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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Beginnings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Swiss_Confederacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Swiss_Confederacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Old Swiss Confederacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Swiss_Confederacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Napoleonic era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Federal state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Urbanisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Federal Council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Supreme Court </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Direct democracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cantons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Cantons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cantons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Municipalities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Federal City </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations_and_international_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations_and_international_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Foreign relations and international institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations_and_international_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Switzerland_and_the_European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland_and_the_European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.1 Switzerland and the European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland_and_the_European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_labour_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_labour_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy and labour law </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy_and_labour_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy and labour law subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_labour_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxation_and_government_spending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation_and_government_spending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Taxation and government spending </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation_and_government_spending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labour_force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour_force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Labour force </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour_force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Education and science </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_and_science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education and science subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Primary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Tertiary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Switzerland</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 294 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-294" aria-hidden="true" > 294 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Swiss" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Шуэцарэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Шуэцарэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Швейцарие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Швейцарие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switserland" title="Switserland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Switserland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweiz" title="Schweiz – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schweiz" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8A%E1%8B%98%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ስዊዘርላንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስዊዘርላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveicci" title="Sveicci – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Sveicci" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="स्विट्जरलैंड – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="स्विट्जरलैंड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swissland" title="Swissland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Swissland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Швеицариа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Швеицариа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سويسرا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سويسرا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suiza" title="Suiza – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Suiza" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%A3%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܣܘܝܣܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܣܘܝܣܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Զուիցերիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Զուիցերիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98vai%C8%9B%C3%A3" title="Șvaițã – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Șvaițã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisse" title="Suisse – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Suisse" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ছুইজাৰলেণ্ড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছুইজাৰলেণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suiza" title="Suiza – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Suiza" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="स्विट्ज़रलैंड – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="स्विट्ज़रलैंड" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%ADsa" title="Suísa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Suísa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швейцария – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Швейцария" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switsira" title="Switsira – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Switsira" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sve%C3%A7r%C9%99" title="İsveçrə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsveçrə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سوئیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوئیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Swiss" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="সুইজারল্যান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুইজারল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABi-se" title="Sūi-se – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sūi-se" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Swiss" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швейцария – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Швейцария" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Швейцарыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Швейцарыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Швайцарыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Швайцарыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="स्विट्जरलैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्विट्जरलैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisa" title="Suisa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Suisa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiselan" title="Swiselan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Swiselan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швейцария – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Швейцария" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweiz" title="Schweiz – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schweiz" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="སུད་སི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སུད་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vicarska" title="Švicarska – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Švicarska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suis" title="Suis – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Suis" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Швейцари – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Швейцари" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%AFssa" title="Suïssa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Suïssa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Швейцари – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Швейцари" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasod_nga_Swiss" title="Nasod nga Swiss – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nasod nga Swiss" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C3%BDcarsko" title="Švýcarsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Švýcarsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Switzerland" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suiza" title="Suiza – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Suiza" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Switzerland" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vusvwisi" title="Vusvwisi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vusvwisi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Switzerland" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgu%C3%ACzzera" title="Sguìzzera – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Sguìzzera" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Swistir" title="Y Swistir – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Swistir" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Switzerland" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweiz" title="Schweiz – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Schweiz" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سويسرا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سويسرا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveica" title="Sveica – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Sveica" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweiz" title="Schweiz – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schweiz" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweiz" title="Schweiz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schweiz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%92%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%AD%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%AA" title="ސުވިޒަލޭންޑު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސުވިޒަލޭންޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzi%C5%82l%C3%A1tah_Bilag%C3%A1ana_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Dziłlátah Bilagáana Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dziłlátah Bilagáana Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0wica%C5%95ska" title="Šwicaŕska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Šwicaŕska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="स्विजरल्याण्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="स्विजरल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%8A%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B" title="སུའིཊ་ཛར་ལེན་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="སུའིཊ་ཛར་ལེན་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0veits" title="Šveits – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šveits" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ελβετία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελβετία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A9zzra" title="Svézzra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Svézzra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Швейцария Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Швейцария Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suiza" title="Suiza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suiza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svislando" title="Svislando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Svislando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui%C3%A7a" title="Suiça – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Suiça" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suitza" title="Suitza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Suitza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Switzerland" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سوئیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوئیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Switzerland" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveis" title="Sveis – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sveis" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisse" title="Suisse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Suisse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switserl%C3%A2n" title="Switserlân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Switserlân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwis" title="Suwis – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Suwis" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svuizare" title="Svuizare – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Svuizare" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Eilv%C3%A9is" title="An Eilvéis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Eilvéis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Elveeish" title="Yn Elveeish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Elveeish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elve%C5%A3iya" title="Elveţiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Elveţiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Eilbheis" title="An Eilbheis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Eilbheis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%ADza" title="Suíza – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Suíza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Шувцарехье – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Шувцарехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swissland" title="Swissland – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Swissland" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="سۊئيس – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="سۊئيس" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1" title="સ્વિત્ઝરલૅન્ડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સ્વિત્ઝરલૅન્ડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="स्वित्झर्लंड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="स्वित्झर्लंड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Sui-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sui-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%86%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Свисин Ниицән – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Свисин Ниицән" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%9C%84%EC%8A%A4" title="스위스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스위스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Switzerland" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuikilani" title="Kuikilani – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kuikilani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B5%D6%81%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Շվեյցարիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շվեյցարիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="स्विट्ज़रलैण्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्विट्ज़रलैण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0wicarska" title="Šwicarska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Šwicarska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vicarska" title="Švicarska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Švicarska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisia" title="Suisia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Suisia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Switzerland" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisa" title="Suisa – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Suisa" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="সুইজারল্যান্ড – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সুইজারল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Swiss" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switza" title="Switza – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Switza" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svissia" title="Svissia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Svissia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Швейцари – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Швейцари" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switserii" title="Switserii – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Switserii" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviss" title="Sviss – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sviss" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svizzera" title="Svizzera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Svizzera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A5" title="שווייץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שווייץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switserlan" title="Switserlan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Switserlan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwiisi" title="Suwiisi – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Suwiisi" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸ್ವಿಟ್ಜರ್ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ವಿಟ್ಜರ್ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%ADsa" title="Suísa – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Suísa" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швейцария – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Швейцария" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="შვეიცარია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შვეიცარია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szwajcarsk%C3%B4" title="Szwajcarskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Szwajcarskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швейцария – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Швейцария" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swistir" title="Swistir – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Swistir" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubusuwisi" title="Ubusuwisi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubusuwisi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuswisi" title="Ubuswisi – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ubuswisi" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uswisi" title="Uswisi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uswisi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швейцария – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Швейцария" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisi" title="Suisi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Suisi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiza" title="Swiza – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Swiza" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swis" title="Swis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Swis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swis" title="Swis – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Swis" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%AEsre" title="Swîsre – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Swîsre" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швейцария – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Швейцария" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svizra" title="Svizra – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Svizra" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisa" title="Suisa – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Suisa" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%8C" title="ປະເທດສະວິດເຊີແລນດ໌ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດສະວິດເຊີແລນດ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0veicareja" title="Šveicareja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Šveicareja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Helvetia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0veice" title="Šveice – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šveice" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schw%C3%A4iz" title="Schwäiz – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schwäiz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швейцария – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Швейцария" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0veicarija" title="Šveicarija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šveicarija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svissea" title="Svissea – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Svissea" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwitserland" title="Zwitserland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zwitserland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swisi" title="Swisi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Swisi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suiz" title="Suiz – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Suiz" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0veitsarii" title="Šveitsarii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Šveitsarii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/elvetias" title="elvetias – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="elvetias" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%ACzzera" title="Svìzzera – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Svìzzera" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A1jc" title="Svájc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Svájc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Swiss" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="स्विट्जरल्यान्ड – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="स्विट्जरल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Швајцарија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Швајцарија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soisa" title="Soisa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Soisa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="സ്വിറ്റ്സർലാന്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വിറ്റ്സർലാന്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBvizzera" title="Żvizzera – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Żvizzera" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huiterangi" title="Huiterangi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Huiterangi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="स्वित्झर्लंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्वित्झर्लंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="შვეიცარია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შვეიცარია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سويسرا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سويسرا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سوییس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سوییس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Switzerland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%93%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯁ꯭ꯋꯤꯠꯓꯔꯂꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁ꯭ꯋꯤꯠꯓꯔꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Swiss" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4i-s%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3" title="Sôi-sê̤ṳ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sôi-sê̤ṳ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%AD%C3%A7a" title="Suíça – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Suíça" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швайцария – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Швайцария" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Швейцар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Швейцар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဆွစ်ဇာလန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆွစ်ဇာလန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwitserland" title="Zwitserland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwitserland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwitserlaand" title="Zwitserlaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zwitserlaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="स्विट्जरल्यान्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्विट्जरल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6" title="स्वित्जरल्यान्द – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्वित्जरल्यान्द" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9" title="スイス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スイス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sguizzera" title="Sguizzera – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Sguizzera" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Швейцари – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Швейцари" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaits" title="Swaits – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Swaits" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switsaland" title="Switsaland – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Switsaland" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveits" title="Sveits – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sveits" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveits" title="Sveits – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sveits" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisse" title="Suisse – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Suisse" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisia" title="Suisia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Suisia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C3%AFssa" title="Soïssa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Soïssa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Швейцарий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Швейцарий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1" title="ସୁଇଜରଲ୍ୟାଣ୍ଡ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସୁଇଜରଲ୍ୟାଣ୍ଡ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwiizerlaandi" title="Siwiizerlaandi – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Siwiizerlaandi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shveysariya" title="Shveysariya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shveysariya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਸਵਿਟਜ਼ਰਲੈਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਵਿਟਜ਼ਰਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="स्विटजरलैंड – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="स्विटजरलैंड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweiz" title="Schweiz – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Schweiz" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Switzerland" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Switzerland" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="سویٹزرلینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سویٹزرلینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="သွိသာလန်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သွိသာလန်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisa" title="Suisa – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Suisa" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="سويس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سويس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suitsalan" title="Suitsalan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Suitsalan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Швайсму – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Швайсму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F" title="ស្វីស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស្វីស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisse" title="Suisse – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Suisse" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%ACssera" title="Svìssera – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Svìssera" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwisalan" title="Suwisalan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Suwisalan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiez" title="Swiez – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swiez" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szwajcaria" title="Szwajcaria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szwajcaria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ελβετία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ελβετία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%AD%C3%A7a" title="Suíça – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Suíça" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shveycariya" title="Shveycariya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Shveycariya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0svi%C3%A7re" title="İsviçre – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İsviçre" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweiz" title="Schweiz – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Schweiz" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elve%C8%9Bia" title="Elveția – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Elveția" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elveciya" title="Elveciya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Elveciya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svizra" title="Svizra – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Svizra" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwisa" title="Suwisa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Suwisa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86" title="Швайц – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Швайц" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швейцария – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Швейцария" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швейцария – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Швейцария" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Switzerland" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suitiselani" title="Suitiselani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Suitiselani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D" title="स्विट्झर्ल्याण्ड् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="स्विट्झर्ल्याण्ड्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱥᱩᱭᱡᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱩᱭᱡᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="سویٹزر لینڈ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سویٹزر لینڈ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isv%C3%ACtzera" title="Isvìtzera – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Isvìtzera" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swisserland" title="Swisserland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Swisserland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Switzerland" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaits" title="Swaits – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Swaits" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Switzerland" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvicra" title="Zvicra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zvicra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%ACzzira" title="Svìzzira – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Svìzzira" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="ස්විට්සර්ලන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්විට්සර්ලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Switzerland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="سوئيزرلينڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سوئيزرلينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISwizalendi" title="ISwizalendi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="ISwizalendi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vaj%C4%8Diarsko" title="Švajčiarsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Švajčiarsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vica" title="Švica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Švica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%94%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Свицєра – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Свицєра" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szwajcaryjo" title="Szwajcaryjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szwajcaryjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iswisarland" title="Iswisarland – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Iswisarland" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سویس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سویس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiskondre" title="Swiskondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Swiskondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Швајцарска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Швајцарска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vicarska" title="Švicarska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Švicarska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suis" title="Suis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Suis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveitsi" title="Sveitsi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sveitsi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweiz" title="Schweiz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Schweiz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwisa" title="Suwisa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Suwisa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="சுவிட்சர்லாந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுவிட்சர்லாந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swisra" title="Swisra – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Swisra" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taswist" title="Taswist – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taswist" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svizzere" title="Svizzere – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Svizzere" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швейцария – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Швейцария" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%B8%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းသဝိတ်ႈၸႃႇလႅၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းသဝိတ်ႈၸႃႇလႅၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Switzerland" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="స్విట్జర్లాండ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్విట్జర్లాండ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisa" title="Suisa – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Suisa" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศสวิตเซอร์แลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศสวิตเซอร์แลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8A%E1%8B%98%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ስዊዘርላንድ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ስዊዘርላንድ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швейсария – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Швейсария" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisilani" title="Suisilani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Suisilani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%8D" title="ᏍᏫᏍ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏍᏫᏍ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Switzerland" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸ್ವಿಟ್ಝರ್‌ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸ್ವಿಟ್ಝರ್‌ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0svi%C3%A7re" title="İsviçre – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsviçre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ewe%C3%BDsari%C3%BDa" title="Şweýsariýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Şweýsariýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwit" title="Shwit – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Shwit" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швейцария – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Швейцария" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швейцария – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Швейцария" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%93%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%94" title="ᨔᨓᨗᨔᨔ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨔᨓᨗᨔᨔ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Швейцарія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Швейцарія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="سویٹزرلینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سویٹزرلینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="شۋېتسارىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شۋېتسارىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyeiqswq" title="Nyeiqswq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Nyeiqswq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%ACsara" title="Svìsara – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Svìsara" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0veicarii" title="Šveicarii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Šveicarii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A5y_S%C4%A9" title="Thụy Sĩ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thụy Sĩ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jveiz%C3%A4n" title="Jveizän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Jveizän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveits" title="Sveits – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sveits" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swisse" title="Swisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Swisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="瑞士" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwitserland" title="Zwitserland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zwitserland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiza" title="Swiza – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Swiza" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwis" title="Suwis – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Suwis" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瑞士" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Switzerland" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A5" title="שווייץ – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שווייץ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%ADts%C3%A0land%C3%AC" title="Swítsàlandì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Swítsàlandì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" 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.geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Switzerland&params=46_50_N_8_20_E_region:CH_type:country_scale:2000000">46°50′N 8°20′E / 46.833°N 8.333°E / 46.833; 8.333</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Switzerland (disambiguation)">Switzerland (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Swiss Confederation (disambiguation)">Swiss Confederation (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Swiss Confederation</div><div class="ib-country-names"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Five official names</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <div style="font-size:85%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</li><li>Confédération suisse (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</li><li>Confederazione Svizzera (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</li><li>Confederaziun svizra (<a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>)</li><li>Confoederatio helvetica (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>)</li></ul></div></div> </div> </li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Switzerland"><img alt="Flag of Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="669" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: (unofficial) "<a href="/wiki/Unus_pro_omnibus,_omnes_pro_uno" title="Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno">Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno</a>"<div>"One for all, all for one"</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Swiss_Psalm" title="Swiss Psalm">Swiss Psalm</a>"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="72" data-mwtitle="Swiss_Psalm_(official_instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Swiss_Psalm_%28official_instrumental%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Swiss_Psalm_%28official_instrumental%29.ogg/Swiss_Psalm_%28official_instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Switzerland_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Switzerland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Switzerland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Switzerland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Switzerland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Switzerland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Switzerland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-Switzerland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Europe-Switzerland.svg/250px-Europe-Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Europe-Switzerland.svg/375px-Europe-Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Europe-Switzerland.svg/500px-Europe-Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a>Show map of Europe</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Switzerland (green)in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (green and dark grey)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>None (<a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> (de facto)<a href="#cite_note-fedcit-1">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bundesstadt-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-deFacto-3">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Switzerland&params=46_57_N_7_27_E_type:city">46°57′N 7°27′E / 46.950°N 7.450°E / 46.950; 7.450</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-SFOReligions-4">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>58.2% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>32.1% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Switzerland" title="Catholic Church in Switzerland">Catholicism</a></li> <li>20.5% <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_Switzerland" title="Protestant Church of Switzerland">Swiss Reformed</a></li> <li>5.6% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">33.5% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">5.9% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.3% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">other</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.9% unanswered</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>English: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a></li><li>German: Schweizer/Schweizerin</li><li>French: Suisse/Suissesse</li><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: svizzero/svizzera or elvetico/elvetica</li><li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>: Svizzer/Svizra</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Federal <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Assembly-independent_republics" title="List of countries by system of government">assembly-independent</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Directorial_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorial republic">directorial republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Amherd" title="Viola Amherd">Viola Amherd</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter" title="Karin Keller-Sutter">Karin Keller-Sutter</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">Vice President</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Parmelin" title="Guy Parmelin">Guy Parmelin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis" title="Ignazio Cassis">Ignazio Cassis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_R%C3%B6sti" title="Albert Rösti">Albert Rösti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider" title="Élisabeth Baume-Schneider">Élisabeth Baume-Schneider</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Jans" title="Beat Jans">Beat Jans</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Switzerland" title="Chancellor of Switzerland">Federal Chancellor</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Rossi" title="Viktor Rossi">Viktor Rossi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Federal Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Founded</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 August 1291<a href="#cite_note-rütlischwur-7">[b]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Sovereignty recognised (<a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 October 1648</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Federal_Treaty" title="Federal Treaty">Federal Treaty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 August 1815</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Federal state</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 September 1848<a href="#cite_note-federal_constitution-8">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland" title="Geography of Switzerland">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">132nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.34<a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Switzerland" title="Demographics of Switzerland">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 8,902,308<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">99th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2015 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 8,327,126<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">207/km2 (536.1/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">48th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $851.136 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CH-13">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">35th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $95,836<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CH-13">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">6th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $942.265 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CH-13">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">20th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $106,097<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CH-13">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">5th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2023)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 31.5<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.967<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">1st</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss franc</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">CHF</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd.mm.yyyy (<a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Switzerland" title="Telephone numbers in Switzerland">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Switzerland" title="Telephone numbers in Switzerland">+41</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CH" title="ISO 3166-2:CH">CH</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ch" title=".ch">.ch</a>, <a href="/wiki/.swiss" title=".swiss">.swiss</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Switzerland<a href="#cite_note-16">[d]</a>, officially the Swiss Confederation<a href="#cite_note-17">[e]</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> located in west-central <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CH_definition-18">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[13]</a> It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> to the north, and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> to the east. Switzerland is geographically divided among the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Alps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura</a>; the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, whereas most of the country's population of 9 million are concentrated on the plateau, which hosts <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Switzerland" title="List of cities in Switzerland">its largest cities</a> and economic centres, including <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20min.ch-20">[14]</a> Switzerland originates from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a> <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">established</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, following a series of military successes against <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter of 1291</a> is considered the country's founding document. Swiss independence from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> was formally recognised in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> in 1648. Switzerland has maintained a policy of <a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">armed neutrality</a> since the 16th century and has not fought an international war <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">since 1815</a>. It joined the United Nations only in 2002 but pursues an active foreign policy that includes frequent involvement in <a href="/wiki/Peace_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace building">peace building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[15]</a> Switzerland is the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">Red Cross</a> and hosts the headquarters or offices of most major <a href="/wiki/International_organisations_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="International organisations in Europe">international institutions</a> including the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">WEF</a>, and the UN. It is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (EFTA), but not part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a>; however, it participates in the <a href="/wiki/European_single_market" title="European single market">European single market</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>. Switzerland is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a> composed of <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">26 cantons</a>, with federal authorities based in <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fedcit-1">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-deFacto-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bundesstadt-2">[1]</a> Switzerland is one of the world's <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">most developed countries</a> having the highest nominal <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wealth_per_adult" title="List of countries by wealth per adult">wealth per adult</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[16]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">eighth-highest gross domestic product (GDP) per capita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[18]</a> Switzerland <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Switzerland" title="International rankings of Switzerland">performs highly on several international metrics</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report" title="Global Competitiveness Report">economic competitiveness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">democratic governance</a>. Cities such as Zurich, Geneva and Basel rank among the highest in terms of quality of life,<a href="#cite_note-25">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[20]</a> albeit with some of the highest <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">costs of living</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[21]</a> Switzerland holds an international reputation for its established banking sector, alongside its distinctive recognition for their watchmaking and chocolate production. It has four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>. Although most Swiss are German-speaking, national identity is fairly cohesive, being rooted in a common historical background, shared values such as <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[22]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> symbolism.<a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-2004-29">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a> Swiss identity transcends language, ethnicity, and religion, leading to Switzerland being described as a <a href="/wiki/What_Is_a_Nation%3F#Willensnation" title="What Is a Nation?">Willensnation</a> ("nation of volition") rather than a <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Switzerland" title="Name of Switzerland">Name of Switzerland</a></div> The English name Switzerland is a portmanteau of Switzer, an obsolete term for a <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a> person which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries, and land.<a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a> The English adjective Swiss is a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of <a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">associated territory</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Waldst%C3%A4tte" title="Waldstätte">Waldstätte</a> cantons which formed the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a>. The Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_War" title="Swabian War">Swabian War</a> of 1499, used alongside the term for "Confederates", <a href="/wiki/Eidgenossen" class="mw-redirect" title="Eidgenossen">Eidgenossen</a> (literally: comrades by oath), used since the 14th century. The <a href="/wiki/Data_codes_for_Switzerland#Country" title="Data codes for Switzerland">data code for Switzerland</a>, CH, is derived from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Confoederatio_Helvetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Confoederatio Helvetica">Confoederatio Helvetica</a> (Helvetic Confederation). The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> Suittes, perhaps related to swedan 'to burn' (cf. <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> svíða 'to singe, burn'), referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build.<a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a> The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation.<a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a> name of the country, Schwiiz, is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (d'Schwiiz for the Confederation,<a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a> but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town).<a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a> The long [iː] of Swiss German is historically and still often today spelled ⟨y⟩ rather than ⟨ii⟩, preserving the original identity of the two names even in writing. The Latin name Confoederatio Helvetica was <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologised</a> and introduced gradually after the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">formation of the federal state</a> in 1848, harking back to the Napoleonic <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic Republic</a>. It appeared on coins from 1879, inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Palace_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Palace of Switzerland">Federal Palace</a> in 1902 and after 1948 used in the official seal<a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a> (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO banking code</a> "CHF" for the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss franc</a>, the Swiss postage stamps ('HELVETIA') and the country top-level domain ".ch", are both taken from the state's Latin name). <a href="/wiki/Helvetica" title="Helvetica">Helvetica</a> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish tribe">Gaulish tribe</a> living on the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Roman era</a>. <a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a> appeared as a <a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">national personification</a> of the Swiss confederacy in the 17th century in a 1672 play by Johann Caspar Weissenbach.<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History of Switzerland</a></div> The state of Switzerland took its present form with the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Swiss Federal Constitution</a> in 1848. Switzerland's precursors established a defensive alliance in 1291, forming a loose <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> that persisted for centuries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland" title="Early history of Switzerland">Early history of Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Switzerland in the Roman era</a></div> The oldest traces of hominid existence in Switzerland date to about 150,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Early-40">[34]</a> The oldest known farming settlements in Switzerland, which were found at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4chlingen" title="Gächlingen">Gächlingen</a>, date to around 5300 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Early-40">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theater_Kaiseraugst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Theater_Kaiseraugst.jpg/220px-Theater_Kaiseraugst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Theater_Kaiseraugst.jpg/330px-Theater_Kaiseraugst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Theater_Kaiseraugst.jpg/440px-Theater_Kaiseraugst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3856" data-file-height="2068" /></a><figcaption>Founded in 44 BC by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Munatius_Plancus" title="Lucius Munatius Plancus">Lucius Munatius Plancus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Raurica" title="Augusta Raurica">Augusta Raurica</a> (near Basel) was the first Roman settlement on the Rhine and is now among the most important archaeological sites in Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a></figcaption></figure> The earliest known tribes formed the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène cultures</a>, named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Lake Neuchâtel">Lake Neuchâtel</a>. La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> from around 450 BC,<a href="#cite_note-Early-40">[34]</a> possibly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> civilisations. One of the most prominent La Tène tribes were the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a>, who primarily occupied the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a>, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_people" title="Rhaetian people">Rhaetians</a> in the eastern regions. Facing pressures from Germanic tribes, in 58 BC, the Helvetii, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Orgetorix" title="Orgetorix">Orgetorix</a>, a wealthy aristocrat, decided to abandon the Swiss Plateau for better opportunities in western Gallia. After Orgetorix's mysterious death, the tribe continued their migration but was decisively defeated by Julius Caesar's armies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bibracte" title="Battle of Bibracte">Battle of Bibracte</a>, in present-day eastern France. Following their defeat, the Helvetii were forced by Caesar to return to their original lands, where they were subjected to stringent restrictions on their autonomy and movements.<a href="#cite_note-Early-40">[34]</a> In 15 BC, <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> (later the second Roman emperor) and his brother <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Drusus</a> conquered the Alps, integrating them into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The area occupied by the Helvetii first became part of Rome's <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a> province and then of its <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a> province. The eastern portion of modern Switzerland was integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>. Sometime around the start of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>, the Romans maintained a large camp called <a href="/wiki/Vindonissa" title="Vindonissa">Vindonissa</a>, now a ruin at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Aare" title="Aare">Aare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reuss_(river)" title="Reuss (river)">Reuss</a> rivers, near the town of <a href="/wiki/Windisch,_Switzerland" title="Windisch, Switzerland">Windisch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> The first and second century AD was an age of prosperity on the Swiss Plateau. Towns such as <a href="/wiki/Aventicum" title="Aventicum">Aventicum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iulia_Equestris" class="mw-redirect" title="Iulia Equestris">Iulia Equestris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Raurica" title="Augusta Raurica">Augusta Raurica</a> reached a remarkable size, while hundreds of agricultural estates (<a href="/wiki/Villae_rusticae" class="mw-redirect" title="Villae rusticae">Villae rusticae</a>) were established in the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-:1-43">[37]</a> Around 260 AD, the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Agri_Decumates" title="Agri Decumates">Agri Decumates</a> territory north of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> transformed today's Switzerland into a frontier land of the Empire. Repeated raids by the <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a> tribes provoked the ruin of the Roman towns and economy, forcing the population to shelter near Roman fortresses, like the <a href="/wiki/Castrum_Rauracense" class="mw-redirect" title="Castrum Rauracense">Castrum Rauracense</a> near Augusta Raurica. The Empire built another line of defence at the north border (the so-called Donau-Iller-Rhine-Limes). At the end of the fourth century, the increased Germanic pressure forced the Romans to abandon the linear defence concept. The Swiss Plateau was finally open to <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, from the end of the fourth century, the western extent of modern-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burgundy" title="Kingdom of Burgundy">Kings of the Burgundians</a>, who introduced the French language to the area. The <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> settled the Swiss Plateau in the fifth century and the <a href="/wiki/Valleys_of_the_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Valleys of the Alps">valleys of the Alps</a> in the eighth century, forming <a href="/wiki/Alamannia" title="Alamannia">Alemannia</a>. Modern-day Switzerland was then divided between the kingdoms of Alemannia and <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Early-40">[34]</a> The entire region became part of the expanding <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a> in the sixth century, following <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a>'s victory over the Alemanni at <a href="/wiki/Tolbiac" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolbiac">Tolbiac</a> in 504 AD, and later Frankish domination of the Burgundians.<a href="#cite_note-Nationsencyclopedia-Hist-44">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nationsonline-45">[39]</a> Throughout the rest of the sixth, seventh and eighth centuries, Swiss regions continued under Frankish hegemony (<a href="/wiki/Merovingians" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingians">Merovingian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a> dynasties) but after its extension under <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a> was divided by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> in 843.<a href="#cite_note-Early-40">[34]</a> The territories of present-day Switzerland became divided into <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> until they were reunified under the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> around 1000 AD.<a href="#cite_note-Early-40">[34]</a> In the 10th century, as the rule of the Carolingians waned, <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> destroyed <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> in 917 and <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a> in 926. In response, <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry the Fowler</a>, the then ruler of East Francia, decreed the fortification of key settlements to defend against these invasions. Large villages and towns, including strategic locations like Zurich and St.Gallen, were fortified. This initiative led to the development of what were essentially early urban strongholds and city governments in Eastern Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-:1-43">[37]</a> By 1200, the Swiss Plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A4hringer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zähringer">Zähringer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kyburg" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Kyburg">Kyburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Early-40">[34]</a> Some regions (<a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a>, later known as <a href="/wiki/Waldst%C3%A4tte" title="Waldstätte">Waldstätten</a>) were accorded the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_immediacy" title="Imperial immediacy">Imperial immediacy</a> to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes. With the extinction of its male line in 1263, the Kyburg dynasty fell in AD 1264. The Habsburgs under <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_I_of_Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph I of Habsburg">King Rudolph I</a> (Holy Roman Emperor in 1273) laid claim to the Kyburg lands and annexed them, extending their territory to the eastern Swiss Plateau.<a href="#cite_note-Nationsencyclopedia-Hist-44">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Swiss_Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation in Switzerland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Early Modern Switzerland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Swiss_Confederation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Old_Swiss_Confederation.jpg/220px-Old_Swiss_Confederation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Old_Swiss_Confederation.jpg/330px-Old_Swiss_Confederation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Old_Swiss_Confederation.jpg/440px-Old_Swiss_Confederation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>The Old Swiss Confederacy from 1291 (dark green) to the sixteenth century (light green) and its associates (blue). In the other colours shown are the subject territories.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesbrief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bundesbrief.jpg/220px-Bundesbrief.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bundesbrief.jpg/330px-Bundesbrief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bundesbrief.jpg/440px-Bundesbrief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>The 1291 Bundesbrief (federal charter)</figcaption></figure> The Old Swiss Confederacy was an alliance among the valley communities of the central Alps. The Confederacy was governed by <a href="/wiki/Swiss_nobility" title="Swiss nobility">nobles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">patricians</a> of various cantons who facilitated management of common interests and ensured peace on mountain trade routes. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter of 1291</a> is considered the confederacy's founding document, even though similar alliances likely existed decades earlier. The document was agreed among the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">rural communes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Brief-47">[41]</a> By 1353, the three original <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a> had joined with the cantons of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">Zug</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> city-states to form the "Old Confederacy" of eight states that obtained through the end of the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-47">[41]</a> The expansion led to increased power and wealth for the confederation. By 1460, the confederates controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine to the Alps and the <a href="/wiki/Jura_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Jura mountains">Jura mountains</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a> was founded (with a faculty of medicine) establishing a tradition of chemical and medical research. This increased after victories against the Habsburgs (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sempach" title="Battle of Sempach">Battle of Sempach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A4fels" title="Battle of Näfels">Battle of Näfels</a>), over <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a> during the 1470s, and the success of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a>. The Swiss victory in the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_War" title="Swabian War">Swabian War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_League" title="Swabian League">Swabian League</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-47">[41]</a> In 1501, Basel<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a> and Schaffhausen joined the Old Swiss Confederacy.<a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a> The Confederacy acquired a reputation of invincibility during these earlier wars, but <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">expansion of the confederation</a> suffered a setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marignano" title="Battle of Marignano">Battle of Marignano</a>. This ended the so-called "heroic" epoch of Swiss history.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-47">[41]</a> The success of <a href="/wiki/Zwingli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwingli">Zwingli</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation</a> in some cantons led to inter-cantonal religious conflicts in 1529 and 1531 (<a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Kappel" title="Wars of Kappel">Wars of Kappel</a>). It was not until more than one hundred years after these internal wars that, in 1648, under the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>, European countries recognised Switzerland's independence from the Holy Roman Empire and its <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutrality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nationsencyclopedia-Hist-44">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nationsonline-45">[39]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Early Modern</a> period of Swiss history, the growing authoritarianism of the patriciate families<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> combined with a financial crisis in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_peasant_war_of_1653" title="Swiss peasant war of 1653">Swiss peasant war of 1653</a>. In the background to this struggle, the conflict between <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Switzerland">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Switzerland" title="Protestantism in Switzerland">Protestant</a> cantons persisted, erupting in further violence at the <a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Villmergen" title="First War of Villmergen">First War of Villmergen</a>, in 1656, and the <a href="/wiki/Toggenburg_War" title="Toggenburg War">Toggenburg War</a> (or Second War of Villmergen), in 1712.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-47">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleonic_era">Napoleonic era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Switzerland in the Napoleonic era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Mediation" title="Act of Mediation">Act of Mediation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acte_de_M%C3%A9diation_mg_0643.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Acte_de_M%C3%A9diation_mg_0643.jpg/220px-Acte_de_M%C3%A9diation_mg_0643.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Acte_de_M%C3%A9diation_mg_0643.jpg/330px-Acte_de_M%C3%A9diation_mg_0643.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Acte_de_M%C3%A9diation_mg_0643.jpg/440px-Acte_de_M%C3%A9diation_mg_0643.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3467" data-file-height="2681" /></a><figcaption>The Act of Mediation was Napoleon's attempt at a compromise between the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> and a Republic.</figcaption></figure> In 1798, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">revolutionary French</a> government invaded Switzerland and imposed a new unified constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-47">[41]</a> This centralised the government of the country, effectively abolishing the cantons: moreover, <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mülhausen</a> left Switzerland and the <a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a> valley became part of the <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpine Republic</a>. The new regime, known as the Helvetic Republic, was highly unpopular. An invading foreign army had imposed and destroyed centuries of tradition, making Switzerland nothing more than a French <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite state</a>. The fierce French suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">Nidwalden</a> Revolt in September 1798 was an example of the oppressive presence of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> and the local population's resistance to the occupation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When war broke out between France and its rivals, Russian and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austrian</a> forces invaded Switzerland. The Swiss refused to fight alongside the French in the name of the Helvetic Republic. In 1803 <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a> organised a meeting of the leading Swiss politicians from both sides in Paris. The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Mediation" title="Act of Mediation">Act of Mediation</a> was the result, which largely restored Swiss autonomy and introduced a Confederation of 19 cantons.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-47">[41]</a> Henceforth, much of Swiss politics would concern balancing the cantons' tradition of self-rule with the need for a central government.<a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a> In 1815 the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> fully re-established Swiss independence, and the European powers recognised permanent Swiss neutrality.<a href="#cite_note-Nationsencyclopedia-Hist-44">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nationsonline-45">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brief-47">[41]</a> Swiss troops served foreign governments until 1860 when they fought in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gaeta (1860)">siege of Gaeta</a>. The treaty allowed Switzerland to increase its territory, with the admission of the cantons of <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Geneva</a>. Switzerland's borders saw only minor adjustments thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_state">Federal state</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration and Regeneration (Switzerland)">Restoration and Regeneration (Switzerland)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Switzerland as a federal state</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bern,_Federal_Palace,_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bern%2C_Federal_Palace%2C_1857.jpg/220px-Bern%2C_Federal_Palace%2C_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bern%2C_Federal_Palace%2C_1857.jpg/330px-Bern%2C_Federal_Palace%2C_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bern%2C_Federal_Palace%2C_1857.jpg/440px-Bern%2C_Federal_Palace%2C_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2141" data-file-height="1349" /></a><figcaption>The first <a href="/wiki/Federal_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Palace">Federal Palace</a> in Bern (1857). One of the three cantons presiding over the <a href="/wiki/Tagsatzung" title="Tagsatzung">Tagsatzung</a> (former legislative and executive council), Bern was chosen as the permanent seat of federal legislative and executive institutions in 1848, in part because of its closeness to the French-speaking area.<a href="#cite_note-Bundesstadt-2">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> The restoration of power to the patriciate was only temporary. After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCriputsch" title="Züriputsch">Züriputsch</a> of 1839, civil war (the <a href="/wiki/Sonderbundskrieg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonderbundskrieg">Sonderbundskrieg</a>) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund).<a href="#cite_note-Brief-47">[41]</a> The war lasted less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties, most of which were through <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a>. The Sonderbundskrieg had a significant impact on the psychology and society of Switzerland.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] The war convinced most Swiss of the need for unity and strength. Swiss from all strata of society, whether Catholic or Protestant, from the liberal or conservative current, realised that the cantons would profit more from merging their economic and religious interests.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Thus, while the rest of Europe saw <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutionary uprisings</a>, the Swiss drew up a constitution that provided for a <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">federal layout</a>, much of it inspired by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">American example</a>. This constitution provided central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues. Giving credit to those who favoured the power of the cantons (the Sonderbund Kantone), the national assembly was divided between an <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Council_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Council of States">Council of States</a>, two representatives per canton) and a <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> (the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Switzerland">National Council</a>, with representatives elected from across the country). <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Referendums</a> were made mandatory for any amendments.