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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legends</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legends subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radha_Krishna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radha_Krishna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Radha Krishna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radha_Krishna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vishnu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vishnu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vishnu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vishnu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kama_and_Rati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kama_and_Rati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Kama and Rati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kama_and_Rati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_Indian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Indian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Other Indian religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Indian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Celebrations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Celebrations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Celebrations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holika_Dahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holika_Dahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Holika Dahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holika_Dahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Main day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bihar,_Eastern_Uttar_Pradesh_and_Jharkhand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bihar,_Eastern_Uttar_Pradesh_and_Jharkhand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bihar,_Eastern_Uttar_Pradesh_and_Jharkhand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Goa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gujarat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gujarat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Gujarat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gujarat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jammu_and_Kashmir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.4</span> <span>Jammu and Kashmir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jammu_and_Kashmir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karnataka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karnataka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.5</span> <span>Karnataka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karnataka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maharashtra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maharashtra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.6</span> <span>Maharashtra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maharashtra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manipur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manipur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.7</span> <span>Manipur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manipur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odisha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odisha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.8</span> <span>Odisha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odisha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punjab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.9</span> <span>Punjab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telangana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telangana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.10</span> <span>Telangana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telangana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tripura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tripura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.11</span> <span>Tripura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tripura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Uttar_Pradesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Uttar_Pradesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.12</span> <span>Western Uttar Pradesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Uttar_Pradesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uttarakhand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uttarakhand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.13</span> <span>Uttarakhand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uttarakhand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Bengal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Bengal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.14</span> <span>West Bengal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Bengal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Indian diaspora</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indian_diaspora-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Indian diaspora subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indian_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suriname" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suriname"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Suriname</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suriname-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinidad_and_Tobago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Trinidad and Tobago</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guyana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guyana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Guyana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guyana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Fiji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauritius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauritius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Mauritius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauritius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holi_colours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holi_colours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Holi colours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Holi_colours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Holi colours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Holi_colours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_sources_of_colours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_sources_of_colours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Traditional sources of colours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_sources_of_colours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orange_and_red" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orange_and_red"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Orange and red</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orange_and_red-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Green</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yellow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yellow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Yellow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yellow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.4</span> <span>Blue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magenta_and_purple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magenta_and_purple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.5</span> <span>Magenta and purple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magenta_and_purple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.6</span> <span>Brown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.7</span> <span>Black</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Health impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_other_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_other_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Influence on other cultures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_on_other_cultures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence on other cultures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_other_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holi-inspired_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holi-inspired_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Holi-inspired events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holi-inspired_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Holi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="होली – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="होली" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="هولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE" title="ফাকুৱা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফাকুৱা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="फगुवा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="फगुवा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="দোলযাত্রা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দোলযাত্রা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="होली – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="होली" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Холи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Холи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3l%C3%AD" title="Hólí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hólí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="होःरी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="होःरी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Χόλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χόλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holio" title="Holio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Holio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="هولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9ile_Holi" title="Féile Holi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Féile Holi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B3%E0%AB%80" title="હોળી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હોળી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%80%EB%A6%AC" title="홀리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="홀리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Հոլի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոլի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="होली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="होली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99" title="הולי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הולי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಹೋಳಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೋಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%93%E1%83%A6%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="ჰოლი (დღესასწაული) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰოლი (დღესასწაული)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ہولی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہولی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="होली – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="होली" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF" title="ഹോളി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹോളി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80" title="होळी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="होळी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_(%D8%AC%D8%B4%D9%86)" title="هولی (جشن) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هولی (جشن)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi-Phagwa" title="Holi-Phagwa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Holi-Phagwa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="होली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="होली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E7%A5%AD" title="ホーリー祭 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホーリー祭" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF" title="ହୋଲି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହୋଲି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਹੋਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੋਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="هولي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هولي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Холи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Холи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="होलीपर्व – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="होलीपर्व" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱦᱳᱞᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱳᱞᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="هولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hol%C3%AD" title="Holí – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Holí" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ھۆلی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھۆلی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Холи (празник) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Холи (празник)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="ஹோலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹோலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Һоли – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һоли" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B3%E0%B1%80" title="హోళీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హోళీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="โฮลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โฮลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Холі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Холі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ہولی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہولی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi" title="Holi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Holi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%AF%E4%B8%BD%E8%8A%82" title="侯丽节 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="侯丽节" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%AF%E4%B8%BD%E8%8A%82" title="侯丽节 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="侯丽节" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10259#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hindu spring festival of colours</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>"Holli" redirects here. For the ice hockey player, see <a href="/wiki/Antti_H%C3%B6lli" title="Antti Hölli">Antti Hölli</a>.</span> <span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Holi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Holi (disambiguation)">Holi (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: orange">Holi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Holi_Festival_-_Krishna_Radha_and_Gopis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/A_Holi_Festival_-_Krishna_Radha_and_Gopis.jpg/240px-A_Holi_Festival_-_Krishna_Radha_and_Gopis.