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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins_and_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins and theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apotropaic_ritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apotropaic_ritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Apotropaic ritual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apotropaic_ritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barley_harvest_plus_Exodus_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barley_harvest_plus_Exodus_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Barley harvest plus Exodus narrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barley_harvest_plus_Exodus_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biblical narrative</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biblical_narrative-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biblical narrative subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biblical_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_Book_of_Exodus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Book_of_Exodus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In the Book of Exodus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Book_of_Exodus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Passover_in_other_biblical_passages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Passover_in_other_biblical_passages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Passover in other biblical passages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Passover_in_other_biblical_passages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_extra-biblical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_extra-biblical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>In extra-biblical sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_extra-biblical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_and_duration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_and_duration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Date and duration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_and_duration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passover_sacrifice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passover_sacrifice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Passover sacrifice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passover_sacrifice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removing_all_leaven_(chametz)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removing_all_leaven_(chametz)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Removing all leaven (<i>chametz</i>)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Removing_all_leaven_(chametz)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Removing all leaven (<i>chametz</i>) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Removing_all_leaven_(chametz)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interpretations_for_abstinence_from_leaven_or_yeast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations_for_abstinence_from_leaven_or_yeast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Interpretations for abstinence from leaven or yeast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretations_for_abstinence_from_leaven_or_yeast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kitniyot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kitniyot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Kitniyot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kitniyot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gebrochts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gebrochts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Gebrochts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gebrochts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sale_of_leaven" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sale_of_leaven"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sale of leaven</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sale_of_leaven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Search_for_leaven" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_for_leaven"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Search for leaven</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Search_for_leaven-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Search for leaven subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Search_for_leaven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blessing_for_search_and_nullification_of_hametz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blessing_for_search_and_nullification_of_hametz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Blessing for search and nullification of hametz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blessing_for_search_and_nullification_of_hametz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morning_of_14th_of_Nisan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morning_of_14th_of_Nisan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Morning of 14th of Nisan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morning_of_14th_of_Nisan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morning of 14th of Nisan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morning_of_14th_of_Nisan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fast_of_the_Firstborn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fast_of_the_Firstborn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Fast of the Firstborn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fast_of_the_Firstborn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burning_and_nullification_of_leaven" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burning_and_nullification_of_leaven"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Burning and nullification of leaven</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burning_and_nullification_of_leaven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Not_eating_matzah_from_sunrise_until_sunset_(day_before_Passover)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Not_eating_matzah_from_sunrise_until_sunset_(day_before_Passover)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Not eating matzah from sunrise until sunset (day before Passover)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Not_eating_matzah_from_sunrise_until_sunset_(day_before_Passover)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separate_kosher_for_Passover_utensils_and_dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separate_kosher_for_Passover_utensils_and_dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Separate kosher for Passover utensils and dishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separate_kosher_for_Passover_utensils_and_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matzah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matzah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Matzah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matzah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passover_seder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passover_seder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Passover seder</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Passover_seder-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Passover seder subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Passover_seder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maror" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maror"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Maror</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maror-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four_cups_of_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_cups_of_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Four cups of wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_cups_of_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_four_questions_and_participation_of_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_four_questions_and_participation_of_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>The four questions and participation of children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_four_questions_and_participation_of_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afikoman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afikoman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Afikoman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afikoman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concluding_songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concluding_songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Concluding songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concluding_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hallel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hallel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Hallel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hallel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counting_of_the_Omer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counting_of_the_Omer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Counting of the Omer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counting_of_the_Omer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chol_HaMoed:_The_intermediate_days_of_Passover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chol_HaMoed:_The_intermediate_days_of_Passover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Chol HaMoed: The intermediate days of Passover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chol_HaMoed:_The_intermediate_days_of_Passover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh_day_of_Passover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_day_of_Passover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Seventh day of Passover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_day_of_Passover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Passover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Passover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Second Passover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Passover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_events_on_Passover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_events_on_Passover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Notable events on Passover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_events_on_Passover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_foods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_foods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Traditional foods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_foods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_celebrations,_sermons,_liturgy,_and_song_in_other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_celebrations,_sermons,_liturgy,_and_song_in_other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Related celebrations, sermons, liturgy, and song in other religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_celebrations,_sermons,_liturgy,_and_song_in_other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Environmental links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Passover</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesach" title="Pesach – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pesach" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessach" title="Pessach – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pessach" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="عيد الفصح اليهودي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عيد الفصح اليهودي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascua_xud%C3%ADa" title="Pascua xudía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pascua xudía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesah" title="Pesah – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pesah" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96" title="পেসাখ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেসাখ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Песах – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Песах" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Песах – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Песах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Пэсах – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэсах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Пасха – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пасха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessach" title="Pessach – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Pessach" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesah" title="Pesah – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pesah" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesac%27h" title="Pesac'h – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pesac'h" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ssah" title="Péssah – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Péssah" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesa%E1%B8%A5" title="Pesaḥ – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pesaḥ" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesach" title="Pesach – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pesach" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessach" title="Pessach – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pessach" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C9%A3igari_Chu%C9%A3u" title="Yaɣigari Chuɣu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Yaɣigari Chuɣu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesach" title="Pesach – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pesach" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessach" title="Pessach – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pessach" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paasap%C3%BChad" title="Paasapühad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paasapühad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B1" title="Εβραϊκό Πάσχα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εβραϊκό Πάσχα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9saj" title="Pésaj – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pésaj" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesa%C4%A5o" title="Pesaĥo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pesaĥo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessah" title="Pessah – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pessah" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%AD" title="پسح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پسح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessa%27h" title="Pessa'h – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pessa'h" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasche_ebraiche" title="Pasche ebraiche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Pasche ebraiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1isc_na_nGi%C3%BAdach" title="Cáisc na nGiúdach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cáisc na nGiúdach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessach" title="Pessach – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pessach" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%9B%94%EC%A0%88" title="유월절 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유월절" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AD_(%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF)" title="Փեսախ (հրեական զատիկ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փեսախ (հրեական զատիկ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pasha" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paskah_Yahudi" title="Paskah Yahudi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paskah Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessach" title="Pessach – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pessach" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1skahald_gy%C3%B0inga" title="Páskahald gyðinga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Páskahald gyðinga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesach" title="Pesach – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pesach" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%97" title="פסח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ფესახი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფესახი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaka_ya_Kiyahudi" title="Pasaka ya Kiyahudi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pasaka ya Kiyahudi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Пасха – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пасха" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesah" title="Pesah – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Pesah" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascha_(festum_Iudaicum)" title="Pascha (festum Iudaicum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pascha (festum Iudaicum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesahs" title="Pesahs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pesahs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascha" title="Pascha – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pascha" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesach" title="Pesach – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pesach" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9szah" title="Pészah – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pészah" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Пасха – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пасха" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paska_jiosy" title="Paska jiosy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paska jiosy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE_(%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82)" title="പെസഹാ (യഹൂദമതം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പെസഹാ (യഹൂദമതം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ფესახი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფესახი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D8%AD" title="عيد الفصح – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عيد الفصح" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paskah_Yahudi" title="Paskah Yahudi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paskah Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Алгасал баяр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Алгасал баяр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesach" title="Pesach – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pesach" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E8%B6%8A" title="過越 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="過越" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesach" title="Pesach – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pesach" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesah" title="Pesah – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pesah" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="پیساخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیساخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%84" title="បុណ្យរំលង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បុណ្យរំលង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesach" title="Pesach – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pesach" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessach" title="Pessach – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pessach" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesah" title="Pesah – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pesah" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Песах – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Песах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover" title="Passover – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Passover" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesach" title="Pesach – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pesach" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pasha" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Пасха – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пасха" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pasha" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesah" title="Pesah – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pesah" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesach" title="Pesach – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pesach" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesa%E1%B8%A5" title="Pesaḥ – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pesaḥ" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="பாஸ்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாஸ்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%93%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="పాస్ ఓవర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పాస్ ఓవర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2" title="ปัสคา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปัสคา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamursuz_Bayram%C4%B1" title="Hamursuz Bayramı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hamursuz Bayramı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Песах – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Песах" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AD" title="عید فسح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عید فسح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%85_V%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3t_Qua" title="Lễ Vượt Qua – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lễ Vượt Qua" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesa%E1%B8%A5" title="Pesaḥ – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pesaḥ" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%BE%E8%B6%8A%E8%8A%82" title="逾越节 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="逾越节" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%97" title="פסח – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פסח" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%BE%E8%B6%8A%E7%AF%80" title="逾越節 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="逾越節" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesax" title="Pesax – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pesax" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%BE%E8%B6%8A%E7%AF%80" title="逾越節 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="逾越節" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Passover&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Passover">Jewish Passover</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jewish holiday</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Jewish holiday. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Passover_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Passover (disambiguation)">Passover (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: lightskyblue">Passover<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חַג הַפֶּסַח</span>‎</span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pessach_Pesach_Pascha_Judentum_Ungesaeuert_Seder_datafox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pessach_Pesach_Pascha_Judentum_Ungesaeuert_Seder_datafox.jpg/240px-Pessach_Pesach_Pascha_Judentum_Ungesaeuert_Seder_datafox.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Pessach_Pesach_Pascha_Judentum_Ungesaeuert_Seder_datafox.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="420" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption">A table set up for a <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder" title="Passover Seder">Passover Seder</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Pesach</b> – <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">פסח</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Pesaḥ</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> (religious and cultural)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Celebrates <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a>, the freedom from <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> from <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> that followed the <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt" title="Plagues of Egypt">Ten Plagues</a></li><li>Beginning of the 49 days of <a href="/wiki/Counting_of_the_Omer" title="Counting of the Omer">Counting of the Omer</a></li><li>Connected to barley harvest in spring</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder" title="Passover Seder">Passover Seder</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Begins</th><td class="infobox-data">15 <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ends</th><td class="infobox-data">21 Nisan (22 Nisan in traditional Diaspora communities)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">15 Nisan, 16 Nisan, 17 Nisan, 18 Nisan, 19 Nisan, 20 Nisan, 21 Nisan, 22 Nisan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2023 date</th><td class="infobox-data">Sunset, 5 April –<br />nightfall, 13 April (8 days)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2024 date</th><td class="infobox-data">Sunset, 22 April –<br />nightfall, 30 April (8 days)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2025 date</th><td class="infobox-data">Sunset, 12 April –<br />nightfall, 20 April (8 days)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2026 date</th><td class="infobox-data">Sunset, 1 April –<br />nightfall, 9 April (8 days)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> ("Festival of Weeks") which follows 49 days from the second night of Passover.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Passover</b>, also called <b>Pesach</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/x/: 'ch' in 'loch'">x</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חַג הַפֶּסַח</span>‎</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">Ḥag hapPesaḥ</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'<a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Pilgrimage</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt#Death_of_the_firstborn_son" title="Plagues of Egypt">the Passing Over</a>'), is a major <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holiday</a> and one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Three Pilgrimage Festivals</a>. It celebrates <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> from slavery in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Egypt" title="Biblical Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">God</a> commanded <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> to tell the Israelites to slaughter a lamb and mark their doorframes with its blood, in addition to instructions for consuming the lamb that night. For that night, God would send the <a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel_(Bible)" title="Destroying angel (Bible)">Angel of Death</a> to bring about the <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt" title="Plagues of Egypt">tenth plague</a>, in which he would <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt#plague10" title="Plagues of Egypt">smite all the firstborn in Egypt</a>. But when the angel saw the blood on the Israelites' doorframes, he would <i>pass over</i> their homes so that the plague should not enter (hence the name.) The story is part of the broader Exodus narrative, in which the Israelites, while living in Egypt, are enslaved en masse by the Pharaoh to suppress them; when Pharaoh refuses God's demand to let them go, God sends <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt" title="Plagues of Egypt">ten plagues</a> upon Egypt. After the tenth plague, Pharaoh permits the Israelites to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-bibleverse|Exodus|12:27|HE_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|Exodus|12:27|HE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This story is recounted at the <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder" title="Passover Seder">Passover Seder</a> by reading the <a href="/wiki/Haggadah" title="Haggadah">Haggadah</a>. The Haggadah is a standardized ritual account of the Exodus story, in fulfillment of the command "And thou shalt tell [Higgadata] thy son in that day, saying: It is because of that which the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> did for me when I came forth out of Egypt."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pesach starts on the 15th day of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew month</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a>, which is considered the first month of the Hebrew year. The Rabbinical Jewish calendar is adjusted to align with the solar calendar in such a way that 15 Nisan always coincides with Sunday, Tuesday, Thursday, or Saturday. The Hebrew day starts and ends at sunset, so the holiday starts at sunset the day before. For example, in 2024, 15 Nisan coincides with Tuesday, April 23. Therefore, Pesach starts at <a href="/wiki/Erev" title="Erev">sundown</a> on Monday, April 22. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">פֶּסַח</span> is rendered as <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[pɛsaħ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/77\/He-Pesach.ogg\/He-Pesach.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"He-Pesach.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/He-Pesach.ogg/He-Pesach.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:He-Pesach.ogg" title="File:He-Pesach.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ˈpesaχ]</a></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Pesaḥ, Pesakh</i></span>. The verb <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">pāsaḥ</i></span> (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">פָּסַח</span></span>) is first mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>'s account of the Exodus,<sup id="cite_ref-bibleverse|Exodus|12:23|HE_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|Exodus|12:23|HE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is some debate about its exact meaning. The commonly held assumption that it means "He passed over" (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:פסח">פסח</a></span></span>), in reference to God "passing over" (or "skipping") the houses of the Hebrews during the final of the Ten Plagues of Egypt, stems from the translation provided in the Septuagint (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">παρελεύσεται</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pareleusetai</i></span> in Exodus 12:23,<sup id="cite_ref-bibleverse|Exodus|12:23|HE_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|Exodus|12:23|HE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐσκέπασεν</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">eskepasen</i></span> in Exodus 12:27.)<sup id="cite_ref-bibleverse|Exodus|12:27|HE_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|Exodus|12:27|HE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Targum_Onkelos" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Jewish Babylonian Aramaic</a>, translates <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">pesach</i></span> as <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">וְיֵחוֹס</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">wəyēḥos</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'he had pity', coming from the Hebrew root <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חסה</span></span>, meaning "to have pity".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cognate languages yield similar terms with distinct meanings, such as "make soft, soothe, placate" (<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">passahu</i></span>), "harvest, commemoration, blow" (<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a>), or "separate" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">fsh</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pesach may also refer to the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic sheep">lamb</a> or <a href="/wiki/Domestic_goat" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic goat">goat</a> which was designated as the Passover sacrifice. Four days before the Exodus, the Hebrews were commanded to set aside a lamb,<sup id="cite_ref-bibleverse|Exodus|12:3|HE_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|Exodus|12:3|HE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and inspect it daily for blemishes. During the day on 14th Nisan, they were to slaughter the animal and use its blood to mark their <a href="/wiki/Post_and_lintel" title="Post and lintel">lintels and door posts</a>. Before midnight on 15th Nisan, they were to consume the lamb. </p><p>The English term <i>Passover</i> is first known to be recorded in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> in <a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a>'s translation of the Bible,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later appearing in the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> as well. It is a literal translation of the Hebrew term.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the King James Version, Exodus 12:23 reads: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> will pass through to smite the Egyptians; and when he seeth the blood upon the lintel, and on the two side posts, the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> will pass over the door, and will not suffer the destroyer to come in unto your houses to smite you.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_theories">Origins and theories</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel%27s_Escape_from_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel%27s_Escape_from_Egypt.jpg/220px-Israel%27s_Escape_from_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel%27s_Escape_from_Egypt.jpg/330px-Israel%27s_Escape_from_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel%27s_Escape_from_Egypt.jpg/440px-Israel%27s_Escape_from_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a> from Egypt, 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>The Passover ritual is "a mitzvah commanded by Torah (rather than of rabbinic origin)."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apotropaic_ritual">Apotropaic ritual</h3></div> <p>The Passover ritual is thought by modern scholars to have its origins in an <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">apotropaic rite</a> unrelated to the Exodus to ensure the protection of a family home, a rite conducted wholly within a clan.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ezov" title="Ezov">Ezov</a> was employed to daub the blood of a slaughtered sheep on the lintels and door posts to ensure that demonic forces could not enter the home.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barley_harvest_plus_Exodus_narrative">Barley harvest plus Exodus narrative</h3></div> <p>A further hypothesis maintains that once the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_Code" title="Priestly Code">Priestly Code</a> was promulgated, the Exodus narrative took on a central function, as the apotropaic rite was, arguably, amalgamated with the <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a> agricultural festival of spring which was a ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Unleavened_bread" title="Unleavened bread">unleavened bread</a>, connected with the <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> harvest. As the Exodus motif grew, the original function and symbolism of these double origins was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several motifs replicate the features associated with the <a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Akitu</a> spring festival of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">ancient Mesopotamian religion</a>, which celebrates the sowing of barley.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars <a href="/wiki/John_Van_Seters" title="John Van Seters">John Van Seters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judah_Segal" title="Judah Segal">Judah Segal</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamara_Pro%C5%A1i%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamara Prošić (page does not exist)">Tamara Prošić</a> disagree with the merged two-festivals hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_narrative">Biblical narrative</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Book_of_Exodus">In the Book of Exodus</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt" title="Plagues of Egypt">Plagues of Egypt</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a>, the Israelites are enslaved in ancient Egypt. <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, the god of the Israelites, appears to Moses in a <a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">burning bush</a> and commands Moses to confront <a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">the Pharaoh</a>. To show his power, Yahweh inflicts a series of <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt" title="Plagues of Egypt">ten plagues on the Egyptians</a>, culminating in the plague of the death of the firstborn. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Moses said, “Thus says <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יהוה</span></span>: Toward midnight I will go forth among the Egyptians, and every [male] first-born in the land of Egypt shall die, from the first-born of Pharaoh who sits on his throne to the first-born of the slave girl who is behind the millstones; and all the first-born of the cattle. And there shall be a loud cry in all the land of Egypt, such as has never been or will ever be again;</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Bo_(parashah)" title="Bo (parashah)">Exodus 11:4–6</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Before this final plague, Yahweh commands Moses to tell the Israelites to mark a <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">lamb</a>'s blood above their doors so God will pass over them and the plague of the death of the firstborn will not afflict them. </p><p>The biblical regulations for the observance of the festival require that all <a href="/wiki/Leavening_agent" title="Leavening agent">leavening</a> be disposed of before the beginning of the 15th of Nisan according to Exodus 13:7 An unblemished lamb or goat, known as the <a href="/wiki/Passover_sacrifice" title="Passover sacrifice">Passover sacrifice</a> or "Paschal Lamb", is to be set apart on 10th Nisan,<sup id="cite_ref-bibleverse|Exodus|12:3|HE_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|Exodus|12:3|HE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and slaughtered at dusk as 14th Nisan ends in preparation for the 15th of Nisan when it will be eaten after being roasted.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The literal meaning of the Hebrew is "between the two evenings".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is then to be eaten "that night", 15th Nisan,<sup id="cite_ref-Exodus_12:8_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exodus_12:8-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> roasted, without the removal of its internal organs<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with unleavened bread, known as matzah, and bitter herbs known as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Maror" title="Maror">maror</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Exodus_12:8_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exodus_12:8-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nothing of the sacrifice on which the sun rises by the morning of the 15th of Nisan may be eaten, but must be burned.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biblical regulations of the original Passover at the time of the Exodus only also include how the meal was to be eaten: "your loins girded, your sandals on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and you shall eat it hurriedly: it is a passover offering to <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יהוה</span></span>."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biblical requirements of slaying the Paschal lamb in the individual homes of the Hebrews and smearing the blood of the lamb on their doorways were celebrated in Egypt. However, once Israel was in the wilderness and the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a> was in operation, a change was made in those two original requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passover lambs were to be sacrificed at the door of the Tabernacle and no longer in the homes of the Jews. No longer, therefore, could blood be smeared on doorways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Passover_in_other_biblical_passages">The Passover in other biblical passages</h3></div> <p>Called the "festival [of] the unleavened bread" (<a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">חג המצות</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">ḥaḡ ham-maṣoṯ</i></span>) in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, the commandment to keep Passover is recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Book of Leviticus</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month at dusk is the LORD's Passover. And on the fifteenth day of the same month is the feast of unleavened bread unto the LORD; seven days ye shall eat unleavened bread. In the first day ye shall have a holy convocation; ye shall do no manner of servile work. And ye shall bring an offering made by fire unto the LORD seven days; in the seventh day is a holy convocation; ye shall do no manner of servile work.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm#5">Leviticus 23:5–8</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America_Version" title="Jewish Publication Society of America Version">JPS 1917 Version</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The sacrifices may be performed only in a specific place prescribed by God. For Judaism, this is Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biblical commandments concerning the Passover (and the Feast of Unleavened Bread) stress the importance of remembering: </p> <ul><li>Exodus 12:14 commands about God's sparing of the firstborn from the <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt#plague10" title="Plagues of Egypt">Tenth Plague</a>: "And this day shall be unto you for a memorial, and ye shall keep it a feast to the LORD; throughout your generations ye shall keep it a feast by an ordinance for ever."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Exodus 13:3 repeats the command to remember: "Remember this day, in which you came out of Egypt, out of the house of bondage, for by strength the hand of the LORD brought you out from this place."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Deuteronomy 16:12: "And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in Egypt; and thou shalt observe and do these statutes".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 2 Kings 23:21–23 and 2 Chronicles 35:1–19, King <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a> restores the celebration of the Passover,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to a standard not seen since the days of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_judges" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical judges">judges</a> or the days of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical prophet">prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ezra 6:19–21 records the celebration of the passover by the Jews who had returned from <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">exile in Babylon</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">temple had been rebuilt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_extra-biblical_sources">In extra-biblical sources</h3></div> <p>Some of these details can be corroborated, and to some extent amplified, in extrabiblical sources. The removal (or "sealing up") of the leaven is referred to in the <a href="/wiki/Elephantine_papyri_and_ostraca" title="Elephantine papyri and ostraca">Elephantine papyri and ostraca</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Imperial Aramaic</a> papyrus letter from the <a href="/wiki/5th_century_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="5th century BCE">5th century BCE</a> from <a href="/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a>, Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slaughter of the lambs on the 14th is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Jubilees" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilees">Jubilees</a>, a Jewish work of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic period">Ptolemaic period</a>, and by the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian-era</a> writers <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>. These sources also indicate that "between the two evenings" was taken to mean the afternoon.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Jubilees</i> states the sacrifice was eaten that night,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and together with Josephus states that nothing of the sacrifice was allowed to remain until morning.