<a href="#cite_note-Nationsonline-45">[39]</a> This new constitution ended the legal power of <a href="/wiki/Swiss_nobility#Current_situation" title="Swiss nobility">nobility in Switzerland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gotthard_Er%C3%B6ffnungszug_Bellinzona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gotthard_Er%C3%B6ffnungszug_Bellinzona.jpg/220px-Gotthard_Er%C3%B6ffnungszug_Bellinzona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gotthard_Er%C3%B6ffnungszug_Bellinzona.jpg/330px-Gotthard_Er%C3%B6ffnungszug_Bellinzona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gotthard_Er%C3%B6ffnungszug_Bellinzona.jpg/440px-Gotthard_Er%C3%B6ffnungszug_Bellinzona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1326" /></a><figcaption>Inauguration in 1882 of the <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_rail_tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotthard rail tunnel">Gotthard rail tunnel</a> connecting the southern canton of Ticino, the longest in the world at the time</figcaption></figure> A single system of weights and measures was introduced, and in 1850 the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss franc</a> became the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Single_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Single currency">single currency</a>, complemented by the WIR franc in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a> Article 11 of the constitution forbade sending troops to serve abroad, marking the end of foreign service. It came with the expectation of serving the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, and the Swiss were still obliged to serve <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Francis II of the Two Sicilies">Francis II of the Two Sicilies</a> with Swiss Guards present at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gaeta (1860)">siege of Gaeta in 1860</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] An important clause of the constitution was that it could be entirely rewritten, if necessary, thus enabling it to evolve as a whole rather than being modified one amendment at a time.<a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] This need soon proved itself when the rise in population and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> that followed led to calls to modify the constitution accordingly. The population rejected an early draft in 1872, but modifications led to its acceptance in 1874.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-47">[41]</a> It introduced the <a href="/wiki/Referendum#Switzerland" title="Referendum">facultative referendum</a> for laws at the federal level. It also established federal responsibility for defence, trade, and legal matters. In 1891, the constitution was revised with uncommonly strong elements of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, which remain unique today.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-47">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland during the World Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">Modern history of Switzerland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulrich_Wille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ulrich_Wille.jpg/220px-Ulrich_Wille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ulrich_Wille.jpg/330px-Ulrich_Wille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ulrich_Wille.jpg/440px-Ulrich_Wille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Wille" title="Ulrich Wille">Ulrich Wille</a>, appointed commander-in-chief of the Swiss Army for the duration of World War I</figcaption></figure> Switzerland was not invaded during either of the world wars. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Switzerland was home to the revolutionary and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>) who remained there until 1917.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> Swiss neutrality was seriously questioned by the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Grimm%E2%80%93Hoffmann_affair" title="Grimm–Hoffmann affair">Grimm–Hoffmann affair</a> in 1917. In 1920, Switzerland joined the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, which was based in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, after it was exempted from military requirements.<a href="#cite_note-:0-57">[51]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tannenbaum" title="Operation Tannenbaum">detailed invasion plans</a> were drawn up by the Germans,<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> but Switzerland was never attacked.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-47">[41]</a> Switzerland was able to remain independent through a combination of military deterrence, concessions to Germany, and good fortune, as larger events during the war intervened.<a href="#cite_note-Nationsonline-45">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stonebrooks-59">[53]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Henri_Guisan" title="Henri Guisan">Henri Guisan</a>, appointed the <a href="/wiki/General_(Switzerland)" title="General (Switzerland)">commander-in-chief for the duration</a> of the war ordered a general mobilisation of the armed forces. The Swiss military strategy changed from static defence at the borders to organised long-term attrition and withdrawal to strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps, known as the <a href="/wiki/National_Redoubt_(Switzerland)" title="National Redoubt (Switzerland)">Reduit</a>. Switzerland was an important base for espionage by both sides and often mediated communications between the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> powers.<a href="#cite_note-Stonebrooks-59">[53]</a> Switzerland's trade was blockaded by both the Allies and the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland (together with <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>) entirely isolated from the wider world by Axis-controlled territory. Over the course of the war, Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees<a href="#cite_note-Asylum-60">[54]</a> aided by the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="International Red Cross">International Red Cross</a>, based in Geneva. Strict immigration and <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a> policies and the financial relationships with Nazi Germany raised controversy, only at the end of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-UEK_Report-61">[55]</a>: 521  During the war, the Swiss Air Force engaged aircraft of both sides, shooting down 11 intruding <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> planes in May and June 1940, then forcing down other intruders after a change of policy following threats from Germany. Over 100 Allied bombers and their crews were interned. Between 1940 and 1945, <a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Switzerland was bombed by the Allies</a>, causing fatalities and property damage.<a href="#cite_note-Stonebrooks-59">[53]</a> Among the cities and towns bombed were <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brusio" title="Brusio">Brusio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiasso" title="Chiasso">Chiasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornol" title="Cornol">Cornol</a>, Geneva, <a href="/wiki/Koblenz,_Switzerland" title="Koblenz, Switzerland">Koblenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niederweningen" title="Niederweningen">Niederweningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafz" title="Rafz">Rafz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renens" title="Renens">Renens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samedan" title="Samedan">Samedan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stein_am_Rhein" title="Stein am Rhein">Stein am Rhein</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4gerwilen" title="Tägerwilen">Tägerwilen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thayngen" title="Thayngen">Thayngen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vals,_Switzerland" title="Vals, Switzerland">Vals</a>, and Zurich. Allied forces maintained that the bombings, which violated the 96th <a href="/wiki/Article_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Article of War">Article of War</a>, resulted from navigation errors, equipment failure, weather conditions, and pilot errors. The Swiss expressed fear and concern that the bombings were intended to put pressure on Switzerland to end economic cooperation and neutrality with Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> Court-martial proceedings took place in England. The US paid SFR 62M for reparations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Switzerland's attitude towards <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars#Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">refugees</a> was complicated and controversial; over the course of the war, it admitted as many as 300,000 refugees<a href="#cite_note-Asylum-60">[54]</a> while refusing tens of thousands more,<a href="#cite_note-UEK_Report-61">[55]</a>: 107  including Jews persecuted by the Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-UEK_Report-61">[55]</a>: 114  After the war, the Swiss government exported credits through the charitable fund known as the Schweizerspende and donated to the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> to help Europe's recovery, efforts that ultimately benefited the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Swiss economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UEK_Report-61">[55]</a>: 521  During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Swiss authorities <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Switzerland and weapons of mass destruction">considered the construction</a> of a Swiss <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear bomb">nuclear bomb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> Leading nuclear physicists at the <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">Federal Institute of Technology Zurich</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Scherrer" title="Paul Scherrer">Paul Scherrer</a> made this a realistic possibility.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> In 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Scherrer_Institute" title="Paul Scherrer Institute">Paul Scherrer Institute</a> was founded in his name to explore the therapeutic uses of <a href="/wiki/Neutron_scattering" title="Neutron scattering">neutron scattering</a> technologies.<a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> Financial problems with the defence budget and ethical considerations prevented the substantial funds from being allocated, and the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> of 1968 was seen as a valid alternative. Plans for building nuclear weapons were dropped by 1988.<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> Switzerland joined the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-Nationsonline-45">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_2003.jpg/220px-Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_2003.jpg/330px-Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_2003.jpg/440px-Bundesrat_der_Schweiz_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>In 2003, by granting the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">Swiss People's Party</a> a second seat in the governing cabinet, the Parliament altered the <a href="/wiki/Magic_formula_(Swiss_politics)" title="Magic formula (Swiss politics)">coalition</a> that had dominated Swiss politics since 1959.</figcaption></figure> Switzerland was the last Western republic (the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Liechtenstein">Principality of Liechtenstein</a> followed in 1984) to <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">grant women the right to vote</a>. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level, it was achieved in 1971 and, after resistance, in the last canton <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a> (one of only two remaining <a href="/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde">Landsgemeinde</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus</a>) in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-47">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a> After obtaining suffrage at the federal level, women quickly rose in political significance. The first woman on the seven-member <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a> executive was <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Kopp" title="Elisabeth Kopp">Elisabeth Kopp</a>, who served from 1984 to 1989,<a href="#cite_note-Brief-47">[41]</a> and the first female president was <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Dreifuss" title="Ruth Dreifuss">Ruth Dreifuss</a> in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> In 1979 areas from the canton of <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> attained independence from the Bernese, forming the new <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">canton of Jura</a>. On 18 April 1999, the Swiss population and the cantons voted in favour of a completely revised <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">federal constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-47">[41]</a> In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations, leaving <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican City</a> as the last widely recognised state without full UN membership. Switzerland is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a> but not the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> (EEA). An application for membership in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> was sent in May 1992, but did not advance since rejecting the EEA in December 1992<a href="#cite_note-Brief-47">[41]</a> when Switzerland conducted a referendum on the EEA. Several referendums on the EU issue ensued; due to opposition from the citizens, the membership application was withdrawn. Nonetheless, Swiss law is gradually changing to conform with that of the EU, and the government signed <a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">bilateral agreements</a> with the European Union. Switzerland, together with Liechtenstein, has been surrounded by the EU since Austria's entry in 1995. On 5 June 2005, Swiss voters agreed by a 55% majority to join the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Schengen treaty">Schengen treaty</a>, a result that EU commentators regarded as a sign of support.<a href="#cite_note-Nationsonline-45">[39]</a> In September 2020, a referendum calling for a vote to end the pact that allowed a free movement of people from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> was introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">Swiss People's Party</a> (SVP).<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a> However, voters rejected the attempt to retake control of immigration, defeating the motion by a roughly 63%–37% margin.<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> On 9 February 2014, 50.3% of Swiss voters approved a ballot <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular initiative (Switzerland)">initiative</a> launched by the Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC) to <a href="/wiki/Federal_popular_initiative_%22Against_mass_immigration%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal popular initiative "Against mass immigration"">restrict immigration</a>. This initiative was mostly backed by rural (57.6% approval) and suburban groups (51.2% approval), and isolated towns (51.3% approval) as well as by a strong majority (69.2% approval) in Ticino, while metropolitan centres (58.5% rejection) and the French-speaking part (58.5% rejection) rejected it.<a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a> In December 2016, a political compromise with the EU was attained that eliminated quotas on EU citizens, but still allowed favourable treatment of Swiss-based job applicants.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> On 27 September 2020, 62% of Swiss voters rejected the anti-free movement referendum by SVP.<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland" title="Geography of Switzerland">Geography of Switzerland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliefkarte_Schweiz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Reliefkarte_Schweiz.png/220px-Reliefkarte_Schweiz.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Reliefkarte_Schweiz.png/330px-Reliefkarte_Schweiz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Reliefkarte_Schweiz.png/440px-Reliefkarte_Schweiz.png 2x" data-file-width="10129" data-file-height="6935" /></a><figcaption>Physical map of Switzerland (in German)</figcaption></figure> Extending across the north and south side of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">west</a>-central Europe, Switzerland encompasses diverse landscapes and climates across its 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-Geo-74">[68]</a> Switzerland lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/45th_parallel_north" title="45th parallel north">45°</a> and <a href="/wiki/48th_parallel_north" title="48th parallel north">48° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/5th_meridian_east" title="5th meridian east">5°</a> and <a href="/wiki/11th_meridian_east" title="11th meridian east">11° E</a>. It contains three basic topographical areas: the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a> to the south, the Swiss Plateau or Central Plateau, and the <a href="/wiki/Jura_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Jura mountains">Jura mountains</a> on the west. The Alps are a mountain range running across the central and south of the country, constituting about 60% of the country's area. The majority of the population live on the Swiss Plateau. The Swiss Alps host many glaciers, covering 1,063 square kilometres (410 sq mi). From these originate the headwaters of several major rivers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inn_(river)" title="Inn (river)">Inn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>, which flow in the four cardinal directions, spreading across Europe. The hydrographic network includes several of the largest bodies of fresh water in Central and Western Europe, among which are <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a> (Lac Léman in French), <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a> (Bodensee in German) and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a>. Switzerland has more than 1500 lakes and contains 6% of Europe's freshwater stock. Lakes and glaciers cover about 6% of the national territory. Lake Geneva is the largest lake and is shared with France. The Rhône is both the main source and outflow of Lake Geneva. Lake Constance is the second largest and, like Lake Geneva, an intermediate step by the Rhine at the border with Austria and Germany. While the Rhône flows into the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> at the French <a href="/wiki/Camargue" title="Camargue">Camargue</a> region and the Rhine flows into the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, about 1,000 kilometres (620 miles) apart, both springs are only about 22 kilometres (14 miles) apart in the Swiss Alps.<a href="#cite_note-Geo-74">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> 90% of Switzerland's 65,000-kilometre-long network of rivers and streams have been straightened, dammed, canalized or channeled underground, in an effort to prevent natural disasters such as flooding, landslides, and avalanches.<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> 80% of all Swiss drinking water comes from <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> sources.<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Haute_route,_panorama_version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Haute_route%2C_panorama_version.jpg/300px-Haute_route%2C_panorama_version.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Haute_route%2C_panorama_version.jpg/450px-Haute_route%2C_panorama_version.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Haute_route%2C_panorama_version.jpg/600px-Haute_route%2C_panorama_version.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="340" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Pilatus,_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/View_from_Pilatus%2C_retouched.jpg/300px-View_from_Pilatus%2C_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/View_from_Pilatus%2C_retouched.jpg/450px-View_from_Pilatus%2C_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/View_from_Pilatus%2C_retouched.jpg/600px-View_from_Pilatus%2C_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8094" data-file-height="2686" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Contrasted landscapes between the regions of the <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Lucerne" title="Lake Lucerne">Lake Lucerne</a></div></div></div></div></div> Forty-eight mountains are 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) or higher in height.<a href="#cite_note-Geo-74">[68]</a> At 4,634 m (15,203 ft), <a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa" title="Monte Rosa">Monte Rosa</a> is the highest, although the <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a> (4,478 m or 14,692 ft) is the best known. Both are located within the <a href="/wiki/Pennine_Alps" title="Pennine Alps">Pennine Alps</a> in the canton of <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>, on the border with Italy. The section of the <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Alps" title="Bernese Alps">Bernese Alps</a> above the deep glacial <a href="/wiki/Lauterbrunnen" title="Lauterbrunnen">Lauterbrunnen</a> valley, containing 72 waterfalls, is well known for the <a href="/wiki/Jungfrau" title="Jungfrau">Jungfrau</a> (4,158 m or 13,642 ft) <a href="/wiki/Eiger" title="Eiger">Eiger</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nch" title="Mönch">Mönch</a> peaks, and its many picturesque valleys. In the southeast the long <a href="/wiki/Engadin" title="Engadin">Engadin</a> Valley, encompassing <a href="/wiki/St._Moritz" title="St. Moritz">St. Moritz</a>, is also well known; the highest peak in the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Bernina_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernina Alps">Bernina Alps</a> is <a href="/wiki/Piz_Bernina" title="Piz Bernina">Piz Bernina</a> (4,049 m or 13,284 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Geo-74">[68]</a> The Swiss Plateau has greater open and hilly landscapes, partly forested, partly open pastures, usually with grazing herds or vegetable and fruit fields, but it is still hilly. Large lakes and the biggest Swiss cities are found there.<a href="#cite_note-Geo-74">[68]</a> Switzerland contains two small <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclaves</a>: <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCsingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Büsingen">Büsingen</a> belongs to Germany, while <a href="/wiki/Campione_d%27Italia" title="Campione d'Italia">Campione d'Italia</a> belongs to Italy.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> Switzerland has no exclaves. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Switzerland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Switzerland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Switzerland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Switzerland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Switzerland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Switzerland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Switzerland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen–Geiger climate classification</a> map for Switzerland</figcaption></figure> The Swiss climate is generally <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a>, but can vary greatly across localities,<a href="#cite_note-Climate-79">[73]</a> from glacial conditions on the mountaintops to the near-<a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> at Switzerland's southern tip. Some valley areas in the southern part of Switzerland offer cold-hardy palm trees. Summers tend to be warm and humid at times with periodic rainfall, ideal for pastures/grazing. The less humid winters in the mountains may see weeks-long intervals of stable conditions. At the same time, the lower lands tend to suffer from <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)" title="Inversion (meteorology)">inversion</a> during such periods, hiding the sun.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A weather phenomenon known as the <a href="/wiki/Foehn_wind" title="Foehn wind">föhn</a> (with an identical effect to the <a href="/wiki/Chinook_wind" title="Chinook wind">chinook wind</a>) can occur any time and is characterised by an unexpectedly warm wind, bringing low relative humidity air to the north of the Alps during rainfall periods on the south-facing slopes. This works both ways across the alps but is more efficient if blowing from the south due to the steeper step for oncoming wind. Valleys running south to north trigger the best effect. The driest conditions persist in all inner alpine valleys that receive less rain because arriving clouds lose a lot of their moisture content while crossing the mountains before reaching these areas. Large alpine areas such as <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a> remain drier than pre-alpine areas, and as in the main valley of the <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>, wine grapes are grown there.<a href="#cite_note-FederalClimateMaps-80">[74]</a> The wettest conditions persist in the high Alps and in the <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> canton, which has much sun yet heavy bursts of rain from time to time.<a href="#cite_note-FederalClimateMaps-80">[74]</a> Precipitation tends to be spread moderately throughout the year, with a peak in summer. Autumn is the driest season, winter receives less precipitation than summer, yet the weather patterns in Switzerland are not in a stable climate system. They can vary from year to year with no strict and predictable periods.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> Switzerland contains two terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Western_European_broadleaf_forests" title="Western European broadleaf forests">Western European broadleaf forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alps_conifer_and_mixed_forests" title="Alps conifer and mixed forests">Alps conifer and mixed forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> Switzerland's many small valleys separated by high mountains often host unique ecologies. The mountainous regions themselves offer a rich range of plants not found at other altitudes. The climatic, geological and topographical conditions of the alpine region make for a fragile ecosystem that is particularly sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-79">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">2014 Environmental Performance Index</a>, Switzerland ranks first among 132 nations in safeguarding the environment, due to its high scores on environmental public health, its heavy reliance on renewable sources of energy (<a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal</a> energy), and its level of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> In 2020 it was ranked third out of 180 countries.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> The country pledged to cut <a href="/wiki/GHG_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="GHG emissions">GHG emissions</a> by 50% by 2030 compared to the level of 1990 and plans to reach zero emissions by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> However, access to <a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">biocapacity</a> in Switzerland is far lower than the world average. In 2016, Switzerland had 1.0 hectares<a href="#cite_note-GFN-86">[80]</a> of biocapacity per person within its territory, 40 per cent less than world average of 1.6. In contrast, in 2016, Swiss consumption required 4.6 hectares of biocapacity – their <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a>, 4.6 times as much as Swiss territory can support. The remainder comes from other countries and the shared resources (such as the atmosphere impacted by greenhouse gas emissions).<a href="#cite_note-GFN-86">[80]</a> Switzerland had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 3.53/10, ranking it 150th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> Switzerland is ranked 9th in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a> for year 2024.<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> This Index combines various indicators around known issues around the world and measures how good they fit in among each countries on a scale. Switzerland scores good in parameters like Air pollution, Sanitation and Drinking Water, Waste Management, Climate Change Mitigation etc.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanisation">Urbanisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of Switzerland">Towns of Switzerland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sion_de_la_Bisse_de_Clavau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sion_de_la_Bisse_de_Clavau.jpg/220px-Sion_de_la_Bisse_de_Clavau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sion_de_la_Bisse_de_Clavau.jpg/330px-Sion_de_la_Bisse_de_Clavau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sion_de_la_Bisse_de_Clavau.jpg/440px-Sion_de_la_Bisse_de_Clavau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Urbanisation in the <a href="/wiki/Rhone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhone">Rhone</a> Valley (outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a>)</figcaption></figure> About 85% of the population live in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cities-91">[85]</a> Switzerland went from a largely rural country to an urban one from 1930 to 2000. After 1935 urban development claimed as much of the Swiss landscape as it did during the prior 2,000 years. <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a> affects the plateau, the Jura and the Alpine foothills,<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> raising concerns about land use.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> During the 21st century, population growth in urban areas is higher than in the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-Cities-91">[85]</a> Switzerland has a dense network of complementary large, medium and small towns.<a href="#cite_note-Cities-91">[85]</a> The plateau is densely populated with about 400 people per km2 and the landscape shows uninterrupted signs of human presence.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> The weight of the largest metropolitan areas – <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, Geneva–<a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> – tend to increase.<a href="#cite_note-Cities-91">[85]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The importance of these urban areas is greater than their population suggests.<a href="#cite_note-Cities-91">[85]</a> These urban centers are recognised for their high quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> The average population density in 2019 was 215.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (557/sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-BFS-cantons2019-96">[90]</a>: 79  In the largest canton by area, <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a>, lying entirely in the Alps, population density falls to 28.0 inhabitants per square kilometre (73/sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-BFS-cantons2019-96">[90]</a>: 30  In the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">canton of Zurich</a>, with its large urban capital, the density is 926.8 per square kilometre (2,400/sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-BFS-cantons2019-96">[90]</a>: 76  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Politics of Switzerland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundeshaus_Bern_2009,_Flooffy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bundeshaus_Bern_2009%2C_Flooffy.jpg/220px-Bundeshaus_Bern_2009%2C_Flooffy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bundeshaus_Bern_2009%2C_Flooffy.jpg/330px-Bundeshaus_Bern_2009%2C_Flooffy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bundeshaus_Bern_2009%2C_Flooffy.jpg/440px-Bundeshaus_Bern_2009%2C_Flooffy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Palace">Federal Palace</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Assembly of Switzerland">Federal Assembly</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Council">Federal Council</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Federal Constitution</a> adopted in 1848 is the legal foundation of Switzerland's federal state.<a href="#cite_note-Politics-97">[91]</a> A new Swiss Constitution was adopted in 1999 that did not introduce notable changes to the federal structure. It outlines rights of individuals and citizen participation in public affairs, divides the powers between the Confederation and the cantons and defines federal jurisdiction and authority. Three main bodies govern on the federal level:<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> parliament (legislative), the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Council">Federal Council</a> (executive) and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Federal Court</a> (judicial). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament">Parliament</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Parliament">Swiss Parliament</a> consists of two houses: the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Council_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Council of States">Council of States</a> which has 46 representatives (two from each canton and one from each <a href="/wiki/Half-canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-canton">half-canton</a>) who are elected under a system determined by each canton, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Switzerland">National Council</a>, which consists of 200 members who are elected under a system of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, reflecting each canton's population. Members serve part-time for four years (a Milizsystem or <a href="/wiki/Citizen_legislature" title="Citizen legislature">citizen legislature</a>).<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> When both houses are in joint session, they are known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Assembly of Switzerland">Federal Assembly</a>. Through <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a>, citizens may challenge any law passed by parliament and, through <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">initiatives</a>, introduce amendments to the federal constitution, thus making Switzerland a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Politics-97">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_Council">Federal Council</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesratsfoto_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bundesratsfoto_2024.jpg/220px-Bundesratsfoto_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bundesratsfoto_2024.jpg/330px-Bundesratsfoto_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bundesratsfoto_2024.jpg/440px-Bundesratsfoto_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4242" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Council">Swiss Federal Council</a> in 2024 (from left to right) <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Rossi" title="Viktor Rossi">Viktor Rossi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Switzerland" title="Chancellor of Switzerland">Federal chancellor</a>), <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider" title="Élisabeth Baume-Schneider">Élisabeth Baume-Schneider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis" title="Ignazio Cassis">Ignazio Cassis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter" title="Karin Keller-Sutter">Karin Keller-Sutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola_Amherd" title="Viola Amherd">Viola Amherd</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President</a> in 2024), <a href="/wiki/Guy_Parmelin" title="Guy Parmelin">Guy Parmelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_R%C3%B6sti" title="Albert Rösti">Albert Rösti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beat_Jans" title="Beat Jans">Beat Jans</a></figcaption></figure> The Federal Council directs the federal government, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_administration_of_Switzerland" title="Federal administration of Switzerland">federal administration</a>, and serves as a collective <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. It is a collegial body of seven members, elected for a four-year term by the Federal Assembly, which also oversees the council. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Confederation</a> is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members, traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term; the President chairs the government and executes representative functions. The president is a <a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a> with no additional powers and remains the head of a department within the administration.<a href="#cite_note-Politics-97">[91]</a> The government has been a coalition of the four major political parties since 1959, each party having a number of seats that roughly reflects its share of the electorate and representation in the federal parliament. The classic distribution of two CVP/PDC, two SPS/PSS, two FDP/PRD and one SVP/UDC as it stood from 1959 to 2003 was known as the "<a href="/wiki/Magic_formula_(Swiss_politics)" title="Magic formula (Swiss politics)">magic formula</a>". Following the <a href="/wiki/2015_Swiss_Federal_Council_election" title="2015 Swiss Federal Council election">2015 Federal Council elections</a>, the seven seats in the Federal Council were distributed as follows: <ul><li>1 seat for the <a href="/wiki/The_Centre_(political_party)" title="The Centre (political party)">Center Party (Die Mitte)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-The_Centre-100">[g]</a></li> <li>2 seats for the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Free Democratic Party of Switzerland">Free Democratic Party (FDP/PRD)</a>,</li> <li>2 seats for the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">Social Democratic Party (SPS/PSS)</a>,</li> <li>2 seats for the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">Swiss People's Party</a> (SVP/UDC).</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribunal_Federal_-_wide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tribunal_Federal_-_wide.jpg/220px-Tribunal_Federal_-_wide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tribunal_Federal_-_wide.jpg/330px-Tribunal_Federal_-_wide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tribunal_Federal_-_wide.jpg/440px-Tribunal_Federal_-_wide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3814" data-file-height="2538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h3></div> The function of the Federal Supreme Court is to hear appeals against rulings of cantonal or federal courts. The judges are elected by the Federal Assembly for six-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_democracy">Direct democracy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">Voting in Switzerland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landsgemeinde_Glarus_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Landsgemeinde_Glarus_2006.jpg/220px-Landsgemeinde_Glarus_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Landsgemeinde_Glarus_2006.jpg/330px-Landsgemeinde_Glarus_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Landsgemeinde_Glarus_2006.jpg/440px-Landsgemeinde_Glarus_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde">Landsgemeinde</a> is an old form of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, still in practice in two cantons.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> are hallmarks of the Swiss political system.<a href="#cite_note-CHPS-102">[95]</a> Swiss citizens are subject to three legal jurisdictions: the municipality, canton and federal levels. The 1848 and 1999 Swiss Constitutions define a system of direct democracy (sometimes called half-direct or representative direct democracy because it includes institutions of a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>). The instruments of this system at the federal level, known as popular rights (German: Volksrechte, French: droits populaires, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: diritti popolari),<a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a> include the right to submit a federal initiative and a referendum, both of which may overturn parliamentary decisions.