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/A_Holi_Festival_-_Krishna_Radha_and_Gopis.jpg/360px-A_Holi_Festival_-_Krishna_Radha_and_Gopis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/A_Holi_Festival_-_Krishna_Radha_and_Gopis.jpg/480px-A_Holi_Festival_-_Krishna_Radha_and_Gopis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption"><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> playing Holi with <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gopis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopis">gopis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-OED-Holi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-Holi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jains" class="mw-redirect" title="Jains">Jains</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wiley42_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiley42-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bal269_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bal269-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others<sup id="cite_ref-wpnonhindus_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpnonhindus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Religious, cultural, spring festival</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary"> <ul><li>Victory of good over evil</li> <li>Celebration of divine love of <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a></li> <li>Arrival of <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Night before Holi:</b> <a href="/wiki/Holika_Dahan" title="Holika Dahan">Holika Dahan</a> or Kama Dahan <br /><b>On Holi:</b> Playing with <a href="/wiki/Gulal" title="Gulal">coloured powder and water</a>, dancing, greetings, festival delicacies<sup id="cite_ref-ht_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ht-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">Phalguna Purnima</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shigmo" title="Shigmo">Shigmo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaosang" title="Yaosang">Yaosang</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:11px">Explanatory note</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background:orange;font-size:14px">Hindu festival dates</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;font-size:11px"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_basis_of_the_Hindu_calendar" title="Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a> is lunisolar but most festival dates are specified using the lunar portion of the calendar. A lunar day is uniquely identified by three calendar elements: <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_basis_of_the_Hindu_calendar#chandramasa" title="Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar"><i>māsa</i></a> (lunar month), <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_basis_of_the_Hindu_calendar#paksha" title="Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar"><i>pakṣa</i></a> (lunar fortnight) and <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_basis_of_the_Hindu_calendar#tithi" title="Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar"><i>tithi</i></a> (lunar day). </p><p>Furthermore, when specifying the masa, one of two traditions are applicable, viz. <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar#amanta" title="Hindu calendar"><i>amānta</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar#purnimanta" title="Hindu calendar"><i>pūrṇimānta</i></a>. If a festival falls in the waning phase of the moon, these two traditions identify the same lunar day as falling in two different (but successive) masa. </p> A lunar year is shorter than a solar year by about eleven days. 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Holi</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hindi pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">['hoːli:]</a></span>) is a popular and significant <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> festival celebrated as the <b>Festival of Colours</b>, <b>Love</b>, and <b>Spring</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED-Holi_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-Holi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yg_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yg-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It celebrates the eternal and divine love of the deities <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deepta_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deepta-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the day signifies the triumph of good over evil,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it commemorates the victory of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> as <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a> over <a href="/wiki/Hiranyakashipu" title="Hiranyakashipu">Hiranyakashipu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenzen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenzen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roveda_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roveda-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holi originated and is predominantly celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, but has also spread to other regions of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> through the Indian diaspora.<sup id="cite_ref-yg_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yg-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-keholi_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keholi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2004_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsj-holifight_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-holifight-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-online.wsj.com_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online.wsj.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holi_Festival_of_Colours_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holi_Festival_of_Colours-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holi also celebrates the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a> in India, the end of winter, and the blossoming of love.<sup id="cite_ref-keholi_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keholi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wd_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wd-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also an invocation for a good spring <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvest</a> season.<sup id="cite_ref-keholi_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keholi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wd_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wd-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lasts for a night and a day, starting on the evening of the <a href="/wiki/Purnima" title="Purnima">Purnima</a> (full moon day) falling on the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a> month of <a href="/wiki/Phalguna" title="Phalguna">Phalguna</a>, which falls around the middle of March in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Regional_names,_rituals_and_celebrations"></span> <i>Holi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi">होली</span>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: <span lang="gu">હોળી</span>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>: <span lang="kn">ಹೋಳಿ</span>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>: <span lang="mr">होळी</span>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">होली</span>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span lang="pa">ਹੋਲੀ</span>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">హోళి</span>) is also known as <i>Dol Jatra</i> (swing festival") and <i>Bôshonto Utshôb</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">বসন্ত উৎসব</span>) ("spring festival") in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>), <i>Phakua</i> (<a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>: <span lang="as">ফাকুৱা</span>) and <i>Dôl Jātrā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>: <span lang="as">দ’ল যাত্ৰা</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <i>Phāgu Pūrṇimā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">फागु पूर्णिमा</span>) in the hilly region of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <i>Dola jātra</i> (<a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>: <span lang="or">ଦୋଳଯାତ୍ରା</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <i>Fagua</i> or <i>Phagua</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>: <span lang="bho">𑂤𑂏𑂳𑂄</span>) in eastern <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <i>Phagwah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a>: पगवा) in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> (namely <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>), and <i>Phagua</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiji Hindi language">Fiji Hindi</a>: <span lang="hif">पगवा</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>. </p><p>The main day of the celebration is known as "Holi", "Rangwali Holi", "<a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a>", "Dhuleti", "Dhulandi",<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Ukuli", "Manjal Kuli",<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Yaosang" title="Yaosang">Yaosang</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Shigmo" title="Shigmo">Shigmo</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Phagwah",<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Jajiri".<sup id="cite_ref-Jagiri_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jagiri-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <p>Holi is a sacred ancient <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a> of Hindus, a holiday in many states of India with regional holidays in other countries. It is a cultural celebration that gives Hindus and non-Hindus alike an opportunity to have fun banter with other people by throwing coloured water and powder at each other. It is also observed broadly on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Holi is celebrated at the end of winter, on the last <a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a> day of the Hindu luni-solar calendar month, marking the spring, making the date vary with the lunar cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-holicalendars_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holicalendars-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date falls typically in March, but sometimes late February of the Gregorian calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The festival has many purposes; most prominently, it celebrates the beginning of Spring. In 17th century literature, it was identified as a festival that celebrated agriculture, commemorated good spring harvests, and the fertile land.<sup id="cite_ref-keholi_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keholi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindus believe it is a time to enjoying spring's abundant colours and say farewell to winter. To many Hindus, Holi festivities mark an occasion to reset and renew ruptured <a href="/wiki/Relationships_among_probability_distributions" title="Relationships among probability distributions">relationships</a>, end conflicts, and rid themselves of accumulated emotional impurities from the past.<sup id="cite_ref-wd_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wd-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ihh_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ihh-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It also has a <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious</a> purpose, symbolically signified by the legend of Holika. The night before Holi, bonfires are lit in a ceremony known as Holika Dahan (burning of <a href="/wiki/Holika" title="Holika">Holika</a>) or Little Holi. People gather near fires, sing and dance. The next day, Holi, also known as <i>Dhuli</i> in Sanskrit, or <i>Dhulheti</i>, <i>Dhulandi</i> or <i>Dhulendi</i>, is celebrated.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Northern parts of India, children and youth spray coloured powder solutions (<i>gulal</i>) at each other, laugh, and celebrate, while adults smear dry coloured powder (<i>abir</i>) on each other's faces.<sup id="cite_ref-ht_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ht-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ihh_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ihh-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visitors to homes are first teased with colours, then served with Holi delicacies (such as <i>gujia, shakkarpaare, matri, and dahi-bada</i>), desserts and drinks.<sup id="cite_ref-williamsholifood_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamsholifood-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After playing with colours, and cleaning up, people bathe, put on clean clothes, and visit friends and family.<sup id="cite_ref-wd_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wd-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Rangapanchami"></span> Like Holika Dahan, <i>Kama Dahanam</i> is celebrated in some parts of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The festival of colours in these parts is called <i><a href="/wiki/Ranga_Panchami" title="Ranga Panchami">Rangapanchami</a></i>, and occurs on the fifth day after <a href="/wiki/Purnima" title="Purnima">Poornima</a> (full moon).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="History_and_rituals"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AHoli&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+23+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Holi">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holi&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Holi festival is an ancient Hindu festival with its own cultural rituals which emerged before the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-yg_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yg-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival of colours finds mentioned in numerous scriptures, such as in works like <a href="/wiki/Jaimini_Sutras" title="Jaimini Sutras">Jaimini's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Purva Mimamsa Sutras</a></i> and <i>Kathaka-Grhya-Sutras</i> with even more detailed descriptions in ancient texts like the <i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Narada Purana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i>. The festival of <i>"holikotsav"</i> was also mentioned in the 7th century work, <i><a href="/wiki/Ratnavali" title="Ratnavali">Ratnavali</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">King Harsha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dashakumaracharita" title="Dashakumaracharita">Dasakumara Charita</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Da%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Din" title="Daṇḍin">Daṇḍin</a>, and by the poet <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kālidāsa">Kālidāsa</a> during the 4th century reign of <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yg_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yg-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The celebration of Holi is also mentioned in the 7th-century Sanskrit drama <i><a href="/wiki/Ratnavali" title="Ratnavali">Ratnavali</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ori_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ori-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival of Holi caught the fascination of European traders and British colonial staff by the 17th century. Various old editions of the Oxford English Dictionary mention it, but with varying, phonetically derived spellings: <i>Houly</i> (1687), <i>Hooly</i> (1698), <i>Huli</i> (1789), <i>Hohlee</i> (1809), <i>Hoolee</i> (1825), and <i>Holi</i> in editions published after 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-keholi_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keholi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legends">Legends</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radha_Krishna">Radha Krishna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radha_and_Krishna_playing_Holi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Radha_and_Krishna_playing_Holi.jpg/220px-Radha_and_Krishna_playing_Holi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Radha_and_Krishna_playing_Holi.jpg/330px-Radha_and_Krishna_playing_Holi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Radha_and_Krishna_playing_Holi.jpg/440px-Radha_and_Krishna_playing_Holi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4806" data-file-height="3279" /></a><figcaption>Radha Krishna playing Holi</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a> region of India, where the Hindu deities <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> grew up, the festival is celebrated until <a href="/wiki/Rang_Panchami" class="mw-redirect" title="Rang Panchami">Rang Panchmi</a> in commemoration of their divine love for each other. The festivities officially usher in spring, with Holi celebrated as a festival of love.