Article 52 - Scope and interpretation | European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights

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Right of collective bargaining and action</a> </li> <li class= "menu__item "> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/29-right-access-placement-services" class="menu__link">29 - Right of access to placement services</a> </li> <li class= "menu__item "> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/30-protection-event-unjustified-dismissal" class="menu__link">30 - Protection in the event of unjustified dismissal</a> </li> <li class= "menu__item "> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/31-fair-and-just-working-conditions" class="menu__link">31 - Fair and just working conditions</a> </li> <li class= "menu__item "> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/32-prohibition-child-labour-and-protection-young-people-work" class="menu__link">32 - Prohibition of child labour and protection of young people at work</a> </li> <li class= "menu__item "> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/33-family-and-professional-life" class="menu__link">33 - Family and professional life</a> </li> <li class= "menu__item "> <a 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href="/en/eu-charter/article/39-right-vote-and-stand-candidate-elections-european-parliament" class="menu__link">39 - Right to vote and to stand as a candidate at elections to the European Parliament</a> </li> <li class= "menu__item "> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/40-right-vote-and-stand-candidate-municipal-elections" class="menu__link">40 - Right to vote and to stand as a candidate at municipal elections</a> </li> <li class= "menu__item "> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/41-right-good-administration" class="menu__link">41 - Right to good administration</a> </li> <li class= "menu__item "> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/42-right-access-documents" class="menu__link">42 - Right of access to documents</a> </li> <li class= "menu__item "> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/43-european-ombudsman" class="menu__link">43 - European Ombudsman</a> </li> <li class= "menu__item "> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/44-right-petition" class="menu__link">44 - Right to petition</a> </li> <li class= 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href="/en/eu-charter/article/49-principles-legality-and-proportionality-criminal-offences-and-penalties" class="menu__link">49 - Principles of legality and proportionality of criminal offences and penalties</a> </li> <li class= "menu__item "> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/50-right-not-be-tried-or-punished-twice-criminal-proceedings-same-criminal" class="menu__link">50 - Right not to be tried or punished twice in criminal proceedings for the same criminal offence</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class= "submenu__item is-active-trail"> <a href="/en/eu-charter/title/title-vii-general-provisions" class="menu__link is-active-trail">Title VII: General provisions</a> <ul class= "vertical submenu menu drilldown menu-level--2" data-submenu> <li class= "menu__item "> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/51-field-application" class="menu__link">51 - Field of application</a> </li> <li class= "menu__item is-active is-active-trail"> <a 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data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/7">Title I: Dignity</a> <div class="submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu"> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/1-human-dignity" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12736"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 1 - </span>Human dignity</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/2-right-life" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12759"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 2 - </span>Right to life</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/3-right-integrity-person" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12782"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 3 - </span>Right to integrity of the person</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/4-prohibition-torture-and-inhuman-or-degrading-treatment-or-punishment" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12805"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 4 - </span>Prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/5-prohibition-slavery-and-forced-labour" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12828"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 5 - </span>Slavery / Forced Labour</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/title/title-ii-freedoms" class="FraMainChildren" target="_self" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/8">Title II: Freedoms</a> <div class="submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu"> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/6-right-liberty-and-security" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13081"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 6 - </span>Right to liberty and security</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/7-respect-private-and-family-life" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13104"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 7 - </span>Respect for private and family life</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/8-protection-personal-data" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13127"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 8 - </span>Protection of personal data</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/9-right-marry-and-right-found-family" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13150"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 9 - </span>Right to marry and right to found a family</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/10-freedom-thought-conscience-and-religion" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12851"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 10 - </span> Freedom of thought, conscience and religion</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/11-freedom-expression-and-information" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12874"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 11 - </span> Freedom of expression and information</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/12-freedom-assembly-and-association" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12897"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 12 - </span> Freedom of assembly and of association</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/13-freedom-arts-and-sciences" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12920"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 13 - </span> Freedom of the arts and sciences</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/14-right-education" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12943"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 14 - </span> Right to education</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/15-freedom-choose-occupation-and-right-engage-work" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12966"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 15 - </span> Freedom to choose an occupation and right to engage in work</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/16-freedom-conduct-business" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12989"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 16 - </span> Freedom to conduct a business</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/17-right-property" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13012"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 17 - </span> Right to property</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/18-right-asylum" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13035"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 18 - </span> Right to asylum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/19-protection-event-removal-expulsion-or-extradition" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13058"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 19 - </span> Protection in the event of removal, expulsion or extradition</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/title/title-iii-equality" class="FraMainChildren" target="_self" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/9">Title III: Equality</a> <div class="submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu"> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/20-equality-law" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13173"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 20 - </span> Equality before the law</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/21-non-discrimination" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13196"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 21 - </span> Non-discrimination</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/22-cultural-religious-and-linguistic-diversity" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13219"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 22 - </span> Cultural, religious and linguistic diversity</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/23-equality-between-women-and-men" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13242"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 23 - </span> Equality between women and men</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/24-rights-child" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13265"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 24 - </span> The rights of the child</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/25-rights-elderly" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13288"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 25 - </span> The rights of the elderly</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/26-integration-persons-disabilities" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13311"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 26 - </span> Integration of persons with disabilities</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/title/title-iv-solidarity" class="FraMainChildren" target="_self" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/10">Title IV: Solidarity</a> <div class="submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu"> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/27-workers-right-information-and-consultation-within-undertaking" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13334"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 27 - </span> Workers' right to information and consultation within the undertaking</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/28-right-collective-bargaining-and-action" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13357"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 28 - </span> Right of collective bargaining and action</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/29-right-access-placement-services" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13380"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 29 - </span> Right of access to placement services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/30-protection-event-unjustified-dismissal" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13403"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 30 - </span> Protection in the event of unjustified dismissal</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/31-fair-and-just-working-conditions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13426"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 31 - </span> Fair and just working conditions</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/32-prohibition-child-labour-and-protection-young-people-work" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13449"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 32 - </span> Prohibition of child labour and protection of young people at work</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/33-family-and-professional-life" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13472"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 33 - </span> Family and professional life</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/34-social-security-and-social-assistance" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13495"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 34 - </span> Social security and social assistance</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/35-health-care" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13518"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 35 - </span> Health care</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/36-access-services-general-economic-interest" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13541"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 36 - </span> Access to services of general economic interest</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/37-environmental-protection" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13564"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 37 - </span> Environmental protection</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/38-consumer-protection" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13587"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 38 - </span> Consumer protection</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/title/title-v-citizens-rights" class="FraMainChildren" target="_self" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/11">Title V: Citizens' rights</a> <div