<a href="#cite_note-Politics-97">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[97]</a> By calling a federal referendum, a group of citizens may challenge a law passed by parliament by gathering 50,000 signatures against the law within 100 days. If so, a national vote is scheduled where voters decide by a <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">simple majority</a> whether to accept or reject the law. Any eight cantons can also call a constitutional referendum on federal law.<a href="#cite_note-Politics-97">[91]</a> Similarly, the federal constitutional initiative allows citizens to put a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendment</a> to a national vote, if 100,000 voters sign the proposed amendment within 18 months.<a href="#cite_note-initiative_1999-105">[h]</a> The Federal Council and the Federal Assembly can supplement the proposed amendment with a counterproposal. Then, voters must indicate a preference on the ballot if both proposals are accepted. Constitutional amendments, whether introduced by initiative or in parliament, must be accepted by a <a href="/wiki/Double_majority" title="Double majority">double majority</a> of the national popular vote and the popular cantonal votes.<a href="#cite_note-majority_cantonal_votes-106">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-CHPS-102">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cantons">Cantons</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons of Switzerland</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning_in_Switzerland" title="Spatial planning in Switzerland">Spatial planning in Switzerland</a></div> The Swiss Confederation consists of 26 cantons:<a href="#cite_note-Politics-97">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-CHAuthorities-107">[98]</a> <table style="float:left; border:0; margin:2.6em 0 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kantone_der_Schweiz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swiss cantons"><img alt="Swiss cantons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kantone_der_Schweiz.svg/500px-Kantone_der_Schweiz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kantone_der_Schweiz.svg/750px-Kantone_der_Schweiz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kantone_der_Schweiz.svg/1000px-Kantone_der_Schweiz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:right;"> <th colspan="2">Canton</th> <th>ID</th> <th>Capital </th> <th style="width: 0.1em; border-top: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; background: transparent;"> </th> <th colspan="2">Canton</th> <th>ID</th> <th>Capital </th></tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Aargau_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wappen_Aargau_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Aargau_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wappen_Aargau_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Aargau_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wappen_Aargau_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Aargau_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="619" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">Aargau</a></td> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a> </td> <td rowspan="13" style="width: 0.1em; border-top: none; border-bottom: none; background: transparent;"> </td> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Nidwalden_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wappen_Nidwalden_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Nidwalden_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wappen_Nidwalden_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Nidwalden_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wappen_Nidwalden_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Nidwalden_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="2298" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;">*<a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">Nidwalden</a></td> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wappen_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wappen_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wappen_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="494" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;">*<a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">Appenzell Ausserrhoden</a></td> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a></td> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Obwalden_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wappen_Obwalden_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Obwalden_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wappen_Obwalden_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Obwalden_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wappen_Obwalden_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Obwalden_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="647" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;">*<a href="/wiki/Obwalden" title="Obwalden">Obwalden</a></td> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="494" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;">*<a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a></td> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Appenzell (town)">Appenzell</a></td> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Schaffhausen_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wappen_Schaffhausen_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Schaffhausen_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wappen_Schaffhausen_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Schaffhausen_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wappen_Schaffhausen_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Schaffhausen_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="2298" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></td> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kanton_Basel-Landschaft.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Coat_of_arms_of_Kanton_Basel-Landschaft.svg/14px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kanton_Basel-Landschaft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Coat_of_arms_of_Kanton_Basel-Landschaft.svg/21px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kanton_Basel-Landschaft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Coat_of_arms_of_Kanton_Basel-Landschaft.svg/28px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kanton_Basel-Landschaft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;">*<a href="/wiki/Basel-Landschaft" title="Basel-Landschaft">Basel-Landschaft</a></td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a></td> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Schwyz_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wappen_Schwyz_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Schwyz_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wappen_Schwyz_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Schwyz_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wappen_Schwyz_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Schwyz_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="493" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">Schwyz</a></td> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="613" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;">*<a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">Basel-Stadt</a></td> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></td> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Solothurn_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wappen_Solothurn_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Solothurn_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wappen_Solothurn_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Solothurn_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wappen_Solothurn_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Solothurn_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="493" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">Solothurn</a></td> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Bern_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wappen_Bern_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Bern_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wappen_Bern_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Bern_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wappen_Bern_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Bern_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="493" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bern</a></td> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></td> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg/14px-Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg/21px-Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg/28px-Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="679" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></td> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Freiburg_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wappen_Freiburg_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Freiburg_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wappen_Freiburg_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Freiburg_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wappen_Freiburg_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Freiburg_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="765" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Fribourg</a></td> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></td> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Thurgau_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wappen_Thurgau_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Thurgau_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wappen_Thurgau_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Thurgau_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wappen_Thurgau_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Thurgau_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="493" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">Thurgau</a></td> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Genf_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Wappen_Genf_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Genf_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Wappen_Genf_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Genf_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Wappen_Genf_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Genf_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="493" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Geneva</a></td> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></td> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="494" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a></td> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Glarus_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wappen_Glarus_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Glarus_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wappen_Glarus_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Glarus_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wappen_Glarus_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Glarus_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="493" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus</a></td> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a></td> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Uri_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wappen_Uri_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Uri_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wappen_Uri_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Uri_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wappen_Uri_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Uri_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="619" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a></td> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:CHE_Graub%C3%BCnden_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/CHE_Graub%C3%BCnden_COA.svg/14px-CHE_Graub%C3%BCnden_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/CHE_Graub%C3%BCnden_COA.svg/21px-CHE_Graub%C3%BCnden_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/CHE_Graub%C3%BCnden_COA.svg/28px-CHE_Graub%C3%BCnden_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="265" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a></td> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></td> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="493" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a></td> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Jura_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Wappen_Jura_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Jura_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Wappen_Jura_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Jura_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Wappen_Jura_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Jura_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="493" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">Jura</a></td> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a></td> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="493" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Vaud</a></td> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Luzern_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wappen_Luzern_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Luzern_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wappen_Luzern_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Luzern_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wappen_Luzern_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Luzern_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="493" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">Lucerne</a></td> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></td> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Zug_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Wappen_Zug_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Zug_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Wappen_Zug_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Zug_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Wappen_Zug_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Zug_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="494" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">Zug</a></td> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Neuenburg_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wappen_Neuenburg_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Neuenburg_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wappen_Neuenburg_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Neuenburg_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wappen_Neuenburg_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Neuenburg_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="493" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></td> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></td> <td style="border-right:0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg/14px-Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg/21px-Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg/28px-Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="492" /></a></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">Zurich</a></td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> *These cantons are known as half-cantons. The cantons are <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">federated states</a>. They have a permanent constitutional status and, in comparison with other countries, a high degree of independence. Under the Federal Constitution, all 26 cantons are equal in status, except that 6 (referred to often as the <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland#Half-cantons" title="Cantons of Switzerland">half-cantons</a>) are represented by one councillor instead of two in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Council_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Council of States">Council of States</a> and have only half a cantonal vote with respect to the required cantonal majority in <a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland#Constitutional_referendums_(Popular_initiatives)" title="Voting in Switzerland">referendums on constitutional amendments</a>. Each canton has its own constitution and its own parliament, government, police and courts.<a href="#cite_note-CHAuthorities-107">[98]</a> However, considerable differences define the individual cantons, particularly in terms of population and geographical area. Their populations vary between 16,003 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) and 1,487,969 (Zurich), and their area between 37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt) and 7,105 km2 (2,743 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Grisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Grisons">Grisons</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Municipalities">Municipalities</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Municipalities of Switzerland">Municipalities of Switzerland</a></div> As of 2018 the cantons comprised 2,222 municipalities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_City">Federal City</h3></div> Until 1848, the loosely coupled Confederation did not have a central political organisation. Issues thought to affect the whole Confederation were the subject of periodic meetings in various locations.<a href="#cite_note-108">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bern_007_(35250800705).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bern_007_%2835250800705%29.jpg/220px-Bern_007_%2835250800705%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bern_007_%2835250800705%29.jpg/330px-Bern_007_%2835250800705%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bern_007_%2835250800705%29.jpg/440px-Bern_007_%2835250800705%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Bern" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City of Bern">Old City of Bern</a></figcaption></figure> In 1848, the federal constitution provided that details concerning federal institutions, such as their locations, should be addressed by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Assembly of Switzerland">Federal Assembly</a> (BV 1848 Art. 108). Thus on 28 November 1848, the Federal Assembly voted in the majority to locate the seat of government in Bern and, as a prototypical federal compromise, to assign other federal institutions, such as the <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">Federal Polytechnical School</a> (1854, the later ETH) to Zurich, and other institutions to Lucerne, such as the later <a href="/wiki/SUVA" class="mw-redirect" title="SUVA">SUVA</a> (1912) and the Federal Insurance Court (1917).<a href="#cite_note-Bundesstadt-2">[1]</a> Other federal institutions were subsequently attributed to <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Federal Supreme Court</a> in 1872, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne" title="École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne">EPFL</a> in 1969), <a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Criminal_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Criminal Court of Switzerland">Federal Criminal Court</a>, 2004), and <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Administrative Court (Switzerland)">Federal Administrative Court</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Patent_Court_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Patent Court (Switzerland)">Federal Patent Court</a>, 2012). The 1999 Constitution does not mention a Federal City and the Federal Council has yet to address the matter.<a href="#cite_note-109">[100]</a> Thus no city in Switzerland has the official status either of capital or of Federal City. Nevertheless, Bern is commonly referred to as "Federal City" (German: Bundesstadt, French: ville fédérale, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: città federale). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations_and_international_institutions">Foreign relations and international institutions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Switzerland" title="Foreign relations of Switzerland">Foreign relations of Switzerland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Nations_Flags_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/United_Nations_Flags_-_cropped.jpg/220px-United_Nations_Flags_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/United_Nations_Flags_-_cropped.jpg/330px-United_Nations_Flags_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/United_Nations_Flags_-_cropped.jpg/440px-United_Nations_Flags_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4384" data-file-height="2923" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Nations,_Geneva" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Nations, Geneva">Palace of Nations</a>, the European headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva" title="United Nations Office at Geneva">United Nations</a> in Geneva</figcaption></figure> Traditionally, Switzerland avoids alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action and has been neutral since the end of its <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">expansion</a> in 1515. Its <a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">policy of neutrality</a> was internationally recognised at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1815.<a href="#cite_note-Neutrality-110">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[102]</a> Swiss neutrality has been questioned at times.<a href="#cite_note-112">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[104]</a> In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-Neutrality-110">[101]</a> It was the first state to join it by <a href="/wiki/2002_Swiss_referendums" title="2002 Swiss referendums">referendum</a>. Switzerland maintains diplomatic relations with almost all countries and historically has served as an intermediary between other states.<a href="#cite_note-Neutrality-110">[101]</a> Switzerland is not a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>; the Swiss people have consistently rejected membership since the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Neutrality-110">[101]</a> However, Switzerland does participate in the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg/170px-Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg/255px-Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg/340px-Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The colour-reversed Swiss flag became the symbol of the Red Cross Movement, founded in 1863 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[107]</a></figcaption></figure> Many international institutions have headquarters in Switzerland, in part because of its policy of neutrality. <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> is the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> and, since 2006, hosts the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a>. Even though Switzerland is one of the most recent countries to join the United Nations, the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Nations,_Geneva" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Nations, Geneva">Palace of Nations</a> in Geneva is the second biggest centre for the United Nations after the <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">headquarters</a> in New York. Switzerland was a founding member and hosted the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-57">[51]</a> Apart from the United Nations headquarters, the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies, including the World Health Organization (<a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a>), the International Labour Organization (<a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a>), the International Telecommunication Union (<a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a>), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a>) and about 200 other international organisations, including the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neutrality-110">[101]</a> The annual meetings of the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Davos" title="Davos">Davos</a> bring together business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues. The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a> (BIS) moved to <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> in 1930.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many sports federations and organisations are located in the country, including the <a href="/wiki/International_Handball_Federation" title="International Handball Federation">International Handball Federation</a> in Basel, the <a href="/wiki/International_Basketball_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Basketball Federation">International Basketball Federation</a> in Geneva, the Union of European Football Associations (<a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Nyon" title="Nyon">Nyon</a>, the International Federation of Association Football (<a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation" title="International Ice Hockey Federation">International Ice Hockey Federation</a> both in <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale" title="Union Cycliste Internationale">International Cycling Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aigle" title="Aigle">Aigle</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[108]</a> Switzerland became a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> for the 2023–2024 period.<a href="#cite_note-118">[109]</a> According to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>, Switzerland is the 6th most peaceful country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-119">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Switzerland_and_the_European_Union">Switzerland and the European Union</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">Switzerland–European Union relations</a></div> Although not a member, Switzerland maintains relationships with the EU and European countries through bilateral agreements. The Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with those of the EU, in an effort to compete internationally. <a href="/wiki/Future_enlargement_of_the_European_Union#States_not_on_the_agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="Future enlargement of the European Union">EU membership</a> faces considerable negative popular sentiment. It is opposed by the conservative <a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">SVP</a> party, the largest party in the National Council, and not advocated by several other political parties. The membership application was formally withdrawn in 2016. The western French-speaking areas and the urban regions of the rest of the country tend to be more pro-EU, but do not form a significant share of the population.<a href="#cite_note-120">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[112]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_and_EFTA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/EU_and_EFTA.svg/220px-EU_and_EFTA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/EU_and_EFTA.svg/330px-EU_and_EFTA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/EU_and_EFTA.svg/440px-EU_and_EFTA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (green) participate in the <a href="/wiki/European_single_market" title="European single market">European single market</a> and are part of the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>.</figcaption></figure> An Integration Office operates under the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Federal Department of Foreign Affairs">Department of Foreign Affairs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Economic_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Department of Economic Affairs">Department of Economic Affairs</a>. Seven bilateral agreements liberalised trade ties, taking effect in 2001. This first series of bilateral agreements included the free movement of persons. A second series of agreements covering nine areas was signed in 2004, including the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Schengen Treaty">Schengen Treaty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Convention">Dublin Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[113]</a> In 2006, a referendum approved 1 billion francs of supportive investment in Southern and Central European countries in support of positive ties to the EU as a whole. A further referendum will be needed to approve 300 million francs to support Romania and Bulgaria and their recent admission. The Swiss have faced EU and international pressure to reduce <a href="/wiki/Banking_secrecy" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking secrecy">banking secrecy</a> and raise tax rates to parity with the EU. Preparatory discussions involved four areas: the electricity market, participation in project <a href="/wiki/Galileo_positioning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo positioning system">Galileo</a>, cooperating with the <a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control" title="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</a> and certificates of origin for food products.<a href="#cite_note-123">[114]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Switzerland is a member of the Schengen passport-free zone. Land <a href="/wiki/Border_checkpoint" title="Border checkpoint">border checkpoints</a> monitor goods movements, but not people.<a href="#cite_note-124">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces" title="Swiss Armed Forces">Swiss Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Swiss_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Swiss Guard">Pontifical Swiss Guard</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Switzerland_-_Air_Force_McDonnell_Douglas_FA-18C_Hornet_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Switzerland_-_Air_Force_McDonnell_Douglas_FA-18C_Hornet_-_cropped.jpg/170px-Switzerland_-_Air_Force_McDonnell_Douglas_FA-18C_Hornet_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Switzerland_-_Air_Force_McDonnell_Douglas_FA-18C_Hornet_-_cropped.jpg/255px-Switzerland_-_Air_Force_McDonnell_Douglas_FA-18C_Hornet_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Switzerland_-_Air_Force_McDonnell_Douglas_FA-18C_Hornet_-_cropped.jpg/340px-Switzerland_-_Air_Force_McDonnell_Douglas_FA-18C_Hornet_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>A Swiss Air Force <a href="/wiki/F/A-18_Hornet" class="mw-redirect" title="F/A-18 Hornet">F/A-18 Hornet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Axalp_Air_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Axalp Air Show">Axalp Air Show</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces" title="Swiss Armed Forces">Swiss Armed Forces</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Ground_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground Forces">Land Forces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Air_Force" title="Swiss Air Force">Air Force</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">composed mostly of conscripts</a>, male citizens aged from 20 to 34 (in exceptional cases up to 50) years. Being a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked" class="mw-redirect" title="Landlocked">landlocked</a> country, Switzerland has no navy; however, on lakes bordering neighbouring countries, armed boats patrol. Swiss citizens are prohibited from serving in foreign armies, except for the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Swiss_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Swiss Guard">Swiss Guards</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>, or if they are <a href="/wiki/Dual_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual citizen">dual citizens</a> of a foreign country and reside there.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Swiss militia system stipulates that soldiers keep their army-issued equipment, including <a href="/wiki/Automatic_firearm" title="Automatic firearm">fully automatic</a> personal weapons, at home.<a href="#cite_note-125">[116]</a> Women can serve voluntarily. Men usually receive military conscription orders for training at the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-126">[117]</a> About two-thirds of young Swiss are found suitable for service; for the others, various forms of alternative service are available.<a href="#cite_note-127">[118]</a> Annually, approximately 20,000 persons are trained in recruit centres for 18 to 21 weeks. The reform "Army XXI" was adopted by popular vote in 2003, replacing "Army 95", reducing the rolls from 400,000 to about 200,000. Of those, 120,000 are active in periodic Army training, and 80,000 are non-training reserves.<a href="#cite_note-128">[119]</a> The newest reform of the military, Weiterentwicklung der Armee (WEA; English: Further development of the Army), started in 2018 and was expected to reduce the number of army personnel to 100,000 by the end of 2022.<a href="#cite_note-129">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SKdt-Fahrzeug_-_Schweizer_Armee_-_Steel_Parade_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/SKdt-Fahrzeug_-_Schweizer_Armee_-_Steel_Parade_2006.jpg/220px-SKdt-Fahrzeug_-_Schweizer_Armee_-_Steel_Parade_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/SKdt-Fahrzeug_-_Schweizer_Armee_-_Steel_Parade_2006.jpg/330px-SKdt-Fahrzeug_-_Schweizer_Armee_-_Steel_Parade_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/SKdt-Fahrzeug_-_Schweizer_Armee_-_Steel_Parade_2006.jpg/440px-SKdt-Fahrzeug_-_Schweizer_Armee_-_Steel_Parade_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2652" data-file-height="1572" /></a><figcaption>Swiss-built <a href="/wiki/Mowag_Eagle" title="Mowag Eagle">Mowag Eagles</a> of the land forces</figcaption></figure> Overall, three general mobilisations have been declared to ensure the integrity and neutrality of Switzerland. The first mobilisation was held in response to the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870–71; while the second was in response to the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> outbreak in August 1914; the third mobilisation took place in September 1939 in response to the <a href="/wiki/German_attack_on_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="German attack on Poland">German attack on Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[122]</a> Because of its neutrality policy, the Swiss army does not take part in armed conflicts in other countries but joins some peacekeeping missions. Since 2000 the armed force department has maintained the <a href="/wiki/Onyx_(interception_system)" title="Onyx (interception system)">Onyx</a> intelligence gathering system to monitor satellite communications.<a href="#cite_note-132">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun politics in Switzerland">Gun politics in Switzerland</a> are unique in Europe in that 2–3.5 million guns are in the hands of civilians, giving the nation an estimate of 28–41 guns per 100 people.<a href="#cite_note-133">[124]</a> As per the Small Arms Survey, only 324,484 guns are owned by the military.<a href="#cite_note-134">[125]</a> Only 143,372 are in the hands of soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-135">[126]</a> However, ammunition is no longer issued.<a href="#cite_note-136">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_labour_law">Economy and labour law</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Economy of Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Switzerland" title="Economic history of Switzerland">Economic history of Switzerland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland" title="Banking in Switzerland">Banking in Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Switzerland" title="Federal budget of Switzerland">Federal budget of Switzerland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Zurich.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aerial_view_of_Zurich.JPG/170px-Aerial_view_of_Zurich.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aerial_view_of_Zurich.JPG/255px-Aerial_view_of_Zurich.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aerial_view_of_Zurich.JPG/340px-Aerial_view_of_Zurich.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>The Greater <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a> Area, home to 1.5 million inhabitants and 150,000 companies, is one of the most important economic centres in the world.<a href="#cite_note-138">[129]</a></figcaption></figure> Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and <a href="/wiki/High-tech" class="mw-redirect" title="High-tech">high-tech</a> economy. It is the world's wealthiest country per capita in multiple rankings.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The country ranks as one of the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">least corrupt countries in the world</a>,<a href="#cite_note-139">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[132]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland" title="Banking in Switzerland">its banking sector</a> is rated as "<a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Switzerland#Banking" title="Corruption in Switzerland">one of the most corrupt in the world</a>".<a href="#cite_note-142">[133]</a> It has the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">twentieth largest economy</a> by nominal GDP and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">thirty-eighth largest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>. As of 2021, it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">thirteenth largest exporter</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports_per_capita" title="List of countries by exports per capita">fifth largest</a> per capita. Zurich and Geneva are regarded as <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global cities</a>, ranked as <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Alpha and Beta</a> respectively. Basel is the capital of Switzerland's pharmaceutical industry, hosting <a href="/wiki/Novartis" title="Novartis">Novartis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roche" title="Roche">Roche</a>, and many other players. It is one of the world's most important centres for the life sciences industry.<a href="#cite_note-143">[134]</a> Switzerland had the second-highest global rating in the <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a> 2023,<a href="#cite_note-144">[135]</a> while also providing significant public services.<a href="#cite_note-145">[136]</a> On a per capita basis, nominal GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan,<a href="#cite_note-146">[137]</a> while <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">adjusted for purchasing power</a>, Switzerland ranked 11th in 2017, fifth in 2018, and ninth in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-147">[138]</a> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:brown; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 389.47428549299px; border-left-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:98.228725072869px 18.738131458572px 0 0; border-top-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 120.87923504096px 100px 0; border-right-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Origin of the capital at the 30 biggest Swiss corporations, 2018:<a href="#cite_note-148">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rothschilds-149">[j]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Switzerland (39%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  North America (33%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Europe (24%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Rest of the world (4%)</div> </div> </div></div> The 2016 World Economic Forum's <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report" title="Global Competitiveness Report">Global Competitiveness Report</a> ranked Switzerland's economy as the world's most competitive;<a href="#cite_note-150">[140]</a> as of 2019, it ranks fifth globally.