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ind_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ind-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Garga_Samhita_(Vaishnavite_text)" title="Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)">Garga Samhita</a></i>, a puranic work by Sage <a href="/wiki/Garga_(sage)" title="Garga (sage)">Garga</a> was the first work of literature to mention the romantic description of Radha and Krishna playing Holi.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a popular symbolic legend behind the festival. In his youth, Krishna despaired whether the fair-skinned Radha would like him because of his dark skin colour. His mother <a href="/wiki/Yashoda" title="Yashoda">Yashoda</a>, tired of his desperation, asks him to approach Radha and ask her to colour his face in any colour she wanted. This Radha did, and Radha and Krishna became a couple. Ever since, the playful colouring of Radha and Krishna's faces has been commemorated as Holi.<sup id="cite_ref-Deepta_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deepta-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond India, these legends help to explain the significance of Holi (<i>Phagwah</i>), which is common in some <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> communities of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Caribbean">Indian</a> origin such as <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also celebrated with great fervour in <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vishnu">Vishnu</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holika" title="Holika">Holika</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narasimha_Disemboweling_Hiranyakashipu,_Folio_from_a_Bhagavata_Purana_(Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord)_LACMA_M.82.42.8_(4_of_5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Narasimha_Disemboweling_Hiranyakashipu%2C_Folio_from_a_Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_LACMA_M.82.42.8_%284_of_5%29.jpg/220px-Narasimha_Disemboweling_Hiranyakashipu%2C_Folio_from_a_Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_LACMA_M.82.42.8_%284_of_5%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Narasimha_Disemboweling_Hiranyakashipu%2C_Folio_from_a_Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_LACMA_M.82.42.8_%284_of_5%29.jpg/330px-Narasimha_Disemboweling_Hiranyakashipu%2C_Folio_from_a_Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_LACMA_M.82.42.8_%284_of_5%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Narasimha_Disemboweling_Hiranyakashipu%2C_Folio_from_a_Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_LACMA_M.82.42.8_%284_of_5%29.jpg/440px-Narasimha_Disemboweling_Hiranyakashipu%2C_Folio_from_a_Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_LACMA_M.82.42.8_%284_of_5%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Lord <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a> emerging from a pillar and disembowelling <a href="/wiki/Hiranyakashipu" title="Hiranyakashipu">Hiranyakashipu</a> (detail), manuscript folio from a Bhagavata Purana, 1760–1770.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a symbolic legend found in the 7th chapter of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Lorenzen_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenzen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roveda_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roveda-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explaining why Holi is celebrated as a festival of triumph of good over evil in the honour of Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and his devotee <a href="/wiki/Prahlada" title="Prahlada">Prahlada</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Hiranyakashipu" title="Hiranyakashipu">Hiranyakashipu</a>, the father of Prahlada, was the king of demonic <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> and had earned a <a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">boon</a> that gave him five special powers: he could be killed by neither a human being nor an animal, neither indoors nor outdoors, neither at day nor at night, neither by <i>astra</i> (projectile weapons) nor by any <i>shastra</i> (handheld weapons), and neither on land nor in water or air. Hiranyakashipu grew arrogant, thought he was God, and demanded that everyone worship only him.<sup id="cite_ref-ht_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ht-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiranyakashipu's own son, <a href="/wiki/Prahlada" title="Prahlada">Prahlada</a>, however, remained devoted to <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cj_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cj-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This infuriated Hiranyakashipu. He subjected Prahlada to cruel punishments, none of which affected the boy or his resolve to do what he thought was right. Finally, Holika, Prahlada's evil aunt, tricked him into sitting on a <a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">pyre</a> with her.<sup id="cite_ref-ht_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ht-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holika was wearing a <a href="/wiki/Cloak" title="Cloak">cloak</a> that made her immune to injury from fire, while Prahlada was not. As the fire spread, the cloak flew from Holika and encased Prahlada,<sup id="cite_ref-cj_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cj-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who survived while Holika burned. Vishnu, the god who appears as an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> to restore <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> in Hindu beliefs, took the form of <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a> – half human and half lion (which is neither a human nor an animal), at dusk (when it was neither day nor night), took Hiranyakashyapu at a doorstep (which was neither indoors nor outdoors), placed him on his lap (which was neither land, water nor air), and then eviscerated and killed the king with his lion claws (which were neither a handheld weapon nor a launched weapon).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Holika bonfire and Holi signifies the celebration of the symbolic victory of good over evil, of Prahlada over Hiranyakashipu, and of the fire that burned <a href="/wiki/Holika" title="Holika">Holika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wd_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wd-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kama_and_Rati">Kama and Rati</h3></div> <p>Among other Hindu traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, the legendary significance of Holi is linked to <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> and deep meditation. Goddess <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> wanting to bring Shiva back into the world, seeks help from the Hindu god of love called <a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kamadeva</a> on <a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a>. The love god shoots arrows at Shiva, the yogi opens his third eye and burns Kama to ashes. This upsets both Kama's wife <a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a> (<i>Kamadevi</i>) and his own wife <i>Parvati</i>. <i>Rati</i> performs her own meditative asceticism for forty days, upon which Shiva understands, forgives out of compassion and restores the god of love. This return of the god of love, is celebrated on the 40th day after the Vasant Panchami festival as Holi.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kama legend and its significance to Holi has many variant forms, particularly in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="History_and_Significance"></span> <span class="anchor" id="Importance_of_the_Festival"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holi_Bonfire_Udaipur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Holi_Bonfire_Udaipur.jpg/170px-Holi_Bonfire_Udaipur.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Holi_Bonfire_Udaipur.jpg/255px-Holi_Bonfire_Udaipur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Holi_Bonfire_Udaipur.jpg/340px-Holi_Bonfire_Udaipur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Holika bonfire in front of Jagdish Temple in <a href="/wiki/Udaipur" title="Udaipur">Udaipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, 2010.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Holi festival has a cultural significance among various Hindu traditions of the Indian subcontinent. It is the festive day to end and rid oneself of past errors, to end conflicts by meeting others, a day to forget and forgive. People pay or forgive debts, as well as deal anew with those in their lives. Holi also marks the start of spring, an occasion for people to enjoy the changing seasons and make new friends.<sup id="cite_ref-wd_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wd-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ihh_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ihh-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holi is of particular significance in the <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a> region, which includes locations traditionally associated with <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandgaon,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Nandgaon, Uttar Pradesh">Nandgaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barsana" title="Barsana">Barsana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gokula" title="Gokula">Gokula</a>. These places are popular tourist attractions during Holi.<sup id="cite_ref-ind_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ind-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside India, Holi is observed by Hindus in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> as well as in countries with large <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> populations from India around the world. The Holi rituals and customs can vary with local adaptations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Indian_religions">Other Indian religions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucknow,_Uttar_Pradesh,_India_-_The_emperor_Jahangir_celebrating_the_Festival_of_Holi_with_the_ladies_of_the_zenana_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Lucknow%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_-_The_emperor_Jahangir_celebrating_the_Festival_of_Holi_with_the_ladies_of_the_zenana_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Lucknow%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_-_The_emperor_Jahangir_celebrating_the_Festival_of_Holi_with_the_ladies_of_the_zenana_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Lucknow%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_-_The_emperor_Jahangir_celebrating_the_Festival_of_Holi_with_the_ladies_of_the_zenana_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Lucknow%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_-_The_emperor_Jahangir_celebrating_the_Festival_of_Holi_with_the_ladies_of_the_zenana_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Lucknow%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_-_The_emperor_Jahangir_celebrating_the_Festival_of_Holi_with_the_ladies_of_the_zenana_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Lucknow%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_-_The_emperor_Jahangir_celebrating_the_Festival_of_Holi_with_the_ladies_of_the_zenana_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3369" data-file-height="4156" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal India">Mughal Indian</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> celebrating Holi with ladies of the <a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">zenana</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The festival has traditionally been also observed by non-Hindus, such as by Jains<sup id="cite_ref-wiley42_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiley42-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Newar" class="mw-redirect" title="Newar">Newars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-bal269_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bal269-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mughal_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal India">Mughal India</a>, Holi was celebrated with such exuberance that people of all castes could throw colour on the Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Safvi2016_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safvi2016-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sharma (2017), "there are several paintings of Mughal emperors celebrating Holi".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grand celebrations of Holi were held at the <a href="/wiki/Lal_Qila_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Qila (Delhi)">Lal Qila</a>, where the festival was also known as <i>Eid-e-gulaabi</i> or <i>Aab-e-Pashi</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mehfil" title="Mehfil">Mehfils</a> were held throughout the walled city of Delhi with aristocrats and traders alike participating. This changed during the rule of Emperor Aurangzeb. He banned the public celebration of Holi using a <i>Farman</i> issue in November 1665.