57864-397-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57864-397-4">978-1-57864-397-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billymitchellscottish.org/">The Billy Mitchell Scottish of Milwaukee WI.</a> at www.billymitchellscottish.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fact-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fact_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usafaservices.com/cadet-activities/mitchell-hall">"Mitchell Hall"</a>. 10th Force Support Squadron, USAFA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mitchell+Hall&rft.pub=10th+Force+Support+Squadron%2C+USAFA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafaservices.com%2Fcadet-activities%2Fmitchell-hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilk-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wilk_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson" class="citation web cs1">Wilkinson, Todd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottishtartans.org/USAF.htm">"the United States Air Force Tartans"</a>. Scottish Tartans Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=the+United+States+Air+Force+Tartans&rft.pub=Scottish+Tartans+Museum&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishtartans.org%2FUSAF.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Among the stories in the anthology "Alternate Generals", edited by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baen_Books" title="Baen Books">Baen Books</a>, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/house-bill/2755">"To authorize the President to issue posthumously to the late William "Billy" Mitchell a commission as major general, United States Army"</a>. October 14, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+authorize+the+President+to+issue+posthumously+to+the+late+William+%22Billy%22+Mitchell+a+commission+as+major+general%2C+United+States+Army&rft.date=2003-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F108th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F2755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123020472">New service dress prototypes pique interest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120719062320/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123020472">Archived</a> July 19, 2012, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> at www.af.mil.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell Gallery of Flight <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mitchellgallery.org/gen-mitchell/default.asp">[1]</a> Retrieved April 24, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPOST-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WPOST_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/12/AR2007061202098.html?tid=informbox">For Today's Air Force, a New Symbol of Valor</a> by John Kelly, June 13, 2007. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, p. B03. Retrieved June 13, 2007.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Borch, Fred L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jagcnet.army.mil/DOCLIBS/ARMYLAWYER.NSF/c82df279f9445da185256e5b005244ee/5596a10a4f7576e2852579e2005ba0ac/$FILE/By%20Fred%20Borch.pdf">"Lore of the Corps: The Trial by Court-Martial of Colonel William 'Billy' Mitchell"</a>. <i>Army Lawyer</i>, January 2012, pp. 1–5</li> <li>Cooke, James J. <i>The U.S. Air Service in the Great War: 1917–1919</i>. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-94862-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-94862-5">0-275-94862-5</a>.</li> <li>Cooke, James J. <i>Billy Mitchell</i>. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1588260828" title="Special:BookSources/1588260828">1588260828</a></li> <li>Davis, Burke. <i>The Billy Mitchell Affair</i>. New York: Random House, 1967. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/369301">369301</a></li> <li>Hurley, Alfred H. <i>Billy Mitchell: Crusader for Air Power</i> (revised edition). Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-31203-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-31203-5">0-253-31203-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20180-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20180-2">0-253-20180-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1970" class="citation book cs1">James, D. Clayton (1970). <i>Volume 1, 1880–1941</i>. The Years of MacArthur. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-10948-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-10948-9"><bdi>978-0-395-10948-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+1%2C+1880%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=The+Years+of+MacArthur&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-395-10948-9&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=D.+Clayton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kennett, Lee. <i>The First Air War, 1914–1918</i>. New York: Free Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-87120-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-87120-3">0-684-87120-3</a>.</li> <li>Levine, Isaac Don. <i>Mitchell Pioneer of Air Power</i> Duell, Sloan and Pearce, New York, first edition, 1943. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/254425324">254425324</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaksel" class="citation magazine cs1">Maksel, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/the-billy-mitchell-court-martial-136828592/">"The Billy Mitchell Court-Martial"</a>. <i>Air & Space</i>. Vol. 24, no. 2. pp. 46–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+%26+Space&rft.atitle=The+Billy+Mitchell+Court-Martial&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=46-49&rft.aulast=Maksel&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fair-space-magazine%2Fthe-billy-mitchell-court-martial-136828592%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacArthur1964" class="citation book cs1">MacArthur, Douglas (1964). <i>Reminiscences of General of the Army Douglas MacArthur</i>. Annapolis: Bluejacket Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-483-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-483-8"><bdi>978-1-55750-483-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reminiscences+of+General+of+the+Army+Douglas+MacArthur&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Bluejacket+Books&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-483-8&rft.aulast=MacArthur&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>O'Neil, William D. <i>Mitchell, Billy</i>. American National Biography Online, Feb. 2000, Revised Oct. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/06/06-00441.html">http://www.anb.org/articles/06/06-00441.html</a>.</li> <li>O'Neil, William D. "Transformation, Billy Mitchell Style," <i>Proceedings</i>, U.S. Naval Institute 128, No. 3 (Mar 2002): 100–04. Also online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://analysis.williamdoneil.com/Transformation%20Billy%20Mitchell%20Style%203-02.pdf">http://analysis.williamdoneil.com/Transformation%20Billy%20Mitchell%20Style%203-02.pdf</a></li> <li>Waller, Douglas C. <i>A Question of Loyalty: Gen. Billy Mitchell and the Court-Martial That Gripped the Nation</i> (2004) excerpt and text search</li> <li>Wildenberg, Thomas. "Billy Mitchell Takes on the Navy", <i>Naval History</i> (2013) 27#5</li> <li>Wildenberg, Thomas. <i>Billy Mitchell's War with the Navy: The Interwar Rivalry Over Air Power</i>. Naval Institute Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870210389" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870210389">978-0870210389</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabeckiMastriano2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_T._Zabecki" title="David T. Zabecki">Zabecki, David T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Doug_Mastriano" title="Doug Mastriano">Mastriano, Douglas V.</a>, eds. (2020). <i>Pershing's Lieutenants: American Military Leadership in World War I</i>. New York, NY: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3863-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3863-6"><bdi>978-1-4728-3863-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pershing%27s+Lieutenants%3A+American+Military+Leadership+in+World+War+I&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-3863-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilly+Mitchell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mitchell, William. <i>Memoirs of World War I: From Start to Finish of Our Greatest War</i>. New York: Random House, 1960.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mitchell&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:William_Lendrum_Mitchell" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:William Lendrum Mitchell">William Lendrum Mitchell</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106102302/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,728580-1,00.html">"Court Martial", <i>Time</i>, November 2, 1925</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219125025/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,728638,00.html">"Court Martial", <i>Time</i>, November 9, 1925</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051121013636/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,728707,00.html">"Guilty", <i>Time</i>, December 28, 1925</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924000311/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/cc/mitch.html">American Airpower Biography: Billy Mitchell</a></li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.52240"><i>15 AF Heritage – High Strategy – Bomber and Tankers Team (1980)</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>World War II Liberty Ship USS <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armed-guard.com/calen17.jpg">Billy Mitchell</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173722/http://www.armed-guard.com/calen17.jpg">Archived</a> September 23, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/21px-Trumpet01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/32px-Trumpet01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/42px-Trumpet01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="170" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1920s" title="Portal:1920s">1920s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/19px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/29px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/38px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863201#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863201#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863201#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083735934">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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