class="submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu"> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/39-right-vote-and-stand-candidate-elections-european-parliament" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13610"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 39 - </span> Right to vote and to stand as a candidate at elections to the European Parliament</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/40-right-vote-and-stand-candidate-municipal-elections" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13633"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 40 - </span> Right to vote and to stand as a candidate at municipal elections</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/41-right-good-administration" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13656"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 41 - </span> Right to good administration</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/42-right-access-documents" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13679"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 42 - </span> Right of access to documents</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/43-european-ombudsman" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13702"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 43 - </span> European Ombudsman</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/44-right-petition" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13725"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 44 - </span> Right to petition</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/45-freedom-movement-and-residence" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13748"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 45 - </span> Freedom of movement and of residence</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/46-diplomatic-and-consular-protection" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13771"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 46 - </span> Diplomatic and consular protection</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/title/title-vi-justice" class="FraMainChildren" target="_self" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/12">Title VI: Justice</a> <div class="submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu"> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/47-right-effective-remedy-and-fair-trial" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13794"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 47 - </span> Right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/48-presumption-innocence-and-right-defence" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13817"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 48 - </span> Presumption of innocence and right of defence</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/49-principles-legality-and-proportionality-criminal-offences-and-penalties" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13840"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 49 - </span> Principles of legality and proportionality of criminal offences and penalties</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/50-right-not-be-tried-or-punished-twice-criminal-proceedings-same-criminal" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13863"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 50 - </span> Right not to be tried or punished twice in criminal proceedings for the same criminal offence</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/title/title-vii-general-provisions" class="FraMainChildren" target="_self" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/13">Title VII: General provisions</a> <div class="submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu"> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/51-field-application" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13886"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 51 - </span> Field of application</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/52-scope-and-interpretation-rights-and-principles" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13909" class="is-active"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 52 - </span> Scope and interpretation</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/53-level-protection" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13932"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 53 - </span> Level of protection</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/54-prohibition-abuse-rights" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13955"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 54 - </span> Abuse of rights</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="top-bar-has-submenu-item tool-menuitem"> <a href="/en/tools" class="FraMegaMenuParent" target="_self" data-toggle="dropdown--main-menu-3" data-drupal-link-system-path="tools">Tools</a> <div id="dropdown--main-menu-3" class="dropdown--main-menu--pane dropdown-pane" data-dropdown data-hover-pane="false" data-position="bottom" data-close-on-click="true"> <div class="main-menu--dropdown-wrapper"> <div class="dropdown-title"> <a href="/en/tools" class="FraMegaMenuParent" target="_self" data-drupal-link-system-path="tools">Tools</a> </div> <ul class="menu dropdown"> <li> <a href="https://fra.europa.eu/en/databases/efris/" class="FraMegaMenuChildren" target="_blank">EU Fundamental Rights Information System - EFRIS</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://fra.europa.eu/en/databases/criminal-detention">Criminal detention database</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://fra.europa.eu/en/databases/anti-muslim-hatred/" class="FraMegaMenuChildren" target="_blank">Anti-Muslim hatred database</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/case-law-database" data-drupal-link-system-path="case-law-database">Case-law database</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/charterpedia" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/44903">Charterpedia</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://e-learning.fra.europa.eu/">FRA e-learning platform</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/publications-and-resources/data-and-maps" data-drupal-link-system-path="publications-and-resources/data-and-maps">Data visualisation</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/promising-practices-list" data-drupal-link-system-path="promising-practices-list">Equality data collection: promising practices</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/theme/hate-crime/compendium-practices" data-drupal-link-system-path="theme/hate-crime/compendium-practices">Fighting hate crime: promising practices</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li> <a href="/en/products/search?sort_by=published_at" data-toggle="dropdown--main-menu-4" data-drupal-link-query="{"sort_by":"published_at"}" data-drupal-link-system-path="products/search">Products</a> </li> </ul> <div class="top-bar-wrapper" data-open="searchModal"> <i class="fas fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i> <button id="searchButton" class="button menuSearchButton" data-toggle="searchModal" tabindex="1" value="Search"><span class="sr-only">Search</span></button> <div class="full reveal" id="searchModal" data-reveal> <div class="modal-wrapper"> <button id="closeModal" class="close-button" data-close aria-label="Close reveal" type="button"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> <h5 class="AdvancedSearch advancedSearchTitle">Search the FRA website</h5> <ul class="right"><li class="has-form"><form class="search-block-form" data-drupal-selector="search-block-form" action="/en/search/node" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label"> <label for="edit-keys" class="show-for-sr">Search</label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" type="search" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-search" /> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions--7"><div class="search-wrapper"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input class="success button radius js-form-submit form-submit" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" type="submit" id="edit-submit" value="Search" /> </div> </div> </form> </ul></li> </div>  </div>  </div> </nav> <div id="block-fra-foundation-breadcrumbs" class="block-fra-foundation-breadcrumbs block block-system block-system-breadcrumb-block"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">You are here</h2> <ul class="breadcrumbs"> <li> <a href="/en">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter">EU Charter of Fundamental Rights</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/title/title-vii-general-provisions">Title VII: General provisions</a> </li> <li class="current"><a href="#">Article 52 - Scope and interpretation</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="row"> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="main-wrapper"> <main id="main" class="large-12 columns" role="main"> <div class="region-highlighted panel"><div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div></div> <a id="main-content"></a> <section> <div> <div id="block-fra-foundation-content" class="block-fra-foundation-content block block-system block-system-main-block"> <div class ="full-width-page GreyHeader"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="eu-charter-view-results js-view-dom-id-cd6f4bd9b539ee70b68b2673088eb8abd94c217637ab024216f5a999359d4cee"> <header> <div class ="GreyHeader"> <div class="charter-search-results-head-wrapper"> <img src="/themes/custom/fra_foundation/images/fra/work_on_rights/theme_eucharter.svg" alt="eu-charter"> <h1 class="MH1">EU Charter of Fundamental Rights</h1> </div> <form class="views-exposed-form bef-exposed-form" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-eu-charter-search-results-eu-charter-search-page" 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href=/en/eu-charter/article/47-right-effective-remedy-and-fair-trial title="Previous title"><span><i class="fas fa-arrow-left" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Previous title</span></span></a> </div> <h2 class="FRCCurrent FRCCurrentTitle"> <a href="/en/eu-charter/title/title-vii-general-provisions"> <small>Title VII</small> <p> General provisions</p> </a> </h2> <div class="FRCBtn FRCBtnTitle"> <a disabled title="Next title"><span><i class="fas fa-arrow-right" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Next title</span></span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="FRCPrevNext FRCP-rm-bg"> <div class="FRCP-wrapper"> <div class="FRCBtn FRCBtnArticle"> <a href=/en/eu-charter/article/51-field-application title="Previous article"><span><i class="fas fa-arrow-left" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Previous article</span></span></a> </div> <p class="FRCCurrent FRCCurrentArticle"> Article 52 - Scope and interpretation</p> <div class="FRCBtn FRCBtnArticle"> <a href=/en/eu-charter/article/53-level-protection title="Next article"><span><i class="fas fa-arrow-right" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Next article</span></span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="view-mode-full"> <div class ='main-charter-article'> <h2>Article 52 - Scope and interpretation </h2> <div class="field field-node--field-info-body field-name-field-info-body field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><p>1. Any limitation on the exercise of the rights and freedoms recognised by this Charter must be provided for by law and respect the essence of those rights and freedoms. Subject to the principle of proportionality, limitations may be made only if they are necessary and genuinely meet objectives of general interest recognised by the Union or the need to protect the rights and freedoms of others.<br> 2. Rights recognised by this Charter for which provision is made in the Treaties shall be exercised under the conditions and within the limits defined by those Treaties.<br> 3. In so far as this Charter contains rights which correspond to rights guaranteed by the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the meaning and scope of those rights shall be the same as those laid down by the said Convention. This provision shall not prevent Union law providing more extensive protection.<br> 4. In so far as this Charter recognises fundamental rights as they result from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, those rights shall be interpreted in harmony with those traditions.<br> 5. The provisions of this Charter which contain principles may be implemented by legislative and executive acts taken by institutions, bodies, offices and agencies of the Union, and by acts of Member States when they are implementing Union law, in the exercise of their respective powers. They shall be judicially cognisable only in the interpretation of such acts and in the ruling on their legality.<br> 6. Full account shall be taken of national laws and practices as specified in this Charter.<br> 7. The explanations drawn up as a way of providing guidance in the interpretation of this Charter shall be given due regard by the courts of the Union and of the Member States.