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the celebration were later restarted after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb. <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a> himself wrote a song for the festival, while poets such as <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raskhan" title="Raskhan">Ibrahim Raskhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazeer_Akbarabadi" title="Nazeer Akbarabadi">Nazeer Akbarabadi</a> and Mehjoor Lakhnavi relished it in their writings.<sup id="cite_ref-Safvi2016_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safvi2016-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sikhs have traditionally celebrated the festival, at least through the 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-McLeod2009p95_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLeod2009p95-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with its historic texts referring to it as <i>Hola</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy2005p192_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy2005p192-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> – the last human guru of the Sikhs – modified Holi with a three-day <a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a> extension festival of martial arts. The extension started the day after the Holi festival in <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur Sahib</a>, where Sikh soldiers would train in mock battles, compete in horsemanship, athletics, archery and military exercises.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holi was observed by <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh</a> and his Sikh Empire that extended across what are now northern parts of India and Pakistan. According to a report by Tribune India, Sikh court records state that 300 mounds of colours were used in 1837 by Ranjit Singh and his officials in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. Ranjit Singh would celebrate Holi with others in the Bilawal gardens, where decorative tents were set up. In 1837, Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fane_(British_Army_officer)" title="Henry Fane (British Army officer)">Henry Fane</a> who was the commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian army">British Indian army</a> joined the Holi celebrations organised by Ranjit Singh. A mural in the Lahore Fort was sponsored by Ranjit Singh and it showed the Hindu god Krishna playing Holi with <i>gopis</i>. After the death of Ranjit Singh, his Sikh sons and others continued to play Holi every year with colours and lavish festivities. The colonial British officials joined these celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celebrations">Celebrations</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="India"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"></p><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Holi" title="Special:EditPage/Holi">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holika_Dahan">Holika Dahan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holika_Dahan" title="Holika Dahan">Holika Dahan</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Bonfire"></span> </p><p>The night before Holi is called <a href="/wiki/Holika_Dahan" title="Holika Dahan">Holika Dahan</a> or "Chhoti Holi" whereby people gather around a lit bonfire, symbolising the victory of good over evil as well as the removal of the old and arrival of the new. Various rituals are performed around the fire such as singing and dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-wd_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wd-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ritual is derived from the story of <a href="/wiki/Holika" title="Holika">Holika</a>, who attempted to kill Prahlada, the son of <a href="/wiki/Hiranyakashipu" title="Hiranyakashipu">Hiranyakashipu</a>, through the flames of a bonfire. Although Holika was endowed with a boon to remain immune to fire, she was burned to ashes, while Prahlada remained unharmed.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_day">Main day</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Playing_with_colours"></span> </p><p>The next morning is celebrated as Rangwali Holi (Dhuleti) where people smear and drench each other with colours. Water guns and water-filled balloons are often used to play and colour each other, with anyone and any place being considered fair game to colour. Groups often carry drums and other musical instruments going from place to place, singing and dancing. Throughout the day, people visit family, and friends and foes come together to chat, enjoy food and drinks, and partake in Holi delicacies.<sup id="cite_ref-cj_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cj-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-williamsholifood_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamsholifood-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-htor_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-htor-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holi is also a festival of forgiveness and new starts, which ritually aims to generate harmony in society.<sup id="cite_ref-htor_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-htor-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many cities in Uttar Pradesh also organise <a href="/wiki/Kavi_sammelan" title="Kavi sammelan">Kavi sammelan</a> in the evening. </p><p>Groups sing and dance, some playing drums and <i><a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">dholak</a></i>. After each stop of fun and play with colours, people offer <a href="/wiki/Gujiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujiya">gujiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathri" title="Mathri">mathri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malpua" title="Malpua">malpuas</a> and other traditional delicacies.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cold drinks, including drinks made with marijuana, are also part of the Holi festivity.<sup id="cite_ref-TOIBhang_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOIBhang-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bihar,_Eastern_Uttar_Pradesh_and_Jharkhand"><span id="Bihar.2C_Eastern_Uttar_Pradesh_and_Jharkhand"></span>Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand</h4></div> <p>Holi is known as <i>Phaguwa</i> or <i>Fagua</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a> language. In this region as well, the legend of Holika is prevalent. On the eve of Phalgun Poornima, people light bonfires. They put dried cow dung cakes, wood of the Araad or Redi tree and Holika tree, grains from the fresh harvest and unwanted wood leaves in the bonfire. At the time of Holika people assemble near the pyre. The eldest member of the gathering or a <a href="/wiki/Purohit" class="mw-redirect" title="Purohit">purohit</a> initiates the lighting. He then smears others with colour as a mark of greeting. Next day the festival is celebrated with colours and a lot of frolic. Traditionally, people also clean their houses to mark the festival.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holi Milan is also observed in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, where family members and well-wishers visit each other's family, apply colours (<a href="/wiki/Abir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abir">abeer</a>) on each other's faces, and on feet, if elderly. Usually, this takes place on the evening of Holi, day after Holi with wet colours is played in the morning through the afternoon. Due to large-scale internal migration issues faced by the people, recently, this tradition has slowly begun to transform, and it is common to have Holi Milan on an entirely different day either before or after the actual day of Holi.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children and youths take extreme delight in the festival. Though the festival is usually celebrated with colours, in some places, people also enjoy celebrating Holi with water solutions of mud or clay. Folk songs are sung at high pitch and people dance to the sound of the <a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">dholak</a> (a two-headed hand-drum) and the spirit of Holi. Intoxicating <a href="/wiki/Bhang" title="Bhang">bhang</a>, made from <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>, milk and spices, is consumed with a variety of mouth-watering delicacies, such as <a href="/wiki/Pakora" title="Pakora">pakoras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thandai" title="Thandai">thandai</a>, to enhance the mood of the festival.<sup id="cite_ref-HuffPostBhang_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPostBhang-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a>, Holi lasts for seven days. On the last day, a fair called <i>Ganga Mela</i> or the <i>Holi Mela</i> is celebrated. The fair was started by freedom fighters who fought British rule.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur_district" title="Gorakhpur district">Gorakhpur district</a> of Uttar Pradesh, a special event called "Holi Milan" is celebrated.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Goa">Goa</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shigmo" title="Shigmo">Shigmo</a></div> <p>Holi is locally called Ukkuli in <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>. It is celebrated around the Konkani temple called Gosripuram temple. It is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goan</a> or Konkani spring festival known as <b>Śigmo</b> or शिगमो in <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Koṅkaṇī</a> or <i>Śiśirotsava</i>, which lasts for about a month. The colour festival or Holi is a part of longer, more extensive spring festival celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-gsg_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsg-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holi festivities (but not Śigmo festivities) include: <i>Holika Puja</i> and <i>Dahan</i>, <i>Dhulvad</i> or <i>Dhuli vandan</i>, <i>Haldune</i> or offering yellow and saffron colour or <i>Gulal</i> to the deity.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gujarat">Gujarat</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, Holi is a two-day festival. On the evening of the first day, a bonfire is lit and raw coconut and corn is offered to the fire. The second day is the festival of colour or "Dhuleti", celebrated by sprinkling coloured water and applying colours to each other. <a href="/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwarka</a>, a coastal city of Gujarat, celebrates Holi at the <a href="/wiki/Dwarkadhish_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarkadhish temple">Dwarkadhish temple</a> with citywide music festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holi marks the agricultural season of the <a href="/wiki/Rabi_crop" title="Rabi crop">rabi crop</a>. </p><p>In some places, there is a custom in undivided Hindu families that the woman beats her brother-in-law with a sari rolled up into a rope in a mock rage and tries to drench him with colours, and in turn, the brother-in-law brings sweets (Indian desserts) to her in the evening.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jammu_and_Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, Holi celebrations are much in line with the general definition of Holi celebrations: a high-spirited festival to mark the beginning of the harvesting of the summer crop, with the throwing of coloured water and powder and singing and dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Karnataka">Karnataka</h4></div> <p>Traditionally, in rural <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, children collect money and wood in the weeks prior to Holi, and on "Kamadahana" night, all the wood is put together and lit. The festival is celebrated for two days. People in northern parts of Karnataka prepare special food on this day. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sirsi,_Karnataka" title="Sirsi, Karnataka">Sirsi</a>, Karnataka, Holi is celebrated with a unique folk dance called "Bedara Vesha", which is performed during the nights beginning five days before the actual festival day. The festival is celebrated every alternate year in the town, which attracts a large number of tourists from different parts of India.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madan-Bhasma_(Shiva_Turns_to_Ashes).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Madan-Bhasma_%28Shiva_Turns_to_Ashes%29.jpg/220px-Madan-Bhasma_%28Shiva_Turns_to_Ashes%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Madan-Bhasma_%28Shiva_Turns_to_Ashes%29.jpg/330px-Madan-Bhasma_%28Shiva_Turns_to_Ashes%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Madan-Bhasma_%28Shiva_Turns_to_Ashes%29.jpg/440px-Madan-Bhasma_%28Shiva_Turns_to_Ashes%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="2084" /></a><figcaption>Kama Dahanam (Shiva Turns Kama to Ashes)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, Holi Purnima is also celebrated as Shimga, festivities that last five to seven days. A week before the festival, youngsters go around the community, collecting firewood and money. On the day of Shimga, the firewood is heaped into a huge pile in each neighbourhood. In the evening, the fire is lit. Every household brings a meal and dessert, in the honour of the fire god. <a href="/wiki/Puran_Poli" class="mw-redirect" title="Puran Poli">Puran Poli</a> is the main delicacy and children shout "Holi re Holi puranachi poli". Shimga celebrates the elimination of all evil. The colour celebrations here take place on the day of <a href="/wiki/Rang_Panchami" class="mw-redirect" title="Rang Panchami">Rang Panchami</a>, five days after Shimga.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this festival, people are supposed to forget and forgive any rivalries and start new healthy relations with all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manipur">Manipur</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Meitei_people" title="Meitei people">Manipuris</a> celebrate Holi for 6 days. Here, this holiday merges with the festival of <a href="/wiki/Yaosang" title="Yaosang">Yaosang</a>. Traditionally, the festival commences with the burning of a thatched hut of hay and twigs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young children go from house to house to collect money, locally known as <i>nakadeng</i> (or <i>nakatheng</i>), as gifts on the first two days. The youths at night perform a group folk dance called <a href="/wiki/Thabal_chongba" title="Thabal chongba">Thabal chongba</a> on the full moon night of Lamta (<a href="/wiki/Phalgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalgun">Phalgun</a>), traditionally accompanied by folk songs and rhythmic beats of the indigenous drum, but nowadays by modern bands and <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lamps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Krishna temples, devotees sing devotional songs, perform dances and celebrate with <i>aber</i> (<i>gulal</i>) wearing traditional white and yellow turbans. On the last day of the festival, large processions are taken out to the main Krishna temple near <a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a> where several cultural activities are held. In recent decades, <a href="/wiki/Yaosang" title="Yaosang">Yaosang</a>, a type of Indian sport, has become common in many places of the valley, where people of all ages come out to participate in a number of sports that are somewhat altered for the holiday. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Odisha">Odisha</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elevation_of_the_black_stone_arch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Elevation_of_the_black_stone_arch.jpg/200px-Elevation_of_the_black_stone_arch.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Elevation_of_the_black_stone_arch.jpg/300px-Elevation_of_the_black_stone_arch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Elevation_of_the_black_stone_arch.jpg/400px-Elevation_of_the_black_stone_arch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An 1822 drawing showing elevation of a black stone arch in <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a>, Odisha. It carried <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavite</a> gods and goddess, the ritual noted to be a part of the Holi festival.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The people of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> celebrate <i>Dola</i> or <i>Pushpadola</i> on the day of Holi where the icons of <a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a> replace the icons of Krishna and Radha.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dola Melana, processions of the deities are celebrated in villages and <a href="/wiki/Bhog" title="Bhog">bhoga</a> is offered to the deities. "Dola yatra" was prevalent even before 1560 much before Holi was started where the idols of <a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balabhadra" title="Balabhadra">Balabhadra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a> used to be taken to the "Dolamandapa" (podium in <a href="/wiki/Jagannath_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannath temple">Jagannath temple</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ray2007_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray2007-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People used to offer natural colours known as "abira" to the deities and apply on each other's feats.<sup id="cite_ref-Pati2001_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pati2001-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Punjab">Punjab</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, the eight days preceding Holi are known as luhatak.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sekhon (2000) states that people start throwing colours many days before Holi.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holi is preceded by <a href="/wiki/Holika_Dahan" title="Holika Dahan">Holika Dahan</a> the night before when a fire is lit. Historically, the Lubana community of Punjab celebrated holi "with great pomp and show. The Lubanas buried a pice and betel nut. They heaped up cow-dung cakes over the spot and made a large fire. When the fire had burnt out, they proceeded to hunt for the pice and betel-nut. Whosoever found these, was considered very lucky."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere in Punjab, Holi was also associated with making fools of others. Bose writing in Cultural Anthropology: And Other Essays in 1929 noted that "the custom of playing Holi-fools is prevalent in Punjab".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the day of Holi, people engage in throwing colours<sup id="cite_ref-:1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on each other.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For locals, Holi marks the end of winter. The Punjabi saying <i>Phaggan phal laggan</i> (<i>Phagun</i> is the month for fructifying) exemplifies the seasonal aspect of Holi. Trees and plants start blossoming from the day of Basant and start bearing fruit by Holi.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Holi in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, walls and courtyards of rural houses are enhanced with drawings and paintings similar to <a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">rangoli</a> in South India, <i>mandana</i> in Rajasthan, and rural arts in other parts of India. This art is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Chowk_poorana" title="Chowk poorana">chowk-poorana</a></i> or <i>chowkpurana</i> in Punjab and is given shape by the peasant women of the state. In courtyards, this art is drawn using a piece of cloth. The art includes drawing tree motifs, flowers, ferns, creepers, plants, peacocks, palanquins, geometric patterns along with vertical, horizontal and oblique lines. These arts add to the festive atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Folk theatrical performances known as swang or nautanki take place during Holi,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the latter originating in the Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Self (1993), Holi fairs are held in the Punjab which may go on for many days.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bose (1961) states that "in some parts of Punjab, Holi is celebrated with wrestling matches".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Telangana">Telangana</h4></div> <p>Holi is called as <i>Kamuni Punnami/Kama Purnima</i> or <i>Jajiri</i> in <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>. Hindus celebrate Holi as it relates to the legend of <a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kamadeva</a>. Holi is also known by different names: Kamavilas, Kamuni Panduga and Kama-Dahanam.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a 10-day festival in Telangana, of which last two days are of great importance. As in other parts of India, in rural <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, the 9 days preceding Holi, children celebrate <i>kamuda</i> by playing <a href="/wiki/Kolata" title="Kolata">Kolata</a> sticks along with singing folk songs called <i>jajiri</i> and collect money, rice, corn and wood.<sup id="cite_ref-Jagiri_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jagiri-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason Holi is well known for "Jajiri Paatalu Kamudi aatalu", which means festival of "Jajiri songs and Kamudi games" and on 9th night i.e. Holy eve, all the wood is put together and set on fire representing <a href="/wiki/Holika_Dahan" title="Holika Dahan">Kama Dahanam</a>. </p><p>Next morning i.e. 10th day is celebrated as Holi, with colours traditionally extracted from Moduga/Gogu Flowers (Palash/<a href="/wiki/Butea_monosperma" title="Butea monosperma">Butea monosperma</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tripura">Tripura</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> Holi is known as "Pali" which means colour in Tripuri language, it's celebrated all over Tripura. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Uttar_Pradesh">Western Uttar Pradesh</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lathmar_Holi" title="Lathmar Holi">Lathmar Holi</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaj_gathering_during_Lathmar_hoil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colour drenched devotees in Radha Krishna Temple, Mathura, India."><img alt="Colour drenched devotees in Radha Krishna Temple, Mathura, India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Samaj_gathering_during_Lathmar_hoil.jpg/200px-Samaj_gathering_during_Lathmar_hoil.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Samaj_gathering_during_Lathmar_hoil.jpg/300px-Samaj_gathering_during_Lathmar_hoil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Samaj_gathering_during_Lathmar_hoil.jpg/400px-Samaj_gathering_during_Lathmar_hoil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="1856" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colour drenched devotees in Radha Krishna Temple, <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, India.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lath_Mar_Holi_at_Braj.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In the Braj region of North India, women have the option to playfully hit men who save themselves with shields; for the day, men are culturally expected to accept whatever women dish out to them. This ritual is called Lath Mar Holi.[95]"><img alt="In the Braj region of North India, women have the option to playfully hit men who save themselves with shields; for the day, men are culturally expected to accept whatever women dish out to them. This ritual is called Lath Mar Holi.[95]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Lath_Mar_Holi_at_Braj.jpg/200px-Lath_Mar_Holi_at_Braj.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Lath_Mar_Holi_at_Braj.jpg/300px-Lath_Mar_Holi_at_Braj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Lath_Mar_Holi_at_Braj.jpg/400px-Lath_Mar_Holi_at_Braj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In the <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a> region of North India, women have the option to playfully hit men who save themselves with shields; for the day, men are culturally expected to accept whatever women dish out to them. This ritual is called <a href="/wiki/Lath_mar_Holi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lath mar Holi"><i>Lath Mar</i> Holi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_play_of_colors_then_a_dance_at_Holi_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A play of colours then a dance at a Hindu temple near Mathura, at Holi."><img alt="A play of colours then a dance at a Hindu temple near Mathura, at Holi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/A_play_of_colors_then_a_dance_at_Holi_India.jpg/200px-A_play_of_colors_then_a_dance_at_Holi_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/A_play_of_colors_then_a_dance_at_Holi_India.jpg/300px-A_play_of_colors_then_a_dance_at_Holi_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/A_play_of_colors_then_a_dance_at_Holi_India.jpg/400px-A_play_of_colors_then_a_dance_at_Holi_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A play of colours then a dance at a Hindu temple near Mathura, at Holi.</div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Barsana" title="Barsana">Barsana</a>, a town near <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, celebrates <a href="/wiki/Lathmar_Holi" title="Lathmar Holi">Lathmar Holi</a> in the sprawling compound of the <a href="/wiki/Radha_Rani_Temple" title="Radha Rani Temple">Radha Rani Temple</a>. Thousands gather to witness the Lath Mar Holi when women beat up men with sticks as those on the sidelines become hysterical, sing Holi songs and shout "<a href="/wiki/Radhe_Radhe" title="Radhe Radhe">Radhe Radhe</a>" or "Sri Radhe Krishna".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Holi songs of Braj Mandal are sung in pure Braj, the local language. Holi celebrated at <a href="/wiki/Barsana" title="Barsana">Barsana</a> is unique in the sense that here women chase men away with sticks. Males also sing provocative songs in a bid to invite the attention of women. Women then go on the offensive and use long staves called <a href="/wiki/Fighting_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighting stick">lathis</a> to beat the men, who protect themselves with shields.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mathura, in the Braj region, is the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a> this day is celebrated with special <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a> and the traditional custom of worshipping Radha Krishna; here the festival lasts for sixteen days.<sup id="cite_ref-ind_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ind-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All over the Braj region<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and neighbouring places like <a href="/wiki/Hathras" title="Hathras">Hathras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aligarh" title="Aligarh">Aligarh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, Holi is celebrated in more or less the same way as in Mathura, <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a> and Barsana. </p><p>A traditional celebration includes <i>Matki Phod</i>, similar to <i><a href="/wiki/Dahi_Handi" title="Dahi Handi">Dahi Handi</a></i> in Maharashtra and Gujarat during <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a>, both in the memory of god Krishna who is also called <i>makhan chor</i> (literally, butter thief). This is a historic tradition of the Braj region as well as the western region of India.<sup id="cite_ref-Gellner2009_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gellner2009-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An earthen pot filled with butter or other milk products is hung high by a rope. Groups of boys and men climb on each other's shoulders to form pyramids to reach and break it, while girls and women sing songs and throw coloured water on the pyramid to distract them and make their job harder.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ritual sport continues in Hindu diaspora communities.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_Holi" title="Kumaoni Holi">Kumaoni Holi</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_people" title="Kumaoni people">Kumaoni</a> Holi in <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> includes a musical affair. It takes different forms such as the Baithki Holi, the Khari Holi and the Mahila Holi. In Baithki Holi and Khari Holi, people sing songs with a touch of melody, fun, and spiritualism. These songs are essentially based on classical <a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">ragas</a>. Baithki Holi (बैठकी होली), also known as <i>Nirvan Ki Holi</i>, begins from the premises of temples, where <i>Holiyars</i> (होल्यार) sing Holi songs and people gather to participate, along with playing classical music. The songs are sung in a particular sequence depending on the time of day; for instance, at noon the songs are based on Peelu, Bhimpalasi and Sarang ragas, while evening songs are based on the ragas such as Kalyan, Shyamkalyan and Yaman. The <b>Khari Holi</b> (खड़ी होली) is mostly celebrated in the rural areas of Kumaon. The songs of the Khari Holi are sung by the people, who, sporting traditional white <i><a href="/wiki/Churidar" title="Churidar">churidar</a> payajama</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">kurta</a></i>, dance in groups to the tune of ethnic musical instruments such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Dhol" title="Dhol">dhol</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uttarakhand" title="Music of Uttarakhand">hurka</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Kumaon region, the Holika pyre, known as <i>Cheer</i> (चीर), is ceremonially built in a ceremony known as <i>Cheer Bandhan</i> (चीर बंधन) fifteen days before Dulhendi. The <i>Cheer</i> is a bonfire with a green <i>Paiya</i> tree branch in the middle. The <i>Cheer</i> of every village and neighbourhood is rigorously guarded as rival <i><a href="/wiki/Mohalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohalla">mohallas</a></i> try to playfully steal each other's <i>cheer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colours used on Holi are derived from natural sources. Dulhendi, known as <i>Charadi</i> (छरड़ी) (from <i>Chharad</i> (छरड़)), is made from flower extracts, ash and water. Holi is celebrated with great gusto much in the same way all across North India.