<a href="#cite_note-151">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> labeled it Europe's most innovative country.<a href="#cite_note-152">[142]</a> Switzerland has been ranked the most innovative country in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024, as it had done in 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020 and 2019.<a href="#cite_note-153">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[146]</a> It ranked 20th of 189 countries in the <a href="/wiki/Ease_of_Doing_Business_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Ease of Doing Business Index">Ease of Doing Business Index</a>. Switzerland's slow growth in the 1990s and the early 2000s increased support for economic reforms and harmonisation with the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-economicsurvey2007-157">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[148]</a> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Management_Development" title="International Institute for Management Development">IMD</a> placed Switzerland first in attracting skilled workers.<a href="#cite_note-159">[149]</a> For much of the 20th century, Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe by a considerable margin (per capita GDP).<a href="#cite_note-160">[150]</a> Switzerland has one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_current_account_balance_as_a_percentage_of_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by current account balance as a percentage of GDP">account balances as a percentage of GDP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SWI-Are_most-161">[151]</a> In 2018, the canton of Basel-City had the highest GDP per capita, ahead of Zug and Geneva.<a href="#cite_note-162">[152]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a>, only about 37% of residents own their own homes, one of the lowest rates of <a href="/wiki/Home_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Home ownership">home ownership</a> in Europe. Housing and food price levels were 171% and 145% of the <a href="/wiki/EU-25" class="mw-redirect" title="EU-25">EU-25</a> index in 2007, compared to 113% and 104% in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-yearbook2008-163">[153]</a> Switzerland is home to several large multinational corporations. The largest by revenue are <a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunvor_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunvor (company)">Gunvor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Shipping_Company" title="Mediterranean Shipping Company">Mediterranean Shipping Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novartis" title="Novartis">Novartis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoffmann-La_Roche" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoffmann-La Roche">Hoffmann-La Roche</a>, <a href="/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">ABB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercuria_Energy_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercuria Energy Group">Mercuria Energy Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adecco" title="Adecco">Adecco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[154]</a> Also, notable are <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurich Insurance">Zurich Insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richemont" title="Richemont">Richemont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Callebaut" title="Barry Callebaut">Barry Callebaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Re" title="Swiss Re">Swiss Re</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolex" title="Rolex">Rolex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetra_Pak" title="Tetra Pak">Tetra Pak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swatch_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Swatch Group">Swatch Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_International_Air_Lines" title="Swiss International Air Lines">Swiss International Air Lines</a>. Switzerland's most important economic sector is manufacturing. Manufactured products include specialty <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland">health and pharmaceutical</a> goods, scientific and precision <a href="/wiki/Measuring_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Measuring instrument">measuring instruments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a>. The largest exported goods are chemicals (34% of exported goods), machines/electronics (20.9%), and precision instruments/watches (16.9%).<a href="#cite_note-yearbook2008-163">[153]</a> The service sector – especially banking and insurance, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland#Commodities_trading" title="Economy of Switzerland">commodities trading</a>, tourism, and <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organisations</a> – is another important industry for Switzerland. Exported services amount to a third of exports.<a href="#cite_note-yearbook2008-163">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Switzerland" title="Agriculture in Switzerland">Agricultural protectionism</a>—a rare exception to Switzerland's free trade policies—contributes to high <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a>. Product market liberalisation is lagging behind many <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU countries</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-economicsurvey2007-157">[147]</a> Apart from agriculture, economic and trade barriers between the European Union and Switzerland are minimal, and Switzerland has free trade agreements with many countries. Switzerland is a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (EFTA). Switzerland is considered as the "land of <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperatives</a>" with the ten largest cooperative companies accounting for more than 11% of GDP in 2018. They include <a href="/wiki/Migros" title="Migros">Migros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coop_(Switzerland)" title="Coop (Switzerland)">Coop</a>, the two largest retail companies in Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-165">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation_and_government_spending">Taxation and government spending</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland" title="Taxation in Switzerland">Taxation in Switzerland</a></div> Switzerland is a <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[156]</a> The private sector economy dominates. It features low tax rates; <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tax_revenue_to_GDP_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tax revenue to GDP ratio">tax revenue to GDP ratio is one of the smallest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Switzerland" title="Federal budget of Switzerland">Swiss Federal budget</a> reached 62.8 billion Swiss francs in 2010, 11.35% of GDP; however, canton and municipality budgets are not counted as part of the federal budget. Total <a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">government spending</a> is closer to 33.8% of GDP. The main sources of income for the federal government are the <a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">value-added tax</a> (33% of tax revenue) and the direct federal tax (29%). The main areas of expenditure are in social welfare and finance/taxes. The expenditures of the Swiss Confederation have been growing from 7% of GDP in 1960 to 9.7% in 1990 and 10.7% in 2010. While the social welfare and finance sectors and tax grew from 35% in 1990 to 48.2% in 2010, a significant reduction of expenditures has been occurring in agriculture and national defence; from 26.5% to 12.4% (estimation for the year 2015).<a href="#cite_note-167">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour_force">Labour force</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Switzerland" title="Immigration to Switzerland">Immigration to Switzerland</a></div> Slightly more than 5 million people work in Switzerland;<a href="#cite_note-169">[159]</a> about 25% of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-170">[160]</a> Switzerland has a more flexible <a href="/wiki/Job_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Job market">labor market</a> than neighbouring countries and the unemployment rate is consistently low.<a href="#cite_note-171">[161]</a> The unemployment rate increased from 1.7% in June 2000 to 4.4% in December 2009.<a href="#cite_note-172">[162]</a> It then decreased to 3.2% in 2014 and held steady for several years, before further dropping to 2.5% in 2018 and 2.3% in 2019; as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Switzerland&action=edit">[update]</a> it had reached a 20-year low of 2%.<a href="#cite_note-173">[163]</a> Population growth (from net immigration) reached 0.52% of population in 2004, increased in the following years before falling to 0.54% again in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-yearbook2008-163">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_immigrant_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by immigrant population">foreign citizen population</a> was 28.9% in 2015, about the same as in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-175">[165]</a> In 2016, the median monthly gross income in Switzerland was 6,502 francs per month (equivalent to US$6,597 per month).<a href="#cite_note-SWI-Are_most-161">[151]</a> After rent, taxes and pension contributions, plus spending on goods and services, the average household has about 15% of its gross income left for savings. Though 61% of the population made less than the mean income, income inequality is relatively low with a <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a> of 29.7, placing Switzerland among the top 20 countries. In 2015, the richest 1% owned 35% of the wealth.<a href="#cite_note-176">[166]</a> Wealth inequality increased through 2019.<a href="#cite_note-177">[167]</a> About 8.2% of the population live below <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Switzerland" title="Poverty in Switzerland">the national poverty line</a>, defined in Switzerland as earning less than CHF3,990 per month for a household of two adults and two children, and a further 15% are at risk of poverty. Single-parent families, those with no post-compulsory education and those out of work are among the most likely to live below the poverty line. Although work is considered a way out of poverty, some 4.3% are considered working poor. One in ten jobs in Switzerland is considered low-paid; roughly 12% of Swiss workers hold such jobs, many of them women and foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-SWI-Are_most-161">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_science">Education and science</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Education in Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Switzerland" title="Science and technology in Switzerland">Science and technology in Switzerland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11-11-24-basel-by-ralfr-035.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/11-11-24-basel-by-ralfr-035.jpg/220px-11-11-24-basel-by-ralfr-035.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/11-11-24-basel-by-ralfr-035.jpg/330px-11-11-24-basel-by-ralfr-035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/11-11-24-basel-by-ralfr-035.jpg/440px-11-11-24-basel-by-ralfr-035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a> is Switzerland's oldest university (1460).</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss_scientists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Swiss_scientists.jpg/220px-Swiss_scientists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Swiss_scientists.jpg/330px-Swiss_scientists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Swiss_scientists.jpg/440px-Swiss_scientists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Some Swiss scientists who played a key role in their discipline (clockwise): <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> (mathematics) <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> (glaciology) <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Piccard" title="Auguste Piccard">Auguste Piccard</a> (aeronautics) <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (physics)</figcaption></figure> Education in Switzerland is diverse, because the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Switzerland">constitution of Switzerland</a> delegates the operation for the school system to the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Switzerland">cantons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Education-178">[168]</a> Public and private schools are available, including many private international schools. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_education">Primary education</h3></div> The minimum age for primary school is about six years, but most cantons provide a free "children's school" starting at age four or five.<a href="#cite_note-Education-178">[168]</a> Primary school continues until grade four, five or six, depending on the school. Traditionally, the first foreign language in school was one of the other Swiss languages, although in 2000, English was elevated in a few cantons.<a href="#cite_note-Education-178">[168]</a> At the end of primary school or at the beginning of secondary school, pupils are assigned according to their capacities into one of several sections (often three). The fastest learners are taught advanced classes to prepare for further studies and the <a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">matura</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Education-178">[168]</a> while other students receive an education adapted to their needs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_education">Tertiary education</h3></div> Switzerland hosts <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Switzerland" title="List of universities in Switzerland">12 universities</a>, ten of which are maintained at <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantonal</a> level and usually offer non-technical subjects. It ranked 87th on the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[169]</a> The largest is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zurich" title="University of Zurich">University of Zurich</a> with nearly 25,000 students.<a href="#cite_note-180">[170]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Institute_of_Technology_Zurich" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich">Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich</a> (ETHZ) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zurich" title="University of Zurich">University of Zurich</a> are listed 20th and 54th respectively, on the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[171]</a> The federal government sponsors two institutes: the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Institute_of_Technology_Zurich" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich">Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich</a> (ETHZ) in <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, founded in 1855 and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne" title="École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne">École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne</a> (EPFL) in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, founded in 1969, formerly associated with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lausanne" title="University of Lausanne">University of Lausanne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ETH_ranking-182">[k]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[173]</a> Eight of the world's ten best hotel schools are located in Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-185">[174]</a> In addition, various <a href="/wiki/Universities_of_Applied_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities of Applied Sciences">universities of applied sciences</a> are available. In business and management studies, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Gallen" title="University of St. Gallen">University of St. Gallen</a>, (HSG) is ranked 329th in the world according to <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[175]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Management_Development" title="International Institute for Management Development">International Institute for Management Development</a> (IMD), was ranked first in open programmes worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-187">[176]</a> Switzerland has the second highest rate (almost 18% in 2003) of foreign students in tertiary education, after Australia (slightly over 18%).<a href="#cite_note-188">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[178]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_and_Development_Studies" title="Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies">Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, is continental Europe's oldest graduate school of international and development studies. It is widely held to be one of its most prestigious.<a href="#cite_note-190">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Swiss Nobel laureates">List of Swiss Nobel laureates</a></div> Switzerland has birthed many Nobel Prize laureates. They include <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>,<a href="#cite_note-192">[181]</a> who developed his <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> in Bern. Later, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Prelog" title="Vladimir Prelog">Vladimir Prelog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Heinrich Rohrer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Richard Ernst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Zinkernagel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolf Zinkernagel">Rolf Zinkernagel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Kurt Wüthrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Jacques Dubochet</a> received Nobel science prizes. Over 100 laureates across all fields have a relationship to Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-193">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel_prize-194">[l]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> has been awarded nine times to organisations headquartered in Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-195">[183]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LHC,_CERN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/LHC%2C_CERN.jpg/220px-LHC%2C_CERN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/LHC%2C_CERN.jpg/330px-LHC%2C_CERN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/LHC%2C_CERN.jpg/440px-LHC%2C_CERN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">LHC</a> tunnel. CERN is the world's largest laboratory and also the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[184]</a></figcaption></figure> Geneva and the nearby French department of <a href="/wiki/Ain" title="Ain">Ain</a> co-host the world's largest laboratory, <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>,<a href="#cite_note-197">[185]</a> dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a> research. Another important research centre is the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Scherrer_Institute" title="Paul Scherrer Institute">Paul Scherrer Institute</a>. Notable inventions include <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">lysergic acid diethylamide</a> (LSD), <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a> (Valium), the <a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">scanning tunnelling microscope</a> (Nobel prize) and <a href="/wiki/Velcro" title="Velcro">Velcro</a>. Some technologies enabled the exploration of new worlds such as the pressurised balloon of <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Piccard" title="Auguste Piccard">Auguste Piccard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe" title="Bathyscaphe">Bathyscaphe</a> which permitted <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Piccard" title="Jacques Piccard">Jacques Piccard</a> to reach the deepest point of the world's oceans. The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Space_Office" title="Swiss Space Office">Swiss Space Office</a> has been involved in various space technologies and programmes. It was one of the 10 founders of <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">the European Space Agency</a> in 1975 and is the seventh largest contributor to the ESA budget. In the private sector, several companies participate in the space industry, such as <a href="/wiki/Oerlikon_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Oerlikon Space">Oerlikon Space</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[186]</a> or Maxon Motors.<a href="#cite_note-199">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Energy in Switzerland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauvoisin_Dam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Mauvoisin_Dam.jpg/280px-Mauvoisin_Dam.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Mauvoisin_Dam.jpg/420px-Mauvoisin_Dam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Mauvoisin_Dam.jpg/560px-Mauvoisin_Dam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>Switzerland has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_dams_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest dams in the world">tallest dams</a> in Europe, among which the <a href="/wiki/Mauvoisin_Dam" title="Mauvoisin Dam">Mauvoisin Dam</a>, in the Alps. Hydroelectric power is the most important domestic source of energy in the country.</figcaption></figure> Electricity generated in Switzerland is 56% from <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> and 39% from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>, producing negligible CO2. On 18 May 2003, two <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear">anti-nuclear</a> referendums were defeated: Moratorium Plus, aimed at forbidding the building of new <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power plants">nuclear power plants</a> (41.6% supported),<a href="#cite_note-200">[188]</a> and Electricity Without Nuclear (33.7% supported) after a moratorium expired in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-201">[189]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima nuclear disaster</a>, in 2011 the government announced plans to end the use of nuclear energy in the following 20 to 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-202">[190]</a> In November 2016, Swiss voters rejected a <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Party of Switzerland">Green Party</a> referendum to accelerate the phaseout of nuclear power (45.8% supported).<a href="#cite_note-203">[191]</a> The Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) is responsible for energy supply and energy use within the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Environment,_Transport,_Energy_and_Communications" title="Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications">Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications</a> (DETEC). The agency supports the <a href="/wiki/2000-watt_society" title="2000-watt society">2000-watt society</a> initiative to cut the nation's energy use by more than half by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-204">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Switzerland" title="Transport in Switzerland">Transport in Switzerland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%B6tschberg_Tunnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/L%C3%B6tschberg_Tunnel.jpg/220px-L%C3%B6tschberg_Tunnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/L%C3%B6tschberg_Tunnel.jpg/330px-L%C3%B6tschberg_Tunnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/L%C3%B6tschberg_Tunnel.jpg/440px-L%C3%B6tschberg_Tunnel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>Entrance of the new <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6tschberg_Base_Tunnel" title="Lötschberg Base Tunnel">Lötschberg Base Tunnel</a>, the third-longest railway tunnel in the world, under the old <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6tschberg_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Lötschberg railway line">Lötschberg railway line</a>. It was the first completed tunnel of the greater project <a href="/wiki/NRLA" title="NRLA">NRLA</a>.</figcaption></figure> The densest <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Switzerland" title="Rail transport in Switzerland">rail network</a> in Europe spans 5,250 kilometres (3,260 mi) and carried 614 million passengers in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-205">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[194]</a> In 2015, each Swiss resident travelled on average 2,550 kilometres (1,580 mi) by rail, more than any other European country.<a href="#cite_note-FSO-2016-207">[195]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] Virtually 100% of the network is electrified. 60% of the network is operated by the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways" title="Swiss Federal Railways">Swiss Federal Railways</a> (SBB CFF FFS). Besides the second largest <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> railway company, <a href="/wiki/BLS_AG" title="BLS AG">BLS AG</a>, two railways companies operate on <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge">narrow gauge</a> networks: the <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_Railway" title="Rhaetian Railway">Rhaetian Railway</a> (RhB) in Graubünden, which includes some World Heritage lines,<a href="#cite_note-208">[196]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn_Gotthard_Bahn" title="Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn">Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn</a> (MGB), which co-operates with RhB the <a href="/wiki/Glacier_Express" title="Glacier Express">Glacier Express</a> between <a href="/wiki/Zermatt" title="Zermatt">Zermatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Moritz" title="St. Moritz">St. Moritz</a>/<a href="/wiki/Davos" title="Davos">Davos</a>. Switzerland operates the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_tunnels" title="List of longest tunnels">world's longest and deepest railway tunnel</a> and the first flat, low-level route through the Alps, the 57.1-kilometre-long (35.5 mi) <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Base_Tunnel" title="Gotthard Base Tunnel">Gotthard Base Tunnel</a>, the largest part of the <a href="/wiki/NRLA" title="NRLA">New Railway Link through the Alps (NRLA)</a> project. Switzerland has a publicly managed, toll-free road network financed by highway permits as well as vehicle and petrol taxes. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute system requires the annual purchase of a <a href="/wiki/Vignette_(road_tax)" title="Vignette (road tax)">vignette</a> (toll sticker)—for 40 <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss francs</a>—to use its roadways, including passenger cars and trucks. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute network stretches for 1,638 km (1,018 mi) and has one of the highest motorway densities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-209">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Airport" title="Zurich Airport">Zurich Airport</a> is Switzerland's largest international flight gateway; it handled 22.8 million passengers in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-210">[198]</a> The other international airports are <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Airport" title="Geneva Airport">Geneva Airport</a> (13.9 million passengers in 2012),<a href="#cite_note-211">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/EuroAirport_Basel_Mulhouse_Freiburg" title="EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg">EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg</a> (located in France), <a href="/wiki/Bern_Airport" title="Bern Airport">Bern Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lugano_Airport" title="Lugano Airport">Lugano Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen-Altenrhein_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Gallen-Altenrhein Airport">St. Gallen-Altenrhein Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sion_Airport" title="Sion Airport">Sion Airport</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swiss_International_Air_Lines" title="Swiss International Air Lines">Swiss International Air Lines</a> is the flag carrier. Its main hub is Zurich, but it is legally domiciled in Basel. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment_2">Environment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Switzerland">Environment of Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Waste management in Switzerland</a></div> Switzerland has one of the best environmental records among developed nations.<a href="#cite_note-212">[200]</a> It is a signatory to the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>. With Mexico and South Korea, it forms the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Integrity_Group" title="Environmental Integrity Group">Environmental Integrity Group</a> (EIG).<a href="#cite_note-213">[201]</a> The country is active in recycling and anti-littering programs and is one of the world's top recyclers, recovering 66% to 96% of recyclable materials, varying across the country.<a href="#cite_note-214">[202]</a> The 2014 Global Green Economy Index placed Switzerland among the top 10 green economies.<a href="#cite_note-215">[203]</a> Switzerland has an economic system for garbage disposal, which is based mostly on recycling and energy-producing <a href="/wiki/Incinerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Incinerator">incinerators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[204]</a> As in other European countries, the illegal disposal of garbage is heavily fined. In almost all Swiss municipalities, mandatory stickers or dedicated garbage bags allow the identification of disposable garbage.<a href="#cite_note-217">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Switzerland" title="Demographics of Switzerland">Demographics of Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Switzerland" title="Crime in Switzerland">Crime in Switzerland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_people" title="List of Swiss people">List of Swiss people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bev%C3%B6lkerungsdichte_der_Schweiz_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bev%C3%B6lkerungsdichte_der_Schweiz_2019.png/220px-Bev%C3%B6lkerungsdichte_der_Schweiz_2019.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bev%C3%B6lkerungsdichte_der_Schweiz_2019.png/330px-Bev%C3%B6lkerungsdichte_der_Schweiz_2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bev%C3%B6lkerungsdichte_der_Schweiz_2019.png/440px-Bev%C3%B6lkerungsdichte_der_Schweiz_2019.png 2x" data-file-width="4133" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Population density in Switzerland (2019)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ausl%C3%A4nderanteil_der_Schweiz_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ausl%C3%A4nderanteil_der_Schweiz_2019.png/220px-Ausl%C3%A4nderanteil_der_Schweiz_2019.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ausl%C3%A4nderanteil_der_Schweiz_2019.png/330px-Ausl%C3%A4nderanteil_der_Schweiz_2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ausl%C3%A4nderanteil_der_Schweiz_2019.png/440px-Ausl%C3%A4nderanteil_der_Schweiz_2019.png 2x" data-file-width="4133" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of foreigners in Switzerland (2019)</figcaption></figure> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:400px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#AAF"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Resident population (age 15+) by migration status (2012/2021)<a href="#cite_note-218">[206]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Migration status</td> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;">Year</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">pct.</td> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;">Change</td> </tr> <tr style="line-height:100%"> <td rowspan="2" style="padding:0 0.4em">Without migration background</td> <td style="padding:0 0.4em;vertical-align:bottom" align="right">2021</td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;vertical-align:bottom"> <div style="height:8px;width:59%;padding:0;margin:0;background:Orange;color:Orange;overflow:hidden;font-size:4px;">  </div> </td> <td style="padding:0 0.4em;vertical-align:bottom" align="right">59%</td> <td rowspan="2" style="width:3em;padding:0 0.4em" align="center">-6%</td> </tr> <tr style="line-height:100%"> <td style="padding:0 0.4em" align="right">2012</td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="height:8px;width:65%;padding:0;margin:1px 0 4px; background:#FED8B1;color:Orange;overflow:hidden;font-size:4px;vertical-align:top">  </div> </td> <td style="padding:0 0.4em" align="right">65%</td> </tr> <tr style="line-height:100%"> <td rowspan="2" style="padding:0 0.4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_generations#First_generation" title="Immigrant generations">Immigrants: First Generation</a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.4em;vertical-align:bottom" align="right">2021</td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;vertical-align:bottom"> <div style="height:8px;width:31%;padding:0;margin:0;background:#6BA4B8;color:#6BA4B8;overflow:hidden;font-size:4px;">  </div> </td> <td style="padding:0 0.4em;vertical-align:bottom" align="right">31%</td> <td rowspan="2" style="width:3em;padding:0 0.4em" align="center">+3%</td> </tr> <tr style="line-height:100%"> <td style="padding:0 0.4em" align="right">2012</td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="height:8px;width:28%;padding:0;margin:1px 0 4px; background:LightBlue;color:#6BA4B8;overflow:hidden;font-size:4px;vertical-align:top">  </div> </td> <td style="padding:0 0.4em" align="right">28%</td> </tr> <tr style="line-height:100%"> <td rowspan="2" style="padding:0 0.4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_generations#Second_generation" title="Immigrant generations">Immigrants: Second Generation</a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.4em;vertical-align:bottom" align="right">2021</td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;vertical-align:bottom"> <div style="height:8px;width:8%;padding:0;margin:0;background:#29AB87;color:#29AB87;overflow:hidden;font-size:4px;">  </div> </td> <td style="padding:0 0.4em;vertical-align:bottom" align="right">8%</td> <td rowspan="2" style="width:3em;padding:0 0.4em" align="center">+1%</td> </tr> <tr style="line-height:100%"> <td style="padding:0 0.4em" align="right">2012</td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="height:8px;width:7%;padding:0;margin:1px 0 4px; background:LightGreen;color:#29AB87;overflow:hidden;font-size:4px;vertical-align:top">  </div> </td> <td style="padding:0 0.4em" align="right">7%</td> </tr> <tr style="line-height:100%"> <td rowspan="2" style="padding:0 0.4em">Migration status unknown</td> <td style="padding:0 0.4em;vertical-align:bottom" align="right">2021</td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;vertical-align:bottom"> <div style="height:8px;width:1%;padding:0;margin:0;background:Grey;color:Grey;overflow:hidden;font-size:4px;">  </div> </td> <td style="padding:0 0.4em;vertical-align:bottom" align="right">1%</td> <td rowspan="2" style="width:3em;padding:0 0.4em" align="center">+1%</td> </tr> <tr style="line-height:100%"> <td style="padding:0 0.4em" align="right">2012</td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"> <div style="height:8px;width:0%;padding:0;margin:1px 0 4px; background:LightGrey;color:Grey;overflow:hidden;font-size:4px;vertical-align:top">  </div> </td> <td style="padding:0 0.4em" align="right">0%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> In common with other developed countries, the Swiss population increased rapidly during the industrial era, quadrupling between 1800 and 1990, and it has continued to grow. The population is about 9 million (2023 est.).<a href="#cite_note-219">[207]</a> Population growth is projected to continue to 2035, due mostly to immigration. Like most of Europe, Switzerland faces an <a href="/wiki/Aging_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging population">ageing population</a>, with a fertility rate close to <a href="/wiki/Replacement_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Replacement fertility rate">replacement level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[208]</a> Switzerland has one of the world's oldest populations, with an average age of 44.5 years.<a href="#cite_note-WorldFactbook-221">[209]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="World Factbook">World Factbook</a>, ethnic groups in Switzerland are as follows: Swiss 69.2%, German 4.2%, Italian 3.2%, Portuguese 2.5%, French 2.1%, Kosovan 1.1%, Turkish 1%, other 16.7% (2020 est).<a href="#cite_note-WorldFactbook-221">[209]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> figures suggest a population of around 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> in the country.<a href="#cite_note-222">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Switzerland" title="Immigration to Switzerland">Immigration to Switzerland</a></div> As of 2023, resident foreigners made up 26.3% of Switzerland's population.<a href="#cite_note-20min.ch-20">[14]</a> Most of these (83%) were from European countries. Italy provided the largest single group of foreigners, providing 14.7% of total foreign population, followed closely by Germany (14.0%), Portugal (11.7%), France (6.6%), Kosovo (5.1%), Spain (3.9%), Turkey (3.1%), <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> (3.1%), Serbia (2.8%), Austria (2.0%), United Kingdom (1.9%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1.3%) and Croatia (1.3%). Immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (1.3%), most of them former <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil">Tamil</a> refugees, were the largest group of Asian origin (7.9%).<a href="#cite_note-223">[211]</a> 2021 figures show that 39.5% (compared to 34.7% in 2012) of the permanent resident population aged 15 or over (around 2.89 million), had an immigrant background. 38% of the population with an immigrant background (1.1 million) held Swiss citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-224">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[213]</a> In the 2000s, domestic and international institutions expressed concern about what was perceived as an increase in <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>. In reply to one critical report, the Federal Council noted that "racism unfortunately is present in Switzerland", but stated that the high proportion of foreign citizens in the country, as well as the generally successful integration of foreigners, underlined Switzerland's openness.<a href="#cite_note-226">[214]</a> A follow-up study conducted in 2018 reported that 59% considered <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Switzerland#Racism" title="Immigration to Switzerland">racism a serious problem in Switzerland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[215]</a> The proportion of the population that claimed to have been targeted by racial discrimination increased from 10% in 2014 to almost 17% in 2018, according to the Federal Statistical Office.