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philo states that the banquet included hymns and prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date_and_duration">Date and duration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yom_tov_sheni_shel_galuyot" title="Yom tov sheni shel galuyot">Yom tov sheni shel galuyot</a></div> <p>The Passover begins on the 15th day of the month of <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a>, which at present falls between March 26 and April 25 of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 15th day begins in the evening, after the 14th day, and the seder meal is eaten that evening. Passover is a spring festival, so the 15th day of Nisan typically begins on the night of a <a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a> after the northern <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">vernal equinox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">leap months</a> falling after the vernal equinox, Passover sometimes starts on the second full moon after vernal equinox, as in 2016. </p><p>To ensure that Passover did not start before spring, the tradition in ancient Israel held that the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_new_year#Middle_East/West_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar new year">lunar new year</a>, the first day of Nisan, would not start until the barley was ripe, being the test for the onset of spring.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the barley was not ripe, or various other phenomena<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicated that spring was not yet imminent, an intercalary month (<a href="/wiki/Adar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Adar II">Adar II</a>) would be added. However, since at least the 4th century, the intercalation has been fixed mathematically according to the <a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, Passover is the seven-day holiday of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, with the first and last days celebrated as legal holidays and as holy days involving holiday meals, special prayer services, and abstention from work; the intervening days are known as <a href="/wiki/Chol_HaMoed" title="Chol HaMoed">Chol HaMoed</a> ("Weekdays [of] the Festival"). Jews outside of Israel celebrate the festival for eight days. <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a> Jews usually celebrate the holiday over seven days.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> use a different calendar; they rely on visual identification of ripe barley and the date of Passover cannot be determined before this.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modern Karaites follow the Rabbinical calendar in modern Israel because of social pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> use a calendrical system that uses a different method from that current in Rabbinic practice; it sometimes is the same date on the solar calendar, sometimes two days later, and sometimes an entire month later.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, Rabbinical Passover begins at sunset on 22 April. On the calendar used by the Samaritans, 22 April 2024 is also the day of the Passover sacrifice. Karaite and Samaritan Passovers are each one day long followed by the six-day Festival of Unleavened Bread, for a total of seven days.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Passover_sacrifice">Passover sacrifice</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passover_sacrifice" title="Passover sacrifice">Passover sacrifice</a></div> <p>The main entity in Passover according to Judaism is the sacrificial lamb<sup id="cite_ref-Bokser_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokser-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabernacle (Judaism)">Tabernacle</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>, the focus of the Passover festival was the Passover sacrifice, also known as the Paschal lamb, eaten during the Passover Seder on the 15th of Nisan. Every family large enough to completely consume a young lamb or wild goat was required to offer one for sacrifice at the Jewish Temple on the afternoon of the 14th day of Nisan,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eat it that night, which was the 15th of Nisan.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the family was too small to finish eating the entire offering in one sitting, an offering was made for a group of families. The sacrifice could not be offered with anything leavened,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had to be roasted, without its head, feet, or inner organs being removed<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eaten together with unleavened bread and bitter herbs (<i><a href="/wiki/Maror" title="Maror">maror</a></i>). One had to be careful not to break any bones from the offering,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and none of the meat could be left over by morning.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the Passover sacrifice's status as a sacred offering, the only people allowed to eat it were those who had the obligation to bring the offering. Among those who could not offer or eat the Passover lamb were an <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Judaism" title="Apostasy in Judaism">apostate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a servant,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">uncircumcised man</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a person in a state of <a href="/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">ritual impurity</a> except when a majority of Jews are in such a state,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a>. The offering had to be made before a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a> of 30.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Temple, the <a href="/wiki/Levites" class="mw-redirect" title="Levites">Levites</a> sang <a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">priests</a> performed the sacrificial service. Men and women were equally obligated regarding the offering (<i>Pesahim</i> 91b). </p><p>Today, in the absence of the Temple, when no sacrifices are offered or eaten, the <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a> of the sacrifice is memorialized in the <i>Seder Korban Pesach</i>, a set of scriptural and Rabbinic passages dealing with the Passover sacrifice, customarily recited after the <i><a href="/wiki/Mincha" title="Mincha">Mincha</a></i> (afternoon prayer) service on the 14th of Nisan,<sup id="cite_ref-Kitov_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitov-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the form of the <i><a href="/wiki/Zeroa" title="Zeroa">zeroa</a></i>, a symbolic food placed on the <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Passover Seder Plate">Passover Seder Plate</a> (but not eaten), which is usually a roasted <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">shankbone</a> (or a chicken wing or neck). The eating of the <a href="/wiki/Afikoman" title="Afikoman">afikoman</a> substitutes for the eating of the sacrifice at the end of the Seder meal (<a href="/wiki/Pesachim" title="Pesachim">Mishnah Pesachim</a> 119a). Many <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> have the custom of eating lamb or goat meat during the Seder in memory of the sacrifice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Removing_all_leaven_(chametz)"><span id="Removing_all_leaven_.28chametz.29"></span>Removing all leaven (<i>chametz</i>)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chametz#Removal_of_chametz" title="Chametz">Chametz § Removal of chametz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bedikat_Chametz" title="Bedikat Chametz">Bedikat Chametz</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biur_chametz_woodcut.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Biur_chametz_woodcut.png/220px-Biur_chametz_woodcut.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Biur_chametz_woodcut.png/330px-Biur_chametz_woodcut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Biur_chametz_woodcut.png/440px-Biur_chametz_woodcut.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1346" /></a><figcaption>Washing dishes for passover (1657)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BiurChametz2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/BiurChametz2010.jpg/250px-BiurChametz2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/BiurChametz2010.jpg/375px-BiurChametz2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/BiurChametz2010.jpg/500px-BiurChametz2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Burning chametz on the morning before Passover begins</figcaption></figure> <p>Leaven, in Hebrew <i><a href="/wiki/Chametz#What_is_chametz?" title="Chametz">chametz</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חמץ</span></span> <i>ḥamets</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Leavening" class="mw-redirect" title="Leavening">leavening</a>") is made from one of five types of grains<sup id="cite_ref-Pomerantz_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomerantz-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combined with water and left to stand for more than eighteen minutes. The consumption, keeping, and owning of <i>chametz</i> is forbidden during Passover. Yeast and fermentation are not themselves forbidden as seen for example by wine, which is required, rather than merely permitted. According to Halakha, the ownership of such <i>chametz</i> is also proscribed.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Chametz</i> does not include <a href="/wiki/Baking_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baking soda">baking soda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baking_powder" title="Baking powder">baking powder</a> or like products. Although these are defined in English as leavening agents, they leaven by chemical reaction, not by biological fermentation. Thus, bagels, waffles and pancakes made with baking soda and matzah meal are considered permissible, while bagels made with sourdough and pancakes and waffles made with yeast are prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Torah commandments regarding <i>chametz</i> are: </p> <ul><li>To remove all <i>chametz</i> from one's home, including things made with chametz, before the first day of Passover<sup id="cite_ref-bibleverse||Exodus|12:15|HE_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleverse||Exodus|12:15|HE-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be simply used up, thrown out (historically, destroyed by burning), or given or sold to non-Jews.</li> <li>To refrain from eating <i>chametz</i> or mixtures containing <i>chametz</i> during Passover.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Not to possess <i>chametz</i> in one's domain (i.e. home, office, car, etc.) during Passover.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Observant Jews spend the weeks before Passover in a flurry of thorough housecleaning, to remove every morsel of <i>chametz</i> from every part of the home. <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a> requires the elimination of <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a>-sized or larger quantities of leavening from one's possession, but most housekeeping goes beyond this. Even the seams of kitchen counters are thoroughly cleaned to remove traces of flour and yeast, however small. Any containers or implements that have touched <i>chametz</i> are stored and not used during Passover.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resort" title="Resort">resorts</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ships</a> across <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> also undergo a thorough housecleaning to make their premises "kosher for Pesach" to cater to observant Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretations_for_abstinence_from_leaven_or_yeast">Interpretations for abstinence from leaven or yeast</h3></div> <p>Some scholars suggest that the command to abstain from leavened food or yeast suggests that sacrifices offered to God involve the offering of objects in "their least altered state", that would be nearest to the way in which they were initially made by God.<sup id="cite_ref-Bokser_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokser-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to other scholars the absence of leaven or yeast means that leaven or yeast symbolizes corruption and spoiling.<sup id="cite_ref-Bokser_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokser-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sarna_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarna-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also variations with restrictions on eating matzah before Passover so that there will be an increased appetite for it during Passover itself. Primarily among <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> Chassidim, there is a custom of not eating matzah (flat unleavened bread) in the 30 days before Passover begins.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have a custom to refrain from eating matzah from Rosh Chodesh Nissan, while the <a href="/wiki/Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha">halacha</a> merely restricts one from eating matzah on the day before Passover.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kitniyot">Kitniyot</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kitniyot" title="Kitniyot">Kitniyot</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: קִטְנִיּוֹת, <i>qitniyyot</i>; literally "small things") refers to legumes, rice, maize, and other foods that are similar to grains. <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> historically refrain from eating kitniyot on Passover, despite there not being a clear commandment to include them in the category of chametz.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform movement</a> has permitted eating kitniyot, and in 2015 the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative movement</a> followed suit.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> have always permitted eating kitniyot on Passover. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gebrochts">Gebrochts</h4></div> <p>Gebrochts (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: געבראקטס, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'broken', also known as <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: מצה שרויה, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>:</small> <i>matzah shruya</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'soaked matzah') refers to <a href="/wiki/Matzah" title="Matzah">matzah</a> that has absorbed liquid. Some <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Jews</a> avoid gebrochts as well, to avoid the possibility that a clump of flour that was never properly mixed with water (and thus is still susceptible to leavening) may come into contact with the liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sale_of_leaven">Sale of leaven</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%A5_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%A5_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%282%29.jpg/220px-%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%A5_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%A5_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%282%29.jpg/330px-%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%A5_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%A5_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%282%29.jpg/440px-%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%A5_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1997" /></a><figcaption>The former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Israel" title="President of Israel">President of Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuven_Rivlin" title="Reuven Rivlin">Reuven Rivlin</a> sells the leaven of the <a href="/wiki/Beit_HaNassi" title="Beit HaNassi">Beit HaNassi</a> (the official residence of the president), to <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Amar" title="Shlomo Amar">Shlomo Amar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief Rabbi of Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rishon_LeZion_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rishon LeZion (title)">Rishon LeZion</a>, in order that Amar will later sell it to a non-Jew.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chametz#Sale_of_chametz" title="Chametz">Chametz § Sale of chametz</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leavened_foods_concealed_behind_plastic_at_Jerusalem_supermarket_during_Passover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A narrow supermarket aisle, under strip fluorescent lighting, with sections blocked off by white plastic sheeting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Leavened_foods_concealed_behind_plastic_at_Jerusalem_supermarket_during_Passover.jpg/220px-Leavened_foods_concealed_behind_plastic_at_Jerusalem_supermarket_during_Passover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Leavened_foods_concealed_behind_plastic_at_Jerusalem_supermarket_during_Passover.jpg/330px-Leavened_foods_concealed_behind_plastic_at_Jerusalem_supermarket_during_Passover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Leavened_foods_concealed_behind_plastic_at_Jerusalem_supermarket_during_Passover.jpg/440px-Leavened_foods_concealed_behind_plastic_at_Jerusalem_supermarket_during_Passover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3388" data-file-height="2648" /></a><figcaption><i>Chametz</i> foods blocked from purchase during Passover in a Jerusalem supermarket</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Leaven" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaven">Leaven</a> or <i>chametz</i> may be sold rather than discarded, especially in the case of relatively valuable forms such as <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">liquor</a> <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distilled</a> from wheat, with the products being repurchased afterward. In some cases, they may never leave the house, instead being formally sold while remaining in the original owner's possession in a locked cabinet until they can be repurchased after the holiday. Modern observance may also include sealing cabinets and drawers which contain "Chametz" shut by using adhesive tape, which serves a similar purpose to a lock but also shows evidence of tampering. Although the practice of selling "Chametz" dates back many years, some Reform rabbinical authorities have come to regard it with disdain – since the supposed "new owner" never takes actual possession of the goods.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sale of <i>chametz</i> may also be conducted communally via a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>, who becomes the "agent" for all the community's Jews through a halakhic procedure called a <i>kinyan</i> (acquisition). Each householder must put aside all the <i>chametz</i> he is selling into a box or cupboard, and the rabbi enters into a contract to sell all the <i>chametz</i> to a non-Jew (who is not obligated to celebrate the commandments) in exchange for a small <a href="/wiki/Down_payment" title="Down payment">down payment</a> (<i>e.g.</i> $1.00), with the remainder due after Passover. This sale is considered completely binding according to Halakha, and at any time during the holiday, the buyer may come to take or partake of his property. The rabbi then re-purchases the goods for less than they were sold at the end of the holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Search_for_leaven">Search for leaven<span class="anchor" id="Formal_search_for_chametz"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bedikat_chametz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedikat chametz">bedikat chametz</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Talmud/Seder_Moed/Tractate_Pesachim/2a" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Translation:Talmud/Seder Moed/Tractate Pesachim/2a">Talmud's introduction to checking for chametz and defining <i>or</i> (literally, "light") (Tractate Pesachim 2a)</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>On the night of the fourteenth of <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a>, the night before the <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder" title="Passover Seder">Passover Seder</a> (after nightfall on the evening before Passover eve), Jews do a formal search in their homes known as <i><a href="/wiki/Bedikat_chametz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedikat chametz">bedikat chametz</a></i> for any possible remaining leaven (<i><a href="/wiki/Chametz" title="Chametz">chametz</a></i>). The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> sages instructed that a search for <i>chametz</i> be made in every home, place of work, or any place where <i>chametz</i> may have been brought during the year.<sup id="cite_ref-ArtScroll_Pesach_Machzor_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtScroll_Pesach_Machzor-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the first Seder is on a Saturday night, the search is conducted on the preceding Thursday night (thirteenth of Nisan) as <a href="/wiki/Eve_of_Passover_on_Shabbat" title="Eve of Passover on Shabbat"><i>chametz</i> cannot be burned during Shabbat</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pesahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesahim">Pesahim</a> (p. 2a) derives from the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> that the search for <i>chametz</i> be conducted by the light of a candle and therefore is done at night, and although the final destruction of the <i>chametz</i> (usually by burning it in a small bonfire) is done on the next morning, the blessing is made at night because the search is both in preparation for and part of the commandments to remove and destroy all <i>chametz</i> from one's possession.<sup id="cite_ref-ArtScroll_Pesach_Machzor_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtScroll_Pesach_Machzor-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blessing_for_search_and_nullification_of_hametz">Blessing for search and nullification of hametz</h3></div> <p>Before the search is begun there is a special <a href="/wiki/Berakhah" title="Berakhah">blessing</a>. If several people or family members assist in the search then only one person, usually the head of that family recites the blessing having in mind to include everyone present:<sup id="cite_ref-ArtScroll_Pesach_Machzor_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtScroll_Pesach_Machzor-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Blessed are You, Hashem our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with his commandments and has commanded us concerning the removal of chametz.</dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ברוך אתה י-הוה א-להינו מלך העולם אשר קדשנו במצותיו וצונו על בעור חמץ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">bāruḵ attā aḏonāy Elohēnu meleḵ hāʿolām ʾəšer qiddəšānu bəmiṣwāṯāw wəṣiwānu ʿal bəʿor ḥāmeṣ</i></span> </p><p>The search is then usually conducted by the head of the household joined by his family including children under the supervision of their parents. </p><p>It is customary to turn off the lights and conduct the search by <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candlelight</a>, using a feather and a wooden spoon: candlelight effectively illuminates corners without casting shadows; the feather can dust crumbs out of their hiding places; and the wooden spoon which collects the crumbs can be burned the next day with the hametz. However, most contemporary Orthodox authorities permit using a flashlight, while some strongly encourage it due to the danger coupled with using a candle. </p><p>Because the house is assumed to have been thoroughly cleaned by the night before Passover, there is some concern that making a blessing over the search for hametz will be in vain (<i>bracha l'vatala</i>) if nothing is found. Thus, 10 morsels of bread or cereal smaller than the size of an olive are traditionally hidden throughout the house to ensure that some 'hametz will be found. </p><p>Upon conclusion of the search, with all the small pieces safely wrapped up and put in one bag or place, to be burned the next morning, the following is said: </p> <dl><dd>Any chametz or leaven that is in my possession which I have not seen and have not removed and do not know about should be annulled and become ownerless like the dust of the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-ArtScroll_Pesach_Machzor_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtScroll_Pesach_Machzor-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morning_of_14th_of_Nisan">Morning of 14th of Nisan</h2></div> <p>Note that if the 14th of Nisan is <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, many of the below will be celebrated on the 13th instead <a href="/wiki/Eve_of_Passover_on_Shabbat" title="Eve of Passover on Shabbat">due to restrictions in place during Shabbat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fast_of_the_Firstborn">Fast of the Firstborn</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fast_of_the_Firstborn" title="Fast of the Firstborn">Fast of the Firstborn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siyum" title="Siyum">siyum</a></div> <p>On the day preceding the first Passover seder (or on Thursday morning preceding the seder, when the first seder falls on <a href="/wiki/Motza%27ei_Shabbat" title="Motza'ei Shabbat">Motza'ei Shabbat</a>), firstborn sons are commanded to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Fast_of_the_Firstborn" title="Fast of the Firstborn">Fast of the Firstborn</a> which commemorates the salvation of the Hebrew firstborns. According to Exodus 12:29, God struck down all Egyptian firstborns while the Israelites were not affected.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is customary for synagogues to conduct a <i><a href="/wiki/Siyum" title="Siyum">siyum</a></i> (ceremony marking the completion of a section of <a href="/wiki/Torah_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Torah learning">Torah learning</a>) right after <a href="/wiki/Shacharit" title="Shacharit">morning prayers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Seudat_mitzvah" title="Seudat mitzvah">celebratory meal</a> that follows cancels the firstborn's obligation to fast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burning_and_nullification_of_leaven">Burning and nullification of leaven</h3></div> <p>On the morning of the 14th of <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a>, any leavened products that remain in the householder's possession, along with the 10 morsels of bread from the previous night's search, are burned (<i>s'rayfat chametz</i>). The head of the household repeats the declaration of <i>biyur chametz</i>, declaring any <i>chametz</i> that may not have been found to be null and void "as the dust of the earth": </p> <dl><dd>Any chametz or leaven that is in my possession which I have not seen and have not removed and do not know about should be annulled and become ownerless like the dust of the earth.</dd></dl> <p>The original declaration, as recited in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>, is:<sup id="cite_ref-ArtScroll_Pesach_Machzor_79-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtScroll_Pesach_Machzor-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>כל חמירא וחמיעא דאכא ברשותי דלא חמתה ודלא בערתה ודלא ידענא לה לבטל ולהוי הפקר כעפרא דארעא </p><p>Should more <i>chametz</i> actually be found in the house during the Passover holiday, it must be burnt as soon as possible. </p><p>Unlike <i>chametz</i>, which can be eaten any day of the year except during Passover, kosher for Passover foods can be eaten year-round. They need not be burnt or otherwise discarded after the holiday ends. </p><p>The historic Passover sacrifice has not been brought following the Romans' <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Second_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of the Second Temple">destruction of the Second Temple</a> approximately two thousand years ago, and it is therefore still not part of the modern Jewish holiday. </p><p>In the times when the Jewish Temples stood, the lamb was slaughtered and cooked on the evening of Passover and was completely consumed before the morning as described in Exodus 12:3–11.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Not_eating_matzah_from_sunrise_until_sunset_(day_before_Passover)"><span id="Not_eating_matzah_from_sunrise_until_sunset_.28day_before_Passover.29"></span>Not eating matzah from sunrise until sunset (day before Passover)</h3></div> <p>Even matzot that are kosher for Passover cannot be eaten all day on during the daylight hours before Passover eve.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some even practice this up to 30 days before.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Separate_kosher_for_Passover_utensils_and_dishes">Separate kosher for Passover utensils and dishes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kieliszek_pesachowy,_M%C5%BB_45_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kieliszek_pesachowy%2C_M%C5%BB_45_%283%29.jpg/170px-Kieliszek_pesachowy%2C_M%C5%BB_45_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kieliszek_pesachowy%2C_M%C5%BB_45_%283%29.jpg/255px-Kieliszek_pesachowy%2C_M%C5%BB_45_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kieliszek_pesachowy%2C_M%C5%BB_45_%283%29.jpg/340px-Kieliszek_pesachowy%2C_M%C5%BB_45_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Passover glass, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_20th-century_Poland#Interwar_period_1918–1939" title="History of the Jews in 20th-century Poland">interwar period Poland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the Torah injunction not to eat <i>chametz</i> (leaven) during Passover,<sup id="cite_ref-bibleverse||Exodus|12:15|HE_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleverse||Exodus|12:15|HE-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> observant families typically own complete sets of serving dishes, glassware and silverware (and in some cases, even separate dishwashers and sinks) which have never come into contact with <i>chametz</i>, for use only during Passover. Under certain circumstances, some <i>chametz</i> utensils can be immersed in boiling water (<i><a href="/wiki/Hagalah" title="Hagalah">hagalat keilim</a></i>) to purge them of any traces of <i>chametz</i> that may have accumulated during the year. Many <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic</a> families thoroughly wash their year-round glassware and then use it for Passover, as the Sephardic position is that <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> does not absorb enough traces of food to present a problem. Similarly, ovens may be used for Passover either by setting the self-cleaning function to the highest degree for a certain period, or by applying a <a href="/wiki/Blow_torch" class="mw-redirect" title="Blow torch">blow torch</a> to the interior until the oven glows red hot (a process called <i>libun gamur</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-WSJblowtorch_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJblowtorch-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Matzah">Matzah</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Matzah" title="Matzah">Matzah</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Machine-made_Shmura_Matzo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Machine-made_Shmura_Matzo.jpg/250px-Machine-made_Shmura_Matzo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Machine-made_Shmura_Matzo.jpg/375px-Machine-made_Shmura_Matzo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Machine-made_Shmura_Matzo.jpg/500px-Machine-made_Shmura_Matzo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption>Machine-made <i>shmura matza</i></figcaption></figure> <p>A symbol of the Passover holiday is <a href="/wiki/Matzah" title="Matzah">matzah</a>, an unleavened flatbread made solely from flour and water which is continually worked from mixing through baking, so that it is not allowed to rise. Matzo may be made by machine or by hand. The Torah contains an instruction to eat matzah, specifically, on the first night of Passover and to eat only unleavened bread (in practice, matzah) during the entire week of Passover.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the eating of matzah figures prominently in the <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder" title="Passover Seder">Passover Seder</a>. There are several explanations for this. </p><p>The Torah says that it is because the Hebrews left Egypt with such haste that there was no time to allow baked bread to rise; thus flat, unleavened bread, matzah, is a reminder of the rapid departure of the Exodus.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars teach that in the time of the Exodus, matzah was commonly baked to travel because it preserved well and was light to carry (making it similar to <a href="/wiki/Hardtack" title="Hardtack">hardtack</a>), suggesting that matzah was baked intentionally for the long journey ahead. </p><p>Matzo has also been called <i>Lechem Oni</i> (Hebrew: "bread of poverty"). There is an attendant explanation that matzah serves as a symbol to remind Jews what it is like to be a poor slave and to promote humility, appreciate freedom, and avoid the inflated ego symbolized by more luxurious leavened bread.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shmura_Matzo2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shmura_Matzo2.jpg/250px-Shmura_Matzo2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shmura_Matzo2.jpg/375px-Shmura_Matzo2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shmura_Matzo2.jpg/500px-Shmura_Matzo2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Hand-made <i>shmura matzah</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Shmura matzah</i> ("watched" or "guarded" matzah), is the bread of preference for the Passover Seder in Orthodox Jewish communities. Shmura matzah is made from wheat that is guarded from contamination by leaven from the time of summer harvest<sup id="cite_ref-Pomerantz_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomerantz-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to its baking into matzot five to ten months later. </p><p>In the weeks before Passover, matzot are prepared for holiday consumption. In many Orthodox Jewish communities, men traditionally <a href="/wiki/Chavurah" title="Chavurah">gather in groups</a> to bake handmade matzah for use at the Seder, the dough being rolled by hand, resulting in a large and round matzah. Groups also work together in machine-made matzah factories, which produce the typically square-shaped matzah sold in stores. </p><p>The baking of matzah is labour-intensive,<sup id="cite_ref-Pomerantz_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomerantz-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as less than 18 minutes is permitted between the mixing of flour and water to the conclusion of baking and removal from the oven. Consequently, only a small number of matzot can be baked at one time, and the group members are enjoined to work the dough constantly so that it is not allowed to ferment and rise. A special cutting tool is run over the dough just before baking to prick any bubbles which might make the matza puff up;<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this creates the familiar dotted holes in the matzah. </p><p>After the matzot come out of the oven, the entire work area is scrubbed down and swept to make sure that no pieces of old, potentially leavened dough remain, as any stray pieces are now hametz and can contaminate the next batch of matzah. </p><p>Some machine-made matzot are completed within five minutes of being kneaded.<sup id="cite_ref-Pomerantz_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomerantz-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Passover_seder">Passover seder</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sedertable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sedertable.jpg/250px-Sedertable.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sedertable.jpg/375px-Sedertable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sedertable.jpg/500px-Sedertable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>Table set for the Passover Seder</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder" title="Passover Seder">Passover Seder</a></div> <p>It is traditional for Jewish families to gather on the first night of Passover (first two nights in <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> communities outside <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>) for a special dinner called a <a href="/wiki/Passover_seder" class="mw-redirect" title="Passover seder">seder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סדר</span></span> <i>seder</i> – derived from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> word for "order" or "arrangement", referring to the very specific order of the ritual). The table is set with the finest china and silverware to reflect the importance of the meal. During this meal, the story of the Exodus from Egypt is retold using a special text called the <a href="/wiki/Haggadah" title="Haggadah">Haggadah</a>. A total of four cups of wine are consumed during the recitation of the Haggadah. The seder is divided by the haggadah into the following 15 parts: </p> <ol><li><i>Qāḏēš</i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קָדֵשׁ</span></span> – recital of the <a href="/wiki/Kiddush" title="Kiddush">Kiddush</a> and drinking of the first cup of wine</li> <li><i>Urḥaṣ</i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ורחץ</span></span> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">"and wash"</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> – the <a href="/wiki/Handwashing_in_Judaism" title="Handwashing in Judaism">washing of the hands</a> – without blessing</li> <li><i>Karpas</i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כרפס</span></span> – dipping of the <i><a href="/wiki/Karpas" title="Karpas">karpas</a></i> in salt water</li> <li><i>Yaḥaṣ</i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יחץ</span></span> – breaking the middle matzah; the larger piece becomes the <i><a href="/wiki/Afikoman" title="Afikoman">afikoman</a></i> which is eaten later during the ritual of <i>Ṣafun</i></li> <li><i>Maggiḏ</i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מגיד</span></span> – retelling the Passover story, including the recital of "<a href="/wiki/The_four_questions" class="mw-redirect" title="The four questions">the four questions</a>" and drinking of the second cup of wine</li> <li><i>Raḥṣā</i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">רחצה</span></span> – second washing of the hands – with blessing</li> <li><i>Moṣi</i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מוציא</span></span> – traditional blessing before eating <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a> products</li> <li><i>Maṣā</i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מצה</span></span> – blessing before eating matzah</li> <li><i>Maror</i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מרור</span></span> – eating of the <a href="/wiki/Maror" title="Maror">maror</a></li> <li><i>Korēḵ</i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כורך</span></span> – eating of a sandwich made of matzah and maror</li> <li><i>Shulḥān ʿorēḵ</i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שולחן עורך</span></span> – lit. "set table" – the serving of the holiday meal</li> <li><i>Ṣafun</i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צפון</span></span> – eating of the <i><a href="/wiki/Afikoman" title="Afikoman">afikoman</a></i></li> <li><i>Bareich/ Barēkh</i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ברך</span></span> – <a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">blessing after the meal</a> and drinking of the third cup of wine</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הלל</span></span> – recital of the Hallel, traditionally recited on festivals; drinking of the fourth cup of wine</li> <li><i>Nirṣā</i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נירצה</span></span> – conclusion</li></ol> <p>These 15 parts parallel the 15 steps in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> on which the <a href="/wiki/Levite" title="Levite">Levites</a> stood during Temple services, and which were memorialized in the 15 <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Psalms</a> (#120–134) known as <i>Shir HaMa'a lot</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שיר המעלות</span></span> <i>shiyr ha-ma'alôth</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Song_of_Ascents" title="Song of Ascents">Songs of Ascent</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seder is replete with questions, answers, and unusual practices (e.g. the recital of <a href="/wiki/Kiddush" title="Kiddush">Kiddush</a> which is not immediately followed by the blessing over bread, which is the traditional procedure for all other holiday meals) to arouse the interest and curiosity of the children at the table. The children are also rewarded with nuts and candies when they ask questions and participate in the discussion of the Exodus and its aftermath. Likewise, they are encouraged to search for the <i><a href="/wiki/Afikoman" title="Afikoman">afikoman</a></i>, the piece of matzah which is the last thing eaten at the seder. Audience participation and interaction is the rule, and many families' seders last long into the night with animated discussions and singing. The seder concludes with additional songs of praise and faith printed in the Haggadah, including <i><a href="/wiki/Chad_Gadya" title="Chad Gadya">Chad Gadya</a></i> ("One Little Kid" or "One Little Goat"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maror">Maror</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3TypesMaror.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/3TypesMaror.jpg/250px-3TypesMaror.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/3TypesMaror.jpg/375px-3TypesMaror.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/3TypesMaror.jpg/500px-3TypesMaror.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption>Types of maror: grated <a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">horseradish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romaine_lettuce" title="Romaine lettuce">romaine lettuce</a>, whole horseradish root</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Maror" title="Maror">Maror</a> (bitter herbs) symbolizes the bitterness of slavery in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>. The following verse from the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> underscores that symbolism: "And they embittered (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: וימררו <i>ve-yimareru</i>) their lives with hard labor, with mortar and with bricks and with all manner of labor in the field; any labor that they made them do was with hard labor" (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> 1:14). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SederPlate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SederPlate.jpg/250px-SederPlate.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SederPlate.jpg/375px-SederPlate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/SederPlate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Silver seder plate</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four_cups_of_wine">Four cups of wine</h3></div> <p>There is a Rabbinic requirement that four cups of wine are to be drunk during the seder meal. This applies to both men and women. The Mishnah says (Pes. 10:1) that even the poorest man in Israel must drink. Each cup is connected to a different part of the seder: the first cup is for Kiddush, the second cup is connected with the recounting of <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a>, the drinking of the third cup concludes <a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Birkat Hamazon</a> and the fourth cup is associated with Hallel. A fifth cup of wine is poured near the end of the seder for the prophet <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>, a symbol of the future redemption, which is left un-touched.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_four_questions_and_participation_of_children">The four questions and participation of children</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_four_questions" class="mw-redirect" title="The four questions">The four questions</a></div> <p>Children have a very important role in the Passover seder. Traditionally the youngest child is prompted to ask questions about the Passover seder, beginning with the words, <i>Mah Nishtana HaLeila HaZeh</i> (Why is this night different from all other nights?). The questions encourage the gathering to discuss the significance of the symbols in the meal. The questions asked by the child are: </p> <dl><dd>Why is this night different from all other nights?