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Bengal">West Bengal</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, the tradition of <i>Dol Jatra</i> (meaning <i>Swing procession)</i> or <i>Dolotsava</i> (meaning <i>Swing Festival</i>) or <i>Dol Purnima</i> - (<i>Swing Full Moon)</i> is common among <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavs</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just like among Vaishnavs in <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj region</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishna centric sampradays</a> all over India.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy2005p192_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy2005p192-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, several Bengali Vaishnava padavalis also use the term Holi (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bangla</a> : হোলী) for the festival.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Shantiniketan, West Bengal, Holi is additionally also known as "<a href="/wiki/Basanta_Utsab" class="mw-redirect" title="Basanta Utsab">Basanta Utsab</a>". The festival is celebrated by worshipping the icons of <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> and Krishna by placing them on a decorated swing.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the <a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a> day in the early morning, students (mainly in Shantiniketan) dress up in saffron-coloured or pure white clothes and wear garlands of fragrant flowers. They sing and dance to the accompaniment of musical instruments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ektara" title="Ektara">ektara</a>, dubri, and <a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">veena</a>. The devotees take turns to swing them while women dance around the swing and sing songs. During these activities, the people keep throwing coloured water and dry colours, <a href="/wiki/Abir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abir">abir</a>, at them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Around 500 years ago, Sri <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a> went to <a href="/wiki/Vrindaban" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrindaban">Vrindavan</a> in present-day Uttar Pradesh to witness the festival there at the birthplace of Lord Sri Krishna. After his return to Bengal, he thought of starting the festival here. So he asked his followers to smear color or abir to Lord Krishna's idol and then put that abir on each other. He also instructed them to give the other person a treat with a local sweet called <a href="/wiki/Malpua" title="Malpua">malpoa</a>. The biographies of Sri Chaitanya say that he was very fond of this sweet.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holi_at_Basantapur-0271.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Locals celebrating Holi in Kathmandu Durbar Square, Nepal"><img alt="Locals celebrating Holi in Kathmandu Durbar Square, Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Holi_at_Basantapur-0271.jpg/120px-Holi_at_Basantapur-0271.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Holi_at_Basantapur-0271.jpg/180px-Holi_at_Basantapur-0271.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Holi_at_Basantapur-0271.jpg/240px-Holi_at_Basantapur-0271.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5107" data-file-height="3405" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Locals celebrating Holi in <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Durbar_Square" title="Kathmandu Durbar Square">Kathmandu Durbar Square</a>, Nepal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holika_Dahan,_Kathamandu,_Nepal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Preparing for Holika Dahan, Kathamandu, Nepal."><img alt="Preparing for Holika Dahan, Kathamandu, Nepal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Holika_Dahan%2C_Kathamandu%2C_Nepal.jpg/120px-Holika_Dahan%2C_Kathamandu%2C_Nepal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Holika_Dahan%2C_Kathamandu%2C_Nepal.jpg/180px-Holika_Dahan%2C_Kathamandu%2C_Nepal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Holika_Dahan%2C_Kathamandu%2C_Nepal.jpg/240px-Holika_Dahan%2C_Kathamandu%2C_Nepal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Preparing for Holika Dahan, Kathamandu, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_women_celebrating_Holi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Women celebrating Holi in Kathmandu, Nepal."><img alt="Women celebrating Holi in Kathmandu, Nepal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Two_women_celebrating_Holi.jpg/120px-Two_women_celebrating_Holi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Two_women_celebrating_Holi.jpg/180px-Two_women_celebrating_Holi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Two_women_celebrating_Holi.jpg/240px-Two_women_celebrating_Holi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Women celebrating Holi in Kathmandu, Nepal.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holi_celebrations_in_Pokhara,_Nepal_March_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tourists celebrating Holi in Pokhara, Nepal (2012)"><img alt="Tourists celebrating Holi in Pokhara, Nepal (2012)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Holi_celebrations_in_Pokhara%2C_Nepal_March_2012.jpg/120px-Holi_celebrations_in_Pokhara%2C_Nepal_March_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Holi_celebrations_in_Pokhara%2C_Nepal_March_2012.jpg/180px-Holi_celebrations_in_Pokhara%2C_Nepal_March_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Holi_celebrations_in_Pokhara%2C_Nepal_March_2012.jpg/240px-Holi_celebrations_in_Pokhara%2C_Nepal_March_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2556" data-file-height="1917" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tourists celebrating Holi in <a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a>, Nepal (2012)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Janaki_Temple_Janakpur-Holi_060315_MG_38500278.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Locals celebrating Holi on the premise of Janaki Mandir, Janakpur, Nepal (2015)"><img alt="Locals celebrating Holi on the premise of Janaki Mandir, Janakpur, Nepal (2015)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Janaki_Temple_Janakpur-Holi_060315_MG_38500278.jpg/120px-Janaki_Temple_Janakpur-Holi_060315_MG_38500278.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Janaki_Temple_Janakpur-Holi_060315_MG_38500278.jpg/180px-Janaki_Temple_Janakpur-Holi_060315_MG_38500278.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Janaki_Temple_Janakpur-Holi_060315_MG_38500278.jpg/240px-Janaki_Temple_Janakpur-Holi_060315_MG_38500278.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Locals celebrating Holi on the premise of <a href="/wiki/Janaki_Mandir" title="Janaki Mandir">Janaki Mandir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janakpur" title="Janakpur">Janakpur</a>, Nepal (2015)</div> </li> </ul> <p>Holi, also known as Phagu Purnima, along with many other Hindu festivals, is celebrated in Nepal as a <a href="/wiki/National_Festival_of_Community_Theatre" title="National Festival of Community Theatre">national festival</a>. It is an important major Nepal-wide festival along with <a href="/wiki/Dashain" title="Dashain">Dashain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" title="Tihar (festival)">Tihar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dipawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipawali">Dipawali</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-northey80_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-northey80-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is celebrated in the Nepali month of <a href="/wiki/Falgun" title="Falgun">Falgun</a> (Terai region celebrates on the same date as Indian Holi, while rest of the country celebrates it a day earlier), and signifies the legends of the Hindu god Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-northey80_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-northey80-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They worship <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> shrine in Vajrayogini temples and celebrate the festival with their Hindu friends.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional concerts are held in most cities in Nepal, including <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narayangarh,_Chitwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayangarh, Chitwan">Narayangarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itahari" title="Itahari">Itahari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hetauda" title="Hetauda">Hetauda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dharan,_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharan, Nepal">Dharan</a>, and are <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcast</a> on television with various celebrity guests. </p><p>People walk through their neighbourhoods to celebrate Holi by exchanging colours and spraying coloured water on one another. A popular activity is the throwing of water balloons at one another, sometimes called <i>lola</i> (meaning water balloon).<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people mix <i><a href="/wiki/Bhang" title="Bhang">bhang</a></i> (made from <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>, milk and spices) in their drinks and food, as is also done during <a href="/wiki/Shivaratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a>. It is believed that the combination of different colours at this festival takes all <a href="/wiki/Sorrowful_Angels" title="Sorrowful Angels">sorrow</a> away and makes life itself more colourful. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faces_Smeared_with_Holi_Colours.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Faces_Smeared_with_Holi_Colours.jpg/147px-Faces_Smeared_with_Holi_Colours.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Faces_Smeared_with_Holi_Colours.jpg/221px-Faces_Smeared_with_Holi_Colours.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Faces_Smeared_with_Holi_Colours.jpg/294px-Faces_Smeared_with_Holi_Colours.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1688" /></a><figcaption>Faces smeared with Holi colours</figcaption></figure> <p>Holi is celebrated by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Hindus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Hindus">minority Hindu</a> population in Pakistan. Community events by Hindus have been reported by Pakistani media in various cities such as <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hazara_region" title="Hazara region">Hazara</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hindu tribes of Cholistan in the Punjab province of Pakistan play the game called Khido in the days leading up to the Holi. The game Khido is considered sacred by them as it is believed that Parhlad used to play this game during his childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holi was not a public holiday in Pakistan from 1947 to 2016. Holi along with Diwali for Hindus, and Easter for Christians, was adopted as public holiday resolution by Pakistan's parliament in 2016, giving the local governments and public institutions the right to declare Holi as a holiday and grant leave for its minority communities, for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision has been controversial, with some Pakistanis welcoming the decision, while others criticising it, with the concern that declaring Holi a public holiday advertises a Hindu festival to Pakistani children.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_diaspora">Indian diaspora</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holi_Festival_Of_Colorus_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holi festival in London, UK near the Battersea Power Station."><img alt="Holi festival in London, UK near the Battersea Power Station." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Holi_Festival_Of_Colorus_London.jpg/200px-Holi_Festival_Of_Colorus_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Holi_Festival_Of_Colorus_London.jpg/300px-Holi_Festival_Of_Colorus_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Holi_Festival_Of_Colorus_London.jpg/400px-Holi_Festival_Of_Colorus_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Holi festival in London, UK near the <a href="/wiki/Battersea_Power_Station" title="Battersea Power Station">Battersea Power Station</a>. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richmond_Hill_Holi_2013_Drummers.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Drummers of Indo-Caribbean community celebrating Phagwah (Holi) in New York City, 2013."><img alt="Drummers of Indo-Caribbean community celebrating Phagwah (Holi) in New York City, 2013." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Richmond_Hill_Holi_2013_Drummers.JPG/200px-Richmond_Hill_Holi_2013_Drummers.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Richmond_Hill_Holi_2013_Drummers.JPG/300px-Richmond_Hill_Holi_2013_Drummers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Richmond_Hill_Holi_2013_Drummers.JPG/400px-Richmond_Hill_Holi_2013_Drummers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drummers of Indo-Caribbean community celebrating <i>Phagwah</i> (Holi) in New York City, 2013.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_celebration_of_Holi_Festival_of_Colors,_Utah_United_States_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A celebration of Holi Festival in the United States."><img alt="A celebration of Holi Festival in the United States." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A_celebration_of_Holi_Festival_of_Colors%2C_Utah_United_States_2013.jpg/200px-A_celebration_of_Holi_Festival_of_Colors%2C_Utah_United_States_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A_celebration_of_Holi_Festival_of_Colors%2C_Utah_United_States_2013.jpg/300px-A_celebration_of_Holi_Festival_of_Colors%2C_Utah_United_States_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A_celebration_of_Holi_Festival_of_Colors%2C_Utah_United_States_2013.jpg/400px-A_celebration_of_Holi_Festival_of_Colors%2C_Utah_United_States_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1462" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A celebration of Holi Festival in the United States.</div> </li> </ul> <p>Over the years, Holi has become an important festival in many regions wherever <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Indian diaspora</a> were either taken as <a href="/wiki/Indian_indenture_system" title="Indian indenture system">indentured labourers</a> during <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">colonial era</a>, or where they emigrated on their own, and are now present in large numbers such as in Africa, North America, Europe, Latin America, and parts of Asia such as Fiji.<sup id="cite_ref-online.wsj.com_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online.wsj.