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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="United States Board on Geographic Names" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_oficejo_pri_geografiaj_nomoj" title="Usona oficejo pri geografiaj nomoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona oficejo pri geografiaj nomoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="United States Board on Geographic Names" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%A7%80%EB%AA%85%EC%9C%84%EC%9B%90%ED%9A%8C" title="미국 지명위원회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 지명위원회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odbor_SAD_za_zemljopisna_imena" title="Odbor SAD za zemljopisna imena – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Odbor SAD za zemljopisna imena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="United States Board on Geographic Names" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembaga_Nama_Geografi_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Lembaga Nama Geografi Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lembaga Nama Geografi Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="United States Board on Geographic Names" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E4%BC%9A" title="アメリカ地名委員会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ地名委員会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="United States Board on Geographic Names" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="United States Board on Geographic Names" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="United States Board on Geographic Names" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Совет США по географическим названиям – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Совет США по географическим названиям" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United States Board on Geographic Names" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="United States Board on Geographic Names" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Рада з географічних назв (США) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рада з географічних назв (США)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="美國地名委員會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美國地名委員會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1148422#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">United States Board on Geographic Names</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names_logo.png/220px-United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names_logo.png/330px-United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names_logo.png/440px-United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Board overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">September 4, 1890<span class="noprint">; 134 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1890-09-04</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Board executives</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Marcus Allsup, Chair</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Mike Tischler, Vice-Chair</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/us-board-on-geographic-names">www<wbr />.usgs<wbr />.gov<wbr />/us-board-on-geographic-names</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148422#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>United States Board on Geographic Names</b> (<b>BGN</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal</a> body operating under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">United States Secretary of the Interior</a>. The purpose of the board is to establish and maintain uniform usage of <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geographic</a> names throughout the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, its rulings and policies have been controversial from time to time. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 8, 1890, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin_Mendenhall" title="Thomas Corwin Mendenhall">Thomas Corwin Mendenhall</a>, superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a> Office, wrote to 10 noted geographers "to suggest the organization of a Board made up of representatives from the different Government services interested, to which may be referred any disputed question of geographical orthography."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> signed <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">executive order</a> 28<sup id="cite_ref-eo28_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eo28-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on September 4, 1890, establishing the <i>Board on Geographical Names</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-eo28_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eo28-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "To this Board shall be referred all unsettled questions concerning geographic names. The decisions of the Board are to be accepted [by federal departments] as the standard authority for such matters."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eo28_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eo28-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board was given authority to resolve all unsettled questions concerning geographic names. Decisions of the board were accepted as binding by all departments and agencies of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a>. </p><p>The board has since undergone several name changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Topping_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Topping-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, it was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Topping_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Topping-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names was established in 1943 as the Special Committee on Antarctic Names (SCAN).<sup id="cite_ref-books_Jj0MVhEniPAC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books_Jj0MVhEniPAC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, the Advisory Committee on Undersea Features was started for standardization of names of undersea features.<sup id="cite_ref-ACUF_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACUF-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BoardFunctions_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoardFunctions-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its present form derives from a 1947 law, Public Law 80-242. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1969 BGN publication <i>Decisions on Geographic Names in the United States</i> stated the agency's chief purpose as: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Names are] submitted for decisions to the Board on Geographical names by individuals, private organizations, or government agencies. It is the Board's responsibility to render formal decisions on new names, proposed changes in names, and names which are in conflict. [The decisions] define the spellings and applications of the names for use on maps and other publications of Federal agencies<sup id="cite_ref-Topping_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Topping-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The board has developed principles, policies, and procedures governing the use of domestic and foreign geographic names, including underseas.