<a href="#cite_note-228">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Switzerland" title="List of cities in Switzerland">List of cities in Switzerland</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Switzerland" title="Template:Largest cities of Switzerland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Switzerland" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Switzerland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Switzerland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in Switzerland">towns</a> in Switzerland <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO), Neuchâtel, 2020<a href="#cite_note-Stat2020_BE-229">[217]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Switzerland" title="List of cities in Switzerland">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Canton</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Switzerland" title="List of cities in Switzerland">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Canton</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Altstadt_Z%C3%BCrich_2015_(Zuschnitt).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zurich"><img alt="Zurich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Altstadt_Z%C3%BCrich_2015_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg/120px-Altstadt_Z%C3%BCrich_2015_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Altstadt_Z%C3%BCrich_2015_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg/180px-Altstadt_Z%C3%BCrich_2015_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Altstadt_Z%C3%BCrich_2015_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg/240px-Altstadt_Z%C3%BCrich_2015_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7273" data-file-height="4991" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Geneve_2005_001_Ork.ch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geneva"><img alt="Geneva" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Geneve_2005_001_Ork.ch.jpg/120px-Geneve_2005_001_Ork.ch.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Geneve_2005_001_Ork.ch.jpg/180px-Geneve_2005_001_Ork.ch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Geneve_2005_001_Ork.ch.jpg/240px-Geneve_2005_001_Ork.ch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3624" data-file-height="2368" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">Zurich</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">421,878</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thun" title="Thun">Thun</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">43,476 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Basel_-_M%C3%BCnsterpfalz1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basel"><img alt="Basel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basel_-_M%C3%BCnsterpfalz1.jpg/120px-Basel_-_M%C3%BCnsterpfalz1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basel_-_M%C3%BCnsterpfalz1.jpg/180px-Basel_-_M%C3%BCnsterpfalz1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basel_-_M%C3%BCnsterpfalz1.jpg/240px-Basel_-_M%C3%BCnsterpfalz1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8904" data-file-height="4568" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blick_auf_Lausanne.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lausanne"><img alt="Lausanne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Blick_auf_Lausanne.JPG/120px-Blick_auf_Lausanne.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Blick_auf_Lausanne.JPG/180px-Blick_auf_Lausanne.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Blick_auf_Lausanne.JPG/240px-Blick_auf_Lausanne.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Geneva</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">203,856</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Ticino" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Ticino">Ticino</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">43,360 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">Basel-Stadt</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">178,120</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6niz" title="Köniz">Köniz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">42,388 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Vaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Vaud">Vaud</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">140,202</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/La_Chaux-de-Fonds" title="La Chaux-de-Fonds">La Chaux-de-Fonds</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuchatel" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Neuchatel">Neuchâtel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">36,915 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">134,794</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Fribourg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">38,039 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Winterthur" title="Winterthur">Winterthur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">Zurich</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">114,220</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">36,952 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">Luzern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">82,620</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vernier,_Switzerland" title="Vernier, Switzerland">Vernier</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Geneva</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">34,898 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">76,213</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Graubünden">Graubünden</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">36,336 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Ticino" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Ticino">Ticino</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">62,315</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Valais" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Valais">Valais</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">34,978 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Biel/Bienne" title="Biel/Bienne">Biel/Bienne</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,206</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uster" title="Uster">Uster</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">Zurich</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">35,337 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages of Switzerland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Schweizer_Sprachgebiete_2017.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Karte_Schweizer_Sprachgebiete_2017.png/220px-Karte_Schweizer_Sprachgebiete_2017.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Karte_Schweizer_Sprachgebiete_2017.png/330px-Karte_Schweizer_Sprachgebiete_2017.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Karte_Schweizer_Sprachgebiete_2017.png/440px-Karte_Schweizer_Sprachgebiete_2017.png 2x" data-file-width="4133" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>National languages in Switzerland (2016):<a href="#cite_note-LangStat-230">[218]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  German (62.8%)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  French (22.9%)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Italian (8.2%)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> (0.5%)</div></figcaption></figure> Switzerland has four <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national languages</a>: mainly German (spoken natively by 62.8% of the population in 2016); French (22.9%) spoken natively in the west; and Italian (8.2%) spoken natively in the south.<a href="#cite_note-231">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-LangStat-230">[218]</a> The fourth national language, <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> (0.5%), is a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> spoken locally in the southeastern trilingual <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Grisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Grisons">canton of Grisons</a>, and is designated by Article 4 of the Federal Constitution as a national language along with German, French, and Italian. In Article 70 it is mentioned as an official language if the authorities communicate with persons who speak Romansh. However, federal laws and other official acts do not need to be decreed in Romansh. In 2016, the languages most spoken at home among permanent residents aged 15 and older were <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a> (59.4%), French (23.5%), <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> (10.6%), and Italian (8.5%). Other languages spoken at home included English (5.0%), <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (3.8%), <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> (3.0%), Spanish (2.6%) and <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbian and Croatian</a> (2.5%). 6.9% reported speaking another language at home.<a href="#cite_note-232">[220]</a> In 2014 almost two-thirds (64.4%) of the permanent resident population indicated speaking more than one language regularly.<a href="#cite_note-233">[221]</a> The federal government is obliged to communicate in the official languages, and in the federal parliament simultaneous translation is provided from and into German, French and Italian.<a href="#cite_note-234">[222]</a> Aside from the official forms of their respective languages, the four linguistic regions of Switzerland also have local dialectal forms. The role played by dialects in each linguistic region varies dramatically: in German-speaking regions, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a> dialects have become more prevalent since the second half of the 20th century, especially in the media, and are used as an everyday language for many, while the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss variety of Standard German</a> is almost always used instead of dialect for written communication (c.f. <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossic usage of a language</a>).<a href="#cite_note-dialhls-235">[223]</a> Conversely, in the French-speaking regions, local <a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a> dialects have almost disappeared (only 6.3% of the population of Valais, 3.9% of Fribourg, and 3.1% of Jura still spoke dialects at the end of the 20th century), while in the Italian-speaking regions, the use of <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> dialects is mostly limited to family settings and casual conversation.<a href="#cite_note-dialhls-235">[223]</a> The principal official languages have terms not used outside of Switzerland, known as <a href="/wiki/Helvetism" title="Helvetism">Helvetisms</a>. German Helvetisms are, roughly speaking, a large group of words typical of <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a> that do not appear in <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a>, nor in other German dialects. These include terms from Switzerland's surrounding language cultures (German Billett<a href="#cite_note-236">[224]</a> from French), from similar terms in another language (Italian azione used not only as act but also as discount from German Aktion).<a href="#cite_note-CHDuden-237">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss French</a>, while generally close to the French of France, also contains some Helvetisms. The most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms are in vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation, although certain Helvetisms denote themselves as special in syntax and <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duden" title="Duden">Duden</a>, the comprehensive German dictionary, contains about 3000 Helvetisms.<a href="#cite_note-CHDuden-237">[225]</a> Current French dictionaries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Larousse" title="Petit Larousse">Petit Larousse</a>, include several hundred Helvetisms; notably, Swiss French uses different terms than that of France for the numbers 70 (septante) and 90 (nonante) and often 80 (huitante) as well.<a href="#cite_note-238">[226]</a> Learning one of the other national languages is compulsory for all Swiss pupils, hence many Swiss are supposed to be at least <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">bilingual</a>, especially those belonging to linguistic minority groups.<a href="#cite_note-239">[227]</a> Because the largest part of Switzerland is German-speaking, many French, Italian, and Romansh speakers migrating to the rest of Switzerland and the children of those non-German-speaking Swiss born within the rest of Switzerland speak German. While learning one of the other national languages at school is important, most Swiss learn English to communicate with Swiss speakers of other languages, as it is perceived as a neutral means of communication. English often functions as the de facto <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Switzerland" title="Health in Switzerland">Health in Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Switzerland" title="Healthcare in Switzerland">Healthcare in Switzerland</a></div> Swiss residents are required to buy <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a> from private insurance companies, which in turn are required to accept every applicant. While the cost of the system is among the highest, its health outcomes compare well with other European countries; patients have been reported as in general, highly satisfied with it.<a href="#cite_note-241">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[231]</a> In 2012, life expectancy at birth was 80.4 years for men and 84.7 years for women<a href="#cite_note-244">[232]</a> – the world's highest.<a href="#cite_note-245">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[234]</a> However, spending on health at 11.4% of GDP (2010) is on par with Germany and France (11.6%) and other European countries, but notably less than the US (17.6%).<a href="#cite_note-247">[235]</a> From 1990, costs steadily increased.<a href="#cite_note-248">[236]</a> It is estimated that one out of six Swiss persons suffers from <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[237]</a> According to a survey conducted by Addiction Switzerland, fourteen per cent of men and 6.5% of women between 20 and 24 reported <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Switzerland" title="Cannabis in Switzerland">consuming cannabis</a> in the past 30 days in 2020, and 4 Swiss cities were listed among the top 10 European cities for <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">cocaine use</a> as measured in wastewater, down from 5 in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-250">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Culture of Switzerland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Music of Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_folklore" title="Swiss folklore">Swiss folklore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alpine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine culture">Alpine culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vals06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Vals06.JPG/220px-Vals06.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Vals06.JPG/330px-Vals06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Vals06.JPG/440px-Vals06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alphorn" title="Alphorn">Alphorn</a> concert in <a href="/wiki/Vals,_Switzerland" title="Vals, Switzerland">Vals</a></figcaption></figure> Swiss culture is characterised by diversity, which is reflected in diverse traditional customs.<a href="#cite_note-FDFA-Culture-252">[240]</a> A region may be in some ways culturally connected to the neighbouring country that shares its language, all rooted in western <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[241]</a> The linguistically isolated <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> culture in <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a> in eastern Switzerland constitutes an exception. It survives only in the upper valleys of the Rhine and the Inn and strives to maintain its rare linguistic tradition. Switzerland is home to notable contributors to literature, art, architecture, music and sciences. In addition, the country attracted creatives during times of unrest or war.<a href="#cite_note-254">[242]</a> Some 1000 museums are found in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FDFA-Culture-252">[240]</a> Among the most important cultural performances held annually are the <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A9o_Festival" title="Paléo Festival">Paléo Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucerne_Festival" title="Lucerne Festival">Lucerne Festival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-255">[243]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Montreux_Jazz_Festival" title="Montreux Jazz Festival">Montreux Jazz Festival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-256">[244]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Locarno_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Locarno International Film Festival">Locarno International Film Festival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_Basel" title="Art Basel">Art Basel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[245]</a> Alpine symbolism played an essential role in shaping Swiss history and the Swiss national identity.<a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-2004-29">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[246]</a> Many alpine areas and <a href="/wiki/Ski_resort" title="Ski resort">ski resorts</a> attract visitors for <a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">winter sports</a> as well as hiking and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">mountain biking</a> in summer. The quieter seasons are spring and autumn. A traditional pastoral culture predominates in many areas, and small farms are omnipresent in rural areas. Folk art is nurtured in organisations across the country. Switzerland most directly in appears in music, dance, poetry, wood carving, and embroidery. The <a href="/wiki/Alphorn" title="Alphorn">alphorn</a>, a trumpet-like musical instrument made of wood has joined <a href="/wiki/Yodel" class="mw-redirect" title="Yodel">yodeling</a> and the accordion as epitomes of traditional <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Swiss music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Religion in Switzerland</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1221.5448675752px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1057.8894993406px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 791.58150883059px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 606.67925626074px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 181.89932472811px; border-left-color:WhiteSmoke"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:WhiteSmoke"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:WhiteSmoke"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:71.153567720929px 70.264996979885px 0 0; border-top-color:Turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Turquoise"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:69.816541899347px 71.593648302183px 0 0; border-top-color:#AFDBF5"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#AFDBF5"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:69.365330581281px 72.030902488791px 0 0; border-top-color:Orchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:56.726894912676px 82.353259762843px 0 0; border-top-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:42.008572841181px 90.748442454112px 0 0; border-top-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 67.045312531323px 100px 0; border-right-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Switzerland (age 15+, 2018–2020):<a href="#cite_note-RelOverview2020-261">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-national-survey-262">[m]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Switzerland" title="Catholic Church in Switzerland">Roman Catholicism</a> (34.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_Switzerland" title="Protestant Church of Switzerland">Swiss Protestantism</a> (22.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Other Protestants</a> (2.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> (2.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christian_Catholic_Church_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland">Old Catholics</a> (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other Christians (0.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Unaffiliated</a> (29.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Islam</a> (5.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Switzerland" title="Hinduism in Switzerland">Hinduism</a> (0.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Buddhism</a> (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Switzerland">Judaism</a> (0.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other religions (0.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Undetermined (1.1%)</div> </div> </div></div> Christianity is the predominant religion according to national surveys of Swiss Federal Statistical Office<a href="#cite_note-national-survey-262">[m]</a> (about 67% of resident population in 2016–2018<a href="#cite_note-SFOReligions-4">[3]</a> and 75% of Swiss citizens<a href="#cite_note-264">[251]</a>), divided between the Catholic Church (35.8% of the population), the Swiss Reformed Church (23.8%), further <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> churches (2.2%), <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (2.5%), and other Christian denominations (2.2%).<a href="#cite_note-SFOReligions-4">[3]</a> Switzerland has no official <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, though most of the <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a> (except <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Geneva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>) recognise official churches, either the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Switzerland">Catholic Church</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformed Church">Swiss Reformed Church</a>. These churches, and in some cantons the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a> and Jewish congregations, are financed by official taxation of members.<a href="#cite_note-265">[252]</a> In 2020, the Roman Catholic Church had 3,048,475 registered and <a href="/wiki/Church_tax" title="Church tax">church tax</a> paying members (corresponding to 35.2% of the total population), while the Swiss Reformed Church had 2,015,816 members (23.3% of the total population).<a href="#cite_note-266">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-church-membership-267">[n]</a> 26.3% of Swiss permanent residents are not affiliated with a religious community.<a href="#cite_note-SFOReligions-4">[3]</a> As of 2020, according to a national survey conducted by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office,<a href="#cite_note-national-survey-262">[m]</a> Christian minority communities included Neo-<a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> (0.5%), <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> (0.4%, mostly incorporated in the <a href="/wiki/Schweizer_Pfingstmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Schweizer Pfingstmission">Schweizer Pfingstmission</a>), <a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">Apostolic communities</a> (0.3%), other Protestant denominations (1.1%, including <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a> (0.1%), other Christian denominations (0.3%). Non-Christian religions are <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Islam</a> (5.3%),<a href="#cite_note-SFOReligions-4">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (0.6%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.5%), Judaism (0.25%) and others (0.4%).<a href="#cite_note-RelOverview2020-261">[249]</a> Historically, the country was about evenly balanced between Catholic and Protestant, in a complex patchwork. During the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> Switzerland became home to many <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">reformers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> converted to Protestantism in 1536, just before <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> arrived. In 1541, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Geneva" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Geneva">Republic of Geneva</a> on his own ideals. It became known internationally as the Protestant Rome and housed such reformers as <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Farel" title="William Farel">William Farel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Viret" title="Pierre Viret">Pierre Viret</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a> <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Zurich" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation in Zurich">became</a> another reform stronghold around the same time, with <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a> taking the lead. Anabaptists <a href="/wiki/Felix_Manz" title="Felix Manz">Felix Manz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Conrad Grebel</a> also operated there. They were later joined by the fleeing <a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli" title="Peter Martyr Vermigli">Peter Martyr Vermigli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Denck" title="Hans Denck">Hans Denck</a>. Other centres included <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Oecolampadius" title="Johannes Oecolampadius">Johannes Oecolampadius</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berchtold_Haller" title="Berchtold Haller">Berchtold Haller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Manuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Niklaus Manuel">Niklaus Manuel</a>), and <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joachim_Vadian" title="Joachim Vadian">Joachim Vadian</a>). One canton, Appenzell, was officially divided into Catholic and Protestant sections in 1597. The larger cities and their cantons (Bern, Geneva, Lausanne, Zurich and Basel) used to be predominantly Protestant. <a href="/wiki/Central_Switzerland" title="Central Switzerland">Central Switzerland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhodes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">Jura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Fribourg</a> are traditionally Catholic. The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Constitution">Swiss Constitution</a> of 1848, under the recent impression of the clashes of Catholic vs Protestant cantons that culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Sonderbundskrieg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonderbundskrieg">Sonderbundskrieg</a>, consciously defines a <a href="/wiki/Consociational_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Consociational state">consociational state</a>, allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A 1980 initiative calling for the complete <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a> was rejected by 78.9% of the voters.<a href="#cite_note-268">[254]</a> Some traditionally Protestant cantons and cities nowadays have a slight Catholic majority, because since about 1970 a steadily growing minority were not affiliated with any religious body (21.4% in Switzerland, 2012) especially in traditionally Protestant regions, such as Basel-City (42%), canton of Neuchâtel (38%), canton of Geneva (35%), canton of Vaud (26%), or Zurich city (city: >25%; canton: 23%).<a href="#cite_note-269">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Switzerland">Literature of Switzerland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_(painted_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg/170px-Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg/255px-Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg/340px-Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> was not only a writer but also an influential philosopher of the eighteenth century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> The earliest forms of literature were in German, reflecting the language's early predominance. In the 18th century, French became fashionable in Bern and elsewhere, while the influence of the French-speaking allies and subject lands increased.<a href="#cite_note-270">[256]</a> Among the classic authors of Swiss literature are <a href="/wiki/Jeremias_Gotthelf" title="Jeremias Gotthelf">Jeremias Gotthelf</a> (1797–1854) and <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Keller" title="Gottfried Keller">Gottfried Keller</a> (1819–1890); later writers are <a href="/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch">Max Frisch</a> (1911–1991) and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a> (1921–1990), whose Das Versprechen (<a href="/wiki/The_Pledge:_Requiem_for_the_Detective_Novel" title="The Pledge: Requiem for the Detective Novel">The Pledge</a>) was released as a Hollywood film in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Literature-271">[257]</a> Famous French-speaking writers were <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> (1712–1778) and <a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Germaine de Staël</a> (1766–1817). More recent authors include <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand_Ramuz" title="Charles Ferdinand Ramuz">Charles Ferdinand Ramuz</a> (1878–1947), whose novels describe the lives of peasants and mountain dwellers, set in a harsh environment, and <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Blaise Cendrars</a> (born Frédéric Sauser, 1887–1961).<a href="#cite_note-Literature-271">[257]</a> Italian and Romansh-speaking authors also contributed to the Swiss literary landscape, generally in proportion to their number. Probably the most famous Swiss literary creation, <a href="/wiki/Heidi" title="Heidi">Heidi</a>, the story of an orphan girl who lives with her grandfather in the Alps, is one of the most popular children's books and has come to be a symbol of Switzerland. Her creator, <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Spyri" title="Johanna Spyri">Johanna Spyri</a> (1827–1901), wrote a number of books on similar themes.<a href="#cite_note-Literature-271">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Switzerland">Media of Switzerland</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Switzerland">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a> and the right to <a href="/wiki/Free_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Free expression">free expression</a> is guaranteed in the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Media-272">[258]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Schweizerische_Depeschenagentur" class="mw-redirect" title="Schweizerische Depeschenagentur">Swiss News Agency</a> (SNA) broadcasts information in three of the four national languages—on politics, economics, society and culture. The SNA supplies almost all Swiss media and foreign media with its reporting.<a href="#cite_note-Media-272">[258]</a> In Switzerland, the most influential newspapers include the German-language <a href="/wiki/Tages-Anzeiger" title="Tages-Anzeiger">Tages-Anzeiger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung" title="Neue Zürcher Zeitung">Neue Zürcher Zeitung</a>, as well as the French-language <a href="/wiki/Le_Temps" title="Le Temps">Le Temps</a>. Additionally, almost every city has at least one local newspaper published in the predominant local language.<a href="#cite_note-273">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[260]</a> The government exerts greater control over broadcast media than print media, especially due to financing and licensing.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, whose name was recently changed to <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Swiss Broadcasting Corporation">SRG SSR</a>, is charged with the production and distribution of radio and television content. SRG SSR studios are distributed across the various language regions. Radio content is produced in six central and four regional studios while video media are produced in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a>. An extensive cable network allows most Swiss to access content from neighbouring countries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Switzerland" title="Sport in Switzerland">Sport in Switzerland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allalinhorn_4027_2007_04_17.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Allalinhorn_4027_2007_04_17.JPG/220px-Allalinhorn_4027_2007_04_17.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Allalinhorn_4027_2007_04_17.JPG/330px-Allalinhorn_4027_2007_04_17.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Allalinhorn_4027_2007_04_17.JPG/440px-Allalinhorn_4027_2007_04_17.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Ski area over the glaciers of <a href="/wiki/Saas-Fee" title="Saas-Fee">Saas-Fee</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">Skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a> are among the most popular sports, reflecting the nature of the country<a href="#cite_note-275">[261]</a> Winter sports are practised by natives and visitors. The <a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh">bobsleigh</a> was invented in <a href="/wiki/St._Moritz" title="St. Moritz">St. Moritz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[262]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/FIS_Alpine_World_Ski_Championships" title="FIS Alpine World Ski Championships">world ski championships</a> were held in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCrren" title="Mürren">Mürren</a> (1931) and St. Moritz (1934). The latter town hosted the <a href="/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics" title="1928 Winter Olympics">second Winter Olympic Games</a> in 1928 and the <a href="/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics" title="1948 Winter Olympics">fifth edition</a> in 1948. Among its most successful skiers and world champions are <a href="/wiki/Pirmin_Zurbriggen" title="Pirmin Zurbriggen">Pirmin Zurbriggen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Didier_Cuche" title="Didier Cuche">Didier Cuche</a>. The most prominently watched sports in Switzerland are <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Switzerland" title="Football in Switzerland">football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schweizerischer_Eishockeyverband" class="mw-redirect" title="Schweizerischer Eishockeyverband">ice hockey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[263]</a> The headquarters of the international football's and ice hockey's governing bodies, the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Association_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="International Federation of Association Football">International Federation of Association Football</a> (FIFA) and <a href="/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation" title="International Ice Hockey Federation">International Ice Hockey Federation</a> (IIHF) are located in Zurich. Many other headquarters of international sports federations are located in Switzerland. For example, the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC), IOC's <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Museum" title="Olympic Museum">Olympic Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Arbitration_for_Sport" title="Court of Arbitration for Sport">Court of Arbitration for Sport</a> (CAS) are located in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>. Switzerland hosted the <a href="/wiki/1954_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1954 FIFA World Cup">1954 FIFA World Cup</a> and was the joint host, with Austria, of the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2008" title="UEFA Euro 2008">UEFA Euro 2008</a> tournament. The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Super_League" title="Swiss Super League">Swiss Super League</a> is the nation's professional football club league. Europe's highest football pitch, at 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, is located in Switzerland, the Ottmar Hitzfeld Stadium.<a href="#cite_note-278">[264]</a> Many Swiss follow <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> and support one of the 12 teams of the <a href="/wiki/National_League_(ice_hockey)" title="National League (ice hockey)">National League</a>, which is the most attended league in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-279">[265]</a> In 2009, Switzerland hosted the <a href="/wiki/2009_IIHF_World_Championship" title="2009 IIHF World Championship">IIHF World Championship</a> for the tenth time.<a href="#cite_note-280">[266]</a> It also became <a href="/wiki/2013_IIHF_World_Championship" title="2013 IIHF World Championship">World Vice-Champion</a> in 2013 and 2018. Its numerous lakes make Switzerland an attractive sailing destination. The largest, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a>, is the home of the sailing team <a href="/wiki/Alinghi" title="Alinghi">Alinghi</a> which was the first European team to win the <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Cup" title="America's Cup">America's Cup</a> in 2003 and which successfully defended the title in 2007. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Federer_(26_June_2009,_Wimbledon)_2_new.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roger_Federer_%2826_June_2009%2C_Wimbledon%29_2_new.jpg/170px-Roger_Federer_%2826_June_2009%2C_Wimbledon%29_2_new.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roger_Federer_%2826_June_2009%2C_Wimbledon%29_2_new.jpg/255px-Roger_Federer_%2826_June_2009%2C_Wimbledon%29_2_new.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roger_Federer_%2826_June_2009%2C_Wimbledon%29_2_new.jpg/340px-Roger_Federer_%2826_June_2009%2C_Wimbledon%29_2_new.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="2695" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roger_Federer" title="Roger Federer">Roger Federer</a> has won 20 Grand Slam singles titles, making him among the most successful men's tennis players ever.