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href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%BA%D3%80%D1%8D_%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Дуней хым и хуэзэгъуэмкӀэ и лъэгагъыр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Дуней хым и хуэзэгъуэмкӀэ и лъэгагъыр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6he_%C3%BCber_dem_Meeresspiegel" title="Höhe über dem Meeresspiegel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Höhe über dem Meeresspiegel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="ارتفاع عن مستوى البحر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ارتفاع عن مستوى البحر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A8" title="Ծովի մակարդակի բարձրութիւնը – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ծովի մակարդակի բարձրութիւնը" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B8" title="Ралъдал гьумералдаса борхалъи – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ралъдал гьумералдаса борхалъи" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99niz_s%C9%99viyy%C9%99sind%C9%99n_h%C3%BCnd%C3%BCrl%C3%BCk" title="Dəniz səviyyəsindən hündürlük – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəniz səviyyəsindən hündürlük" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вышыня над узроўнем мора – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вышыня над узроўнем мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вышыня над узроўнем мора – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вышыня над узроўнем мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Надморска височина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Надморска височина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadmorska_visina" title="Nadmorska visina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nadmorska visina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BD%C4%95%D1%81_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%95_%D1%82%C4%95%D0%BB%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%C3%A7%D3%B3%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%88" title="Тинĕс шайĕ тĕлĕнчи çӳллĕш – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тинĕс шайĕ тĕлĕнчи çӳллĕш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadmo%C5%99sk%C3%A1_v%C3%BD%C5%A1ka" title="Nadmořská výška – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nadmořská výška" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukwidza" title="Hukwidza – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hukwidza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6he_%C3%BCber_dem_Meeresspiegel" title="Höhe über dem Meeresspiegel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Höhe über dem Meeresspiegel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Иневедь лангосто сэресь – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Иневедь лангосто сэресь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altura_sobre_el_nivel_del_mar" title="Altura sobre el nivel del mar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Altura sobre el nivel del mar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermara_alteco" title="Supermara alteco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Supermara alteco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بالاتر از سطح دریای آزاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بالاتر از سطح دریای آزاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauteur_au-dessus_du_niveau_moyen_de_la_mer" title="Hauteur au-dessus du niveau moyen de la mer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hauteur au-dessus du niveau moyen de la mer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Форда тӀехера лакхал – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Форда тӀехера лакхал" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%8A%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88" title="સમુદ્રતટથી ઊંચાઈ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સમુદ્રતટથી ઊંચાઈ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%B0%9C%EA%B3%A0%EB%8F%84" title="해발고도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해발고도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%81" title="Բարձրություն ծովի մակարդակից – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բարձրություն ծովի մակարդակից" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="समुद्र तल से ऊँचाई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समुद्र तल से ऊँचाई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wysokos%C4%87_nad_m%C3%B3rskej_h%C5%82ad%C5%BAinu" title="Wysokosć nad mórskej hładźinu – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wysokosć nad mórskej hładźinu" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadmorska_visina" title="Nadmorska visina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nadmorska visina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%BC%D0%B2%C3%A6%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B_%D0%B1%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%BD%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%B9" title="Æмвæзад денджызы бæрзæндæй – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æмвæзад денджызы бæрзæндæй" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A6%C3%B0_yfir_sj%C3%A1varm%C3%A1li" title="Hæð yfir sjávarmáli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hæð yfir sjávarmáli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מעל גובה פני הים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעל גובה פני הים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="აბსოლუტური სიმაღლე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბსოლუტური სიმაღლე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D2%A3i%D0%B7_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9i%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Теңiз деңгейiнен биіктігі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Теңiз деңгейiнен биіктігі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augstums_virs_j%C5%ABras_l%C4%ABme%C5%86a" title="Augstums virs jūras līmeņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Augstums virs jūras līmeņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengerszint_feletti_magass%C3%A1g" title="Tengerszint feletti magasság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tengerszint feletti magasság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Надморска височина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Надморска височина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="ഉന്നതി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉന്നതി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atas_min_aras_laut" title="Atas min aras laut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Atas min aras laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%81_%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%88_%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Далайн түвшнээс дээш өндөр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Далайн түвшнээс дээш өндөр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogte_boven_zeeniveau" title="Hoogte boven zeeniveau – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hoogte boven zeeniveau" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%8A%9C" title="海抜 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海抜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="ХӀордан сизал локхалла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ХӀордан сизал локхалла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutlaq_balandlik" title="Mutlaq balandlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mutlaq balandlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6he_%C3%BCber_dem_Meeresspiegel" title="Höhe über dem Meeresspiegel – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Höhe über dem Meeresspiegel" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="កម្ពស់ខ្ពស់ជាងកម្រិតទឹកសមុទ្រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កម្ពស់ខ្ពស់ជាងកម្រិតទឹកសមុទ្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B6ch_%C3%B6ver_Seepegel" title="Hööch