</dd> <dd>On all other nights, we eat either unleavened or leavened bread, but tonight we eat only unleavened bread?</dd> <dd>On all other nights, we eat all kinds of vegetables, but tonight, we eat only bitter herbs?</dd> <dd>On all other nights, we do not dip [our food] even once, but tonight we dip twice?</dd> <dd>On all other nights, we eat either sitting or reclining, but tonight we only recline?</dd></dl> <p>Often the leader of the seder and the other adults at the meal will use prompted responses from the Haggadah, which states, "The more one talks about <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus from Egypt</a>, the more praiseworthy he is." Many readings, prayers, and stories are used to recount the story of the Exodus. Many households add their own commentary and interpretation and often the story of the Jews is related to the theme of liberation and its implications worldwide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afikoman">Afikoman</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haggadah_15th_cent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Haggadah_15th_cent.jpg/200px-Haggadah_15th_cent.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Haggadah_15th_cent.jpg/300px-Haggadah_15th_cent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Haggadah_15th_cent.jpg/400px-Haggadah_15th_cent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>14th century Haggadah</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Afikoman" title="Afikoman">afikoman</a></i> – an integral part of the Seder itself – is used to engage the interest and excitement of the children at the table. During the fourth part of the Seder, called <i>Yachatz</i>, the leader breaks the middle piece of matzah into two. He sets aside the larger portion as the <i>afikoman</i>. Many families use the <i>afikoman</i> as a device for keeping the children awake and alert throughout the Seder proceedings by hiding the <i>afikoman</i> and offering a prize for its return.<sup id="cite_ref-Pomerantz_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomerantz-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, the children are allowed to "steal" the <i>afikoman</i> and demand a reward for its return. In either case, the <i>afikoman</i> must be consumed during the twelfth part of the Seder, <i>Tzafun</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concluding_songs">Concluding songs</h3></div> <p>After the Hallel, the fourth glass of wine is drunk, and participants recite a prayer that ends in "<a href="/wiki/Next_year_in_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Next year in Jerusalem">Next year in Jerusalem</a>!". This is followed by several lyric prayers that expound upon God's mercy and kindness, and give thanks for the survival of the Jewish people through a history of exile and hardship. "<a href="/wiki/Echad_Mi_Yodea" title="Echad Mi Yodea">Echad Mi Yodea</a>" ("Who Knows One?") is a playful song, testing the general knowledge of the children (and the adults). Some of these songs, such as "<a href="/wiki/Chad_Gadya" title="Chad Gadya">Chad Gadya</a>" are allegorical. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hallel">Hallel</h2></div> <p>During Passover, the recitation of <i><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></i> a collection of <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> praising and thanking God, is an integral part of the daily prayer service. On the initial day(s) of Passover, it is recited in its entirety, similar to the practice observed on <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> and throughout <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Succot</a>. However, for the subsequent days of the Passover holiday, only half of the Hallel is recited. This traditional practice is widely observed by adherents of the Jewish faith as a way of expressing gratitude and celebrating the significance of Passover, while maintaining variations in the recitation of Hallel based on specific days within the festival.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counting_of_the_Omer">Counting of the Omer</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Counting_of_the_Omer" title="Counting of the Omer">Counting of the Omer</a></div> <p>Beginning on the second night of Passover, the 16th day of Nisan,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews begin the practice of the <a href="/wiki/Counting_of_the_Omer" title="Counting of the Omer">Counting of the Omer</a>, a nightly reminder of the approach of the holiday of <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> 50 days hence. Each night after the <a href="/wiki/Maariv" title="Maariv">evening prayer service</a>, men and women recite a special blessing and then enumerate the day of the Omer. On the first night, for example, they say, "Today is the first day in (or, to) the Omer"; on the second night, "Today is the second day in the Omer." The counting also involves weeks; thus, the seventh day is commemorated, "Today is the seventh day, which is one week in the Omer." The eighth day is marked, "Today is the eighth day, which is one week and one day in the Omer," etc.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> When the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple stood in Jerusalem</a>, a sheaf of new-cut barley was presented before the altar on the second day of Unleavened Bread (Passover). <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> writes:</p><blockquote><p> On the second day of unleavened bread, that is to say the sixteenth, our people partake of the crops which they have reaped and which have not been touched till then, and esteeming it right first to do homage to God, to whom they owe the abundance of these gifts, they offer to him the first-fruits of the barley in the following way. After parching and crushing the little sheaf of ears and purifying the barley for grinding, they bring to the altar an <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/issaron">issaron</a> for God, and, having flung a handful thereof on the altar, they leave the rest for the use of the priests. Thereafter all are permitted, publicly or individually, to begin harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-Barley_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barley-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Since the destruction of the Temple, this offering is brought in word rather than deed. </p><p>One explanation for the Counting of the Omer is that it shows the connection between Passover and Shavuot. The physical freedom that the Hebrews achieved at the Exodus from Egypt was only the beginning of a process that climaxed with the spiritual freedom they gained at the giving of the Torah at <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>. Another explanation is that the newborn nation which emerged after the Exodus needed time to learn their new responsibilities vis-a-vis Torah and <a href="/wiki/Mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitzvot">mitzvot</a> before accepting God's law. The distinction between the Omer offering – a measure of barley, typically animal fodder – and the Shavuot offering – two loaves of wheat bread, human food – symbolizes the transition process.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chol_HaMoed:_The_intermediate_days_of_Passover">Chol HaMoed: The intermediate days of Passover</h2></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, Passover lasts for seven days with the first and last days being major <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holidays</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> communities, no work is performed on those days, with most of the rules relating to the observances of <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> being applied.<sup id="cite_ref-chabad1_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chabad1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside Israel, in <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> communities, the holiday lasts for eight days with the first two days and last two days being major holidays. In the intermediate days necessary work can be performed. <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> observes Passover over seven days, with the first and last days being major holidays. </p><p>Like the holiday of <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a>, the intermediary days of Passover are known as <a href="/wiki/Chol_HaMoed" title="Chol HaMoed">Chol HaMoed</a> (festival weekdays) and are imbued with a semi-festive status. It is a time for family outings and picnic lunches of matzah, hardboiled eggs, fruits and vegetables, and Passover treats such as <a href="/wiki/Macaroon" title="Macaroon">macaroons</a> and homemade candies.<sup id="cite_ref-chabad1_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chabad1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Passover cake recipes call for <a href="/wiki/Potato_starch" title="Potato starch">potato starch</a> or Passover cake flour made from finely granulated matzah instead of regular flour, and a large amount of eggs to achieve fluffiness. Cookie recipes use <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matzah_farfel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matzah farfel (page does not exist)">matzah farfel</a> (broken bits of matzah) or ground nuts as the base. For families with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> backgrounds, <a href="/wiki/Borsht" class="mw-redirect" title="Borsht">borsht</a>, a soup made with <a href="/wiki/Beet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beet">beets</a>, is a Passover tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wonder_Pot_cake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Wonder_Pot_cake.jpg/150px-Wonder_Pot_cake.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Wonder_Pot_cake.jpg/225px-Wonder_Pot_cake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Wonder_Pot_cake.jpg/300px-Wonder_Pot_cake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A Passover brownie cake baked in a <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Pot" title="Wonder Pot">Wonder Pot</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While kosher for Passover packaged goods are available in stores, some families opt to cook everything from scratch during Passover week. In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, families that do not <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kasher</a> their ovens can bake cakes, casseroles, and even meat<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">stovetop</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Pot" title="Wonder Pot">Wonder Pot</a>, an Israeli invention consisting of three parts: an <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> pot shaped like a <a href="/wiki/Bundt_cake" title="Bundt cake">Bundt pan</a>, a hooded cover perforated with venting holes, and a thick, round, metal disc with a center hole which is placed between the Wonder Pot and the flame to disperse heat.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seventh_day_of_Passover">Seventh day of Passover</h2></div> <p><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Shvi'i shel Pesach</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שביעי של פסח</span></span>, 'seventh [day] of Passover') is another full <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish holiday">Jewish holiday</a>, with special prayer services and festive meals. Outside the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Shvi'i shel Pesach</i></span> is celebrated on both the seventh and eighth days of Passover.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This holiday commemorates the day the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Children of Israel</a> reached the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and witnessed both the miraculous "Splitting of the Sea" (<a href="/wiki/Passage_of_the_Red_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage of the Red Sea">Passage of the Red Sea</a>), the drowning of all the Egyptian chariots, horses and soldiers that pursued them. According to the <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>, only the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> was spared to give testimony to the miracle that occurred. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbes</a> traditionally hold a <i><a href="/wiki/Tish_(Hasidic_celebration)" title="Tish (Hasidic celebration)">tish</a></i> on the night of <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Shvi'i shel Pesach</i></span> and place a cup or bowl of water on the table before them. They use this opportunity to speak about the Splitting of the Sea to their disciples, and sing songs of praise to God.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Passover">Second Passover</h2></div> <p>The "Second Passover" (<a href="/wiki/Pesach_Sheni" title="Pesach Sheni">Pesach Sheni</a>) on the 14th of Iyar in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a> is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Book of Numbers</a><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a make-up day for people who were unable to offer the pesach sacrifice at the appropriate time due to <a href="/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">ritual impurity</a> or distance from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. Just as on the first Pesach night, breaking bones from the second Paschal offering or leaving meat over until morning is prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Pesach Sheni on the 14th of Iyar has the status of a very minor holiday (so much so that many of the Jewish people have never even heard of it, and it essentially does not exist outside of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> and traditional <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>). There are not really any special prayers or observances that are considered Jewish law. The only change in the liturgy is that in some communities <i><a href="/wiki/Tachanun" title="Tachanun">Tachanun</a></i>, a penitential prayer omitted on holidays, is not said. There is a custom, though not Jewish law, to eat just one piece of matzah on that night.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_events_on_Passover">Notable events on Passover</h2></div> <p><b>BC</b> </p> <ol><li>Abel offered the lamb which was accepted<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Covenant Between the Parts (1743 BCE): God forged a special covenant with Abraham. Genesis 15:13–18<sup id="cite_ref-:3_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The war of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> and the four kings when he went to rescue <a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The two angels go to Lot's house and spend the night with Lot. The next morning Sodom is destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Abraham receives three visitors and prepares a meal for them. He receives the promise that <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a> will have a child next year.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> was born on the first day of Passover<sup id="cite_ref-:1_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Issac asking <a href="/wiki/Esau" title="Esau">Esau</a> to prepare a meal for him so he can bless him.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jacob wrestles with an angel and his name is changed to Israel. Genesis 32:25–29<sup id="cite_ref-:3_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Moses at the burning bush. One year before the exodus, God speaks to Moses from the burning bush to go and deliver Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Exodus. The children of Israel were protected by the blood of the lamb during the plague of the death of the firstborn. They were miraculously healed that night and walked out of Egypt in the morning. God gave them favour with their neighbors and they asked and received precious articles which was used to build the tabernacle.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_108-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>'s victory over <a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a> and the barley cake dream<sup id="cite_ref-:0_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a> was healed and the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_siege_of_Jerusalem" title="Assyrian siege of Jerusalem">Assyrian army defeated by an angel</a>, killing 185,000 soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Queen Vashti is executed by King Achashverosh paving the way for Esther to become queen.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_108-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a>'s fast was proclaimed during the Passover. <a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a> erected the gallows for <a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a> on the first night of the Passover. The same night, King <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a> could not sleep and that resulted in the downfall of Haman.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Daniel spends a night in the Lion's Den<sup id="cite_ref-:3_108-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Belshazzar" title="Belshazzar">Belshazzar</a> of Babylon made use of the vessels of the temple and was subsequently judged by the handwriting on the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p><b>AD</b> </p> <ol><li>AD 30, Jesus instituted the Last Supper in Jerusalem and died on the cross initiating an exodus from slavery to sin to freedom for all mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1979 – Uganda – Judaism was banned by <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a> in 1971. On Wednesday, 11 April 1979, corresponding to 14 Nisan 5739, Passover Night the new Government, composed of <a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Ugandan rebels and Tanzanian troops</a>, declared freedom of worship. And Passover was commemorated.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_foods">Traditional foods</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matzah_brei_serving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Matzah_brei_serving.jpg/250px-Matzah_brei_serving.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Matzah_brei_serving.jpg/375px-Matzah_brei_serving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Matzah_brei_serving.jpg/500px-Matzah_brei_serving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matzah_brei" title="Matzah brei">Matzah brei</a> (fried matzah and egg), a popular Passover dish</figcaption></figure> <p>Because the house is free of leaven (<i>chametz</i>) for eight days, the Jewish household typically eats different foods during the week of Passover. Some include: </p><p><b>Ashkenazi foods</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Matzah_brei" title="Matzah brei">Matzah brei</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Matzah" title="Matzah">Matzo</a> softened in milk or water and fried with egg and fat; served either savory or sweet</li> <li>Matzo <a href="/wiki/Kugel" title="Kugel">kugel</a> – A kugel made with matzah instead of noodles</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charoset" title="Charoset">Charoset</a></i> – A sweet mixture of fruit, fresh, dried or both; nuts; spices; honey; and sometimes wine. The charoset is a symbol of the mortar the Israelites used for building while enslaved in Egypt (See <a href="/wiki/Passover_seder" class="mw-redirect" title="Passover seder">Passover seder</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chrain" title="Chrain">Chrain</a></i> – Horseradish and beet relish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a> – Poached fish patties or fish balls made from a mixture of ground, de-boned fish, mostly <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pike_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike (fish)">pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_soup" title="Chicken soup">Chicken soup</a> with <a href="/wiki/Matzah_ball" title="Matzah ball">matzah balls</a> (<i>kneydlach</i>) – Chicken soup served with matzah-meal dumplings</li> <li>Passover noodles – Noodles prepared from potato flour and eggs, served in soup. Batter is fried like thin crepes, which are stacked, rolled up and sliced into ribbons.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Sephardi foods</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Kafteikas di prasa</i> – Fried balls made of leeks, meat, and matzah meal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">chicken</a> leg – A symbol of God's strong hand and the sacrifice</li> <li><i>Mina</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pastel_(food)" title="Pastel (food)">pastel</a> di pesach) – a meat or spinach pie made with matzot</li> <li>Sephardi <i><a href="/wiki/Charoset" title="Charoset">Charoset</a></i> is usually made of <a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">figs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">dates</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a> use dates, raisins, walnuts, cinnamon, and sweet wine, while <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkish Jews</a> use apples, dates, chopped almonds, and wine. <a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italian Jews</a> add chestnuts. <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraqi Jews</a> make charoset from a mixture of dates and nuts.</li> <li>Spring green vegetables – <a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">artichoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fava_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Fava beans">fava beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">peas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_celebrations,_sermons,_liturgy,_and_song_in_other_religions"><span id="Related_celebrations.2C_sermons.2C_liturgy.2C_and_song_in_other_religions"></span>Related celebrations, sermons, liturgy, and song in other religions</h2></div> <ul><li>That slaves can go free, and that the future can be better than the present, has inspired a number of religious sermons, prayers, and songs – including <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">spirituals</a> (what used to be called "Negro Spirituals"), within the African-American community. <a href="/wiki/Philip_R._Alstat" title="Philip R. Alstat">Philip R. Alstat</a>, known for his fiery rhetoric and powerful oratory skills, <a href="/wiki/Philip_R._Alstat#Sermons_and_articles" title="Philip R. Alstat">wrote and spoke in 1939</a> about the power of the Passover story during the rise of Nazi persecution and terror:<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Syrian Christians</a> observe <a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Maundy Thursday</a> as <i>Pesaha</i>, a Malayalam word derived from the Aramaic or Hebrew word for Passover (Pasha, Pesach or Pesah) The tradition of consuming <i><a href="/wiki/Pesaha_Appam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesaha Appam">Pesaha Appam</a></i> after the church service is observed by the entire community under the leadership of the head of the family.