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class=" fra-charter-articles-tabs field-group-tabs-wrapper"><div data-horizontal-tabs class="horizontal-tabs clearfix"> <ul data-horizontal-tabs-list class="horizontal-tabs-list visually-hidden"></ul> <div data-horizontal-tabs-panes><input class="horizontal-tabs-active-tab" type="hidden" /> <details class="fra-explanations js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="explanations"> <summary role="button" aria-controls="explanations" aria-expanded="false">Explanations</summary> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="pager-hide-for-top view view-eva view-fra-charter-articles-tabs view-id-fra_charter_articles_tabs view-display-id-explanations_entity_view js-view-dom-id-37c2bb2462a47da5e79d2e03cb26e4768983ccbfe24985e329e2cd48faadfce6"> <div class="item-list explanations-view-tab"> <ul> <li><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-explanations-text"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-explanations-text">Text: </span><div class="field-content"><p>The purpose of Article 52 is to set the scope of the rights and principles of the Charter, and to lay down rules for their interpretation. Paragraph 1 deals with the arrangements for the limitation of rights. The wording is based on the case-law of the Court of Justice: ‘... it is well established in the case-law of the Court that restrictions may be imposed on the exercise of fundamental rights, in particular in the context of a common organisation of the market, provided that those restrictions in fact correspond to objectives of general interest pursued by the Community and do not constitute, with regard to the aim pursued, disproportionate and unreasonable interference undermining the very substance of those rights’ (judgment of 13 April 2000, Case C-292/97, paragraph 45 of the grounds). The reference to general interests recognised by the Union covers both the objectives mentioned in Article 3 of the Treaty on European Union and other interests protected by specific provisions of the Treaties such as Article 4(1) of the Treaty on European Union and Articles 35(3), 36 and 346 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.</p> <p>Paragraph 2 refers to rights which were already expressly guaranteed in the Treaty establishing the European Community and have been recognised in the Charter, and which are now found in the Treaties (notably the rights derived from Union citizenship). It clarifies that such rights remain subject to the conditions and limits applicable to the Union law on which they are based, and for which provision is made in the Treaties. The Charter does not alter the system of rights conferred by the EC Treaty and taken over by the Treaties.</p> <p>Paragraph 3 is intended to ensure the necessary consistency between the Charter and the ECHR by establishing the rule that, in so far as the rights in the present Charter also correspond to rights guaranteed by the ECHR, the meaning and scope of those rights, including authorised limitations, are the same as those laid down by the ECHR. This means in particular that the legislator, in laying down limitations to those rights, must comply with the same standards as are fixed by the detailed limitation arrangements laid down in the ECHR, which are thus made applicable for the rights covered by this paragraph, without thereby adversely affecting the autonomy of Union law and of that of the Court of Justice of the European Union.</p> <p>The reference to the ECHR covers both the Convention and the Protocols to it. The meaning and the scope of the guaranteed rights are determined not only by the text of those instruments, but also by the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights and by the Court of Justice of the European Union. The last sentence of the paragraph is designed to allow the Union to guarantee more extensive protection. In any event, the level of protection afforded by the Charter may never be lower than that guaranteed by the ECHR.</p> <p>The Charter does not affect the possibilities of Member States to avail themselves of Article 15 ECHR, allowing derogations from ECHR rights in the event of war or of other public dangers threatening the life of the nation, when they take action in the areas of national defence in the event of war and of the maintenance of law and order, in accordance with their responsibilities recognised in Article 4(1) of the Treaty on European Union and in Articles 72 and 347 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.</p> <p>The list of rights which may at the present stage, without precluding developments in the law, legislation and the Treaties, be regarded as corresponding to rights in the ECHR within the meaning of the present paragraph is given hereafter. It does not include rights additional to those in the ECHR.</p> <p>1. Articles of the Charter where both the meaning and the scope are the same as the corresponding Articles of the ECHR:</p> <blockquote><p>— Article 2 corresponds to Article 2 of the ECHR,<br> — Article 4 corresponds to Article 3 of the ECHR,<br> — Article 5(1) and (2) corresponds to Article 4 of the ECHR,<br> — Article 6 corresponds to Article 5 of the ECHR,<br> — Article 7 corresponds to Article 8 of the ECHR,<br> — Article 10(1) corresponds to Article 9 of the ECHR,<br> — Article 11 corresponds to Article 10 of the ECHR without prejudice to any restrictions which Union law may impose on Member States' right to introduce the licensing arrangements referred to in the third sentence of Article 10(1) of the ECHR,<br> — Article 17 corresponds to Article 1 of the Protocol to the ECHR,<br> — Article 19(1) corresponds to Article 4 of Protocol No 4,<br> — Article 19(2) corresponds to Article 3 of the ECHR as interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights,<br> — Article 48 corresponds to Article 6(2) and(3) of the ECHR,<br> — Article 49(1) (with the exception of the last sentence) and (2) correspond to Article 7 of the ECHR.</p> </blockquote> <p>Articles where the meaning is the same as the corresponding Articles of the ECHR, but where the scope is wider:</p> <blockquote><p>— Article 9 covers the same field as Article 12 of the ECHR, but its scope may be extended to other forms of marriage if these are established by national legislation,<br> — Article 12(1) corresponds to Article 11 of the ECHR, but its scope is extended to European Union level,<br> — Article 14(1) corresponds to Article 2 of the Protocol to the ECHR, but its scope is extended to cover access to vocational and continuing training,<br> — Article 14(3) corresponds to Article 2 of the Protocol to the ECHR as regards the rights of parents,<br> — Article 47(2) and (3) corresponds to Article 6(1) of the ECHR, but the limitation to the determination of civil rights and obligations or criminal charges does not apply as regards Union law and its implementation,<br> — Article 50 corresponds to Article 4 of Protocol No 7 to the ECHR, but its scope is extended to European Union level between the Courts of the Member States,<br> — Finally, citizens of the European Union may not be considered as aliens in the scope of the application of Union law, because of the prohibition of any discrimination on grounds of nationality. The limitations provided for by Article 16 of the ECHR as regards the rights of aliens therefore do not apply to them in this context.</p> </blockquote> <p>The rule of interpretation contained in paragraph 4 has been based on the wording of Article 6(3) of the Treaty on European Union and takes due account of the approach to common constitutional traditions followed by the Court of Justice (e.g., judgment of 13 December 1979, Case 44/79 Hauer [1979] ECR 3727; judgment of 18 May 1982, Case 155/ 79 AM&S [1982] ECR 1575). Under that rule, rather than following a rigid approach of ‘a lowest common denominator’, the Charter rights concerned should be interpreted in a way offering a high standard of protection which is adequate for the law of the Union and in harmony with the common constitutional traditions.</p> <p>Paragraph 5 clarifies the distinction between ‘rights’ and ‘principles’ set out in the Charter. According to that distinction, subjective rights shall be respected, whereas principles shall be observed (Article 51(1)). Principles may be implemented through legislative or executive acts (adopted by the Union in accordance with its powers, and by the Member States only when they implement Union law); accordingly, they become significant for the Courts only when such acts are interpreted or reviewed. They do not however give rise to direct claims for positive action by the Union's institutions or Member States authorities. This is consistent both with case-law of the Court of Justice (cf. notably case-law on the ‘precautionary principle’ in Article 191(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union: judgment of the CFI of 11 September 2002, Case T-13/99 Pfizer v Council, with numerous references to earlier case-law; and a series of judgments on Article 33 (ex-39) on the principles of agricultural law, e.g. judgment of the Court of Justice in Case 265/85 Van den Berg [1987] ECR 1155: scrutiny of the principle of market stabilisation and of reasonable expectations) and with the approach of the Member States' constitutional systems to ‘principles’, particularly in the field of social law. For illustration, examples for principles, recognised in the Charter include e.g. Articles 25, 26 and 37. In some cases, an Article of the Charter may contain both elements of a right and of a principle, e.g. Articles 23, 33 and 34.</p> <p>Paragraph 6 refers to the various Articles in the Charter which, in the spirit of subsidiarity, make reference to national laws and practices.</p> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-explanations-source"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-explanations-source">Source: </span><div class="field-content">Official Journal of the European Union C 303/17 - 14.12.2007</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-explanations-comment"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-explanations-comment">Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights: </span><div class="field-content">These explanations were originally prepared under the authority of the Praesidium of the Convention which drafted the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Although they do not as such have the status of law, they are a valuable tool of interpretation intended to clarify the provisions of the Charter.</div></div></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </details> <details class="fra-case-law-references js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="case-law-references"> <summary role="button" aria-controls="case-law-references" aria-expanded="false">Case Law References</summary> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="pager-hide-for-top view view-eva view-fra-charter-articles-tabs view-id-fra_charter_articles_tabs view-display-id-case_law_references_entity_view js-view-dom-id-096474baebbc8b605c109d96747aa6fa5833f500daa6faa2ee8cf98d8771b9d2"> <form class="views-exposed-form bef-exposed-form" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-fra-charter-articles-tabs-case-law-references-entity-view" action="/en/eu-charter/article/52-scope-and-interpretation-rights-and-principles" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-fra-charter-articles-tabs-case-law-references-entity-view" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-select form-item-field-info-deciding-body-type-target-id js-form-item-field-info-deciding-body-type-target-id"> <label for="edit-field-info-deciding-body-type-target-id--2">Deciding body</label> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-field-info-deciding-body-type-target-id" multiple="multiple" name="field_info_deciding_body_type_target_id[]" id="edit-field-info-deciding-body-type-target-id--2" size="3" class="form-select"><option value="721" selected="selected">Court of Justice of the European Union</option><option value="722" selected="selected">European Court of Human Rights</option><option value="723" selected="selected">National Court/Tribunal</option></select> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions--4"><div class="search-wrapper"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input class="success button radius js-form-submit form-submit" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-fra-charter-articles-tabs-3" type="submit" id="edit-submit-fra-charter-articles-tabs--3" value="Search" /> </div> </div> </form> <div class="item-list case-law-references-view-tab"> <ul> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/latvia-supreme-court-department-administrative-cases" hreflang="en">Latvia / Supreme Court, Department of Administrative Cases / ECLI:LV:AT:2024:1212.A420203718.16.L</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">Private individual v Ministry of Transport</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2024-12-12T12:00:00Z">12 December 2024</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">National Court/Tribunal</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content">Supreme Court, Department of Administrative Cases</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content">Decision</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content">Education, training, youth, sport</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content">ECLI:LV:AT:2024:1212.A420203718.16.L</div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/cjeu-case-46023-opinion" hreflang="en">CJEU Case 460/23 / Opinion</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">Kinsa</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2024-11-07T12:00:00Z">07 November 2024</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">Court of Justice of the European Union</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content">Asylum and migration</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content">ECLI:EU:C:2024:941</div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/cjeu-case-c-22723-judgment" hreflang="en">CJEU Case C-227/23 / Judgment</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">Kwantum Nederland BV and Kwantum België BV v Vitra Collections AG</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2024-10-24T12:00:00Z">24 October 2024</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">Court of Justice of the European Union</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content">Decision</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content">ECLI:EU:C:2024:914</div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/cjeu-case-c-423-judgment" hreflang="en">CJEU Case C-4/23 / Judgment</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">M.