över Seepegel – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hööch över Seepegel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.p.m." title="N.p.m. – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="N.p.m." data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Метры над морьом – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Метры над морьом" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F" title="Высота над уровнем моря – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Высота над уровнем моря" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Муора таһымыттан үрдүгэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Муора таһымыттан үрдүгэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger%C3%AApa_na_l%C3%AA_t%C3%AE_ndoto_t%C3%AE_lam%C3%AAre" title="Gerêpa na lê tî ndoto tî lamêre – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Gerêpa na lê tî ndoto tî lamêre" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lart%C3%ABsia_mbidetare" title="Lartësia mbidetare – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lartësia mbidetare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" title="Above mean sea level – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Above mean sea level" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD_%D9%85%D9%BF%D9%8A" title="اوسط سامونڊي سطح مٿي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اوسط سامونڊي سطح مٿي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadmorska_vi%C5%A1ina" title="Nadmorska višina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nadmorska višina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Метар изнад нивоа мора – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Метар изнад нивоа мора" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadmorska_visina" title="Nadmorska visina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nadmorska visina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B1gez_d%C3%A4r%C3%A4c%C3%A4se_%C3%B6stend%C3%A4_bieklek" title="Diñgez däräcäse östendä bieklek – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Diñgez däräcäse östendä bieklek" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81" title="సముద్రమట్టానికి సగటు ఎత్తు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సముద్రమట్టానికి సగటు ఎత్తు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5" title="ความสูงเหนือระดับน้ำทะเล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความสูงเหนือระดับน้ำทะเล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Баландии мутлақ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Баландии мутлақ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortalama_deniz_seviyesinden_y%C3%BCkseklik" title="Ortalama deniz seviyesinden yükseklik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ortalama deniz seviyesinden yükseklik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F" title="Висота над рівнем моря – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Висота над рівнем моря" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%DB%92_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سطح سمندر سے میٹر بلند – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سطح سمندر سے میٹر بلند" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_cao_so_v%E1%BB%9Bi_m%E1%BB%B1c_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_bi%E1%BB%83n" title="Độ cao so với mực nước biển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Độ cao so với mực nước biển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4teur_%C3%A5dzeu_del_mer" title="Hôteur ådzeu del mer – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Hôteur ådzeu del mer" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%B5%B7%E6%8B%94" title="平均海拔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="平均海拔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%B5%B7%E6%8B%94" title="平均海拔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="平均海拔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6452016#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Height_above_mean_sea_level" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meters_above_sea_level&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Meters above sea level">Meters above sea level</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Elevation of a location above a standardized sea level</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"AMSL" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/AMSL_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="AMSL (disambiguation)">AMSL (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Height above mean sea level</b> is a measure of a location's <a href="/wiki/Vertical_position" title="Vertical position">vertical distance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Height" title="Height">height</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a>) in reference to a <a href="/wiki/Vertical_datum" title="Vertical datum">vertical datum</a> based on a historic <a href="/wiki/Mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean sea level">mean sea level</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesy</a>, it is formalized as <a href="/wiki/Orthometric_height" title="Orthometric height">orthometric height</a>. The zero level varies in different countries due to different reference points and historic measurement periods. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">other forces</a> can cause sea levels and elevations to vary over time.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Height_above_mean_sea_level&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elevation or altitude above sea level is a standard measurement for: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic location">Geographic locations</a> such as towns, mountains and other <a href="/wiki/Landmark" title="Landmark">landmarks</a>.</li> <li>The top of <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">buildings</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Nonbuilding_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonbuilding structure">structures</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a> infrastructure, particularly underground.</li> <li>Flying objects such as <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplanes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Helicopters" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopters">helicopters</a> below a <a href="/wiki/Flight_level#Transition_altitude" title="Flight level">Transition Altitude</a> defined by local regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Units_and_abbreviations">Units and abbreviations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Height_above_mean_sea_level&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Units and abbreviations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elevation or altitude is generally expressed as "<a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metres</a> above mean sea level" in the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>, or "<a href="/wiki/Foot_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (length)">feet</a> above mean sea level" in <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial units</a>. Common abbreviations in English are: </p> <ul><li>AMSL – above mean sea level<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ASL – above sea level<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>FAMSL – feet above mean sea level<sup id="cite_ref-horses_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horses-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>FASL – feet above sea level<sup id="cite_ref-california_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-california-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>MAMSL – metres above mean sea level<sup id="cite_ref-horses_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horses-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>MASL – metres above sea level<sup id="cite_ref-horses_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horses-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-california_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-california-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>MSL – mean sea level<sup id="cite_ref-everest_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-everest-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>For elevations or altitudes, often just the abbreviation MSL is used, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> (8849 m MSL), or the reference to sea level is omitted completely, e.g., Mount Everest (8849 m).