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holi_Festival_of_Colours_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holi_Festival_of_Colours-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suriname">Suriname</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holi_Feest_2008_meisjes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Holi_Feest_2008_meisjes.jpg/220px-Holi_Feest_2008_meisjes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Holi_Feest_2008_meisjes.jpg/330px-Holi_Feest_2008_meisjes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Holi_Feest_2008_meisjes.jpg/440px-Holi_Feest_2008_meisjes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3419" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Holi in the Netherlands, 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>Holi is a national holiday in <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>. It is called <i>Phagwa</i> festival, and is celebrated to mark the beginning of spring and Hindu mythology. In Suriname, Holi Phagwa is a festival of colour. It is customary to wear old white clothes on this day, be prepared to get them dirty and join in the colour throwing excitement and party.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinidad_and_Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</h3></div> <p>Phagwa is celebrated with a lot of colour and splendour, along with the singing on traditional Phagwah songs such as <a href="/wiki/Chowtal" title="Chowtal">Chowtal</a> and new songs such as <a href="/wiki/Pichakaree" title="Pichakaree">Pichakaree</a>. It is celebrated throughout the country by people of all ethnicties and religions. Many Hindu schools get the day off as well. Holika Dahan is celebrated the night before Phagwah. A <a href="/wiki/Ricinus_communis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricinus communis">Castor</a> plant is planted in a ceremonial manner along with the chanting of <a href="/wiki/Mantras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantras">mantras</a> in honour of Holi, and is called a Holika. On this day, many temples in the Indo-Caribbean community also do <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Pujas</a> in honour of <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, and the temples patron deity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guyana">Guyana</h3></div> <p>Phagwah is a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Guyana" title="Public holidays in Guyana">public holiday</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, and peoples of all races and religions participate in the celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main celebration in <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Guyana" title="Georgetown, Guyana">Georgetown</a> is held at the Mandir in Prashad Nagar.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiji">Fiji</h3></div> <p>Indo-Fijians celebrate Holi or <i>Pagua</i> as its called in <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a>, as the festival of colours, folksongs, and dances. The folksongs sung in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> during Holi season are called <i>phaag gaaian</i>. Phagan, also written as Phalgan, is the last month of the Hindu calendar. Holi is celebrated on the full moon of Phagan. Holi marks the advent of spring and ripening of crops in Northern India. Not only it is a season of romance and excitement, folk songs and dances, it is also an occasion of playing with powder, perfumes, and colours. Many of the Holi songs in Fiji are around the theme of love-relationship between Radha and Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mauritius">Mauritius</h3></div> <p>Holi in <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> comes close on the heels of Shivaratri. It celebrates the beginning of spring, commemorating good harvests and the fertile land. Hindus believe it is a time of enjoying spring's abundant colours and saying farewell to winter. It is considered one of the most exhilarating religious holidays in existence. During this event, participants hold a bonfire, throw coloured powder at each other, and celebrate wildly.<sup id="cite_ref-Holi_Festival_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holi_Festival-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <p>Holi is celebrated in many US states by mainly <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asian Americans</a>, particularly those with <a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian ancestry</a>. It is usually hosted in Hindu temples or cultural halls. Members of Hindu associations and volunteers assist in hosting the event along with temple devotees. Some of the places known to celebrate Holi are <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey" title="New Brunswick, New Jersey">New Brunswick</a> (NJ), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Fork,_Utah" title="Spanish Fork, Utah">Spanish Fork</a> (Utah), <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> (TX), <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> (TX), <a href="/wiki/South_El_Monte,_California" title="South El Monte, California">South El Monte</a> (CA), <a href="/wiki/Milpitas,_California" title="Milpitas, California">Milpitas</a> (CA), <a href="/wiki/Mountain_House,_San_Joaquin_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain House, San Joaquin County, California">Mountain House</a> (CA), <a href="/wiki/Tracy,_California" title="Tracy, California">Tracy</a> (CA), <a href="/wiki/Lathrop,_California" title="Lathrop, California">Lathrop</a> (CA), <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> (IL), <a href="/wiki/Potomac,_Maryland" title="Potomac, Maryland">Potomac</a> (MD), <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a> (FL), <a href="/wiki/Sterling,_Virginia" title="Sterling, Virginia">Sterling</a> (VA), and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> (MA).<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3></div> <p>In Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesians" title="Indian Indonesians">Indian Indonesians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu people</a> celebrate Holi as festival of colours. The main celebrations are in <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes the Indian immigrants from other countries may also celebrate a small-scale version of Holi. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Traditional_Holi"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holi_colours">Holi colours</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhak_(Butea_monosperma)_flowers_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_4219.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dhak_%28Butea_monosperma%29_flowers_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_4219.jpg/220px-Dhak_%28Butea_monosperma%29_flowers_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_4219.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dhak_%28Butea_monosperma%29_flowers_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_4219.jpg/330px-Dhak_%28Butea_monosperma%29_flowers_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_4219.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dhak_%28Butea_monosperma%29_flowers_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_4219.jpg/440px-Dhak_%28Butea_monosperma%29_flowers_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_4219.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Flowers of Dhak or <a href="/wiki/Palash" class="mw-redirect" title="Palash">Palash</a> are used to make traditional colours.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_sources_of_colours">Traditional sources of colours</h3></div> <p>The spring season, during which the weather changes, is believed to cause viral fever and cold. The playful throwing of natural coloured powders, called <a href="/wiki/Gulal" title="Gulal">gulal</a> has a medicinal significance: the colours are traditionally made of <a href="/wiki/Palash" class="mw-redirect" title="Palash">palash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neem" class="mw-redirect" title="Neem">neem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumkum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumkum">kumkum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">haldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilva" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilva">bilva</a>, and other medicinal herbs suggested by <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Āyurvedic</a> doctors. </p><p>Many colours are obtained by mixing primary colours. Artisans produce and sell many of the colours from natural sources in dry powder form, in weeks and months preceding Holi. Some of the traditional natural plant-based sources of colours are:<sup id="cite_ref-keholi_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keholi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orange_and_red">Orange and red</h4></div> <p>The flowers of <a href="/wiki/Butea_monosperma" title="Butea monosperma">palash</a> or tesu tree, also called the flame of the forest, are typical source of bright red and deep orange colours. Powdered fragrant red <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a>, dried <a href="/wiki/Hibiscus" title="Hibiscus">hibiscus</a> flowers, <a href="/wiki/Rubia" title="Rubia">madder tree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a> are alternate sources and shades of red. Mixing <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">lime</a> with <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> powder creates an alternate source of orange powder, as does boiling <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a> (kesar) in water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Green">Green</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mehndi" title="Mehndi">Mehendi</a> and dried leaves of <a href="/wiki/Gulmohur" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulmohur">gulmohur</a> tree offer a source of green colour. In some areas, the leaves of spring crops and herbs have been used as a source of green pigment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yellow">Yellow</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holi_shop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Holi_shop.jpg/220px-Holi_shop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Holi_shop.jpg/330px-Holi_shop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Holi_shop.jpg/440px-Holi_shop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Colours for Holi on sale at a market in <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Haldi</i> (turmeric) powder is the typical source of yellow colour. Sometimes this is mixed with <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpea</a> (gram) or other flour to get the right shade. <a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos" title="Aegle marmelos">Bael</a> fruit, <a href="/wiki/Amaltas" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaltas">amaltas</a>, species of <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum" title="Chrysanthemum">chrysanthemums</a>, and species of <a href="/wiki/Tagetes" title="Tagetes">marigold</a> are alternate sources of yellow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blue">Blue</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indigofera" title="Indigofera">Indigo plant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Berry">Indian berries</a>, species of <a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">grapes</a>, blue hibiscus, and <a href="/wiki/Jacaranda" title="Jacaranda">jacaranda</a> flowers are traditional sources of blue colour for Holi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magenta_and_purple">Magenta and purple</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Beetroot" title="Beetroot">Beetroot</a> is the traditional source of magenta and purple colour. Often these are directly boiled in water to prepare coloured water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brown">Brown</h4></div> <p>Dried <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> leaves offer a source of brown coloured water. Certain <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clays</a> are alternate source of brown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black">Black</h4></div> <p>Species of grapes, fruits of <a href="/wiki/Phyllanthus_emblica" title="Phyllanthus emblica">amla</a> (gooseberry) and <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable carbon">vegetable carbon</a> (charcoal) offer grey to black colours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_impact">Health impact</h3></div> <p>A 2007 study found that <a href="/wiki/Malachite_green" title="Malachite green">malachite green</a>, a synthetic bluish-green dye used in some colours during Holi festival, was responsible for severe eye irritation in Delhi, if eyes were not washed upon exposure. Though the study found that the pigment did not penetrate through the cornea, malachite green is of concern and needs further study.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another 2009 study reports that some colours produced and sold in India contain metal-based industrial dyes, causing an increase in skin problems to some people in the days following Holi. These colours are produced in India, particularly by small informal businesses, without any quality checks and are sold freely in the market. The colours are sold without labelling, and the consumer lacks information about the source of the colours, their contents, and possible toxic effects. In recent years, several non-governmental organisations have started campaigning for safe practices related to the use of colours. Some are producing and marketing ranges of safer colours derived from natural sources such as vegetables and flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These reports have galvanised a number of groups into promoting more natural celebrations of Holi. <a href="/wiki/Development_Alternatives_Group" title="Development Alternatives Group">Development Alternatives, Delhi</a>'s CLEAN India campaign,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kalpavriksh" title="Kalpavriksh">Kalpavriksh Environment Action Group, Pune</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Society for Child Development through its Avacayam Cooperative Campaign<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have launched campaigns to help children learn to make their own colours for Holi from safer, natural ingredients. Meanwhile, some commercial companies such as the National Botanical Research Institute have begun to market "herbal" dyes, though these are substantially more expensive than the dangerous alternatives. However, it may be noted that many parts of rural India have always resorted to natural colours (and other parts of festivities more than colours) due to availability. </p><p>In urban areas, some people wear nose masks and sunglasses to avoid inhaling pigments and to prevent chemical exposure to eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h3></div> <p>An alleged environmental issue related to the celebration of Holi is the traditional Holika bonfire, which is believed to contribute to deforestation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to a local tabloid, 30,000 bonfires burn every year during Holi, with each fire burning approximately 100 kilograms (220 lb) of wood.