-A.A. v Direcţia de Evidenţă a Persoanelor Cluj and Others</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2024-10-04T12:00:00Z">04 October 2024</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">Court of Justice of the European Union</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content">Decision</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content"> ECLI:EU:C:2024:845</div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/cjeu-case-c-54821-judgment" hreflang="en">CJEU Case C-548/21 / Judgment</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">C.G. v Bezirkshauptmannschaft Landeck</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2024-10-04T12:00:00Z">04 October 2024</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">Court of Justice of the European Union</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content">Decision</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content">ECLI:EU:C:2024:830</div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/cjeu-case-c-63322-judgment" hreflang="en">CJEU Case C-633/22 / Judgment</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">Real Madrid Club de Fútbol and AE v EE and Société Éditrice du Monde SA</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2024-10-04T12:00:00Z">04 October 2024</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">Court of Justice of the European Union</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content">Decision</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content">Justice, freedom and security</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content">ECLI:EU:C:2024:843</div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/cjeu-case-t-79722-judgment" hreflang="en">CJEU Case T-797/22 / Judgment</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">Ordre néerlandais des avocats du barreau de Bruxelles v Council of the European Union</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2024-10-02T12:00:00Z">02 October 2024</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">Court of Justice of the European Union</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content">General Court (Grand Chamber) </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content">Decision</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content">Foreign and security policy</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content">ECLI:EU:T:2024:670</div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/cjeu-case-c-43223-judgment" hreflang="en">CJEU Case C-432/23 / Judgment </a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">F and Ordre des avocats du barreau de Luxembourg v Administration des contributions directes</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2024-09-26T12:00:00Z">26 September 2024</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">Court of Justice of the European Union</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content">Decision</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content">Taxation</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content">ECLI:EU:C:2024:791</div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/cjeu-case-50424-judgment" hreflang="en">CJEU Case 504/24 / Judgment </a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">Criminal proceedings against RT</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2024-09-20T12:00:00Z">20 September 2024</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">Court of Justice of the European Union</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content">Court (First Chamber) </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content">Decision</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content">ECLI:EU:C:2024:779</div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/cjeu-case-c-35122-judgment" hreflang="en">CJEU Case C-351/22 / Judgment</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">Neves 77 Solutions SRL v Agenţia Naţională de Administrare Fiscală – Direcţia Generală Antifraudă Fiscală</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2024-09-10T12:00:00Z">10 September 2024</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">Court of Justice of the European Union</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content">Court (Grand Chamber)</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content">Decision</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content">Foreign and security policy</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content">ECLI:EU:C:2024:723</div></div></li> </ul> </div> <div class ="paginator-wrapper"> <div class="text-center"> <nav class="pager" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="pagination-heading"> <h4 id="pagination-heading" class="visually-hidden">Pagination</h4> <ul class="pagination pager__items js-pager__items"> <li class="pager__item is-active current"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Current page </span>1 </li> <li class="pager__item"> <a href="?page=1" title="Go to page 2"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Page </span>2</a> </li> <li class="pager__item"> <a href="?page=2" title="Go to page 3"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Page </span>3</a> </li> <li class="pager__item"> <a href="?page=3" title="Go to page 4"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Page </span>4</a> </li> <li class="pager__item"> <a href="?page=4" title="Go to page 5"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Page </span>5</a> </li> <li class="pager__item"> <a href="?page=5" title="Go to page 6"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Page </span>6</a> </li> <li class="pager__item"> <a href="?page=6" title="Go to page 7"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Page 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aria-expanded="false">National Constitutional Law</summary> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="pager-hide-for-top view view-eva view-fra-charter-articles-tabs view-id-fra_charter_articles_tabs view-display-id-ncl_entity_view js-view-dom-id-671039b9e2ea1206c15d1a6fcf9617553296738c020861bf32027b128f4f9aaa"> <form class="views-exposed-form bef-exposed-form" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-fra-charter-articles-tabs-ncl-entity-view" action="/en/eu-charter/article/52-scope-and-interpretation-rights-and-principles" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-fra-charter-articles-tabs-ncl-entity-view" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-select form-item-field-fra-country-target-id js-form-item-field-fra-country-target-id"> <label for="edit-field-fra-country-target-id--2">Country</label> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-field-fra-country-target-id" multiple="multiple" name="field_fra_country_target_id[]" id="edit-field-fra-country-target-id--2" size="9" class="form-select"><option value="995">-Austria</option><option value="996">-Belgium</option><option value="997">-Bulgaria</option><option value="998">-Croatia</option><option value="999">-Cyprus</option><option value="1000">-Czechia</option><option value="1001">-Denmark</option><option value="1002">-Estonia</option><option value="1003">-Finland</option><option value="1004">-France</option><option value="1005">-Germany</option><option value="1006">-Greece</option><option value="1007">-Hungary</option><option value="1008">-Ireland</option><option value="1009">-Italy</option><option value="1010">-Latvia</option><option value="1011">-Lithuania</option><option value="1012">-Luxembourg</option><option value="1013">-Malta</option><option value="1014">-Netherlands</option><option value="1015">-Poland</option><option value="1016">-Portugal</option><option value="1017">-Romania</option><option value="1018">-Slovakia</option><option value="1019">-Slovenia</option><option value="1020">-Spain</option><option value="1021">-Sweden</option><option value="1022">-United Kingdom</option></select> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions--5"><div class="search-wrapper"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input class="success button radius js-form-submit form-submit" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-fra-charter-articles-tabs-4" type="submit" id="edit-submit-fra-charter-articles-tabs--4" value="Search" /> </div> </div> </form> <header> <h2>29 results found</h2> </header> <div class="item-list constitutional-law-view-tab"> <ul> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Grondwet voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001840">Grondwet voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Netherlands</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Artikel 93 Bepalingen van verdragen en van besluiten van volkenrechtelijke organisaties, die naar haar inhoud een ieder kunnen verbinden, hebben verbindende kracht nadat zij zijn bekendgemaakt.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms </span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://www.usoud.cz/fileadmin/user_upload/ustavni_soud_www/Pravni_uprava/AJ/Listina_English_version.pdf">Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Czechia</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 4 (...) (2) Limitations may be placed upon the fundamental rights and freedoms only by law and under the conditions prescribed in this Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms. (3) Any statutory limitation upon the fundamental rights and freedoms must apply in the same<br /> way to all cases which meet the specified conditions. (4) When employing the provisions concerning limitations upon the fundamental rights and freedoms, the essence and significance of these rights and freedoms must be preserved. Such limitations shall not be misused for purposes other than those for which they were enacted.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Listina základních práv a svobod</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://www.usoud.cz/fileadmin/user_upload/ustavni_soud_www/Pravni_uprava/listina_zakladnich_prav_a_svobod.pdf">Listina základních práv a svobod</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Czechia</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Článek 4 (...) (2) Meze základních práv a svobod mohou být za podmínek stanovených Listinou základních práv a svobod upraveny pouze zákonem. (3) Zákonná omezení základních práv a svobod musí platit stejně pro všechny případy, které splňují stanovené podmínky. (4) Při používání ustanovení o mezích základních práv a svobod musí být šetřeno jejich podstaty a smyslu. Taková omezení nesmějí být zneužívána k jiným účelům, než pro které byla stanovena.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Human Rights Act 1998</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/42/contents">Human Rights Act 1998</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">United Kingdom</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 18 - Limitation on use of restrictions on rights.The restrictions permitted under this Convention to the said rights and freedoms shall not be applied for any purpose other than those for which they have been prescribed.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.us-rs.si/en/about-the-court/legal-basis/">Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Slovenia</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 15 (Exercise and Limitation of Rights) Human rights and fundamental freedoms shall be exercised directly on the basis of the Constitution. The manner in which human rights and fundamental freedoms are exercised may be regulated by law whenever the Constitution so provides or where this is necessary due to the particular nature of an individual right or freedom. Human rights and fundamental freedoms shall be limited only by the rights of others and in such cases as are provided by this Constitution. Judicial protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the right to obtain redress for the violation of such rights and freedoms, shall be guaranteed. No human right or fundamental freedom regulated by legal acts in force in Slovenia may be restricted on the grounds that this Constitution does not recognise that right or freedom or recognises it to a lesser extent.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Ustava Republike Slovenije</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.us-rs.si/o-sodiscu/pravna-podlaga/ustava/">Ustava Republike Slovenije</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Slovenia</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>15. člen (uresničevanje in omejevanje pravic) Človekove pravice in temeljne svoboščine se uresničujejo neposredno na podlagi ustave. Z zakonom je mogoče predpisati način uresničevanja človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščin, kadar tako določa ustava, ali če je to nujno zaradi same narave posamezne pravice ali svoboščine. Človekove pravice in temeljne svoboščine so omejene samo s pravicami drugih in v primerih, ki jih določa ta ustava. agotovljeni sta sodno varstvo človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščin ter pravica do odprave posledic njihove kršitve. Nobene človekove pravice ali temeljne svoboščine, urejene v pravnih aktih, ki veljajo v Sloveniji, ni dopustno omejevati z izgovorom, da je ta ustava ne priznava ali da jo priznava v manjši meri.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constitution of the Slovak Republic</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.vop.gov.sk/constitution-of-the-slovak-republic">Constitution of the Slovak Republic</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Slovakia</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 13 (...) (2) Limits to basic rights and freedoms may be set only by law under conditions laid down in this Constitution. (3) Legal restrictions of basic rights and freedoms must apply equally to all cases which meet prescribed conditions. (4) When restricting basic rights and freedoms, attention must be paid to their essence and meaning. These restrictions may only be used for the prescribed purpose.