<sup id="cite_ref-everest_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-everest-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_measurement">Methods of measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Height_above_mean_sea_level&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Methods of measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Altimetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Altimetry">Altimetry</a> is the measurement of altitude or elevation above sea level. Common techniques are:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">Surveying</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Levelling" title="Levelling">levelling</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Global Navigation Satellite System</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>), where a receiver <a href="/wiki/Multilateration" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilateration">determines a location</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pseudorange" title="Pseudorange">pseudoranges</a> to multiple <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid">geoid</a> is needed to convert the 3D position to sea-level elevation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_altimeter" title="Pressure altimeter">Pressure altimeter</a> measuring <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>, which decreases as altitude increases. Since atmospheric pressure varies with the weather, too, a recent local measure of the pressure at a known altitude is needed to calibrate the altimeter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photography</a>.</li> <li>Aerial <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">lidar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_laser_altimetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite laser altimetry">satellite laser altimetry</a>.</li> <li>Aerial or satellite <a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">radar altimetry</a>.</li></ul> <p>Accurate measurement of historical mean sea levels is complex. Land mass <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> (as occurs naturally in some regions) can give the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a>. Conversely, markings on land masses that are <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">uplifted</a> (due to geological processes) can suggest a relative lowering of mean sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Height_above_mean_sea_level&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depth_below_seafloor" class="mw-redirect" title="Depth below seafloor">Depth below seafloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_above_average_terrain" title="Height above average terrain">Height above average terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_above_ground_level" title="Height above ground level">Height above ground level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_on_land_with_elevations_below_sea_level" title="List of places on land with elevations below sea level">List of places on land with elevations below sea level</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Height_above_mean_sea_level&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psmsl.org/train_and_info/faqs/">"Sea Level: Frequently Asked Questions and Answers"</a> Liverpool, UK: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanography_Centre" title="National Oceanography Centre">National Oceanography Centre</a>. Retrieved 31 January 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skybrary.aero/articles/altitude-flight-level-and-height">"Altitude, Flight Level and Height"</a>. <i>SKYbrary Aviation Safety</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SKYbrary+Aviation+Safety&rft.atitle=Altitude%2C+Flight+Level+and+Height&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskybrary.aero%2Farticles%2Faltitude-flight-level-and-height&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeight+above+mean+sea+level" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wireless2.fcc.gov/helpfiles/AsrHelp/help-towairdetermination.html">"TOWAIR Determination"</a>. Federal Communications Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2024</span>. <q>Site Elevation (AMSL) – The elevation of the site above mean sea level (AMSL).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TOWAIR+Determination&rft.pub=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwireless2.fcc.gov%2Fhelpfiles%2FAsrHelp%2Fhelp-towairdetermination.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeight+above+mean+sea+level" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laartcc.org/stm/general-concepts">"General Concepts"</a>. Los Angeles Air Route Traffic Control Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Sometimes, you will still see the abbreviation 'ASL' used as well; it stands for 'Above Sea Level'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Concepts&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+Air+Route+Traffic+Control+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaartcc.org%2Fstm%2Fgeneral-concepts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeight+above+mean+sea+level" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horses-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-horses_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-horses_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-horses_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaramillo2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jaramillo, Camilo; et al. (November–December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7968404">"2020 ACVIM Forum On Demand Research Abstract Program: Abstract E45"</a>. <i>Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine</i>. <b>34</b> (6): 2967. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjvim.15904">10.1111/jvim.15904</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7968404">7968404</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33037851">33037851</a>. <q>The horses lived at five different altitudes: 0 masl (n=23), 1000 mamsl (3280 famsl, n=25)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Veterinary+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=2020+ACVIM+Forum+On+Demand+Research+Abstract+Program%3A+Abstract+E45&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2967&rft.date=2020-11%2F2020-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7968404%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33037851&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjvim.15904&rft.aulast=Jaramillo&rft.aufirst=Camilo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7968404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeight+above+mean+sea+level" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-california-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-california_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-california_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegrini2006" class="citation journal cs1">Negrini, Robert M.; et al. 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