<a href="#cite_note-281">[267]</a></figcaption></figure>Swiss tennis player <a href="/wiki/Roger_Federer" title="Roger Federer">Roger Federer</a> is widely regarded as among the sport's greatest players. He won 20 <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tournaments overall including a record 8 <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a> titles. He won six <a href="/wiki/ATP_Finals" title="ATP Finals">ATP Finals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[268]</a> He was ranked no. 1 in the <a href="/wiki/ATP_rankings" title="ATP rankings">ATP rankings</a> for a record 237 consecutive weeks. He ended 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and <a href="/wiki/2009_ATP_World_Tour" title="2009 ATP World Tour">2009</a> ranked no. 1. Fellow Swiss players <a href="/wiki/Martina_Hingis" title="Martina Hingis">Martina Hingis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stan_Wawrinka" title="Stan Wawrinka">Stan Wawrinka</a> also won multiple Grand Slam titles. Switzerland won the <a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a> title in 2014. <a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">Motorsport</a> racecourses and events were banned in Switzerland following the <a href="/wiki/1955_Le_Mans_disaster" title="1955 Le Mans disaster">1955 Le Mans disaster</a> with exceptions for events such as <a href="/wiki/Hillclimbing" title="Hillclimbing">hillclimbing</a>. The country continued to produce successful racing drivers such as <a href="/wiki/Clay_Regazzoni" title="Clay Regazzoni">Clay Regazzoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Buemi" title="Sébastien Buemi">Sébastien Buemi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo_Siffert" title="Jo Siffert">Jo Siffert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Aegerter" title="Dominique Aegerter">Dominique Aegerter</a>, successful <a href="/wiki/World_Touring_Car_Championship" title="World Touring Car Championship">World Touring Car Championship</a> driver <a href="/wiki/Alain_Menu" title="Alain Menu">Alain Menu</a>, <a href="/wiki/2014_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="2014 24 Hours of Le Mans">2014 24 Hours of Le Mans</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Marcel_F%C3%A4ssler_(racing_driver)" title="Marcel Fässler (racing driver)">Marcel Fässler</a> and 2015 <a href="/wiki/24_Hours_N%C3%BCrburgring" class="mw-redirect" title="24 Hours Nürburgring">24 Hours Nürburgring</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Nico_M%C3%BCller" title="Nico Müller">Nico Müller</a>. <a href="/wiki/A1_Team_Switzerland" title="A1 Team Switzerland">Switzerland</a> also won the <a href="/wiki/A1_Grand_Prix" title="A1 Grand Prix">A1GP World Cup of Motorsport</a> in <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_A1_Grand_Prix_season" title="2007–08 A1 Grand Prix season">2007–08</a> with driver <a href="/wiki/Neel_Jani" title="Neel Jani">Neel Jani</a>. Swiss <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_racer" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorcycle racer">motorcycle racer</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L%C3%BCthi" title="Thomas Lüthi">Thomas Lüthi</a> won the 2005 <a href="/wiki/MotoGP" class="mw-redirect" title="MotoGP">MotoGP</a> World Championship in the 125cc category. In June 2007 the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss National Council">Swiss National Council</a>, one house of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Assembly of Switzerland">Federal Assembly of Switzerland</a>, voted to overturn the ban, however the other house, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Council_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Council of States">Swiss Council of States</a> rejected the change and the ban remains in place.<a href="#cite_note-283">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[270]</a> Traditional sports include Swiss wrestling or Schwingen, a tradition from the rural central cantons and considered the national sport by some. <a href="/wiki/Hornussen" title="Hornussen">Hornussen</a> is another indigenous Swiss sport, which is like a cross between baseball and golf.<a href="#cite_note-285">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steinstossen" title="Steinstossen">Steinstossen</a> is the Swiss variant of <a href="/wiki/Stone_put" title="Stone put">stone put</a>, a competition in throwing a heavy stone. Practised only among the alpine population since <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric times</a>, it is recorded to have taken place in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> in the 13th century. It is central to the <a href="/wiki/Unspunnenfest" title="Unspunnenfest">Unspunnenfest</a>, first held in 1805, with its symbol the 83.5 stone named Unspunnenstein.<a href="#cite_note-286">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culinary_Heritage_of_Switzerland" title="Culinary Heritage of Switzerland">Culinary Heritage of Switzerland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_cheese_fondue_set_-_in_Switzerland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Full_cheese_fondue_set_-_in_Switzerland.JPG/220px-Full_cheese_fondue_set_-_in_Switzerland.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Full_cheese_fondue_set_-_in_Switzerland.JPG/330px-Full_cheese_fondue_set_-_in_Switzerland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Full_cheese_fondue_set_-_in_Switzerland.JPG/440px-Full_cheese_fondue_set_-_in_Switzerland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fondue" title="Fondue">Fondue</a> is melted cheese, into which bread is dipped.</figcaption></figure> The cuisine is multifaceted. While dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Fondue" title="Fondue">fondue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raclette" title="Raclette">raclette</a> or <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6sti" title="Rösti">rösti</a> are omnipresent, each region developed its gastronomy according to the varieties of climate and language, for example, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrcher_Geschnetzeltes" title="Zürcher Geschnetzeltes">Zürcher Geschnetzeltes</a>, engl.: sliced meat Zurich style.<a href="#cite_note-287">[273]</a> Traditional Swiss cuisine uses ingredients similar to those in other European countries, as well as unique <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a> and cheeses such as <a href="/wiki/Gruy%C3%A8re_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruyère (cheese)">Gruyère</a> or <a href="/wiki/Emmental_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmental (cheese)">Emmental</a>, produced in the valleys of <a href="/wiki/Gruy%C3%A8res" title="Gruyères">Gruyères</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emmental" title="Emmental">Emmental</a>. The number of fine-dining establishments is high, particularly in western Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-288">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_chocolate" title="Swiss chocolate">Chocolate</a> has been made in Switzerland since the 18th century. Its reputation grew at the end of the 19th century with the invention of modern techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Conching" title="Conching">conching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tempering_chocolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempering chocolate">tempering</a>, which enabled higher quality. Another breakthrough was the invention of solid milk chocolate in 1875 by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Peter" title="Daniel Peter">Daniel Peter</a>. The Swiss are the world's largest chocolate consumers.<a href="#cite_note-290">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[277]</a> The most popular alcoholic drink is wine. Switzerland is notable for its variety of grape varieties, reflecting the large variations in <a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroirs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swiss_wine" title="Swiss wine">Swiss wine</a> is produced mainly in <a href="/wiki/Valais_(wine_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valais (wine region)">Valais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Vaud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lavaux" title="Lavaux">Lavaux</a>), <a href="/wiki/Geneva_(wine_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva (wine region)">Geneva</a> and Ticino, with a small majority of white wines. Vineyards have been cultivated in Switzerland since the Roman era, even though traces of a more ancient origin can be found. The most widespread varieties are the <a href="/wiki/Chasselas" title="Chasselas">Chasselas</a> (called <a href="/wiki/Fendant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fendant">Fendant</a> in Valais) and <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot Noir</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a> is the main variety produced in Ticino.<a href="#cite_note-292">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/28px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/56px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Switzerland portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Switzerland-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Switzerland-related articles">Index of Switzerland-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Outline of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland_since_1914" title="History of Switzerland since 1914">History of Switzerland since 1914</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fedcit-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fedcit_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fedcit_1-1">b</a> Bern is referred to as "federal city" (German: Bundesstadt; French: ville fédérale; Italian: città federale; Romansh: citad federala). Swiss law does not designate a capital as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (<a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a> a.o.). </li> <li id="cite_note-rütlischwur-7"><a href="#cite_ref-rütlischwur_7-0">^</a> Traditional date. The original date of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCtli_Oath" title="Rütli Oath">Rütli Oath</a> was 1307 (reported by <a href="/wiki/Aegidius_Tschudi" title="Aegidius Tschudi">Aegidius Tschudi</a> in the 16th century) and is just one among several comparable treaties between more or less the same parties during that period. The date of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter of 1291</a> was selected in 1891 for the official celebration of the "Confederacy's 600th anniversary". </li> <li id="cite_note-federal_constitution-8"><a href="#cite_ref-federal_constitution_8-0">^</a> A solemn declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Tagsatzung" title="Tagsatzung">Tagsatzung</a> declared the Federal Constitution adopted on 12 September 1848. A resolution of the Tagsatzung of 14 September 1848 specified that the powers of the institutions provided for by the 1815 Federal Treaty would expire at the time of the constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a>, which took place on 16 November 1848. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Schweiz <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʃvaɪts]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3c\/De-Schweiz2.ogg\/De-Schweiz2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Schweiz2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/De-Schweiz2.ogg/De-Schweiz2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Schweiz2.ogg" title="File:De-Schweiz2.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Suisse <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[sɥis]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/82\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-0x010C-Suisse.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-0x010C-Suisse.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-0x010C-Suisse.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-0x010C-Suisse.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-0x010C-Suisse.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-0x010C-Suisse.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-0x010C-Suisse.wav">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Svizzera <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈzvittsera]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/17\/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-XANA000-Svizzera.wav\/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-XANA000-Svizzera.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q652 (ita)-XANA000-Svizzera.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-XANA000-Svizzera.wav/LL-Q652_%28ita%29-XANA000-Svizzera.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q652_(ita)-XANA000-Svizzera.wav" title="File:LL-Q652 (ita)-XANA000-Svizzera.wav">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>: Svizra <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh" title="Help:IPA/Romansh">[ˈʒviːtsrɐ]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh" title="Help:IPA/Romansh">[ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Confédération suisse; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Confederazione Svizzera; <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>: Confederaziun svizra. </li> <li id="cite_note-CH_definition-18"><a href="#cite_ref-CH_definition_18-0">^</a> There are several definitions. See <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland#Western_or_Central_Europe" title="Geography of Switzerland">Geography of Switzerland#Western or Central Europe</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Centre-100"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Centre_100-0">^</a> Formerly the Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PCD), which merged with the BDP party to form the Centre party in 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-initiative_1999-105"><a href="#cite_ref-initiative_1999_105-0">^</a> Since 1999, an initiative can also be in the form of a general proposal to be elaborated by Parliament. Still, because it is considered less attractive for various reasons, this initiative has yet to be used </li> <li id="cite_note-majority_cantonal_votes-106"><a href="#cite_ref-majority_cantonal_votes_106-0">^</a> That is a majority of 23 cantonal votes because the result of the popular vote in the six traditional <a href="/wiki/Half-canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-canton">half-cantons</a> each counts as half the vote of one of the other cantons. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothschilds-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Rothschilds_149-0">^</a> Assumption made in the study: one third of the shares is "not allocable" and has been distributed equally among current regions. </li> <li id="cite_note-ETH_ranking-182"><a href="#cite_ref-ETH_ranking_182-0">^</a> In 2008, the ETH Zurich was ranked 15th in the field Natural Sciences and Mathematics by the <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities</a> and the EPFL in Lausanne was ranked 18th in the field Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences by the same ranking. </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel_prize-194"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel_prize_194-0">^</a> Nobel prizes in <a href="/wiki/Non-science" title="Non-science">non-science</a> categories included. </li> <li id="cite_note-national-survey-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-national-survey_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-national-survey_262-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-national-survey_262-2">c</a> Since 2010, statistics of religious affiliation in Switzerland provided by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office are based on a national structural survey of 200,000 people aged 15 years and older (corresponding to 2.5% of the total resident population). Data are <a href="/wiki/Extrapolation" title="Extrapolation">extrapolated</a> to obtain statistical results for the whole population (aged 15 years and older). These results are estimates subject to some degree of uncertainty indicated by a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence interval</a>, but by merging samples (pooling) from several years it is possible to get more accurate results, including total number of Protestants and information about minority religions. Note: The figures of the structural survey are not entirely comparable to data collection before 2010 based on census figures (counting every person living in Switzerland) or to annual official numbers of church members.<a href="#cite_note-263">[250]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-church-membership-267"><a href="#cite_ref-church-membership_267-0">^</a> Precise statistics about the membership of churches among the total population in Switzerland is only available for officially registered and <a href="/wiki/Church_tax" title="Church tax">church tax</a> paying members of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Switzerland" title="Catholic Church in Switzerland">Catholic Church in Switzerland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_Switzerland" title="Protestant Church of Switzerland">Protestant Church of Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Landeskirche" title="Landeskirche">Landeskirchen</a>). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bundesstadt-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bundesstadt_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bundesstadt_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bundesstadt_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bundesstadt_2-3">d</a> Georg Kreis: Federal city in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D10102.php">German</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F10102.php">French</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I10102.php">Italian</a> in the online <a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a>, 20 March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-deFacto-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deFacto_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deFacto_3-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHolenstein2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holenstein, André (2012). "Die Hauptstadt existiert nicht". UniPress – Forschung und Wissenschaft an der Universität Bern (scientific article) (in German). 152 (Sonderfall Hauptstatdtregion). Bern: Department Communication, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bern" title="University of Bern">University of Bern</a>: 16–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7892%2Fboris.41280">10.7892/boris.41280</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:178237847">178237847</a>. <q>Als 1848 ein politisch-administratives Zentrum für den neuen Bundesstaat zu bestimmen war, verzichteten die Verfassungsväter darauf, eine Hauptstadt der Schweiz zu bezeichnen und formulierten stattdessen in Artikel 108: "Alles, was sich auf den Sitz der Bundesbehörden bezieht, ist Gegenstand der Bundesgesetzgebung." Die Bundesstadt ist also nicht mehr und nicht weniger als der Sitz der Bundesbehörden.</q> [In 1848, when a political and administrative centre was being determined for the new federation, the founders of the constitution abstained from designating a capital city for Switzerland and instead formulated in Article 108: "Everything, which relates to seat of the authorities, is the subject of the federal legislation." The federal city is therefore no more and no less than the seat of the federal authorities.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UniPress+%E2%80%93+Forschung+und+Wissenschaft+an+der+Universit%C3%A4t+Bern&rft.atitle=Die+Hauptstadt+existiert+nicht&rft.volume=152+%28Sonderfall+Hauptstatdtregion%29&rft.pages=16-19&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7892%2Fboris.41280&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A178237847%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Holenstein&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFOReligions-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SFOReligions_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFOReligions_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFOReligions_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFOReligions_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFOReligions_4-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/population/languages-religions/religions.html">"Religions"</a>. Neuchâtel, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Statistical_Office_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Statistical Office (Switzerland)">Federal Statistical Office</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240912141034/https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/population/languages-religions/religions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2024. 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London: 637–665. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417598001686">10.1017/S0010417598001686</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146259022">146259022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+Natural+Identity%3A+Alpine+Landscape+and+the+Reconstruction+of+the+Swiss+Nation&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=637-665&rft.date=2004-01-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417598001686&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146259022%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lang, Josef (14 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/schweiz/standard/die-alpen-als-ideologie/story/22155483">"Die Alpen als Ideologie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tages-Anzeiger" title="Tages-Anzeiger">Tages-Anzeiger</a> (in German). 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Retrieved 15 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hls-dhs-dss.ch&rft.atitle=Confoederatio+helvetica+%28CH%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhls-dhs-dss.ch%2Farticles%2F009827%2F2020-09-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988">, Historical Lexicon of Switzerland. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Helvetia in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D16440.php">German</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F16440.php">French</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I16440.php">Italian</a> in the online <a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Early-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Early_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_40-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_40-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_40-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_40-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100419174957/http://www.swissworld.org/en/history/prehistory_to_romans/prehistoric_times/">"History"</a>. swissworld.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissworld.org/en/history/prehistory_to_romans/prehistoric_times/">the original</a> on 19 April 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swissworld.org.&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissworld.org%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fprehistory_to_romans%2Fprehistoric_times%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/switzerland-s-roman-heritage-comes-to-life/4707054">"Switzerland's Roman heritage comes to life"</a>. swissinfo.ch. 11 September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220915103928/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/switzerland-s-roman-heritage-comes-to-life/4707054">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swissinfo.ch&rft.atitle=Switzerland%27s+Roman+heritage+comes+to+life&rft.date=2005-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fswitzerland-s-roman-heritage-comes-to-life%2F4707054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrumm" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trumm, Judith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/012287/2015-04-22/">"Vindonissa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503210248/https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/012287/2015-04-22/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Switzerland&rft.atitle=Vindonissa&rft.aulast=Trumm&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhls-dhs-dss.ch%2Farticles%2F012287%2F2015-04-22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZschokkeZschokkeShaw1855" class="citation book cs1">Zschokke, Heinrich; Zschokke, Emil; Shaw, Francis George (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/historyswitzerl00zschgoog">The history of Switzerland, for the Swiss people</a>. New York Public Library. New York, C. S. Francis & Co.; London, S. Low, Son & Co. pp. 22–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Switzerland%2C+for+the+Swiss+people&rft.pages=22-24&rft.pub=New+York%2C+C.+S.+Francis+%26+Co.%3B+London%2C+S.+Low%2C+Son+%26+Co.&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Zschokke&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft.au=Zschokke%2C+Emil&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Francis+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryswitzerl00zschgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nationsencyclopedia-Hist-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nationsencyclopedia-Hist_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nationsencyclopedia-Hist_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nationsencyclopedia-Hist_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nationsencyclopedia-Hist_44-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301050628/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/Switzerland-HISTORY.html">"Switzerland history"</a>. Nations Encyclopedia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/Switzerland-HISTORY.html">the original</a> on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nations+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Switzerland+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationsencyclopedia.com%2FEurope%2FSwitzerland-HISTORY.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nationsonline-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nationsonline_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nationsonline_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nationsonline_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nationsonline_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nationsonline_45-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nationsonline_45-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nationsonline_45-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140508043011/http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/History/Switzerland-history.htm">"Brief History of Switzerland"</a>. Nations Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/History/Switzerland-history.htm">the original</a> on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nations+Online&rft.atitle=Brief+History+of+Switzerland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationsonline.org%2Foneworld%2FHistory%2FSwitzerland-history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreanias2004" class="citation book cs1">Greanias, Thomas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/255970548">Geschichte der Schweiz und der Schweizer</a>. Basel: Schwabe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7965-2067-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7965-2067-9"><bdi>978-3-7965-2067-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255970548">255970548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Schweiz+und+der+Schweizer&rft.place=Basel&rft.pub=Schwabe&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F255970548&rft.isbn=978-3-7965-2067-9&rft.aulast=Greanias&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F255970548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brief-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_47-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_47-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_47-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_47-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_47-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_47-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_47-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_47-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_47-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_47-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_47-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brief_47-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090626222448/http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/reps/ocea/vaus/infoch/chhist.html">"A Brief Survey of Swiss History"</a>. Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/reps/ocea/vaus/infoch/chhist.html">the original</a> on 26 June 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Survey+of+Swiss+History&rft.pub=Federal+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eda.admin.ch%2Feda%2Fen%2Fhome%2Freps%2Focea%2Fvaus%2Finfoch%2Fchhist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baselland.ch/themen/c_d/chronik-bl/chronik-1990er/chronik-1997/chronik-september-1997/downloads/bundesbrief-1501.pdf/@@download/file/bundesbrief-1501.pdf">"Der Basler Bundesbrief vom 9. Juni 1501"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514022408/https://www.baselland.ch/themen/c_d/chronik-bl/chronik-1990er/chronik-1997/chronik-september-1997/downloads/bundesbrief-1501.pdf/@@download/file/bundesbrief-1501.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Der+Basler+Bundesbrief+vom+9.+Juni+1501&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baselland.ch%2Fthemen%2Fc_d%2Fchronik-bl%2Fchronik-1990er%2Fchronik-1997%2Fchronik-september-1997%2Fdownloads%2Fbundesbrief-1501.pdf%2F%40%40download%2Ffile%2Fbundesbrief-1501.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE.Hofer" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">E.Hofer, Roland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/007388/2017-05-11/">"Schaffhausen (Kanton)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503210244/https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/007388/2017-05-11/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Switzerland&rft.atitle=Schaffhausen+%28Kanton%29&rft.aulast=E.Hofer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhls-dhs-dss.ch%2Farticles%2F007388%2F2017-05-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertholetKapossy2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bertholet, Auguste; Kapossy, Béla (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slatkine.com/fr/slatkine-reprints-erudition/75939-book-07102939-9782051029391.html">La Physiocratie et la Suisse</a> (in French). Geneva: Slatkine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782051029391" title="Special:BookSources/9782051029391"><bdi>9782051029391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Physiocratie+et+la+Suisse&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=Slatkine&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9782051029391&rft.aulast=Bertholet&rft.aufirst=Auguste&rft.au=Kapossy%2C+B%C3%A9la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slatkine.com%2Ffr%2Fslatkine-reprints-erudition%2F75939-book-07102939-9782051029391.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinderVatter2001" class="citation journal cs1">Linder, Wolf; Vatter, Adrian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01402380108425435">"Institutions and outcomes of Swiss federalism: The role of the cantons in Swiss politics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/West_European_Politics" title="West European Politics">West European Politics</a>. 24 (2): 95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402380108425435">10.1080/01402380108425435</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-2382">0140-2382</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622141822/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01402380108425435">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+European+Politics&rft.atitle=Institutions+and+outcomes+of+Swiss+federalism%3A+The+role+of+the+cantons+in+Swiss+politics&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01402380108425435&rft.issn=0140-2382&rft.aulast=Linder&rft.aufirst=Wolf&rft.au=Vatter%2C+Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F01402380108425435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Swiss border ("Les principales rectifications postérieures à 1815 concernent la vallée des Dappes en 1862 (frontière Vaud-France, env. 7,5 km2), la valle di Lei en 1952 (Grisons-Italie, 0,45 km2), l'Ellhorn en 1955 (colline revendiquée par la Suisse pour des raisons militaires, Grisons-Liechtenstein) et l'enclave allemande du Verenahof dans le canton de Schaffhouse en 1967.") in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D7841.php">German</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F7841.php">French</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I7841.php">Italian</a> in the online <a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a>.. It should be noticed that in <a href="/wiki/Lago_di_Lei" title="Lago di Lei">valle di Lei</a>, Italy got in exchange a territory of the same area. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.ch/opc/it/classified-compilation/19520241/196306260000/0.132.454.21.pdf">See here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140521110525/http://www.admin.ch/opc/it/classified-compilation/19520241/196306260000/0.132.454.21.pdf">Archived</a> 21 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diesbach.com/sghcf/n/noblesse.html">"Noblesse en Suisse"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192147/http://www.diesbach.com/sghcf/n/noblesse.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Noblesse+en+Suisse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diesbach.com%2Fsghcf%2Fn%2Fnoblesse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theeconomyjournal.eu/texto-diario/mostrar/758830/wir-moneda-complementaria-suiza-activo-desde-1934">"The WIR, the supplementary Swiss currency since 1934"</a>. The Economy Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210612070424/https://www.theeconomyjournal.eu/texto-diario/mostrar/758830/wir-moneda-complementaria-suiza-activo-desde-1934">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economy+Journal&rft.atitle=The+WIR%2C+the+supplementary+Swiss+currency+since+1934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theeconomyjournal.eu%2Ftexto-diario%2Fmostrar%2F758830%2Fwir-moneda-complementaria-suiza-activo-desde-1934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucrestDorand1987" class="citation book cs1">Ducrest, Jean Pierre; Dorand, Michel (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/702317703">Histoire de la Suisse</a>. 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The Telegraph. London, UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091207063551/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1435383/How-direct-democracy-makes-Switzerland-a-better-place.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=How+direct+democracy+makes+Switzerland+a+better+place&rft.date=2007-05-18&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F1435383%2FHow-direct-democracy-makes-Switzerland-a-better-place.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHAuthorities-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CHAuthorities_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHAuthorities_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ch.ch/en/addresses-administrative-authorities/">"Addresses of administrative authorities"</a>. 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They opted for a red cross on a white background, the exact reverse of the flag of neutral Switzerland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+emblems&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=International+Committee+of+the+Red+Cross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Fen%2Four-emblems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1901/dunant/biographical/">"Henry Dunant — Biographical"</a>. NobelPrize.org. The Nobel Peace Prize 1901. 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Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Index+of+Economic+Freedom&rft.atitle=2023+Index+of+Economic+Freedom%3A+Switzerland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findexdotnet.azurewebsites.net%2Findex%2Fcountry%2Fswitzerland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/BY-COUNTRY/StartYear/2015/EndYear/2022/Indicator/NY-GDP-PCAP-CD">"GDP per capita By Country, in current US$ 2015-2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Integrated_Trade_Solution" title="World Integrated Trade Solution">World Integrated Trade Solution</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. 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World Economic Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226014728/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2016-2017/05FullReport/TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2016-2017_FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Competitiveness+Report+2016%E2%80%932017&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FGCR2016-2017%2F05FullReport%2FTheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2016-2017_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/reports/how-to-end-a-decade-of-lost-productivity-growth">"2019 Global Competitiveness Report 4.0"</a>. Geneva, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">WEF</a>. 8 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200602001020/https://www.weforum.org/reports/how-to-end-a-decade-of-lost-productivity-growth">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2020. 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Retrieved 13 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Innovation+Scoreboard+%E2%80%93+European+Commission&rft.date=2016-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fgrowth%2Findustry%2Finnovation%2Ffacts-figures%2Fscoreboards_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuttaLanvinRivera_LeónWunsch-Vincent2024" class="citation book cs1">Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Rivera León, Lorena; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2023%2C+15th+Edition&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.date=2024-04-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.46596&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3432-0&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Soumitra&rft.au=Lanvin%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Wunsch-Vincent%2C+Sacha&rft.au=Le%C3%B3n%2C+Lorena+Rivera&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fglobal_innovation_index%2Fen%2F2023%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuttaLanvinLeónWunsch-Vincent2022" class="citation book cs1">Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; León, Lorena Rivera; Wunsch-Vincent, eds. 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Retrieved 5 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sprachen+%2F+Lingue+%2F+Lingue&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft.aulast=Statistik&rft.aufirst=Bundesamt+f%C3%BCr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fde%2Fhome%2Fstatistiken%2Fbevoelkerung%2Fsprachen-religionen%2Fsprachen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160621000507/https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a4">"CC 101 Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of 18 April 1999, Art. 4 National languages"</a> (official site). Bern, Switzerland: The federal Council. 1 January 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a4">the original</a> on 21 June 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CC+101+Federal+Constitution+of+the+Swiss+Confederation+of+18+April+1999%2C+Art.+4+National+languages&rft.place=Bern%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=The+federal+Council&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.ch%2Fopc%2Fen%2Fclassified-compilation%2F19995395%2Findex.html%23a4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/kataloge-datenbanken/tabellen.assetdetail.4842942.html">"Die am häufigsten üblicherweise zu Hause gesprochenen Sprachen der ständigen Wohnbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren – 2012–2014, 2013–2015, 2014–2016"</a> (XLS) (official site) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office FSO. 28 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070614/https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/kataloge-datenbanken/tabellen.assetdetail.4842942.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+am+h%C3%A4ufigsten+%C3%BCblicherweise+zu+Hause+gesprochenen+Sprachen+der+st%C3%A4ndigen+Wohnbev%C3%B6lkerung+ab+15+Jahren+%E2%80%93+2012%E2%80%932014%2C+2013%E2%80%932015%2C+2014%E2%80%932016&rft.place=Neuch%C3%A2tel%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Statistical+Office+FSO&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fde%2Fhome%2Fstatistiken%2Fkataloge-datenbanken%2Ftabellen.assetdetail.4842942.