Research & Innovation

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class="top-level linkless" role="menuitem">Knowledge & insights</a> <div class="drop-wrap num-cols-4 resources two-resource" role="menu"> <div class="inner-menu"> <div class="inner-column reg-column intro-column column-index-1"> <span class="intro-headline"> Knowledge & insights </span> <div class="intro-link-wrapper"> <a class="intro-link" href="https://www.topsoe.com/knowledge-and-insights"> <span class="link-text">All knowledge & insights</span> <span class="arrow-wrap"><svg width="14" height="15" viewbox="0 0 14 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.64245 3.29785L7.73346 4.20766L10.5419 7.02291H0.993164L0.993164 8.31038H10.5462L7.73346 11.1256L8.64245 12.0354L13.0073 7.66665L8.64245 3.29785Z" fill="black" /> </svg></span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="inner-column reg-column column-index-2 resources-length-0"> <span class="top-headline">Featured topics</span> <ul class="sub-menu"> <div class="sub-menus-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menus-1"> <li class=""> <a 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href="https://www.topsoe.com/blog#hydrogen" class="sub-menu-single external " role="menuitem"> <span class="text-wrap">Hydrogen</span> <span class="arrow-wrap"><svg width="14" height="15" viewbox="0 0 14 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.64245 3.29785L7.73346 4.20766L10.5419 7.02291H0.993164L0.993164 8.31038H10.5462L7.73346 11.1256L8.64245 12.0354L13.0073 7.66665L8.64245 3.29785Z" fill="black" /> </svg></span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.topsoe.com/blog#renewable-fuels" class="sub-menu-single external " role="menuitem"> <span class="text-wrap">Renewable fuels</span> <span class="arrow-wrap"><svg width="14" height="15" viewbox="0 0 14 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.64245 3.29785L7.73346 4.20766L10.5419 7.02291H0.993164L0.993164 8.31038H10.5462L7.73346 11.1256L8.64245 12.0354L13.0073 7.66665L8.64245 3.29785Z" fill="black" /> </svg></span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.topsoe.com/blog#saf" class="sub-menu-single external " role="menuitem"> <span class="text-wrap">Sustainable aviation fuel</span> <span class="arrow-wrap"><svg width="14" height="15" viewbox="0 0 14 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.64245 3.29785L7.73346 4.20766L10.5419 7.02291H0.993164L0.993164 8.31038H10.5462L7.73346 11.1256L8.64245 12.0354L13.0073 7.66665L8.64245 3.29785Z" fill="black" /> </svg></span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.topsoe.com/blog#circular-plastic" class="sub-menu-single external " role="menuitem"> <span class="text-wrap">Circular plastic</span> <span class="arrow-wrap"><svg width="14" height="15" viewbox="0 0 14 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.64245 3.29785L7.73346 4.20766L10.5419 7.02291H0.993164L0.993164 8.31038H10.5462L7.73346 11.1256L8.64245 12.0354L13.0073 7.66665L8.64245 3.29785Z" fill="black" /> </svg></span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.topsoe.com/blog#sulfur-removal" 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class="resource-container"> <a class="real-link" href="https://www.topsoe.com/press-releases/topsoe-delivers-solid-financial-results-for-first-half-year-2024?hsLang=en"></a> <div class="resource-image"> <img src="https://www.topsoe.com/hubfs/images/2024/NewsMedia_featured_top_272x200.jpg" alt="NewsMedia_featured_top_272x200"> </div> <div class="resource-content"> <span class="resource-desc"> Topsoe delivers solid financial results for first half-year 2024 </span> <span class="fake-link"> <span class="link-text">Read</span> <span class="arrow-wrap"><svg width="14" height="15" viewbox="0 0 14 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.64245 3.29785L7.73346 4.20766L10.5419 7.02291H0.993164L0.993164 8.31038H10.5462L7.73346 11.1256L8.64245 12.0354L13.0073 7.66665L8.64245 3.29785Z" fill="black" /> </svg></span> </span> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="resource-container"> <a class="real-link" href="https://www.topsoe.com/press-releases/worlds-first-of-its-kind-green-ammonia-plant-inaugurated-by-skovgaard-energy-vestas-and-topsoe?hsLang=en"></a> <div class="resource-image"> <img src="https://www.topsoe.com/hubfs/images/2024/GettyImages-1277496844_Reduced%201%20(2).png" alt="GettyImages-1277496844_Reduced 1 (2)"> </div> <div class="resource-content"> <span class="resource-desc"> World’s first of