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weil_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weil-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritan religion</a> celebrates its own, similar <a href="/wiki/Passover_(Samaritan_holiday)" title="Passover (Samaritan holiday)">Passover holiday</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passover is also celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which rejects the <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a> that characterizes mainstream <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>, as well as other <a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> celebrates <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> (not to be confused with the pre-Christian Saxon festival from which it derives its English name).<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coincidence of Jesus' crucifixion with the Jewish Passover led some early Christians to make a <a href="/wiki/False_etymology" title="False etymology">false etymological association</a> between Hebrew <i>Pesach</i> and Greek <i>pascho</i> ("suffer").<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because <a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">Easter's date in the calendar</a> is related to lunar phases, Easter often falls on the same week as Passover but this is not necessarily the case; for example, the first full moon after the equinox might happen during the month of <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a> commemorates <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>'s escape from Egypt through two days of fasting on 10th <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 2014-published <i>The Legislative Themes of Centralization: From Mandate to Demise</i> ties Passover to <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">apotropaic</a> rite, unrelated to <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_links">Environmental links</h2></div> <p>Some see in Passover an important ecological lesson important to the contemporary situation with different ecological threats like <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. For example, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yonatan_Neril" title="Yonatan Neril">Yonatan Neril</a>, founder and executive director of the <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_Center_for_Sustainable_Development" title="Interfaith Center for Sustainable Development">Interfaith Center for Sustainable Development</a>, compares the impact of climate change to the <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt" title="Plagues of Egypt">Plagues of Egypt</a> and the refusal of modern society to change its way of thinking to the refusal of the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> to free the Jewish slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists discovered evidence for climatic change at the end of the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>, which could potentially impact the flow of the Nile, leading to <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">red algae bloom</a>. This could explain what is described as the ten plagues. According to Neril: "The Egyptians were very happy to have a free source of labor in the form of Israelite slaves. When God said this needs to stop, they were reluctant to change…Fossil fuels, in the past 150 years, have replaced slave labor as the key driver of human society. There's a Pharaoh within us that wants to continue to do something that's not right."<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus_Decoded" title="The Exodus Decoded">The Exodus Decoded</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebrochts" title="Gebrochts">Gebrochts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_greetings" title="Jewish greetings">Jewish greetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitniyot" title="Kitniyot">Kitniyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pesach">"Pesach"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141130123710/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pesach">Archived</a> November 30, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://toriavey.com/what-is-passover/">"What is Passover? – Learn All About the Passover Holiday"</a>. <i>Tori Avey</i>. March 4, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018185623/https://toriavey.com/what-is-passover/">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tori+Avey&rft.atitle=What+is+Passover%3F+%E2%80%93+Learn+All+About+the+Passover+Holiday&rft.date=2012-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoriavey.com%2Fwhat-is-passover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibleverse|Exodus|12:27|HE-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse|Exodus|12:27|HE_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse|Exodus|12:27|HE_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#27">Exodus 12:27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0213.htm#8">"Exodus 13:8"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308151948/https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0213.htm#8">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exodus+13%3A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mechon-mamre.org%2Fp%2Fpt%2Fpt0213.htm%238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibleverse|Exodus|12:23|HE-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse|Exodus|12:23|HE_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse|Exodus|12:23|HE_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#23">Exodus 12:23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Exodus.12.23?with=Onkelos+Exodus&lang=bi&aliyot=0">"Exodus 12:23"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806040243/https://www.sefaria.org/Exodus.12.23?with=Onkelos+Exodus&lang=bi&aliyot=0">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Exodus+12%3A23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FExodus.12.23%3Fwith%3DOnkelos%2BExodus%26lang%3Dbi%26aliyot%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prosic, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibleverse|Exodus|12:3|HE-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse|Exodus|12:3|HE_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse|Exodus|12:3|HE_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#3">Exodus 12:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/01/09/132788787/King-James-Bibles-Anniversary-Puts-Focus-On-Prior-Version">"King James Bible Borrowed From Earlier Translation"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806113303/https://www.npr.org/2011/01/09/132788787/King-James-Bibles-Anniversary-Puts-Focus-On-Prior-Version">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=King+James+Bible+Borrowed+From+Earlier+Translation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F01%2F09%2F132788787%2FKing-James-Bibles-Anniversary-Puts-Focus-On-Prior-Version&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilad2015" class="citation news cs1">Gilad, Elon (April 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-the-etymological-haggadah-1.5345148">"The Enigmatic Origins of the Words of the Passover Seder"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422205416/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-the-etymological-haggadah-1.5345148">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=The+Enigmatic+Origins+of+the+Words+of+the+Passover+Seder&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft.aulast=Gilad&rft.aufirst=Elon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2F.premium-the-etymological-haggadah-1.5345148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#12:23" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Exodus">Exodus 12:23</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> 1611)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jtsa.edu/torah/breath-of-life-night-or-morning">"Breath of Life – Night or Morning"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">Jewish Theological Seminary of America</a>. April 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breath+of+Life+%E2%80%93+Night+or+Morning&rft.pub=Jewish+Theological+Seminary+of+America&rft.date=2014-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jtsa.edu%2Ftorah%2Fbreath-of-life-night-or-morning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudirsch2014" class="citation book cs1">Audirsch, Jeffrey G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yQaQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108"><i>The Legislative Themes of Centralization: From Mandate to Demise</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1620320389" title="Special:BookSources/978-1620320389"><bdi>978-1620320389</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403034602/https://books.google.com/books?id=yQaQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legislative+Themes+of+Centralization%3A+From+Mandate+to+Demise&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1620320389&rft.aulast=Audirsch&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyQaQBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson1997" class="citation book cs1">Levinson, Bernard M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-GJFShHwzsC&pg=PA57"><i>Deuteronomy and the Hermeneutics of Legal Innovation</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195354577" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195354577"><bdi>978-0195354577</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403035045/https://books.google.com/books?id=U-GJFShHwzsC&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deuteronomy+and+the+Hermeneutics+of+Legal+Innovation&rft.pages=57-58&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0195354577&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=Bernard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-GJFShHwzsC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProsic2004" class="citation book cs1">Prosic, Tamara (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVCvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23"><i>The Development and Symbolism of Passover</i></a>. A&C Black. pp. 23–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567287892" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567287892"><bdi>978-0567287892</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403035020/https://books.google.com/books?id=BVCvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+and+Symbolism+of+Passover&rft.pages=23-27&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0567287892&rft.aulast=Prosic&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBVCvAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prosic, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prosic pp. 28ff., 32ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#6">Exodus 12:6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Exodus+12:6">Exodus 12:6</a> English Standard Version</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exodus_12:8-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Exodus_12:8_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exodus_12:8_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#8">Exodus 12:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#9">Exodus 12:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#10">Exodus 12:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2012:11&version=nrsv">Exodus 12:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0516.htm#2">Deuteronomy 16:2–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0516.htm#2">Deuteronomy 16:2, 5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#14">Exodus 12:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0213.htm#3">Exodus 13:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0516.htm#12">Deuteronomy 16:12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b23.htm#21">2 Kings 23:21–23</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b35.htm#1">2 Chronicles 35:1–19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b23.htm#21">2 Kings 23:21–23</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b35.htm#1">2 Chronicles 35:1–18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a06.htm#19">Ezra 6:19–21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James B. Prichard, ed., The Ancient Near East – An Anthology of Texts and Pictures, Volume 1, Princeton University Press, 1958, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"On the feast called Passover...they sacrifice from the ninth to the eleventh hour", Josephus, <i>Jewish War</i> 6.423–428, in <i>Josephus III, The Jewish War, Book IV–VII</i>, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1979. Philo in one place (<i>Special Laws</i> 2.148) states that the victims are sacrificed "from noon till eventide", and in another place (<i>Questions on Exodus</i> 1.11) that the sacrifices begin at the ninth hour. According to Jubilees 49.12, "it is not fitting to sacrifice [the Passover] during any time of light except during the time of the border of evening."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jubilees 49.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"And what is left of its flesh from the third of the night and beyond, they shall burn with fire," <i>Jubilees</i> 49.12. "We celebrate [the Passover] by fraternities, nothing of the sacrificial victims being kept for the morrow," Josephus, <i>Antiquities</i> 3.248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The guests assembled for the banquet have been cleansed by purificatory lustrations, and are there...to fulfill with prayers and hymns the custom handed down by their fathers." Philo, Special Laws 2.148, in <i>Philo VII: On the Decalog; On the Special Laws I–III</i>, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1937.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays_2000%E2%80%932050" title="Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050">Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050</a> for more information.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins1996" class="citation web cs1">Hopkins, Edward J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteor.wisc.edu/~hopkins/dstreme/97easter.htm">"Full Moon, Easter & Passover"</a>. <i>University of Wisconsin</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180607170345/http://www.meteor.wisc.edu/~hopkins/dstreme/97easter.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Wisconsin&rft.atitle=Full+Moon%2C+Easter+%26+Passover&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteor.wisc.edu%2F~hopkins%2Fdstreme%2F97easter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The barley had to be "eared out" (ripe) in order to have a wave-sheaf offering of the first fruits according to the Law. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1996" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Stephen (1996). <i>Secrets of Time</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+Time&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span> This also presupposes that the cycle is based on the northern hemisphere seasons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"..., when the fruit had not grown properly, when the winter rains had not stopped, when the roads for Passover pilgrims had not dried up, and when the young pigeons had not become fledged. The council on intercalation considered the astronomical facts together with the religious requirements of Passover and the natural conditions of the country." – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpier1952" class="citation book cs1">Spier, Arthur (1952). <i>The Comprehensive Hebrew Calendar</i>. New York: Behrman House, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comprehensive+Hebrew+Calendar&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Behrman+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Spier&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In the fourth century, ... the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Hillel_II" title="Hillel II">Hillel II</a> ... made public the system of calendar calculation which up to then had been a closely guarded secret. It had been used in the past only to check the observations and testimonies of witnesses, and to determine the beginning of the spring season." – Spier 1952, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro" class="citation web cs1">Shapiro, Mark Dov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinai-temple.org/passover/length.php">"How Long is Passover?"</a>. <i>sinai-temple.org</i>. Sinai Temple. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407194507/http://www.sinai-temple.org/passover/length.php">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sinai-temple.org&rft.atitle=How+Long+is+Passover%3F&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Mark+Dov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinai-temple.org%2Fpassover%2Flength.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyfus" class="citation web cs1">Dreyfus, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformjudaism.org/passover-7-or-8-days">"Is Passover 7 or 8 Days?"</a>. <i>ReformJudaism.org</i>. Union for Reform Judaism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150408015041/http://www.reformjudaism.org/passover-7-or-8-days">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReformJudaism.org&rft.atitle=Is+Passover+7+or+8+Days%3F&rft.aulast=Dreyfus&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformjudaism.org%2Fpassover-7-or-8-days&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805110640/http://www.rabbinicalcollege.edu.au/holidays/passover/pesach_cdo/aid/871715/jewish/What-Is-Passover.htm">"What Is Passover?"</a>. Rabbinical College of Australia and N.Z. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabbinicalcollege.edu.au/holidays/passover/pesach_cdo/aid/871715/jewish/What-Is-Passover.htm">the original</a> on August 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Passover%3F&rft.pub=Rabbinical+College+of+Australia+and+N.Z.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabbinicalcollege.edu.au%2Fholidays%2Fpassover%2Fpesach_cdo%2Faid%2F871715%2Fjewish%2FWhat-Is-Passover.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2001" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Sacha (2001). <i>Calendar and Community: A History of the Jewish Calendar 2nd Century BCE – 10th Century CE</i>. Oxford University Press. p. viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198270348" title="Special:BookSources/0198270348"><bdi>0198270348</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendar+and+Community%3A+A+History+of+the+Jewish+Calendar+2nd+Century+BCE+%E2%80%93+10th+Century+CE&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0198270348&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Sacha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJournal2012" class="citation web cs1">Journal, Jewish (April 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishjournal.com/culture/food/102773/">"My family's Karaite-style Passover"</a>. <i>Jewish Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Journal&rft.atitle=My+family%27s+Karaite-style+Passover&rft.date=2012-04-04&rft.aulast=Journal&rft.aufirst=Jewish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishjournal.com%2Fculture%2Ffood%2F102773%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reinhold Pummer,<i>The Samaritans,</i> <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing">Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing</a>, 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802867681" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802867681">978-0802867681</a>, pp. 7, 258ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Jeffrey M. (2008). <i>1,001 Questions and Answers on Pesach</i>. Vallentine Mitchell. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0853038085" title="Special:BookSources/978-0853038085"><bdi>978-0853038085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1%2C001+Questions+and+Answers+on+Pesach&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Vallentine+Mitchell&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0853038085&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokser-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bokser_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokser_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokser_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokser, Baruch M. (1992) "Unleavened Bread and Passover, Feasts of" in <i>The Anchor Bible Dictionary</i>, ed. David Noel Freedman (New York: Doubleday), 6:755–765</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0409.htm#11">Numbers 9:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Exodus%2012:6">Exodus 12:6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0223.htm#18">Exodus 23:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#9">Exodus 12:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#46">Exodus 12:46</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#10">Exodus 12:10</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0223.htm#18">Exodus 23:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#43">Exodus 12:43</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#45">Exodus 12:45</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#48">Exodus 12:48</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Pesahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesahim">Pesahim</a></i> 66b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pesahim</i> 64b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitov-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kitov_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitov1997" class="citation book cs1">Kitov, Eliyahu (1997). <i>The Book of Our Heritage: The Jewish Year and Its Days of Significance</i>. Feldheim. p. 562.