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Ústava Slovenskej republiky</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://www.slov-lex.sk/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/1992/460/20170601">Ústava Slovenskej republiky</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Slovakia</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Čl. 13 (...) (2) Medze základných práv a slobôd možno upraviť za podmienok ustanovených touto ústavou len zákonom. (3) Zákonné obmedzenia základných práv a slobôd musia platiť rovnako pre všetky prípady, ktoré spĺňajú ustanovené podmienky. (4) Pri obmedzovaní základných práv a slobôd sa musí dbať na ich podstatu a zmysel. Takéto obmedzenia sa môžu použiť len na ustanovený cieľ.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constituição da República Portuguesa </span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.parlamento.pt/Legislacao/Paginas/ConstituicaoRepublicaPortuguesa.aspx">Constituição da República Portuguesa </a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Portugal</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Artigo 16.º (Âmbito e sentido dos direitos fundamentais) 1. Os direitos fundamentais consagrados na Constituição não excluem quaisquer outros constantes das leis e das regras aplicáveis de direito internacional. 2. Os preceitos constitucionais e legais relativos aos direitos fundamentais devem ser interpretados e integrados de harmonia com a Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem. Artigo 18.º (Força jurídica) 1. Os preceitos constitucionais respeitantes aos direitos, liberdades e garantias são directamente aplicáveis e vinculam as entidades públicas e privadas. 2. A lei só pode restringir os direitos, liberdades e garantias nos casos expressamente previstos na Constituição, devendo as restrições limitar-se ao necessário para salvaguardar outros direitos ou interesses constitucionalmente protegidos. 3. As leis restritivas de direitos, liberdades e garantias têm de revestir carácter geral e abstracto e não podem ter efeito retroactivo nem diminuir a extensão e o alcance do conteúdo essencial dos preceitos constitucionais.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constitution of the Portuguese Republic</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.en.parlamento.pt/Legislation/CRP/Constitution7th.pdf">Constitution of the Portuguese Republic</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Portugal</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 16 (Scope and interpretation of fundamental rights) (1) The fundamental rights contained in this Constitution shall not exclude any other fundamental rights provided for in the laws or resulting from applicable rules of international law. (2) The provisions of this Constitution and of laws relating to fundamental rights shall be construed and interpreted in harmony with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article 18 (Legal force) (1) The constitutional precepts with regard to rights, freedoms and guarantees are directly applicable and are binding on public and private entities. (2) Rights, freedoms and guarantees may be restricted by law in only those cases expressly provided for in this Constitution; restrictions shall be limited to the extent necessary to safeguard other rights or interests protected by this Constitution. (3) Laws restricting rights, freedoms and guarantees shall be general and abstract in character, shall not have retroactive effect and shall not limit, in extent or scope, the essential content of the constitutional provisions.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constitution of the Republic of Poland</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm">Constitution of the Republic of Poland</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Poland</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Constitution of the Republic of PolandArticle 31.3. Any limitation upon the exercise of constitutional freedoms and rights may by imposed only by statute, and only when necessary in a democratic state for the protection of its security or public order, or to protect the natural environment, health or public morals, or the freedoms and rights of other persons. Such limitations shall not violate the essence of freedoms and rights.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/polski/kon1.htm">Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Poland</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Art. 31.3. Ograniczenia w zakresie korzystania z konstytucyjnych wolności i praw mogą być ustanawiane tylko w ustawie i tylko wtedy, gdy są konieczne w demokratycznym państwie dla jego bezpieczeństwa lub porządku publicznego, bądź dla ochrony środowiska, zdrowia i moralności publicznej, albo wolności i praw innych osób. Ograniczenia te nie mogą naruszać istoty wolności i praw.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constitution of the Republic of Latvia</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.saeima.lv/en/legislation/constitution">Constitution of the Republic of Latvia</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Latvia</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>116. The rights of persons set out in Articles ninety-six, ninety-seven, ninety-eight, one hundred, one hundred and two, one hundred and three, one hundred and six, and one hundred and eight of the Constitution may be subject to restrictions in circumstances provided for by law in order to protect the rights of other people, the democratic structure of the State, and public safety, welfare and morals. On the basis of the conditions set forth in this Article, restrictions may also be imposed on the expression of religious beliefs.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Latvijas Republikas Satversme</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=57980">Latvijas Republikas Satversme</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Latvia</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>116. Personas tiesības, kas noteiktas Satversmes deviņdesmit sestajā, deviņdesmit septītajā, deviņdesmit astotajā, simtajā, simt otrajā, simt trešajā, simt sestajā un simt astotajā pantā, var ierobežot likumā paredzētajos gadījumos, lai aizsargātu citu cilvēku tiesības, demokrātisko valsts iekārtu, sabiedrības drošību, labklājību un tikumību. Uz šajā pantā minēto nosacījumu pamata var ierobežot arī reliģiskās pārliecības paušanu.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/index.html">Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Germany</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 19 (1) Insofar as, under this Basic Law, a basic right may be restricted by or pursuant to a law, such law must apply generally and not merely to a single case. In addition, the law must specify the basic right affected and the Article in which it appears. (2) In no case may the essence of a basic right be affected. (3) The basic rights shall also apply to domestic artificial persons to the extent that the nature of such rights permits.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gg/BJNR000010949.html#BJNR000010949BJNG000100314">Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Germany</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Artikel 19 (1) Soweit nach diesem Grundgesetz ein Grundrecht durch Gesetz oder auf Grund eines Gesetzes eingeschränkt werden kann, muß das Gesetz allgemein und nicht nur für den Einzelfall gelten. Außerdem muß das Gesetz das Grundrecht unter Angabe des Artikels nennen. (2) In keinem Falle darf ein Grundrecht in seinem Wesensgehalt angetastet werden. (3) Die Grundrechte gelten auch für inländische juristische Personen, soweit sie ihrem Wesen nach auf diese anwendbar sind.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Declaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen du 26 août 1789</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/Droit-francais/Constitution/Declaration-des-Droits-de-l-Homme-et-du-Citoyen-de-1789">Declaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen du 26 août 1789</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">France</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 4 La liberté consiste à pouvoir faire tout ce qui ne nuit pas à autrui : ainsi, l'exercice des droits naturels de chaque homme n'a de bornes que celles qui assurent aux autres Membres de la Société la jouissance de ces mêmes droits. Ces bornes ne peuvent être déterminées que par la Loi.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constitution of Finland</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.finlex.fi/laki/kaannokset/1999/en/19990731.pdf">Constitution of Finland</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Finland</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Section 23 Basic rights and liberties in situations of emergency Such provisional exceptions to basic rights and liberties that are compatible with Finland's international human rights obligations and that are deemed necessary in the case of an armed attack against Finland or in the event of other situations of emergency, as provided by an Act, which pose a serious threat to the nation may be provided by an Act or by a Government Decree to be issued on the basis of authorisation given in an Act for a special reason and subject to a precisely circumscribed scope of application. The grounds for provisional exceptions shall be laid down by an Act, however. Government Decrees concerning provisional exceptions shall without delay be submitted to the Parliament for consideration. The Parliament may decide on the validity of the Decrees.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Suomen perustuslaki</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.finlex.fi/laki/ajantasa/1999/19990731">Suomen perustuslaki</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Finland</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>23 § Perusoikeudet poikkeusoloissa Perusoikeuksista voidaan säätää lailla tai laissa erityisestä syystä säädetyn ja soveltamisalaltaan täsmällisesti rajatun valtuuden nojalla annettavalla valtioneuvoston asetuksella sellaisia tilapäisiä poikkeuksia, jotka ovat välttämättömiä Suomeen kohdistuvan aseellisen hyökkäyksen samoin kuin muiden kansakuntaa vakavasti uhkaavien, laissa säädettyjen poikkeusolojen aikana ja jotka ovat Suomen kansainvälisten ihmisoikeusvelvoitteiden mukaisia. Lailla on kuitenkin säädettävä tilapäisten poikkeusten perusteet. Tilapäisiä poikkeuksia koskevat valtioneuvoston asetukset on saatettava viipymättä eduskunnan käsiteltäviksi. Eduskunta voi päättää asetusten voimassaolosta.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constitution of the Republic of Estonia</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/521052015001/consolide">Constitution of the Republic of Estonia</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Estonia</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 11. Rights and freedoms may only be circumscribed in accordance with the Constitution. Such circumscription must be necessary in a democratic society and may not distort the nature of the rights and freedoms circumscribed.</p> </div></div></li> </ul> </div> <div class ="paginator-wrapper"> <div class="text-center"> <nav class="pager" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="pagination-heading"> <h4 id="pagination-heading" class="visually-hidden">Pagination</h4> <ul class="pagination pager__items js-pager__items"> <li class="pager__item is-active current"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Current page </span>1 </li> <li class="pager__item"> <a href="?page=1" title="Go to page 2"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Page </span>2</a> </li> <li class="pager__item pager__item--next pagination-next"> <a href="?page=1" title="Go to next page" rel="next"> <span class="visually-hidden">Next page</span> <span aria-hidden="true">››</span> </a> </li> <li class="pager__item pager__item--last"> <a href="?page=1" title="Go to last page"> <span class="visually-hidden">Last page</span> <span aria-hidden="true">»</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </details> <details class="fra-eu-law js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="eu-law"> <summary role="button" aria-controls="eu-law" aria-expanded="false">EU Law</summary> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="pager-hide-for-top view view-eva view-fra-charter-articles-tabs view-id-fra_charter_articles_tabs view-display-id-eu_law_entity_view js-view-dom-id-984da6742053ae1102721aacdd8731686a712e0912b9da0f47146962ad38d1f5"> <header> <h2>4 results found</h2> </header> <div class="item-list eu-law-tab"> <ul> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Directive 2014/59/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 establishing a framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32014L0059">Directive 2014/59/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 establishing a framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>(24) Where an institution does not present an adequate recovery plan, competent authorities should be empowered to require that institution to take measures necessary to redress the material deficiencies of the plan. That requirement may affect the freedom to conduct a business as guaranteed by Article 16 of the Charter. The limitation of that fundamental right is however necessary to meet the objectives of financial stability. More specifically, such a limitation is necessary in order to strengthen the business of institutions and avoid institutions growing excessively or taking excessive risks without being able to tackle setbacks and losses and to restore their capital base. The limitation is proportionate because it permits preventative action to the extent that it is necessary to address the deficiencies and therefore complies with Article 52 of the Charter.</p> <p>[...]