its kind green ammonia plant inaugurated by Skovgaard Energy, ... </span> <span class="fake-link"> <span class="link-text">Read</span> <span class="arrow-wrap"><svg width="14" height="15" viewbox="0 0 14 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.64245 3.29785L7.73346 4.20766L10.5419 7.02291H0.993164L0.993164 8.31038H10.5462L7.73346 11.1256L8.64245 12.0354L13.0073 7.66665L8.64245 3.29785Z" fill="black" /> </svg></span> </span> </div> </div> </li> </div> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-item-wrap 2 has-children" aria-haspopup="true"> <a class="top-level linkless" role="menuitem">About</a> <div class="drop-wrap num-cols-3 resources one-resource" role="menu"> <div class="inner-menu"> <div class="inner-column reg-column intro-column column-index-1"> <span class="intro-headline"> About </span> </div> <div class="inner-column reg-column column-index-2 resources-length-0"> <ul class="sub-menu"> <div class="sub-menus-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menus-1"> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.topsoe.com/our-resources" class="sub-menu-single external " role="menuitem"> <span class="text-wrap">About Topsoe</span> <span class="arrow-wrap"><svg width="14" height="15" viewbox="0 0 14 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.64245 3.29785L7.73346 4.20766L10.5419 7.02291H0.993164L0.993164 8.31038H10.5462L7.73346 11.1256L8.64245 12.0354L13.0073 7.66665L8.64245 3.29785Z" fill="black" /> </svg></span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.topsoe.com/sustainability-now" class="sub-menu-single external " 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href="https://www.topsoe.com/our-resources/corporate/management-corporate-governance" class="sub-menu-single external " role="menuitem"> <span class="text-wrap">Senior Leadership Team</span> <span class="arrow-wrap"><svg width="14" height="15" viewbox="0 0 14 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.64245 3.29785L7.73346 4.20766L10.5419 7.02291H0.993164L0.993164 8.31038H10.5462L7.73346 11.1256L8.64245 12.0354L13.0073 7.66665L8.64245 3.29785Z" fill="black" /> </svg></span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.topsoe.com/our-resources/knowledge/research" class="sub-menu-single external " role="menuitem"> <span class="text-wrap">Research & innovation</span> <span class="arrow-wrap"><svg width="14" height="15" viewbox="0 0 14 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.64245 3.29785L7.73346 4.20766L10.5419 7.02291H0.993164L0.993164 8.31038H10.5462L7.73346 11.1256L8.64245 12.0354L13.0073 7.66665L8.64245 3.29785Z" fill="black" /> 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financial results for first half-year 2024 </span> <a href="https://www.topsoe.com/press-releases/topsoe-delivers-solid-financial-results-for-first-half-year-2024?hsLang=en"> <span class="link-text">Read</span> <span class="arrow-wrap"><svg width="14" height="15" viewbox="0 0 14 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.64245 3.29785L7.73346 4.20766L10.5419 7.02291H0.993164L0.993164 8.31038H10.5462L7.73346 11.1256L8.64245 12.0354L13.0073 7.66665L8.64245 3.29785Z" fill="black" /> </svg></span> </a> </div> </div> </li> <li> <span class="resource-section-headline no-headline">   </span> <div class="resource-container"> <div class="resource-image"> <img src="https://www.topsoe.com/hubfs/images/2024/Featured%20article-Image%2001@2x.jpg" alt="Featured article-Image 01@2x"> </div> <div class="resource-content"> <span class="resource-desc"> World’s first of its kind green ammonia plant inaugurated by Skovgaard Energy, ... </span> <a href="https://www.topsoe.com/press-releases/worlds-first-of-its-kind-green-ammonia-plant-inaugurated-by-skovgaard-energy-vestas-and-topsoe?hsLang=en"> <span class="link-text">Read</span> <span class="arrow-wrap"><svg width="14" height="15" viewbox="0 0 14 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.64245 3.29785L7.73346 4.20766L10.5419 7.02291H0.993164L0.993164 8.31038H10.5462L7.73346 11.1256L8.64245 12.0354L13.0073 7.66665L8.64245 3.29785Z" fill="black" /> </svg></span> </a> </div> </div> </li> </div> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-item-wrap has-children" aria-haspopup="true"> <a class="top-level linkless" role="menuitem">About<span class="cevron"><svg width="8" height="14" viewbox="0 0 8 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.9483 7.16667L1.4483 0.621216L0.0517601 2.02752L5.15522 7.16667L0.0517578 12.3058L1.4483 13.7121L7.9483 