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Our+Heritage%3A+The+Jewish+Year+and+Its+Days+of+Significance&rft.pages=562&rft.pub=Feldheim&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Kitov&rft.aufirst=Eliyahu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pomerantz-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pomerantz_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomerantz_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomerantz_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomerantz_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pomerantz_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomerantz2005" class="citation news cs1">Pomerantz, Batsheva (April 22, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130114082457/http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/050422/matzo.shtml">"Making matzo: A time-honored tradition"</a>. <i>Jewish News of Greater Phoenix</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/050422/matzo.shtml">the original</a> on January 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+News+of+Greater+Phoenix&rft.atitle=Making+matzo%3A+A+time-honored+tradition&rft.date=2005-04-22&rft.aulast=Pomerantz&rft.aufirst=Batsheva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishaz.com%2Fjewishnews%2F050422%2Fmatzo.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oukosher.org/passover/articles/which-foods-are-chametz-2/">"Which Foods are Chametz?"</a>. <i>Kosher for Passover</i>. January 23, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407120816/https://oukosher.org/passover/articles/which-foods-are-chametz-2/">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kosher+for+Passover&rft.atitle=Which+Foods+are+Chametz%3F&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foukosher.org%2Fpassover%2Farticles%2Fwhich-foods-are-chametz-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/holidays/passover/pesach_cdo/aid/1742/jewish/What-Is-Chametz.htm">"What Is Chametz (Chometz)?"</a>. <i>www.chabad.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411142053/https://www.chabad.org/holidays/passover/pesach_cdo/aid/1742/jewish/What-Is-Chametz.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chabad.org&rft.atitle=What+Is+Chametz+%28Chometz%29%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fholidays%2Fpassover%2Fpesach_cdo%2Faid%2F1742%2Fjewish%2FWhat-Is-Chametz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibleverse||Exodus|12:15|HE-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse||Exodus|12:15|HE_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse||Exodus|12:15|HE_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#15">Exodus 12:15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0213.htm#3">Exodus 13:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#20">Exodus 12:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0516.htm#3">Deuteronomy 16:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#19">Exodus 12:19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0516.htm#4">Deuteronomy 16:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/ultra-orthodox-burn-leavened-food-before-passover-begins-1.356761">"Ultra Orthodox burn leavened food before Passover"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. April 19, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419023434/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/ultra-orthodox-burn-leavened-food-before-passover-begins-1.356761">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Ultra+Orthodox+burn+leavened+food+before+Passover&rft.date=2011-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fultra-orthodox-burn-leavened-food-before-passover-begins-1.356761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotkovitz2016" class="citation web cs1">Rotkovitz, Miri (May 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespruce.com/guide-to-kosher-travel-4050383">"Get Out of Town: Your Guide to Kosher Travel"</a>. <i>The Spruce</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410220818/https://www.thespruce.com/guide-to-kosher-travel-4050383">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spruce&rft.atitle=Get+Out+of+Town%3A+Your+Guide+to+Kosher+Travel&rft.date=2016-05-06&rft.aulast=Rotkovitz&rft.aufirst=Miri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespruce.com%2Fguide-to-kosher-travel-4050383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenberg-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenberg, Moshe (1974) "Lessons on Exodus". New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarna-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sarna_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarna, Nahum M. (1986) "Exploring Exodus". New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/260800/jewish/The-Laws-Concerning-the-Thirty-Days-before-Passover.htm">"The Laws Concerning the Thirty Days before Passover"</a>. <i>www.chabad.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806062740/https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/260800/jewish/The-Laws-Concerning-the-Thirty-Days-before-Passover.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Simcha (March 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishpress.com/judaism/halacha-hashkafa/eating-matzah-before-pesach/2012/03/29/">"Eating Matzah Before Pesach"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108120339/https://www.jewishpress.com/judaism/halacha-hashkafa/eating-matzah-before-pesach/2012/03/29/">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eating+Matzah+Before+Pesach&rft.date=2012-03-29&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+J.+Simcha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishpress.com%2Fjudaism%2Fhalacha-hashkafa%2Feating-matzah-before-pesach%2F2012%2F03%2F29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kashrut.com/Passover/Kitniyot/">"What is Kitniyot?"</a>. <i>www.kashrut.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kashrut.com&rft.atitle=What+is+Kitniyot%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kashrut.com%2FPassover%2FKitniyot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchez2016" class="citation web cs1">Sanchez, Tatiana (April 21, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/lifestyle/people/sdut-passover-kitniyot-jews-2016apr21-story.html">"Passover to include new food options this year"</a>. <i>San Diego Union-Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=Passover+to+include+new+food+options+this+year&rft.date=2016-04-21&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Tatiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Flifestyle%2Fpeople%2Fsdut-passover-kitniyot-jews-2016apr21-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oukosher.org/index.php/common/article/keeping_up_with_passover_trenditions/">Keeping Up with Passover Trenditions by Bayla Sheva Brenner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330063056/http://www.oukosher.org/index.php/common/article/keeping_up_with_passover_trenditions/">Archived</a> March 30, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - ¶ 6: Hundreds of Passover Innovations – Oy Gebrocht!</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsRose1983" class="citation web cs1">Jacobs, Louis; Rose, Michael (March 23, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://louisjacobs.org/jewish-holidays/the-laws-of-pesach/">"The Laws of Pesach"</a>. <i>Friends of Louis Jacobs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410213942/http://louisjacobs.org/jewish-holidays/the-laws-of-pesach/">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Friends+of+Louis+Jacobs&rft.atitle=The+Laws+of+Pesach&rft.date=1983-03-23&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Rose%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flouisjacobs.org%2Fjewish-holidays%2Fthe-laws-of-pesach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torahlearningcenter.com/jhq/question169.html">Pesach questions and answers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928143423/http://www.torahlearningcenter.com/jhq/question169.html">Archived</a> September 28, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by the Torah Learning Center. Retrieved on March 31, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArtScroll_Pesach_Machzor-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArtScroll_Pesach_Machzor_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArtScroll_Pesach_Machzor_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArtScroll_Pesach_Machzor_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArtScroll_Pesach_Machzor_79-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArtScroll_Pesach_Machzor_79-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldZlotowitzScherman1990–2002" class="citation book cs1">Gold, Avie; Zlotowitz, Meir; Scherman, Nosson (1990–2002). <i>The Complete ArtScroll Machzor: Pesach</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Elijah%27s+cup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FElijahs-cup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ou.org/judaism-101/glossary/hallel-praise-g-d/"><i>Hallel – "Praise of G-d"</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a> (OU)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hallel+%E2%80%93+%22Praise+of+G-d%22&rft.pub=Orthodox+Union+%28OU%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.org%2Fjudaism-101%2Fglossary%2Fhallel-praise-g-d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Philip S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianfocus.com/products/2714/anthems-for-a-dying-lamb">"Anthems for a Dying Lamb"</a>. <i>Christian Focus</i>. pp. 5–10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920160906/https://www.christianfocus.com/products/2714/anthems-for-a-dying-lamb">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Focus&rft.atitle=Anthems+for+a+Dying+Lamb&rft.pages=5-10&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianfocus.com%2Fproducts%2F2714%2Fanthems-for-a-dying-lamb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaite Jews">Karaite Jews</a> begin the count on the Sunday within the holiday week. This leads to Shavuot for the Karaites always falling on a Sunday.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharfstein1999" class="citation book cs1">Scharfstein, Sol (1999). <i>Understanding Jewish Holidays and Customs: Historical and Contemporary</i>. Ktav Publishing House. pp. 36–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0881256269" title="Special:BookSources/0881256269"><bdi>0881256269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Jewish+Holidays+and+Customs%3A+Historical+and+Contemporary&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=Ktav+Publishing+House&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0881256269&rft.aulast=Scharfstein&rft.aufirst=Sol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barley-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barley_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, Antiquities 3.250–251, in Josephus IV Jewish Antiquities Books I–IV, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1930, pp. 437–439.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn2000" class="citation book cs1">Cohn, Ellen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d8qvQcZeAv4C&pg=PA164">"In Search of the Omer"</a>. In Bernstein, Ellen (ed.). <i>Ecology and the Jewish Spirit: Where Nature and the Sacred Meet</i>. Jewish Lights. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1580230822" title="Special:BookSources/1580230822"><bdi>1580230822</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410231434/https://books.google.com/books?id=d8qvQcZeAv4C&pg=PA164">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+the+Omer&rft.btitle=Ecology+and+the+Jewish+Spirit%3A+Where+Nature+and+the+Sacred+Meet&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Jewish+Lights&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1580230822&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd8qvQcZeAv4C%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chabad1-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chabad1_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chabad1_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1000452/jewish/Chol-Hamoed.htm">"Chol Hamoed – the "Intermediate" Festival Days – Sukkot & Simchat Torah"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406195150/https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1000452/jewish/Chol-Hamoed.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chol+Hamoed+%E2%80%93+the+%22Intermediate%22+Festival+Days+%E2%80%93+Sukkot+%26+Simchat+Torah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F1000452%2Fjewish%2FChol-Hamoed.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/food/134439/the-perfect-borscht/">"The Perfect Borscht"</a>. <i>The Forward</i>. January 5, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406195147/https://forward.com/food/134439/the-perfect-borscht/">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=The+Perfect+Borscht&rft.date=2011-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Ffood%2F134439%2Fthe-perfect-borscht%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Roast in the Wonder Pot", <i>The Kosher For Pesach Cookbook</i> (1978). Jerusalem: Yeshivat Aish HaTorah Women's Organization, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeiman2008" class="citation web cs1">Neiman, Rachel (June 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427032748/http://israelity.com/tag/the-wonder-pot/">"Nostalgia Sunday"</a>. 21c Israelity blog. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://israelity.com/tag/the-wonder-pot/">the original</a> on April 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nostalgia+Sunday&rft.pub=21c+Israelity+blog&rft.date=2008-06-15&rft.aulast=Neiman&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisraelity.com%2Ftag%2Fthe-wonder-pot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The eighth day is known as <i>Acharon shel Pesach</i>, "last [day] of Passover".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/3153122/jewish/The-Eve-of-Shvii-shel-Pesach.htm">"The Eve of Shvi'i shel Pesach"</a>. <i>Chabad</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chabad&rft.atitle=The+Eve+of+Shvi%27i+shel+Pesach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F3153122%2Fjewish%2FThe-Eve-of-Shvii-shel-Pesach.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%209:6–13&version=nrsv">Numbers 9:6–13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%209:12&version=nrsv">Numbers 9:12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.halakhah.com/rst/pesach.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206004220/http://www.halakhah.com/rst/pesach.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.halakhah.com%2Frst%2Fpesach.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torah.org/learning/yomtov-omer-5755-vol1no21/">"YomTov, Vol. I, # 21 – Pesach Sheni, The "Second" Pesach"</a>. <i>Torah.org</i>. March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806122007/https://torah.org/learning/yomtov-omer-5755-vol1no21/">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Torah.org&rft.atitle=YomTov%2C+Vol.+I%2C+%23+21+%E2%80%93+Pesach+Sheni%2C+The+%22Second%22+Pesach&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorah.org%2Flearning%2Fyomtov-omer-5755-vol1no21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.torchweb.org/torah_detail.php?id=650">"Torch: Torah Weekly"</a>. <i>www.torchweb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.torchweb.org&rft.atitle=Torch%3A+Torah+Weekly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.torchweb.org%2Ftorah_detail.php%3Fid%3D650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_108-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_108-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_108-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/calendar/view/day.asp?tdate=4/23/2024">"Passover"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Passover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fcalendar%2Fview%2Fday.asp%3Ftdate%3D4%2F23%2F2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinzberg1998" class="citation book cs1">Ginzberg, Louis (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1493"><i>The Legends of the Jews – Volume 1</i></a>. Translated by Szold, Henrietta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legends+of+the+Jews+%E2%80%93+Volume+1&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Ginzberg&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F1493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ffoz.org/messiah/articles/god-fearers-abrahams-passover">"Abraham's Passover | Read | Messiah Online | FFOZ"</a>. <i>ffoz.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ffoz.org&rft.atitle=Abraham%27s+Passover+%7C+Read+%7C+Messiah+Online+%7C+FFOZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fffoz.org%2Fmessiah%2Farticles%2Fgod-fearers-abrahams-passover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinzberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Ginzberg, Louis (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2882"><i>The Legends of the Jews – Volume 4</i></a>. Translated by Radin, Paul; Szold, Henrietta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legends+of+the+Jews+%E2%80%93+Volume+4&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Ginzberg&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F2882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koltorah.org/halachah/pesach-and-the-miraculous-end-of-the-assyrian-siege-of-yerushalayim-by-rabbi-chaim-jachter">"Pesach and the Miraculous End of the Assyrian Siege of Yerushalayim By Rabbi Chaim Jachter"</a>. <i>Kol Torah</i>. March 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kol+Torah&rft.atitle=Pesach+and+the+Miraculous+End+of+the+Assyrian+Siege+of+Yerushalayim+By+Rabbi+Chaim+Jachter&rft.date=2023-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koltorah.org%2Fhalachah%2Fpesach-and-the-miraculous-end-of-the-assyrian-siege-of-yerushalayim-by-rabbi-chaim-jachter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/matthew/26-2.htm">"Matthew 26:2 – The Plot to Kill Jesus"</a>. <i>Bible Hub</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Grandma+Hanna%27s+Lokshen+Are+a+Perfect+Passover+Dish&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2Fgrandma-hanna-s-lokshen-are-a-perfect-passover-dish-1.5345691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Jewish_Review" title="Canadian Jewish Review"><i>The Canadian Jewish Chronicle</i></a>, March 31, 1939</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nasrani.net/2007/03/25/passover-among-nasrani-syrian-christians-of-kerala">"NSC Network – Passover"</a>. Nasrani.net. March 25, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608083007/http://nasrani.net/2007/03/25/passover-among-nasrani-syrian-christians-of-kerala">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NSC+Network+%E2%80%93+Passover&rft.pub=Nasrani.net&rft.date=2007-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnasrani.net%2F2007%2F03%2F25%2Fpassover-among-nasrani-syrian-christians-of-kerala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weil-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weil_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, S. (1982) "Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: The Cananite Christians and Cochin Jews in Kerala". in <i>Contributions to Indian Sociology</i>, 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712214251/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2019/04/samaritan-passover">"The very ancient Passover of one of the smallest religions in the world"</a>. <i>Culture</i>. April 19, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2019/04/samaritan-passover">the original</a> on July 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture&rft.atitle=The+very+ancient+Passover+of+one+of+the+smallest+religions+in+the+world&rft.date=2019-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fculture%2F2019%2F04%2Fsamaritan-passover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2012" class="citation news cs1">Kramer, Faith (March 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jweekly.com/2012/03/30/karaites-celebrate-passover-strictly-from-torah/">"Karaites celebrate Passover strictly from Torah"</a>. <i>J</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.&rft.atitle=Karaites+celebrate+Passover+strictly+from+Torah&rft.date=2012-03-30&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Faith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjweekly.com%2F2012%2F03%2F30%2Fkaraites-celebrate-passover-strictly-from-torah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9211-karaites-and-karaism">"Karaites and Karaism"</a>. <i>www.JewishEncyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Karaites+and+Karaism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F9211-karaites-and-karaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonhard2012" class="citation book cs1">Leonhard, Clemens (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Er-QZeW12tUC"><i>The Jewish Pesach and the Origins of the Christian Easter</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-092781-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-092781-8"><bdi>978-3-11-092781-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217061630/https://books.google.com/books?id=Er-QZeW12tUC">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Pesach+and+the+Origins+of+the+Christian+Easter&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-11-092781-8&rft.aulast=Leonhard&rft.aufirst=Clemens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEr-QZeW12tUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_Gerlach1998" class="citation book cs1">Karl Gerlach (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PB-zfFmR0I0C&q=%22Pascha%22+name&pg=PA21"><i>The Antenicene Pascha: A Rhetorical History</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042905702" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042905702"><bdi>978-9042905702</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211228004322/https://books.google.com/books?id=PB-zfFmR0I0C&q=%22Pascha%22+name&pg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Long before this controversy, Ex 12 as a story of origins and its ritual expression had been firmly fixed in the Christian imagination.. Ex 12 is thus one of the few reliable guides for tracing the synergism among ritual, text, and kerygma before the Council of Nicaea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antenicene+Pascha%3A+A+Rhetorical+History&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9042905702&rft.au=Karl+Gerlach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPB-zfFmR0I0C%26q%3D%2522Pascha%2522%2Bname%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthias_Reinhard_Hoffmann2005" class="citation book cs1">Matthias Reinhard Hoffmann (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=84USbbs1jfUC&q=Passover+Lamb+Lamb+of+God&pg=PA117"><i>The Destroyer and the Lamb: The Relationship Between Angelomorphic and Lamb Christology in the Book of Revelation</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-148778-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-148778-8"><bdi>3-16-148778-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108230624/https://books.google.com/books?id=84USbbs1jfUC&q=Passover+Lamb+Lamb+of+God&pg=PA117">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2020</span>. <q>1.2.2. <i>Christ as the Passover Lamb from Exodus</i> A number of features throughout Revelation seem to correspond to Exodus 12: The connection of Lamb and Passover, a salvific effect of the Lamb's blood and the punishment of God's (and His people's) opponents from Exodus 12 may possibly be reflected within the settings of the Apocalypse. The concept of Christ as a Passover lamb is generally not unknown in NT or early Christian literature, as can for instance be seen in 1 Corinthians 5:7, 1 Peter 1:19 or Justin Martyr's writing (<i>Dial</i>. 