</p> <p>(49) The limitations on the rights of shareholders and creditors should be in accordance with Article 52 of the Charter. The resolution tools should therefore be applied only to those institutions that are failing or likely to fail, and only when it is necessary to pursue the objective of financial stability in the general interest. In particular, resolution tools should be applied where the institution cannot be wound up under normal insolvency proceedings without destabilising the financial system and the measures are necessary in order to ensure the rapid transfer and continuation of systemically important functions and where there is no reasonable prospect for any alternative private solution, including any increase of capital by the existing shareholders or by any third party sufficient to restore the full viability of the institution. In addition, when applying resolutions tools and exercising resolution powers, the principle of proportionality and the particularities of the legal form of an institution should be taken into account.</p> <p>[...]</p> <p>(88) In accordance with Article 47 of the Charter, the parties concerned have a right to due process and to an effective remedy against the measures affecting them. Therefore, the decisions taken by the resolution authorities should be subject to a right of appeal.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Regulation (EU) 2021/1232 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 July 2021 on a temporary derogation from certain provisions of Directive 2002/58/EC as regards the use of technologies by providers </span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32021R1232">Regulation (EU) 2021/1232 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 July 2021 on a temporary derogation from certain provisions of Directive 2002/58/EC as regards the use of technologies by providers </a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 1</p> <p>Subject matter and scope</p> <p>1. This Regulation lays down temporary and strictly limited rules derogating from certain obligations laid down in Directive 2002/58/EC, with the sole objective of enabling providers of certain number-independent interpersonal communications services (‘providers’) to use, without prejudice to Regulation (EU) 2016/679, specific technologies for the processing of personal and other data to the extent strictly necessary to detect online child sexual abuse on their services and report it and to remove online child sexual abuse material from their services.</p> <p>2. This Regulation does not apply to the scanning of audio communications.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32022L2381">Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 1</p> <p>Purpose</p> <p>This Directive aims to achieve a more balanced representation of women and men among the directors of listed companies by establishing effective measures that aim to accelerate progress towards gender balance, while allowing listed companies sufficient time to make the necessary arrangements for that purpose.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32018L1972">Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>(5) This Directive creates a legal framework to ensure freedom to provide electronic communications networks and services, subject only to the conditions laid down in this Directive and to any restrictions in accordance with Article 52(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), in particular measures regarding public policy, public security and public health, and consistent with Article 52(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the ‘Charter’).</p> <p>(6) This Directive is without prejudice to the possibility for each Member State to take the necessary measures to ensure the protection of its essential security interests, to safeguard public policy and public security, and to permit the investigation, detection and prosecution of criminal offences, taking into account that any limitation to the exercise of the rights and freedoms recognised by the Charter, in particular in Articles 7, 8 and 11 thereof, such as limitations regarding the processing of data, are to be provided for by law, respect the essence of those rights and freedoms and be subject to the principle of proportionality, in accordance with Article 52(1) of the Charter.</p> </div></div></li> </ul> </div> <div class ="paginator-wrapper"> <div class="text-center"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </details> <details class="fra-international-law js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="international-law"> <summary role="button" aria-controls="international-law" aria-expanded="false">International Law</summary> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="pager-hide-for-top view view-eva view-fra-charter-articles-tabs view-id-fra_charter_articles_tabs view-display-id-inter_law_entity_view js-view-dom-id-24865f805368acbf038e481895a96bb08d6a021c834c10a9db536e209c771c1d"> <h2 class="text-center">0 results found</h2> <div class ="paginator-wrapper"> <div class="text-center"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </details> <details class="fra-products js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="products"> <summary role="button" aria-controls="products" aria-expanded="false">Products</summary> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-fra-charter-articles-tabs view-id-fra_charter_articles_tabs view-display-id-charter_articles_products_entity_view js-view-dom-id-4c4aa70f9147464dbbfa3d556ea65e10d9e1a17a72360f39ad47eb7fab186daa"> <div class ="paginator-wrapper"> <div class="text-center"> <nav class="pager" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="pagination-heading"> <h4 id="pagination-heading" class="visually-hidden">Pagination</h4> <ul class="pagination pager__items js-pager__items"> <li class="pager__item is-active current"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Current page </span>1 </li> <li class="pager__item"> <a href="?page=1" title="Go to page 2"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Page </span>2</a> </li> <li class="pager__item pager__item--next pagination-next"> <a href="?page=1" title="Go to next page" rel="next"> <span class="visually-hidden">Next page</span> <span aria-hidden="true">››</span> </a> </li> <li class="pager__item pager__item--last"> <a href="?page=1" title="Go to last page"> <span class="visually-hidden">Last page</span> <span aria-hidden="true">»</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="item-list products-view-tab"> <ul> <li><div data-history-node-id="43615" class="node node--type-fra-publication node--view-mode-teaser theme-item theme-item-Systems ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"><div class="field field-node--field-fra-image field-name-field-fra-image field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"> <a href="/en/publication/2022/charter-case-studies-trainers-manual" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_with_border/public/fra_images/fra-2022-charter-case-studies-trainers-manual-cover_en.jpg?itok=kdOmCAHu" width="360" height="509" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="PubThemes"> <div class="field field-node--bundle-fieldnode field-name-bundle-fieldnode field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Handbook / Guide / Manual</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/eu-charter-fundamental-rights" hreflang="en">EU Charter of Fundamental Rights</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/support-human-rights-systems-and-defenders" hreflang="en">Support for human rights systems and defenders</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TeaserPubDate"> <div class="PublicationDate"> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-day field-name-field-fra-day field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">19</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-month field-name-field-fra-month field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">August</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-year field-name-field-fra-year field-type-yearonly field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">2022</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fas fa-history field field-node--field-fra-last-update-label field-name-field-fra-last-update-label field-type-string field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">DA, ET, FI, LT, PT, SV versions now available </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-last-update-date field-name-field-fra-last-update-date field-type-datetime field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">30 July 2024</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--node-title field-name-node-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><h2> <a href="/en/publication/2022/charter-case-studies-trainers-manual" hreflang="en">Charter case studies - Trainer's manual</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-summary field-name-field-fra-summary field-type-string-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFREU) is the EU’s bill of rights. It always binds the EU institutions and the Member States when they act within the scope of EU law. However, it is far from easy to assess whether a concrete case falls within the scope of EU law. This is why it is necessary to provide training and training material to legal professionals so that they can understand the field of application of the Charter as laid out in its Article 51. This trainer’s manual aims at providing guidance on both the organisation and the implementation of such trainings based on a series of case studies,<br /> which will be extended in the future.</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-action-buttons field-name-field-fra-action-buttons field-type-entity-reference-revisions field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-desktop field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="https://e-learning.fra.europa.eu/">Access Charter e-courses</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div data-history-node-id="26914" class="node node--type-fra-publication node--view-mode-teaser theme-item theme-item-Data ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"><div class="field field-node--field-fra-image field-name-field-fra-image field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"> <a href="/en/publication/2018/handbook-european-data-protection-law-2018-edition" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_with_border/public/fra_images/fra-coe-edps-2018-handbook-data-protection_en-cover.jpg?itok=Cv6TTPNB" width="360" height="511" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="PubThemes"> <div class="field field-node--bundle-fieldnode field-name-bundle-fieldnode field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Handbook / Guide / Manual</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/data-protection-privacy-and-new-technologies" hreflang="en">Data protection, privacy and new technologies</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/data-protection" hreflang="en">Data protection</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TeaserPubDate"> <div class="PublicationDate"> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-day field-name-field-fra-day field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">25</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-month field-name-field-fra-month field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">May</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-year field-name-field-fra-year field-type-yearonly field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">2018</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fas fa-history field field-node--field-fra-last-update-label field-name-field-fra-last-update-label field-type-string field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Arabic version now available</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-last-update-date field-name-field-fra-last-update-date field-type-datetime field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">18 July 2024</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--node-title field-name-node-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><h2> <a href="/en/publication/2018/handbook-european-data-protection-law-2018-edition" hreflang="en">Handbook on European data protection law - 2018 edition</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-summary field-name-field-fra-summary field-type-string-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">The rapid development of information technology has exacerbated the need for robust personal data protection, the right to which is safeguarded by both European Union (EU) and Council of Europe (CoE) instruments. Safeguarding this important right entails new and significant challenges as technological advances expand the frontiers of areas such as surveillance, communication interception and data storage. This handbook is designed to familiarise legal practitioners not specialised in data protection with this emerging area of the law.