7.16667Z" fill="black" /> </svg></span></a> <div 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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.64245 3.29785L7.73346 4.20766L10.5419 7.02291H0.993164L0.993164 8.31038H10.5462L7.73346 11.1256L8.64245 12.0354L13.0073 7.66665L8.64245 3.29785Z" fill="black" /> </svg></span> </a> </li> </div> </div> </ul> </div> <div class="inner-column reg-column column-index-3 resource-column resources-length-1"> <ul class="sub-menu"> <div class="resource-wrap resources-1"> <li> <span class="resource-section-headline no-headline">   </span> <div class="resource-container"> <div class="resource-image"> <img src="https://www.topsoe.com/hubfs/images/2024/Web24_History_342x256px_130924.jpg" alt="Web24_History_342x256px_130924"> </div> <div class="resource-content"> <span class="resource-desc"> A history of taking on the world’s toughest challenges </span> <a href="https://www.topsoe.com/our-resources/corporate/purpose-and-history"> <span class="link-text">Read</span> <span class="arrow-wrap"><svg width="14" height="15" viewbox="0 0 14 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.64245 3.29785L7.73346 4.20766L10.5419 7.02291H0.993164L0.993164 8.31038H10.5462L7.73346 11.1256L8.64245 12.0354L13.0073 7.66665L8.64245 3.29785Z" fill="black" /> </svg></span> </a> </div> </div> </li> </div> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-item-wrap has-children" aria-haspopup="true"> <a class="top-level linkless" role="menuitem">Careers<span class="cevron"><svg width="8" height="14" viewbox="0 0 8 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.9483 7.16667L1.4483 0.621216L0.0517601 2.02752L5.15522 7.16667L0.0517578 12.3058L1.4483 13.7121L7.9483 7.16667Z" fill="black" /> </svg></span></a> <div class="drop-wrap num-cols-3 resources" role="menu"> <div class="inner-menu"> <div class="inner-column reg-column intro-column column-index-1"> <span class="back-button"><span class="arrow-icon"><svg width="8" height="14" viewbox="0 0 8 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.9483 7.16667L1.4483 0.621216L0.0517601 2.02752L5.15522 7.16667L0.0517578 12.3058L1.4483 13.7121L7.9483 7.16667Z" fill="black" /> </svg></span><span class="back-text">Back</span></span> <span class="intro-headline"> Careers </span> <div class="intro-link-wrapper"> <a class="intro-link" href="https://www.topsoe.com/our-resources/people/careers"> <span class="link-text">Careers overview</span> <span class="arrow-wrap"><svg width="14" height="15" viewbox="0 0 14 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.64245 3.29785L7.73346 4.20766L10.5419 7.02291H0.993164L0.993164 8.31038H10.5462L7.73346 11.1256L8.64245 12.0354L13.0073 7.66665L8.64245 3.29785Z" fill="black" /> </svg></span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="inner-column reg-column column-index-2 resources-length-0"> <ul class="sub-menu"> <div class="sub-menus-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menus-1"> <li> <a 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in making the complex simple, and the simple exciting. </span> <div class="sub-caption-wrapper"> <div class="sub-caption"> <span>The science of excitement</span> </div> <a href="https://www.topsoe.com/our-resources/people/careers/ignite-hanne"> <span class="link-text">Read</span> <span class="arrow-wrap"><svg width="14" height="15" viewbox="0 0 14 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.64245 3.29785L7.73346 4.20766L10.5419 7.02291H0.993164L0.993164 8.31038H10.5462L7.73346 11.1256L8.64245 12.0354L13.0073 7.66665L8.64245 3.29785Z" fill="black" /> </svg></span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </li> </div> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-item-wrap has-children" aria-haspopup="true"> <a href="Investors" class="top-level " role="menuitem">Investors<span class="cevron"><svg width="8" height="14" viewbox="0 0 8 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.9483 7.16667L1.4483 0.621216L0.0517601 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has-reduced-height"> <div class="content" data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-once="true" data-aos-duration="1000"> <h1>RESEARCH &<br>INNOVATION</h1> </div> </div> <div class="lazy background offset-right" data-aos-once="true" data-aos="zoom-out" data-aos-duration="2000" data-bg="https://www.topsoe.com/hubfs/Aerial%20images_Brand%20guidelines/GettyImages-1207092744.jpg"></div> </section> </div> <div