<sup id="cite_ref-ACUF_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACUF-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BGN also deals with names of geographical features in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> via its <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Antarctic_Names" title="Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names">Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a>, developed by the BGN in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">US Geological Survey</a>, includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps which confirm the feature or place name are cited. Variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. </p><p>The BGN has members from six federal departments as well as the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Government_Publishing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Publishing Office">US Government Publishing Office</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/US_Postal_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="US Postal Service">US Postal Service</a>. The BGN rules on hundreds of naming decisions annually and stores over two million geographical records in its databases at geonames.usgs.gov. State and local governments and private mapping organizations usually follow the BGN's decisions. </p><p>The BGN has an executive committee and two permanent committees with full authority: the 10- to 15-member Domestic Names Committee and the 8- to 10-member Foreign Names Committee. Both comprise government employees only. Each maintains its own database.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The BGN does not create place names but responds to proposals for names from federal agencies; state, local, and tribal governments; and the public. Any person or organization, public or private, may make inquiries or request the board to render formal decisions on proposed new names, proposed name changes, or names that are in conflict. Generally, the BGN defers federal name use to comply with local usage. There are a few exceptions. For example, in rare cases where a locally used name is very offensive, the BGN may decide against adoption of the local name for federal use.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_situations">Special situations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Special situations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The BGN does not translate terms, but instead accurately uses foreign names in the Roman alphabet. For non-Roman languages, the BGN uses <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> systems or creates them for less well-known languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The BGN does not recognize the use of the <a href="/wiki/English_possessive" title="English possessive">possessive</a> <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe#Possessives_in_geographic_names" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> and has only granted an exception five times during its history, including one for <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a>, Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In federal mapping and names collection efforts, there is often a phase lag where a delay occurs in adoption of a locally used name. Sometimes the delay is several decades. Volunteers in the Earth Science Corps are used to assist the US Geological Survey in collecting names of geographic features.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_authorities">Other authorities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other authorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> defines <a href="/wiki/Census_designated_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Census designated place">census designated places</a>, which are a subset of locations in the Geographic Names Information System.</li> <li>The names of post offices have historically been used to back up claims about the name of a community. US Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">Postal Service</a> defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as <i>boulevard</i> (<i>BLVD</i>) and <i>street</i> (<i>ST</i>), and secondary identifiers such as <i>suite</i> (<i>STE</i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The BGN currently publishes names on its website. In the past, the BGN issued its decisions in various publications under different titles at different intervals with various information included.<sup id="cite_ref-Topping_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Topping-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933, the BGN published a significant consolidated report of all decisions from 1890 to 1932 in its <i>Sixth Report of the United States Geographic Board 1890–1932</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many years, the BGN published a quarterly report under the title <i>Decisions on Geographic Names</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Topping_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Topping-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN romanization</a>, a system for rendering geographic names in other writing systems into the Latin alphabet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_Gazetteer_of_Antarctica" title="Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica">Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denali%E2%80%93Mount_McKinley_naming_dispute" title="Denali–Mount McKinley naming dispute">Denali–Mount McKinley naming dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Pittsburgh" title="Name of Pittsburgh">Name of Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gannett" title="Henry Gannett">Henry Gannett</a>, "Father of the Quadrangle Map"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_Canada" title="Geographical Names Board of Canada">Geographical Names Board of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_New_South_Wales" title="Geographical Names Board of New South Wales">Geographical Names Board of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/romanization.html">BGN/PCGN romanization systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">NGA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.nga.mil/geonames/GNSHome/index.html">Geographic Names Server</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apart from Martha's Vineyard: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Elmer" title="Carlos Elmer">Carlos Elmer's Joshua View</a>, Arizona; <a href="/wiki/Clark%27s_Mountain" title="Clark's Mountain">Clark's Mountain</a>, Oregon; <a href="/wiki/Ike%27s_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Ike's Point">Ike's Point</a>, New Jersey; and <a href="/wiki/John_E%27s_Pond" title="John E's Pond">John E's Pond</a>, Rhode Island.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/docs/pubs/BGN_Getting_Facts_Straight.pdf">"The United States Board on Geographic Names: Getting the Facts Straight"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Board on Geographic Names. November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Board+on+Geographic+Names%3A+Getting+the+Facts+Straight&rft.pub=United+States+Board+on+Geographic+Names&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fdocs%2Fpubs%2FBGN_Getting_Facts_Straight.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Board+on+Geographic+Names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin2015" class="citation news cs1">Berlin, Jeremy (September 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920004108/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150918-us-board-geographical-names-125th-anniversary-national-geographic-maps-place-names/">"Who Decides What Names Go on a Map?"