</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-action-buttons field-name-field-fra-action-buttons field-type-entity-reference-revisions field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-download field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2018/handbook-european-data-protection-law-2018-edition">Download the handbook</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fab fa-youtube field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="https://fra.europa.eu/en/video/2018/video-blog-michael-oflaherty-data-protection">Watch vlog on data protection</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div data-history-node-id="35893" class="node node--type-fra-publication node--view-mode-teaser theme-item theme-item-Data ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"><div class="field field-node--field-fra-image field-name-field-fra-image field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"> <a href="/en/publication/2018/preventing-unlawful-profiling-today-and-future-guide" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_with_border/public/fra_images/fra-2018-preventing-unlawful-profiling-guide-cover_en.jpg?itok=N4ENI5tP" width="360" height="511" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="PubThemes"> <div class="field field-node--bundle-fieldnode field-name-bundle-fieldnode field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Handbook / Guide / Manual</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/unlawful-profiling" hreflang="en">Unlawful profiling</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/asylum-migration-and-borders" hreflang="en">Asylum, migration and borders</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/data-protection-privacy-and-new-technologies" hreflang="en">Data protection, privacy and new technologies</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/data-protection" hreflang="en">Data protection</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/equality-non-discrimination-and-racism" hreflang="en">Equality, non-discrimination and racism</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/racial-and-ethnic-origin" hreflang="en">Racial and ethnic origin</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/justice-victims-rights-and-judicial-cooperation" hreflang="en">Justice, victims’ rights and judicial cooperation</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/security" hreflang="en">Security</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TeaserPubDate"> <div class="PublicationDate"> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-day field-name-field-fra-day field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">5</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-month field-name-field-fra-month field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">December</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-year field-name-field-fra-year field-type-yearonly field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">2018</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fas fa-history field field-node--field-fra-last-update-label field-name-field-fra-last-update-label field-type-string field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Last versions available are EL and NL</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-last-update-date field-name-field-fra-last-update-date field-type-datetime field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">11 March 2021</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--node-title field-name-node-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><h2> <a href="/en/publication/2018/preventing-unlawful-profiling-today-and-future-guide" hreflang="en">Preventing unlawful profiling today and in the future: a guide</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-summary field-name-field-fra-summary field-type-string-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">This guide explains what profiling is, the legal frameworks that regulate it, and why conducting profiling lawfully is both necessary to comply with fundamental rights and crucial for effective policing and border management. The guide also provides practical guidance on how to avoid unlawful profiling in police and border management operations. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div data-history-node-id="27261" class="node node--type-fra-publication node--view-mode-teaser theme-item theme-item-Systems ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"><div class="field field-node--field-fra-featured-image field-name-field-fra-featured-image field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"> <a href="/en/publication/2018/applying-charter-fundamental-rights-european-union-law-and-policymaking-national" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/fra_teaser_style/public/fra_images/p002132009h_justice_credit.jpg?itok=3YvsAsec" width="640" height="420" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="PubThemes"> <div class="field field-node--bundle-fieldnode field-name-bundle-fieldnode field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Handbook / Guide / Manual</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/support-human-rights-systems-and-defenders" hreflang="en">Support for human rights systems and defenders</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/eu-charter-fundamental-rights" hreflang="en">EU Charter of Fundamental Rights</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TeaserPubDate"> <div class="PublicationDate"> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-day field-name-field-fra-day field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">23</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-month field-name-field-fra-month field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">October</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-year field-name-field-fra-year field-type-yearonly field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">2018</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fas fa-history field field-node--field-fra-last-update-label field-name-field-fra-last-update-label field-type-string field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">ES, HU, LT, LV, SK, SL and PT versions now available</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-last-update-date field-name-field-fra-last-update-date field-type-datetime field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">18 November 2020</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--node-title field-name-node-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><h2> <a href="/en/publication/2018/applying-charter-fundamental-rights-european-union-law-and-policymaking-national" hreflang="en">Applying the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union in law and policymaking at national level - Guidance</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-summary field-name-field-fra-summary field-type-string-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">As a very modern human rights catalogue containing many rights not found in established bills of rights, the Charter indeed looks good on paper. Those familiar with the main principles of EU law can usually quickly recite that the Charter is always binding on the EU, and binding on Member States only when they are "implementing EU law". But what does this often-quoted language from Article 51 of the Charter actually mean?</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div data-history-node-id="45904" class="node node--type-fra-publication node--view-mode-teaser theme-item theme-item-Asylum ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"><div class="field field-node--field-fra-featured-image field-name-field-fra-featured-image field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"> <a href="/en/publication/2025/return-hubs" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/fra_teaser_style/public/fra_images/adobestock_bettysphotos_migrant_suitcase_268518031.png?itok=xRh3gveS" width="640" height="420" alt="Migrant holding a suitcase" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="PubThemes"> <div class="field field-node--bundle-fieldnode field-name-bundle-fieldnode field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Opinion / Position Paper</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/asylum-migration-and-borders" hreflang="en">Asylum, migration and borders</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/irregular-migration-return-and-immigration-detention" hreflang="en">Irregular migration, return and immigration detention</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TeaserPubDate"> <div class="PublicationDate"> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-day field-name-field-fra-day field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">6</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-month field-name-field-fra-month field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">February</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-year field-name-field-fra-year field-type-yearonly field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">2025</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--node-title field-name-node-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><h2> <a href="/en/publication/2025/return-hubs" hreflang="en">Planned return hubs in third countries: EU fundamental rights law issues</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-summary field-name-field-fra-summary field-type-string-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">This FRA Position Paper outlines the Agency’s position on the creation of 'return hubs' in non-EU countries for migrants who have been ordered to leave the EU. Considering the serious fundamental rights risks connected with running return hubs, this legal analysis presents the conditions that would have to be met for return hubs to respect fundamental rights and comply with EU law. These include setting up agreements with the host countries and creating independent human rights monitoring mechanisms. The position paper does not examine centres in third countries that process asylum applications.</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-action-buttons field-name-field-fra-action-buttons field-type-entity-reference-revisions field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-scroll field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="/en/news/2025/planned-return-hubs-cannot-be-rights-free-zones">Read news item</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div data-history-node-id="45532" class="node node--type-fra-publication node--view-mode-teaser theme-item theme-item-Asylum ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"><div class="field field-node--field-fra-image field-name-field-fra-image field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"> <a href="/en/publication/2024/border-rights-monitoring" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_with_border/public/fra_images/fra-2024-independent-border-monitoring-mechanisms-cover-image_en.jpg?itok=Fo9jLul8" width="360" height="511" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="PubThemes"> <div class="field field-node--bundle-fieldnode field-name-bundle-fieldnode field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Handbook / Guide / Manual</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/borders-and-information-systems-0" hreflang="en">Borders and information systems</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/asylum-migration-and-borders" hreflang="en">Asylum, migration and borders</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TeaserPubDate"> <div class="PublicationDate"> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-day field-name-field-fra-day field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">19</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-month field-name-field-fra-month field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">September</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-year field-name-field-fra-year field-type-yearonly field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">2024</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--node-title field-name-node-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><h2> <a href="/en/publication/2024/border-rights-monitoring" hreflang="en">Monitoring fundamental rights during screening and the asylum border procedure – A guide on national independent mechanisms</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-summary field-name-field-fra-summary field-type-string-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">This publication guides EU countries on setting up independent monitoring mechanisms to ensure fundamental rights are respected during screening and asylum border procedures. These processes at borders are for people arriving from non-EU countries. Monitoring mechanisms are meant to prevent rights violations, protect victims, and support investigations into any allegations of wrongdoing by public authorities. The guidance highlights the importance of transparency and accountability, which builds trust in public authorities. New EU regulations coming into effect in 2026 will require such monitoring systems to be in place. This updates the guidance published in 2022.</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-action-buttons field-name-field-fra-action-buttons field-type-entity-reference-revisions field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-scroll field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="/en/news/2024/national-monitoring-mechanisms-under-eu-pact-migration-and-asylum-guidance-eu-member">Read news item</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div data-history-node-id="45505" class="node node--type-fra-publication node--view-mode-teaser theme-item theme-item-Asylum ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"><div class="field field-node--field-fra-image field-name-field-fra-image field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"> <a href="/en/publication/2024/guidance-investigating-alleged-ill-treatment-borders" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_with_border/public/fra_images/2024.3511-guidance_on_investigating_alleged_ill-treatment_at_borders.png?itok=GfyMzTHe" width="360" height="509" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="PubThemes"> <div class="field field-node--bundle-fieldnode field-name-bundle-fieldnode field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Report / Paper / Summary</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/borders-and-information-systems-0" hreflang="en">Borders and information systems</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/asylum-migration-and-borders" hreflang="en">Asylum, migration and borders</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TeaserPubDate"> <div class="PublicationDate"> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-day field-name-field-fra-day field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">30</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-month field-name-field-fra-month field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">July</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-year field-name-field-fra-year field-type-yearonly field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">2024</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--node-title field-name-node-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><h2> <a href="/en/publication/2024/guidance-investigating-alleged-ill-treatment-borders" hreflang="en">Guidance on investigating alleged ill-treatment at borders</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-summary field-name-field-fra-summary field-type-string-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Fundamental rights violations on the EU’s land and sea borders often go unreported. Investigations into these violations need to be more effective. This report gathers examples of alleged rights violations of migrants and refugees between 2020 and 2023. It sets out 10 steps to promote prompt and effective national investigations into incidents of ill-treatment at borders.