id="hs_cos_wrapper_widget_1725371333560" class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_widget hs_cos_wrapper_type_module" style="" data-hs-cos-general-type="widget" data-hs-cos-type="module"><section id="widget_1725371333560" class="u4m-section reduce-height module_67048045060" data-aos=""> <div class="u4m-section-inner has-fullwidth-column"> <div class="u4m-section-column has-large-title has-line has-richtext is-fullwidth-column column-1" style="background-color:#D7AAFF"> <div class="element element-large-title"> <h2 class="smaller-title" data-aos="fade-up">80+ YEARS OF PIONEERING INNOVATION </h2> </div> <div class="element element-line"> <div class="sep-line"><div class="sep-line-inner"></div></div> </div> <div class="element element-richtext"> <div data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-once="true"><p><span data-contrast="auto">Our vision and strategy build on a strong scientific foundation with more than 80 years of research and development (R&D), and a deep-rooted passion for science, technology and innovation. Our world-leading and renowned research enables us to develop the solutions needed to power a sustainable future. </span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":279}"> </span></p> <p><span data-contrast="auto">We were founded on the belief that applied fundamental research is key to building and retaining a leading position globally, which is why we annually reinvest massively in our R&D. We steadily increase our number of patent families, currently counting more than 600. </span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":279}"> </span></p> <p><span data-contrast="auto">Since 1950, we have contributed to more than 1,800 publications, demonstrating scientific leadership amongst industrial peers. </span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":279}"> </span></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div id="hs_cos_wrapper_widget_1725371596181" class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_widget hs_cos_wrapper_type_module" style="" data-hs-cos-general-type="widget" data-hs-cos-type="module"><section id="widget_1725371596181" class="u4m-section reduce-height module_67048045060 custom-section" data-aos=""> <div class="u4m-section-inner two-column-sixty-forty"> <div class="u4m-section-column has-richtext column-1"> <div class="element element-richtext"> <div data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-once="true"><h5><strong><span data-contrast="auto">Long-term scientific partnerships</span></strong><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":279}"> </span></h5> <p><span data-contrast="auto">We stay updated on the latest research through long-term scientific partnerships with more than 40 universities and research institutes and sponsor professors and PhD students. In addition, we have hundreds of collaboration projects running around the world.  </span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":279}"> </span></p></div> </div> </div> <div class="u4m-section-column has-buttons column-2"> <div class="element element-buttons"> <div class="button-wrap"><a class="button" href="https://www.topsoe.com/our-resources/knowledge/research/partnerships">PARTNERSHIPS</a></div><div class="button-wrap"><a class="button" href="https://www.topsoe.com/our-resources/knowledge/research/research-principles">RESEARCH PRINCIPLES</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div id="hs_cos_wrapper_widget_1725371765480" class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_widget hs_cos_wrapper_type_module" style="" data-hs-cos-general-type="widget" data-hs-cos-type="module"><section id="widget_1725371765480" class="u4m-sticky-section not-sticky widget_1725371765480"> <div class="u4m-sticky-section-inner"> <div class="sticky-column"> <div class="sticky-column-content"> <p> </p> <p> </p> </div> </div> <div class="content-column"> <div class="content-row child-richtext" data-aos="fade-right"> <div class="richtext"><h6><strong><span data-contrast="auto" xml:lang="EN-US" lang="EN-US"><br>Our research areas include:</span><span data-contrast="auto" xml:lang="DA-DK" lang="DA-DK"> </span> </strong><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":279}"></span></h6></div> </div> <div class="content-row child-richtext" data-aos="fade-right"> <div class="richtext"><br> <ul> <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="9" data-list-defn-props="{"335552541":1,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Symbol","469769242":[8226],"469777803":"left","469777804":"","469777815":"multilevel"}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1"><span