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung/sprachen-religionen/sprachen.assetdetail.1902120.html">"Personen nach Anzahl Sprachen, die sie regelmässig verwenden – 2014"</a> (official site) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office FSO. 5 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070626/https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung/sprachen-religionen/sprachen.assetdetail.1902120.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Personen+nach+Anzahl+Sprachen%2C+die+sie+regelm%C3%A4ssig+verwenden+%E2%80%93+2014&rft.place=Neuch%C3%A2tel%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Statistical+Office+FSO&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fde%2Fhome%2Fstatistiken%2Fbevoelkerung%2Fsprachen-religionen%2Fsprachen.assetdetail.1902120.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091113234418/http://www.parlament.ch/e/service-presse/parlamentsdienste/aufgaben/Pages/default.aspx">"The Parliamentary Services"</a>. Bern, Switzerland: The Federal Assembly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlament.ch/e/service-presse/parlamentsdienste/aufgaben/Pages/default.aspx">the original</a> on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Parliamentary+Services&rft.place=Bern%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=The+Federal+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlament.ch%2Fe%2Fservice-presse%2Fparlamentsdienste%2Faufgaben%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dialhls-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dialhls_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialhls_235-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D24595.php">"Dialekte"</a> (in German). Bern, Switzerland: Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613092220/http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D24595.php">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dialekte&rft.place=Bern%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Historisches+Lexikon+der+Schweiz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hls-dhs-dss.ch%2Ftextes%2Fd%2FD24595.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbb.ch/abos-billette/billette-schweiz.html">"Billette Schweiz"</a> (in German). Bern, Switzerland: SBB CFF FFS Swiss Federal Railways. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704011118/https://www.sbb.ch/abos-billette/billette-schweiz.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Billette+Schweiz.&rft.place=Bern%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=SBB+CFF+FFS+Swiss+Federal+Railways&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbb.ch%2Fabos-billette%2Fbillette-schweiz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHDuden-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CHDuden_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHDuden_237-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121000102/http://www.duden.de/presse/weder-fisch-noch-vogel">Duden Schweizerhochdeutsch</a> (in German). Berlin, Germany: Bibliographisches Institut GmbH. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-411-70417-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-411-70417-0"><bdi>978-3-411-70417-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duden.de/presse/weder-fisch-noch-vogel">the original</a> on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duden+Schweizerhochdeutsch&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Bibliographisches+Institut+GmbH&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-411-70417-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duden.de%2Fpresse%2Fweder-fisch-noch-vogel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClyne1992" class="citation book cs1">Clyne, Michael G. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wawGFWNuHiwC&pg=PA164">Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations</a>. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 164–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012855-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012855-0"><bdi>978-3-11-012855-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pluricentric+Languages%3A+Differing+Norms+in+Different+Nations&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pages=164-165&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-11-012855-0&rft.aulast=Clyne&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwawGFWNuHiwC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eda.admin.ch/aboutswitzerland/en/home/gesellschaft/sprachen/mehrsprachigkeit.html">"Multilingualism"</a>. Bern, Switzerland: Presence Switzerland, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, The Federal Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904015059/https://www.eda.admin.ch/aboutswitzerland/en/home/gesellschaft/sprachen/mehrsprachigkeit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multilingualism&rft.place=Bern%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Presence+Switzerland%2C+Federal+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+FDFA%2C+The+Federal+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eda.admin.ch%2Faboutswitzerland%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fgesellschaft%2Fsprachen%2Fmehrsprachigkeit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens2021" class="citation web cs1">Stephens, Thomas (4 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/culture/english-as-a-common-language-in-switzerland--a-positive-or-a-problem-/46494332">"English as a common language in Switzerland: a positive or a problem?"</a>. SWI swissinfo.ch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412050626/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/culture/english-as-a-common-language-in-switzerland--a-positive-or-a-problem-/46494332">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SWI+swissinfo.ch&rft.atitle=English+as+a+common+language+in+Switzerland%3A+a+positive+or+a+problem%3F&rft.date=2021-04-04&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fculture%2Fenglish-as-a-common-language-in-switzerland--a-positive-or-a-problem-%2F46494332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135913/http://www.anq.ch/medien/medienmitteilung/patienten-mit-spital-schweiz-sehr-zufrieden/">"Patients are very satisfied with "Hospital Switzerland""</a> [Patienten mit "Spital Schweiz" sehr zufrieden] (in German). Bern, Switzerland: ANQ Nationaler Verein für Qualitätsentwicklung in Spitälern und Kliniken. 5 November 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anq.ch/medien/medienmitteilung/patienten-mit-spital-schweiz-sehr-zufrieden/">the original</a> on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015. <q>Die Antworten erreichten auf einer Skala von 1 bis 10 durchschnittliche Werte zwischen 9 und 9,4.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patients+are+very+satisfied+with+%22Hospital+Switzerland%22&rft.place=Bern%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=ANQ+Nationaler+Verein+f%C3%BCr+Qualit%C3%A4tsentwicklung+in+Spit%C3%A4lern+und+Kliniken&rft.date=2014-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anq.ch%2Fmedien%2Fmedienmitteilung%2Fpatienten-mit-spital-schweiz-sehr-zufrieden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comparis.ch/~/media/files/mediencorner/studies/2012/grosse-schweizer-aerzte-studie.pdf">"Zufriedenheit durch Vertrauen: Kurzbericht zur grossen Ärztestudie"</a> (PDF) (in German). Bern, Switzerland: gfs.bern, 20 Minuten Online, comparis.ch. 10 October 2012. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418150559/https://www.comparis.ch/~/media/files/mediencorner/studies/2012/grosse-schweizer-aerzte-studie.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015. <q>Mehrheitliche 91 Prozent sind mit 'ihrem' Hausarzt mehr oder weniger dezidiert zufrieden.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zufriedenheit+durch+Vertrauen%3A+Kurzbericht+zur+grossen+%C3%84rztestudie&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2012-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comparis.ch%2F~%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2Fmediencorner%2Fstudies%2F2012%2Fgrosse-schweizer-aerzte-studie.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKütscher2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kütscher, Rico (28 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzz.ch/wirtschaft/krankenkassen-koennen-ihre-effizienz-und-ihr-image-verbessern-1.18332345">"Kundenzufriedenheit: Krankenkassen sollten Effizienz und Image verbessern"</a>. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, NZZ (in German). Zurich, Switzerland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706212508/http://www.nzz.ch/wirtschaft/krankenkassen-koennen-ihre-effizienz-und-ihr-image-verbessern-1.18332345">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015. <q>Wie es um die Kundenzufriedenheit in der Branche generell steht, zeigt eine 2013 im Auftrag von "K-Tipp" durchgeführte repräsentative Umfrage unter Versicherten, die in den vergangenen zwei Jahren Leistungen von ihrer Krankenkasse in Anspruch genommen haben. Beim Testsieger Concordia waren rund 73% der Versicherten "sehr zufrieden". Bei grossen Krankenkassen wie der CSS und Helsana betrug dieser Anteil 70% beziehungsweise 63%. Groupe Mutuel erreichte rund 50%, und die Billigkasse Assura kam auf 44%. Dies illustriert, dass die Zufriedenheit durchaus hoch ist – dass es aber auch Potenzial für Effizienzsteigerungen bei Krankenkassen gibt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neue+Z%C3%BCrcher+Zeitung%2C+NZZ&rft.atitle=Kundenzufriedenheit%3A+Krankenkassen+sollten+Effizienz+und+Image+verbessern&rft.date=2014-06-28&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCtscher&rft.aufirst=Rico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzz.ch%2Fwirtschaft%2Fkrankenkassen-koennen-ihre-effizienz-und-ihr-image-verbessern-1.18332345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131116024714/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/themen/01/06/blank/key/04.html">"Components of population change – Data, indicators: Deaths, mortality and life expectancy"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methodological+basis+for+research+and+regional+partners+%5BAccuracy+of+results%3B+Cumulated+data-pooling%5D&rft.place=Neuch%C3%A2tel%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Statistical+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fstatistics%2Fpopulation%2Fsurveys%2Fse%2Fmethodological-basis-research-regional-partners.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015170031/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/religionen.Document.21755.xls">"Wohnbevölkerung nach Religionszugehörigkeit 1910–2013"</a>. www.bfs.admin.ch (in German). 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Retrieved 14 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bfs.admin.ch&rft.atitle=Wohnbev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+Religionszugeh%C3%B6rigkeit+1910%E2%80%932013&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fportal%2Fde%2Findex%2Fthemen%2F01%2F05%2Fblank%2Fkey%2Freligionen.Document.21755.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125112400/http://www.estv.admin.ch/dokumentation/00079/00080/00736/index.html?lang=de&download=NHzLpZeg7t%2Clnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1acy4Zn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCDdYR6fGym162epYbg2c_JjKbNoKSn6A--">"Die Kirchensteuern August 2013"</a>. www.estv.admin.ch (Document) (in German, French, and Italian). Bern: Schweizerische Steuerkonferenz SSK, Swiss Federal Tax Administration FTA, Federal Department of Finance FDF. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estv.admin.ch/dokumentation/00079/00080/00736/index.html?lang=de&download=NHzLpZeg7t,lnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1acy4Zn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCDdYR6fGym162epYbg2c_JjKbNoKSn6A--">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 January 2012. 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Retrieved 10 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kirchenmitgliedschaft+in+der+r%C3%B6misch-katholischen+und+evangelisch-reformierten+Kirche+nach+Kantonen+%282020%29&rft.place=St.+Gallen&rft.pub=SPI&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkirchenstatistik.spi-sg.ch%2Fentwicklung-der-kirchenmitgliedschaft%2F%23close&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/pore/va/19800302/index.html">"Volksabstimmung vom 02.03.1980"</a>. www.bk.admin.ch (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010153145/https://www.admin.ch/ch/d/pore/va/19800302/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. 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Neuchâtel: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/religionen.Document.21757.xls">the original</a> (XLS) on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bfs.admin.ch&rft.atitle=St%C3%A4ndige+Wohnbev%C3%B6lkerung+ab+15+Jahren+nach+Religions-+%2F+Konfessionszugeh%C3%B6rigkeit%2C+2012&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fportal%2Fde%2Findex%2Fthemen%2F01%2F05%2Fblank%2Fkey%2Freligionen.Document.21757.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoolidge1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._A._B._Coolidge" title="W. 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Retrieved 9 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+most+amazing+football+pitches+%E2%80%93+in+pictures&rft.date=2014-06-08&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2Fgallery%2F2014%2Fjun%2F08%2Fthe-worlds-most-amazing-football-pitches-in-pictures%3FCMP%3DEMCNEWEML6619I2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114160452/http://www.hockeyarenas.net/index.php3?ctID=ch&size=0&page=0701&c=eu&ctID=eu&atType=0&show=25&tdSaison=2011">"Hockeyarenas.net"</a>. Hockeyarenas.net. 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Retrieved 29 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IIHF+World+Championships+2009+official+website&rft.pub=Iihf.com&rft.date=2009-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iihf.com%2Fchannels%2Fiihf-world-championship-oc09%2Fhome-oc%2Ftournament-information.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/gallery/featured/GAL1157546/1/index.htm">Roger Federer's Grand Slam Titles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100127223246/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/gallery/featured/GAL1157546/1/index.htm">Archived</a> 27 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> sportsillustrated.cnn.com. Retrieved on 14 June 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/42851064">"Roger Federer wins sixth Australian Open and 20th Grand Slam title"</a>. BBC Sport. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131051812/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/42851064">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=Roger+Federer+wins+sixth+Australian+Open+and+20th+Grand+Slam+title&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport%2Ftennis%2F42851064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Switzerland_lifts_ban_on_motor_racing" class="extiw" title="n:Switzerland lifts ban on motor racing">n:Switzerland lifts ban on motor racing</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns19754.html">"Swiss vote against racing"</a>. Grandprix.com. Inside F1, Inc. 10 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131153/http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns19754.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grandprix.com&rft.atitle=Swiss+vote+against+racing&rft.date=2007-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandprix.com%2Fns%2Fns19754.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629151434/http://www.swissroots.org/swissroots/en/stories/heritage/Heritage/Swiss%2520Customs/Hornussen%2520Baseball%2520Swissstyle">"Hornussen Baseball Swissstyle"</a>. Swiss Roots. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissroots.org/swissroots/en/stories/heritage/Heritage/Swiss%20Customs/Hornussen%20Baseball%20Swissstyle">the original</a> on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swiss+Roots&rft.atitle=Hornussen+Baseball+Swissstyle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissroots.org%2Fswissroots%2Fen%2Fstories%2Fheritage%2FHeritage%2FSwiss%2520Customs%2FHornussen%2520Baseball%2520Swissstyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706234615/http://www.interlaken.ch/erlebnisse/sommer/festivals/unspunnenfest/tradition-und-geschichte.html?L=3">"Tradition and History"</a>. 6 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interlaken.ch/erlebnisse/sommer/festivals/unspunnenfest/tradition-und-geschichte.html?L=3">the original</a> on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tradition+and+History&rft.date=2011-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interlaken.ch%2Ferlebnisse%2Fsommer%2Ffestivals%2Funspunnenfest%2Ftradition-und-geschichte.html%3FL%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720054343/http://www.theworldwidegourmet.com/countries/flavors-of-switzerland/">"Flavors of Switzerland"</a>. The Worldwide Gourmet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theworldwidegourmet.com/countries/flavors-of-switzerland/">the original</a> on 20 July 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Worldwide+Gourmet&rft.atitle=Flavors+of+Switzerland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworldwidegourmet.com%2Fcountries%2Fflavors-of-switzerland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://servicesv2.webmichelin.com/frontnews/servlet/GetElement?elementCode=56670">Michelin Guide Switzerland 2010 attests to the high quality of gourmet cooking with one new 2 star restaurant and 8 new one star</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427033455/http://servicesv2.webmichelin.com/frontnews/servlet/GetElement?elementCode=56670">Archived</a> 27 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Press information, Michelin. Retrieved on 14 December 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> Shriver, Jerry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2005-04-26-swiss-food_x.htm">Swiss region serves up food with star power</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120918070817/http://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2005-04-26-swiss-food_x.htm">Archived</a> 18 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> usatoday.com. Retrieved on 14 December 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eda.admin.ch/aboutswitzerland/en/home.html/en/switzerland/swiss_specials/swiss_chocolate/swiss_breakthroughs/">"Discover Switzerland"</a>. www.eda.admin.ch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208144506/https://www.eda.admin.ch/aboutswitzerland/en/home.html/en/switzerland/swiss_specials/swiss_chocolate/swiss_breakthroughs/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eda.admin.ch&rft.atitle=Discover+Switzerland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eda.admin.ch%2Faboutswitzerland%2Fen%2Fhome.html%2Fen%2Fswitzerland%2Fswiss_specials%2Fswiss_chocolate%2Fswiss_breakthroughs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100104115936/http://www.germanworldonline.com/index.php/swisschocolatehistory/">"Swiss Chocolate : German WorldMagazine"</a>. 4 January 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanworldonline.com/index.php/swisschocolatehistory/">the original</a> on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swiss+Chocolate+%3A+German+WorldMagazine&rft.date=2010-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germanworldonline.com%2Findex.php%2Fswisschocolatehistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitzerland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swisswine.ch/english/bienv/main.asp">Wine-producing Switzerland in short</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090409084726/http://www.swisswine.ch/english/bienv/main.asp">Archived</a> 9 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> swisswine.ch. Retrieved on 24 June 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winebiz.com.au/statistics/world.asp">Table 38. Top wine consuming nations per capita, 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100818001813/http://www.winebiz.com.au/statistics/world.asp">Archived</a> 18 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> winebiz.com. Retrieved on 14 June 2010 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Church, Clive H. (2004) The Politics and Government of Switzerland. Palgrave Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69277-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69277-6">978-0-333-69277-6</a>.</li> <li>Fahrni, Dieter. (2003) An Outline History of Switzerland. From the Origins to the Present Day. 8th enlarged edition. Pro Helvetia, Zurich. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-908102-61-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-908102-61-8">978-3-908102-61-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a>. Published electronically (1998–) and in print (2002–) simultaneously in three of the national languages of Switzerland: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/">DHS/HLS/DSS</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205103158/http://hls-dhs-dss.ch/">Archived</a> 5 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>): online edition in German, French and Italian.</li> <li>von Matt, Peter: Das Kalb vor der Gotthardpost. Zur Literatur und Politik in der Schweiz. Carl Hanser Verlag, München, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-446-23880-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-446-23880-0">978-3-446-23880-0</a>, S. 127–138.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Switzerland at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Switzerland" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Switzerland">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" class="extiw" title="c:Switzerland">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Switzerland" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Switzerland">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Switzerland" class="extiw" title="q:Switzerland">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Switzerland" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Switzerland">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Switzerland" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Switzerland">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Switzerland" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Switzerland">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Switzerland" class="extiw" title="voy:Switzerland">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/">The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myswitzerland.com/en/accueil.html">Tourism — Switzerland</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Switzerland&params=46_50_N_8_20_E_region:CH_type:country_scale:2000000">46°50′N 8°20′E / 46.833°N 8.333°E / 46.833; 8.333</a><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Switzerland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Switzerland_topics" title="Template talk:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Switzerland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Switzerland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Major topics</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Swiss_history" title="Timeline of Swiss history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland" title="Early history of Switzerland">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCtli_Oath" title="Rütli Oath">Rütli Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Early Modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">World wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Switzerland" title="Military history of Switzerland">Military history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Switzerland" title="List of wars involving Switzerland">list of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Historiography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="669" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland" title="Geography of Switzerland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Physiographic areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">BE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Landschaft" title="Basel-Landschaft">BL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">BS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">GE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">JU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">NW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obwalden" title="Obwalden">OW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">SG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">SO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">SZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">TG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">TI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">UR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">VD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">ZG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">ZH</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Switzerland" title="Districts of Switzerland">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Municipalities of Switzerland">Municipalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Switzerland" title="List of cities in Switzerland">list of cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Switzerland" title="NUTS statistical regions of Switzerland">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Switzerland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Switzerland" title="List of earthquakes in Switzerland">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Switzerland" title="List of extreme points of Switzerland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Switzerland" title="Fauna of Switzerland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Switzerland" title="Forests of Switzerland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Switzerland" title="List of glaciers in Switzerland">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Switzerland" title="Hydrology of Switzerland">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Switzerland" title="List of islands of Switzerland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Switzerland" title="List of lakes of Switzerland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_in_Switzerland" title="List of mountain passes in Switzerland">Mountain passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prominent_mountains_of_Switzerland" title="List of prominent mountains of Switzerland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_parks_in_Switzerland" title="Nature parks in Switzerland">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Switzerland" title="List of rivers of Switzerland">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_courts_of_Switzerland" title="Federal courts of Switzerland">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Switzerland" title="Foreign relations of Switzerland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li>Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_administration_of_Switzerland" title="Federal administration of Switzerland">Federal administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Switzerland" title="Human rights in Switzerland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Switzerland">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde">Landsgemeinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Switzerland" title="Law of Switzerland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Switzerland" title="Law enforcement in Switzerland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces" title="Swiss Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Redoubt_(Switzerland)" title="National Redoubt (Switzerland)">National Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Switzerland" title="List of political parties in Switzerland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_in_Switzerland" title="Popular initiative in Switzerland">Popular initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_decree" title="Federal decree">Federal decree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Switzerland" title="Economic history of Switzerland">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Switzerland" title="Agriculture in Switzerland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland" title="Banking in Switzerland">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Switzerland" title="List of banks in Switzerland">Private banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Switzerland" title="List of companies of Switzerland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Franc (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland">Pharmaceutical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Switzerland" title="Science and technology in Switzerland">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX_Swiss_Exchange" title="SIX Swiss Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_made" title="Swiss made">Swiss made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland" title="Taxation in Switzerland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Switzerland" title="Tourism in Switzerland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Switzerland" title="Trade unions in Switzerland">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Switzerland" title="Transport in Switzerland">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Switzerland" title="List of airports in Switzerland">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Switzerland" title="Rail transport in Switzerland">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_main_roads" title="List of Swiss main roads">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Switzerland" title="Category:Society of Switzerland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Switzerland" title="Capital punishment in Switzerland">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Switzerland" title="Corruption in Switzerland">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Switzerland" title="Crime in Switzerland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Switzerland" title="Demographics of Switzerland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Switzerland" title="Euthanasia in Switzerland">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Switzerland" title="Firearms regulation in Switzerland">Firearms regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Switzerland" title="Health in Switzerland">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Switzerland" title="Healthcare in Switzerland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Switzerland" title="Homelessness in Switzerland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Switzerland" title="Human trafficking in Switzerland">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Switzerland" title="Immigration to Switzerland">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_system_in_Switzerland" title="Pension system in Switzerland">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Switzerland" title="List of prisons in Switzerland">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Switzerland" title="Poverty in Switzerland">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Switzerland" title="Prostitution in Switzerland">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Switzerland" title="Social security in Switzerland">Social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Welfare_Policy_in_Switzerland" title="Public Welfare Policy in Switzerland">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Switzerland" title="Women in Switzerland">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Psalm" title="Swiss Psalm">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Switzerland" title="Architecture of Switzerland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_folklore" title="Swiss folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6stigraben" title="Röstigraben">Röstigraben</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Switzerland" title="Mass media in Switzerland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Switzerland" title="Public holidays in Switzerland">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Day" title="Swiss National Day">National Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Switzerland" title="Sport in Switzerland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Switzerland" title="National symbols of Switzerland">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Inventory_of_Cultural_Property_of_National_and_Regional_Significance" title="Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance">Cultural Property of National Significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Switzerland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Switzerland" title="Category:Switzerland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Switzerland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Switzerland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Switzerland</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Free_Trade_Association_(EFTA)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Free_Trade_Association_(EFTA)" title="Template:European Free Trade Association (EFTA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Free_Trade_Association_(EFTA)" title="Template talk:European Free Trade Association (EFTA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Free_Trade_Association_(EFTA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Free Trade Association (EFTA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Free_Trade_Association_(EFTA)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association (EFTA)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><a href="/wiki/File:EFTA_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/EFTA_logo.svg/50px-EFTA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/EFTA_logo.svg/75px-EFTA_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/EFTA_logo.svg/100px-EFTA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="78" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg/50px-EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg/75px-EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg/100px-EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_(OSCE)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OSCE" title="Template:OSCE"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OSCE" title="Template talk:OSCE"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OSCE" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OSCE"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_(OSCE)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partners for Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies and posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Conciliation_and_Arbitration" title="Court of Conciliation and Arbitration">Court of Conciliation and Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Democratic_Institutions_and_Human_Rights" title="Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights">Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_on_National_Minorities" title="High Commissioner on National Minorities">Commissioner on National Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Representative_on_Freedom_of_the_Media" title="OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media">Representative on Freedom of the Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_Point_for_Roma_and_Sinti_Issues" title="Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues">Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Minsk_Group" title="OSCE Minsk Group">OSCE Minsk Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Armenia–OSCE relations">Armenia–OSCE relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Azerbaijan–OSCE relations">Azerbaijan–OSCE relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Italy_to_OSCE" title="List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE">List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomats_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_OSCE" title="List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE">List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mission_to_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" title="United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Presence_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Presence in Albania (page does not exist)">Presence in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="OSCE Mission in Kosovo">Mission in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Montenegro (page does not exist)">Mission to Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Moldova (page does not exist)">Mission to Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Serbia (page does not exist)">Mission to Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Skopje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Skopje (page does not exist)">Mission to Skopje</a></li> <li>Centre in Ashgabat</li> <li>Programme Office in Astana</li> <li>Programme Office in Bishkek</li> <li>Programme Office in Dushanbe</li> <li>Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan</li> <li>Personal Representative of the Chairperson-in-Office on the Conflict Dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Needs_Assessment_Team_in_Armenia" title="OSCE Needs Assessment Team in Armenia">Needs Assessment Team in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Mission_to_Croatia" title="OSCE Mission to Croatia">Mission to Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Verification_Mission" title="Kosovo Verification Mission">Kosovo Verification Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Initiative" title="Community Security Initiative">Community Security Initiative in Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine" title="OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine">Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122974701">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/154323889">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/159363991">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205401/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRmBCgpQrWH3VGcB88Pp">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4053881-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79062978">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868612h">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933332n">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868612h">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933332n">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00871917">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35535063">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131576&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451423">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/123879">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl0229c6538hjvc">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564356905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/1333ff06-8e3d-3c8e-9f3a-13a2a38b41df">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0114862X?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/020f430d-42d6-4ced-9f47-3dfc38eda90a">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/987921">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/Dy9RNCq4">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026438658">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-lir.ch/e-LIR___Lexicon.805.450.0.html">Lexicon Istoric Retic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/009825">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045644">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Switzerland&oldid=1259309207">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Switzerland&oldid=1259309207</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Switzerland" 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