</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-action-buttons field-name-field-fra-action-buttons field-type-entity-reference-revisions field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-scroll field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="https://fra.europa.eu/en/news/2024/investigations-rights-violations-eu-borders-remain-ineffective">Read news item</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div data-history-node-id="45269" class="node node--type-fra-publication node--view-mode-teaser theme-item theme-item-Systems ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"><div class="field field-node--field-fra-image field-name-field-fra-image field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"> <a href="/en/publication/2024/fundamental-rights-report-2024" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_with_border/public/fra_images/frr24_cover.png?itok=AHe-eEJh" width="360" height="510" alt="Fundamental Rights Report 2024 - Cover " /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="PubThemes"> <div class="field field-node--bundle-fieldnode field-name-bundle-fieldnode field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Fundamental Rights Report</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/support-human-rights-systems-and-defenders" hreflang="en">Support for human rights systems and defenders</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/asylum-migration-and-borders" hreflang="en">Asylum, migration and borders</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/data-protection-privacy-and-new-technologies" hreflang="en">Data protection, privacy and new technologies</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/equality-non-discrimination-and-racism" hreflang="en">Equality, non-discrimination and racism</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/justice-victims-rights-and-judicial-cooperation" hreflang="en">Justice, victims’ rights and judicial cooperation</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TeaserPubDate"> <div class="PublicationDate"> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-day field-name-field-fra-day field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">5</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-month field-name-field-fra-month field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">June</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-year field-name-field-fra-year field-type-yearonly field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">2024</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--node-title field-name-node-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><h2> <a href="/en/publication/2024/fundamental-rights-report-2024" hreflang="en">Fundamental Rights Report 2024</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-summary field-name-field-fra-summary field-type-string-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">FRA’s Fundamental Rights Report 2024 analyses the year’s developments in fundamental rights. It focuses on the most pressing fundamental rights concerns facing Europe in 2023: the cost-of-living crisis, rights concerns at the EU’s external borders and migration, and threats to democracy. Re-structured, this year’s new approach is a shorter and sharper analysis. It also presents FRA’s opinions on these developments, including a summary of the evidence supporting these opinions. </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-action-buttons field-name-field-fra-action-buttons field-type-entity-reference-revisions field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-scroll field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="/en/news/2024/rising-living-costs-and-racism-threaten-fundamental-rights-protection-europe-fras">Read press release</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-download field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2024-fundamental-rights-report-2024_en.pdf">Download full report</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-download field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2024-fundamental-rights-report-2024-opinions_en.pdf">Download opinions</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field-item"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div data-history-node-id="44810" class="node node--type-fra-publication node--view-mode-teaser theme-item theme-item-Equality ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"><div class="field field-node--field-fra-image field-name-field-fra-image field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"> <a href="/en/publication/2023/online-content-moderation" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_with_border/public/fra_images/fra-2023-online-content-moderation-cover-image_en.jpg?itok=kjIKoCuG" width="360" height="509" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="PubThemes"> <div class="field field-node--bundle-fieldnode field-name-bundle-fieldnode field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Report / Paper / Summary</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/hate-crime" hreflang="en">Hate crime</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/data-protection-privacy-and-new-technologies" hreflang="en">Data protection, privacy and new technologies</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/equality-non-discrimination-and-racism" hreflang="en">Equality, non-discrimination and racism</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TeaserPubDate"> <div class="PublicationDate"> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-day field-name-field-fra-day field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">29</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-month field-name-field-fra-month field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">November</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-year field-name-field-fra-year field-type-yearonly field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">2023</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--node-title field-name-node-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><h2> <a href="/en/publication/2023/online-content-moderation" hreflang="en">Online content moderation - Current challenges in detecting hate speech</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-summary field-name-field-fra-summary field-type-string-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Online hate speech is a growing problem in today’s digitalised societies. Women, Black people, Jews and Roma are often targets of online hate speech. Online hate proliferates where human content moderators miss offensive content. Also, algorithms are prone to errors. They may multiply errors over time and may even end up promoting online hate. This report presents the challenges in identifying and detecting online hate. Hate of any kind should not be tolerated, regardless of whether it is online or offline. The report discusses the implications for fundamental rights to support creating a rights-compliant digital environment.</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-action-buttons field-name-field-fra-action-buttons field-type-entity-reference-revisions field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-scroll field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="/en/news/2023/online-hate-we-need-improve-content-moderation-effectively-tackle-hate-speech">Read press release</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div data-history-node-id="44750" class="node node--type-fra-publication node--view-mode-teaser theme-item theme-item-Asylum ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"><div class="field field-node--field-fra-image field-name-field-fra-image field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"> <a href="/en/publication/2023/european-border-coast-guard" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_with_border/public/fra_images/2023-html-cover-eu_border_and_coast_guard-2-0.jpg?itok=Lixb-tDM" width="360" height="509" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="PubThemes"> <div class="field field-node--bundle-fieldnode field-name-bundle-fieldnode field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Report / Paper / Summary</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/borders-and-information-systems-0" hreflang="en">Borders and information systems</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/asylum-migration-and-borders" hreflang="en">Asylum, migration and borders</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TeaserPubDate"> <div class="PublicationDate"> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-day field-name-field-fra-day field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">31</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-month field-name-field-fra-month field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">October</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-year field-name-field-fra-year field-type-yearonly field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">2023</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--node-title field-name-node-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><h2> <a href="/en/publication/2023/european-border-coast-guard" hreflang="en">The European Border and Coast Guard and fundamental rights</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-summary field-name-field-fra-summary field-type-string-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Fundamental rights are an important consideration in European border management. Virtually all activities can have an impact on rights – from risk analysis to training, border checks and border surveillance. Safeguards in laws regulating European border management aim to protect rights. This report is a contribution to the first review of the European Border and Coast Guard Regulation (EU) 2019/1896 that offers an opportunity to reflect on how best to improve the fundamental rights situation at the external borders of the EU.</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-action-buttons field-name-field-fra-action-buttons field-type-entity-reference-revisions field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class ="paginator-wrapper"> <div class="text-center"> <nav class="pager" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="pagination-heading"> <h4 id="pagination-heading" class="visually-hidden">Pagination</h4> <ul class="pagination pager__items js-pager__items"> <li class="pager__item is-active current"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Current page </span>1 </li> <li class="pager__item"> <a href="?page=1" title="Go to page 2"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Page </span>2</a> </li> <li class="pager__item pager__item--next pagination-next"> <a href="?page=1" title="Go to next page" rel="next"> <span class="visually-hidden">Next page</span> <span aria-hidden="true">››</span> </a> </li> <li class="pager__item pager__item--last"> <a href="?page=1" title="Go to last page"> <span class="visually-hidden">Last page</span> <span aria-hidden="true">»</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </details> </div> </div> </div> <div> <article id="node-13909" data-history-node-id="13909"> </article> </div> </div> </section> </main> </div> </div> <footer> <div class ="row"> <div id="footer-first" class="large-4 columns"> <div> <div id="block-fra-footer-about-fra" class="block-fra-footer-about-fra block block-block-content block-block-content9f83ca8e-3fcc-46f3-a062-c3a3416deaa6"> <div class="body field field-block-content--body field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><div class="h1" role="heading">About FRA</div> <p>Find out more about the Agency and its work here.</p> <ul class="footer-nav"> <li><a href="/about-fra">About FRA</a></li> <li><a href="/eu-charter">EU Charter of Fundamental Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/about-fundamental-rights/where-to-turn">Where to turn for help</a></li> <li><a href="/tools">Tools</a></li> <li><a href="/about-fra/recruitment">Working at FRA</a></li> <li><a href="/news-and-events">News</a></li> <li><a href="/news-and-events/newsletter ">Subscribe for updates</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-middle" class="large-4 columns"> <div> <div id="block-fra-footer-work-on-rights" class="block-fra-footer-work-on-rights block block-block-content block-block-content45844f98-576d-4120-b55c-d12cea258d9f"> <div class="body field field-block-content--body field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><div class="h1" role="heading">Work on rights</div> <p>Fundamental rights define minimum standards to ensure everyone is treated with dignity. 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