data-contrast="auto">Fundamental research</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":279}"> </span></li> </ul> <ul> <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="10" data-list-defn-props="{"335552541":1,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Symbol","469769242":[8226],"469777803":"left","469777804":"","469777815":"multilevel"}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1"><span data-contrast="auto">Catalyst characterization</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":279}"> </span></li> </ul> <ul> <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="11" data-list-defn-props="{"335552541":1,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Symbol","469769242":[8226],"469777803":"left","469777804":"","469777815":"multilevel"}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1"><span data-contrast="auto">Catalyst development</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":279}"> </span></li> </ul> <ul> <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="12" data-list-defn-props="{"335552541":1,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Symbol","469769242":[8226],"469777803":"left","469777804":"","469777815":"multilevel"}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1"><span data-contrast="auto">Catalyst formulation</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":279}"> </span></li> </ul> <ul> <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="13" data-list-defn-props="{"335552541":1,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Symbol","469769242":[8226],"469777803":"left","469777804":"","469777815":"multilevel"}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1"><span data-contrast="auto">Reactor and process modeling</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":279}"> </span></li> </ul> <ul> <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="14" data-list-defn-props="{"335552541":1,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Symbol","469769242":[8226],"469777803":"left","469777804":"","469777815":"multilevel"}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1"><span data-contrast="auto">Process development</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":279}"> </span></li> </ul> <ul> <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="15" data-list-defn-props="{"335552541":1,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Symbol","469769242":[8226],"469777803":"left","469777804":"","469777815":"multilevel"}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1"><span data-contrast="auto">Catalyst and process testing</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":279}"> </span></li> </ul> <ul> <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="16" data-list-defn-props="{"335552541":1,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Symbol","469769242":[8226],"469777803":"left","469777804":"","469777815":"multilevel"}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1"><span data-contrast="auto">Process impact studies</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":279}"> </span></li> </ul> <ul> <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="17" data-list-defn-props="{"335552541":1,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Symbol","469769242":[8226],"469777803":"left","469777804":"","469777815":"multilevel"}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1"><span data-contrast="auto">Equipment development</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":279}"> </span></li> </ul> <ul> <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="18" data-list-defn-props="{"335552541":1,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Symbol","469769242":[8226],"469777803":"left","469777804":"","469777815":"multilevel"}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1"><span data-contrast="auto">Pilot plant studies</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":279}"> </span></li> </ul> <ul> <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="19" data-list-defn-props="{"335552541":1,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Symbol","469769242":[8226],"469777803":"left","469777804":"","469777815":"multilevel"}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1"><span data-contrast="auto">Scale-up studies</span><span data-contrast="auto"> </span><span 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