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150918-us-board-geographical-names-125th-anniversary-national-geographic-maps-place-names/">the original</a> on 2015-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Who+Decides+What+Names+Go+on+a+Map%3F&rft.date=2015-09-15&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2015%2F09%2F150918-us-board-geographical-names-125th-anniversary-national-geographic-maps-place-names%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Board+on+Geographic+Names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eo28-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eo28_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eo28_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eo28_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Exec. Order No. 28<span class="nowrap"> </span>(September 4, 1890; in<span class="nowrap"> </span>en)<span class="nowrap"> </span><i><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the United States of America">President of the United States of America</a></i>. Retrieved on 16 July 2017.<span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> The full text of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_28" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Executive Order 28">Executive Order 28</a> at Wikisource</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Topping-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Topping_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Topping_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Topping_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Topping_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Topping_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Topping, Mary, comp., <i>Approved Place Names in Virginia: An Index to Virginia Names Approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names through 1969</i> (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 1971), v–vi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books_Jj0MVhEniPAC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books_Jj0MVhEniPAC_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeredith_F._Burrill1990" class="citation book cs1">Meredith F. Burrill (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/18901990centuryo1484burr"><i>1890–1990, a Century of Service: United States Board on Geographic Names</i></a>. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1890%E2%80%931990%2C+a+Century+of+Service%3A+United+States+Board+on+Geographic+Names&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Forest+Service&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Meredith+F.+Burrill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F18901990centuryo1484burr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Board+on+Geographic+Names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACUF-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACUF_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACUF_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/acuf.html">"Advisory Committee on Undersea Features"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511021519/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/acuf.html">Archived</a> 2013-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 2013-10-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoardFunctions-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoardFunctions_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/publications/docs/BGN%20Annual%20Report%20FY2014.pdf">"Annual Report To the Secretary of the Interior Fiscal Year 2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geonames</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802163633/https://geonames.usgs.gov/publications/docs/BGN%20Annual%20Report%20FY2014.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geonames&rft.atitle=Annual+Report+To+the+Secretary+of+the+Interior+Fiscal+Year+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fpublications%2Fdocs%2FBGN%2520Annual%2520Report%2520FY2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Board+on+Geographic+Names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_J._Orth_and_Roger_L._Payne2003" class="citation web cs1">Donald J. Orth and Roger L. Payne (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108233358/http://geonames.usgs.gov/docs/pro_pol_pro.pdf">"Principles, Policies, and Procedures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Board on Geographic Names and Domestic Geographic Names. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/docs/pro_pol_pro.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 8, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Principles%2C+Policies%2C+and+Procedures&rft.pub=United+States+Board+on+Geographic+Names+and+Domestic+Geographic+Names&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Donald+J.+Orth+and+Roger+L.+Payne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fdocs%2Fpro_pol_pro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Board+on+Geographic+Names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"Gardens". <i>QI</i>. Season 7. Episode 1. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Theres+a+Question+Mark+Hanging+Over+the+Apostrophes+Future&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424127887324244304578471252974458308.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Board+on+Geographic+Names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/politics-and-government/obscure-federal-rule-erased-apostrophes-from-place-names/">"Obscure federal rule erased apostrophes from place names"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Review-Journal</i>. 2018-02-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Review-Journal&rft.atitle=Obscure+federal+rule+erased+apostrophes+from+place+names&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reviewjournal.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-government%2Fobscure-federal-rule-erased-apostrophes-from-place-names%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Board+on+Geographic+Names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70188621">"Sixth report of the United States Geographic Board: 1890 to 1932"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sixth+report+of+the+United+States+Geographic+Board%3A+1890+to+1932&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.er.usgs.gov%2Fpublication%2F70188621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Board+on+Geographic+Names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, <i>Digital Gazetteer: Users Manual</i>, (Reston, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey, 1994).</li> <li>Report: "Countries, Dependencies, Areas Of Special Sovereignty, And Their Principal Administrative Divisions", Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS 10-4.</li> <li>Report: "Principles, Policies, and Procedures: Domestic Geographic Names", U.S. Board of Geographic Names, 1997.</li> <li><i>U.S. Postal Service Publication 28</i>, November 2000.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/us-board-on-geographic-names">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148422#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148422#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148422#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1051484-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79113042">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb129794837">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb129794837">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States board on geographic names"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/IEIV038997">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35809252">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX158248">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90548377">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/56902">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269139105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03112485?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1097295">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/243207867">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10455410">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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