111:3). In the Gospel of John, especially, this connection between Christ and Passover is made very explicit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Destroyer+and+the+Lamb%3A+The+Relationship+Between+Angelomorphic+and+Lamb+Christology+in+the+Book+of+Revelation&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-16-148778-8&rft.au=Matthias+Reinhard+Hoffmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D84USbbs1jfUC%26q%3DPassover%2BLamb%2BLamb%2Bof%2BGod%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reece, Steve, "Passover as 'Passion': A Folk Etymology in Luke 22:15", Biblica (Peeters Publishers, Leuven, Belgium) 100 (2019) 601–610.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708150613/http://www.chosenpeople.com/main/index.php/holidays-and-festivals/190-the-meaning-of-passover">"The Meaning of Passover | Chosen People Ministries"</a>. July 8, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chosenpeople.com/main/index.php/holidays-and-festivals/190-the-meaning-of-passover">the original</a> on July 8, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Passover+%7C+Chosen+People+Ministries&rft.date=2011-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chosenpeople.com%2Fmain%2Findex.php%2Fholidays-and-festivals%2F190-the-meaning-of-passover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619131353/http://www.ucg.org/litlibrary/holydays.htm">"God's Holy Day Plan > United Church of God"</a>. June 19, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucg.org/litlibrary/holydays.htm">the original</a> on June 19, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=God%27s+Holy+Day+Plan+%3E+United+Church+of+God&rft.date=2010-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucg.org%2Flitlibrary%2Fholydays.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pennyappeal.org/news/fasting-muharram#:~:text=Al%2DTirmidhi%20mentions%20that%20Ibn,his%20moral%20beliefs%20against%20Yazid.">"Fasting in Muharram"</a>. <i>Penny Appeal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penny+Appeal&rft.atitle=Fasting+in+Muharram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpennyappeal.org%2Fnews%2Ffasting-muharram%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAl%252DTirmidhi%2520mentions%2520that%2520Ibn%2Chis%2520moral%2520beliefs%2520against%2520Yazid.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2016/10/22/ashura-a-cross-cultural-holiday-rooted-in-abrahamic-religions">"Ashura: A cross-cultural holiday rooted in Abrahamic religions"</a>. <i>Daily Sabah</i>. October 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sabah&rft.atitle=Ashura%3A+A+cross-cultural+holiday+rooted+in+Abrahamic+religions&rft.date=2016-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Ffeature%2F2016%2F10%2F22%2Fashura-a-cross-cultural-holiday-rooted-in-abrahamic-religions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudirsch2014" class="citation book cs1">Audirsch, Jeffrey G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yQaQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108"><i>The Legislative Themes of Centralization: From Mandate to Demise</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-038-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-038-9"><bdi>978-1-62032-038-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403034602/https://books.google.com/books?id=yQaQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legislative+Themes+of+Centralization%3A+From+Mandate+to+Demise&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62032-038-9&rft.aulast=Audirsch&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyQaQBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson1997" class="citation book cs1">Levinson, Bernard M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-GJFShHwzsC&pg=PA57"><i>Deuteronomy and the Hermeneutics of Legal Innovation</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535457-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535457-7"><bdi>978-0-19-535457-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403035045/https://books.google.com/books?id=U-GJFShHwzsC&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deuteronomy+and+the+Hermeneutics+of+Legal+Innovation&rft.pages=57-58&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535457-7&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=Bernard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-GJFShHwzsC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProsic2004" class="citation book cs1">Prosic, Tamara (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVCvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23"><i>The Development and Symbolism of Passover</i></a>. A&C Black. pp. 23–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-28789-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-28789-2"><bdi>978-0-567-28789-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403035020/https://books.google.com/books?id=BVCvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+and+Symbolism+of+Passover&rft.pages=23-27&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-28789-2&rft.aulast=Prosic&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBVCvAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDöhler" class="citation web cs1">Döhler, Dominik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zavit.org.il/intl/en/uncategorized/what-passover-teaches-us-about-the-environmental-crisis/">"What Passover teaches us about the environmental crisis"</a>. <i>Zavit Science&Environment in Israel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zavit+Science%26Environment+in+Israel&rft.atitle=What+Passover+teaches+us+about+the+environmental+crisis&rft.aulast=D%C3%B6hler&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zavit.org.il%2Fintl%2Fen%2Funcategorized%2Fwhat-passover-teaches-us-about-the-environmental-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Waxman2022" class="citation news cs1">B. Waxman, Olivia (April 13, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5561441/passover-10-plagues-real-history/">"Did the 10 Plagues of Egypt Really Happen? Here Are 3 Theories"</a>. Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Did+the+10+Plagues+of+Egypt+Really+Happen%3F+Here+Are+3+Theories&rft.date=2022-04-13&rft.aulast=B.+Waxman&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5561441%2Fpassover-10-plagues-real-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._EhrenkranzA._Sampson2008" class="citation journal cs1">N. Ehrenkranz, Joel; A. Sampson, Deborah (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2442724">"Origin of the Old Testament Plagues: Explications and Implications"</a>. <i>Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine</i>. <b>81</b> (1): 31–42. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2442724">2442724</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18604309">18604309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Journal+of+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Old+Testament+Plagues%3A+Explications+and+Implications&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-42&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2442724%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18604309&rft.aulast=N.+Ehrenkranz&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft.au=A.+Sampson%2C+Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2442724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Passover" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Passover">Passover</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Passover" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Passover">Passover</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformjudaism.org/jewish-holidays/passover/">Passover Resources – ReformJudaism.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011124755/http://www.passover.net/">Guide to Passover – chabad.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ph.yhb.org.il/en/category/pesah/">'Peninei Halakha' Jewish Law – Yhb.org.il </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/h/pes/mm/48972121.html">Aish.com Passover Primer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11933-passover">Jewish Encyclopedia: Passover</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100304151058/http://www.akhlah.com/holidays/pesach/passover.php">Akhlah: The Jewish Children's Learning Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yeshiva.co/collection/default.aspx/Pesach">All about Pesach</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishholidaysonline.com/pesach">Secular dates for passover</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2time.info/countdowns/holidays/passover/">Passover Countdown Timer</a>. How many days to the next Passover.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/passover">Passover</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Passover"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Passover">"Passover" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 888–890.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Passover&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=888-890&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassover" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Afikoman" title="Afikoman">Afikoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha_Lachma_Anya" title="Ha Lachma Anya">Ha Lachma Anya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Nishtana" title="Ma Nishtana">Ma Nishtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/With_a_strong_hand_and_an_outstretched_arm" title="With a strong hand and an outstretched arm">"Outstretched Arm"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt" title="Plagues of Egypt">Ten Plagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Passover_Seder" title="White House Passover Seder">White House Passover Seder</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Plate" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder_plate" title="Passover Seder plate">Plate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder_plate#Beitzah" title="Passover Seder plate">Beitzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder_plate#Charoset" title="Passover Seder plate">Charoset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder_plate#Karpas" title="Passover Seder plate">Karpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder_plate#Maror_and_Chazeret" title="Passover Seder plate">Maror and Chazeret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder_plate#Zeroah" title="Passover Seder plate">Zeroah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haggadah" title="Haggadah">Haggadah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Passover_songs" title="Passover songs">Songs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adir_Hu" title="Adir Hu">Adir Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Gadya" title="Chad Gadya">Chad Gadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayenu" title="Dayenu">Dayenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echad_Mi_Yodea" title="Echad Mi Yodea">Echad Mi Yodea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Shana_Haba%27ah" title="L'Shana Haba'ah">L'Shana Haba'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehi_Sheamda" title="Vehi Sheamda">Vehi Sheamda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Illustrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Haggadah" title="Amsterdam Haggadah">Amsterdam Haggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds%27_Head_Haggadah" title="Birds' Head Haggadah">Birds' Head Haggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_House_Haggadah" title="Maxwell House Haggadah">Maxwell House Haggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_Haggadah" title="Sarajevo Haggadah">Sarajevo Haggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szyk_Haggadah" title="Szyk Haggadah">Szyk Haggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Haggadah" title="Washington Haggadah">Washington Haggadah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Foods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Matzah" title="Matzah">Matzah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chremslach" title="Chremslach">Chremslach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzah_ball" title="Matzah ball">Matzah ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzah_brei" title="Matzah brei">Matzah brei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzo_lasagna" title="Matzo lasagna">Matzo lasagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzah_meal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matzah meal">Matzah meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzah_pizza" title="Matzah pizza">Matzah pizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzoquiles" title="Matzoquiles">Matzoquiles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Streit%27s" title="Streit's">Streit's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manischewitz" title="Manischewitz">Manischewitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etablissements_Ren%C3%A9_Neymann" title="Etablissements René Neymann">René Neymann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Matzos" title="Yehuda Matzos">Yehuda Matzos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakusen%27s" title="Rakusen's">Rakusen's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osem_(company)" title="Osem (company)">Osem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Main courses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisket_(Jewish_dish)" title="Brisket (Jewish dish)">Brisket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_kugel" title="Potato kugel">Potato kugel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Desserts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kichel" title="Kichel">Egg kichel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flourless_chocolate_cake" title="Flourless chocolate cake">Flourless chocolate cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadji_bada" title="Hadji bada">Hadji bada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaroon" title="Macaroon">Macaroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marunchinos" title="Marunchinos">Marunchinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meringue" title="Meringue">Meringue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedikat_Chametz" title="Bedikat Chametz">Bedikat Chametz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_the_Firstborn" title="Fast of the Firstborn">Fast of the Firstborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve_of_Passover_on_Shabbat" title="Eve of Passover on Shabbat">Eve of Passover on Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover_sacrifice" title="Passover sacrifice">Passover sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chol_HaMoed" title="Chol HaMoed">Chol HaMoed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimouna" title="Mimouna">Mimouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isru_Chag" class="mw-redirect" title="Isru Chag">Isru Chag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesach_Sheni" title="Pesach Sheni">Pesach Sheni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Laws/customs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chametz" title="Chametz">Chametz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dough_offering#The_Mitzvah_in_modern_practice" title="Dough offering">Challah from Shmurah Matzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitniyot" title="Kitniyot">Kitniyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebrochts" title="Gebrochts">Gebrochts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Tov_Torah_readings#Passover" title="Yom Tov Torah readings">Torah readings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_dew" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer for dew">Prayer for dew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays_and_observances" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays" title="Template:Jewish and Israeli holidays"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays" title="Template talk:Jewish and Israeli holidays"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish and Israeli holidays"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays_and_observances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel" title="Public holidays in Israel">Israeli</a> holidays and observances</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish<br />holidays and<br />observances</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shabbat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Shabbat" title="Special Shabbat">Special Shabbat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Holy_Days" title="High Holy Days">High Holy Days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Repentance" title="Ten Days of Repentance">Ten Days of Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Three Pilgrimage<br />Festivals</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Passover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_the_Firstborn" title="Fast of the Firstborn">Fast of the Firstborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesach_Sheni" title="Pesach Sheni">Pesach Sheni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoshana_Rabbah" title="Hoshana Rabbah">Hoshana Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shemini Atzeret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_tov_sheni_shel_galuyot" title="Yom tov sheni shel galuyot">Yom tov sheni shel galuyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chol_HaMoed" title="Chol HaMoed">Chol HaMoed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isru_chag" title="Isru chag">Isru chag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh" title="Rosh Chodesh">Rosh Chodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Gedalia" title="Fast of Gedalia">Fast of Gedalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_of_Tevet" title="Tenth of Tevet">Tenth of Tevet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_BiShvat" title="Tu BiShvat">Tu BiShvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Esther" title="Fast of Esther">Fast of Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim#Purim_Katan" title="Purim">Purim Katan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counting_of_the_Omer" title="Counting of the Omer">Counting of the Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag BaOmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_of_Tammuz" title="Seventeenth of Tammuz">17th of Tammuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Weeks" title="The Three Weeks">The Three Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nine_Days" title="The Nine Days">The Nine Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_B%27Av" title="Tu B'Av">Tu B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah_LeMa%27sar_Behemah" title="Rosh Hashanah LeMa'sar Behemah">Rosh Hashanah LeMa'sar Behemah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel" title="Public holidays in Israel">Israeli public<br />holidays</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaShoah" title="Yom HaShoah">Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaZikaron" title="Yom HaZikaron">Yom HaZikaron (Memorial Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Yom HaAtzmaut (Independence Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Yom Yerushalayim (Jerusalem Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_Day" title="Ben-Gurion Day">Ben-Gurion Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzl_Day" title="Herzl Day">Herzl Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabotinsky_Day" title="Jabotinsky Day">Jabotinsky Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabin_Day" title="Rabin Day">Rabin Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Israeli ethnic</a><br />holidays</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mimouna" title="Mimouna">Mimouna</a></li> <li>Seharane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigd" title="Sigd">Sigd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_to_Mark_the_Departure_and_Expulsion_of_Jews_from_the_Arab_Countries_and_Iran" title="Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran">Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew months</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyar" title="Iyar">Iyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivan" title="Sivan">Sivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(Hebrew_month)" title="Tammuz (Hebrew month)">Tammuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Av_(month)" title="Av (month)">Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elul" title="Elul">Elul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrei" title="Tishrei">Tishrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshvan" title="Cheshvan">Cheshvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tevet" title="Tevet">Tevet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shevat" title="Shevat">Shevat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar and Adar Sheni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays_2000%E2%80%932050" title="Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050">Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121393#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121393#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121393#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4136393-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Passover"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85098533">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pâque"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133189419">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span 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