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The use of heavy metal-based pigments during Holi is also reported to cause temporary <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> pollution, with the water systems recovering to pre-festival levels within 5 days.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_other_cultures">Influence on other cultures</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah,_United_States_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah%2C_United_States_2013.jpg/250px-Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah%2C_United_States_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah%2C_United_States_2013.jpg/375px-Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah%2C_United_States_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah%2C_United_States_2013.jpg/500px-Holi_Festival_of_Colors_Utah%2C_United_States_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>The Holi Festival in March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Sri_Radha_Krishna_Temple_(Spanish_Fork)" title="Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple (Spanish Fork)">Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Utah_County,_Utah" title="Utah County, Utah">Utah County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Holi is celebrated as a social event in parts of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Festival_of_Colors:_Holi_NYC_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Festival_of_Colors:_Holi_NYC-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, at <a href="/wiki/Sri_Sri_Radha_Krishna_Temple_(Spanish_Fork)" title="Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple (Spanish Fork)">Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Fork,_Utah" title="Spanish Fork, Utah">Spanish Fork, Utah</a>, <i>NYC Holi Hai</i> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a><sup id="cite_ref-NYC_Holi_Hai_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYC_Holi_Hai-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Festival of Colors: Holi NYC</i> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Festival_of_Colors:_Holi_NYC_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Festival_of_Colors:_Holi_NYC-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wpnonhindus_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpnonhindus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holi-inspired_events">Holi-inspired events</h3></div> <p>A number of Holi-inspired social events have also surfaced, particularly in Europe and the United States, often organised by companies as for-profit or charity events with paid admission, and with varying scheduling that does not coincide with the actual Holi festival. These have included Holi-inspired <a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">music festivals</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Festival_Of_Colours_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival Of Colours Tour">Festival Of Colours Tour</a> and Holi One<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which feature timed throws of Holi powder), and <a href="/wiki/5K_run" title="5K run">5K run</a> franchises such as <a href="/wiki/The_Color_Run" title="The Color Run">The Color Run</a>, Holi Run and Color Me Rad,<sup id="cite_ref-sanjosecom-colormerad_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanjosecom-colormerad-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which participants are doused with the powder at per-kilometre checkpoints.<sup id="cite_ref-colorrun-aljazeera_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colorrun-aljazeera-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsj-holifight_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-holifight-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/BiH_Color_Festival" title="BiH Color Festival">BiH Color Festival</a> is a Holi-inspired <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic music festival">electronic music festival</a> held annually in <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, schools across Australia have also adopted Holi inspired fund raising activities which leverage fundraising platforms such as Australian Fundraising, School Fun Run, Colour Frenzy and Go Raise It Australia to conduct such events. New Zealand schools have also followed the trend with holi powder Colour Run fundraisers run by local company Go Raise It NZ. </p><p>There have been concerns that these events <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">appropriate</a> and trivialise aspects of Holi for commercial gain—downplaying or completely ignoring the cultural and spiritual roots of the celebration.<sup id="cite_ref-colorrun-aljazeera_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colorrun-aljazeera-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsj-holifight_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-holifight-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organisers of these events have argued that the costs are to cover various key aspects of their events, such as safe colour powders, safety and security, and entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj-holifight_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-holifight-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/27px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/41px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/54px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/44px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="654" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Holidays" title="Portal:Holidays">Holidays portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathmar_Holi" title="Lathmar Holi">Lathmar Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kha_b-Nisan" title="Kha b-Nisan">Kha b-Nisan</a> – Assyrian New Year</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a> – Holiday held close to the summer solstice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> – Iranian New Year marking the March equinox</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)" title="Songkran (Thailand)">Songkran (Thailand)</a> – Traditional Thai New Year's holiday, famous for ritualised public water fights</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-holicalendars-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holicalendars_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Since ancient times, the Indian subcontinent has had several major <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a>, which places Holi and other festivals on different local months even though they mean the same date. Some Hindu calendars emphasise the solar cycle, some the lunar cycle. Further, the regional calendars feature two traditions of Amanta and Purnimanta systems, wherein the similar-sounding months refer to different parts of a lunar cycle, thus further diversifying the nomenclature. The Hindu festival of Holi falls on the first (full moon) day of <i>Chaitra</i> lunar month's dark fortnight in the Purnimanta system, while the same exact day for Holi is expressed in Amanta system as the lunar day of <i>Phalguna Purnima</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-fuller292_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuller292-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both time measuring and dating systems are equivalent ways of meaning the same thing, they continue to be in use in different regions.<sup id="cite_ref-fuller292_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuller292-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reingold2008p275_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reingold2008p275-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regions where the local calendar places it in its <i>Phalguna</i> month, Holi is also called <i>Phaguwa</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OED-Holi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED-Holi_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED-Holi_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861263-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861263-X">0-19-861263-X</a> p. 874 "<b>Holi</b> /'həʊli:/ <b>noun</b> a Hindu spring festival ...".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiley42-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wiley42_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wiley42_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristi_L._Wiley2009" class="citation book cs1">Kristi L. Wiley (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIhCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42"><i>The A to Z of Jainism</i></a>. Scarecrow. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6337-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-6337-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Jainism&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6337-8&rft.au=Kristi+L.+Wiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcIhCCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bal269-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bal269_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bal269_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBal_Gopal_Shrestha2012" class="citation book cs1">Bal Gopal Shrestha (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9EwsBwAAQBAJ"><i>The Sacred Town of Sankhu: The Anthropology of Newar Ritual, Religion and Society in Nepal</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 269–271, 240–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-3825-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-3825-2"><bdi>978-1-4438-3825-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Town+of+Sankhu%3A+The+Anthropology+of+Newar+Ritual%2C+Religion+and+Society+in+Nepal&rft.pages=269-271%2C+240-241&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-3825-2&rft.au=Bal+Gopal+Shrestha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9EwsBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wpnonhindus-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wpnonhindus_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wpnonhindus_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyford2013" class="citation news cs1">Lyford, Chris (5 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/hindu-spring-festivals-increase-in-popularity-and-welcome-non-hindus/2013/04/05/d4828e00-9bf4-11e2-9a79-eb5280c81c63_story.html">"Hindu spring festivals increase in popularity and welcome non-Hindus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. New York City<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>Despite what some call the reinvention of Holi, the simple fact that the festival has transcended cultures and brings people together is enough of a reason to embrace the change, others say. In fact, it seems to be in line with many of the teachings behind Holi festivals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Hindu+spring+festivals+increase+in+popularity+and+welcome+non-Hindus&rft.date=2013-04-05&rft.aulast=Lyford&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fhindu-spring-festivals-increase-in-popularity-and-welcome-non-hindus%2F2013%2F04%2F05%2Fd4828e00-9bf4-11e2-9a79-eb5280c81c63_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ht-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ht_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ht_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ht_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ht_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduismtoday.com/pdf_downloads/pagers/Hindu-Festival_Holi_broadsheet-color.pdf">Holi: Splashed with colors of friendship</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041446/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/pdf_downloads/pagers/Hindu-Festival_Holi_broadsheet-color.pdf">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Hinduism Today, Hawaii (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zh86n39/articles/z4qqy9q">"What is Holi?"</a>. <i>BBC Bitesize</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Bitesize&rft.atitle=What+is+Holi%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Ftopics%2Fzh86n39%2Farticles%2Fz4qqy9q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yg-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yg_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yg_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yg_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yg_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yudit Greenberg, Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions, Volume 1, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851099801" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851099801">978-1851099801</a>, p. 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKim_Marriott2006" class="citation book cs1">McKim Marriott (2006). John Stratton Hawley and Vasudha Narayanan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9hairjdT-ekC"><i>The Life of Hinduism</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24914-1"><bdi>978-0-520-24914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24914-1&rft.au=McKim+Marriott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9hairjdT-ekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "Holi, he said with a beatific sigh, is the Festival of Love!"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2004" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Susan L. (6 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cITGAgAAQBAJ&dq=holi+festival+celebrates+the+eternal+and+divine+love+of+Radha+and+Krishna&pg=PA100"><i>Rasa: Performing the Divine in India</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13145-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13145-2"><bdi>978-0-231-13145-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rasa%3A+Performing+the+Divine+in+India&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2004-10-06&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13145-2&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Susan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcITGAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dholi%2Bfestival%2Bcelebrates%2Bthe%2Beternal%2Band%2Bdivine%2Blove%2Bof%2BRadha%2Band%2BKrishna%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deepta-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deepta_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deepta_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R Deepta, A.K. Ramanujan's ‘Mythologies’ Poems: An Analysis, Points of View, Volume XIV, Number 1, Summer 2007, pp. 74–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XC9bwMMPcwC&q=holi+symbolizes+triumph&pg=RA1-PA230"><i>What Is Hinduism?</i></a>. Himalayan Academy Publications. 2007. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934145-27-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934145-27-2"><bdi>978-1-934145-27-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+Hinduism%3F&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Himalayan+Academy+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-934145-27-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XC9bwMMPcwC%26q%3Dholi%2Bsymbolizes%2Btriumph%26pg%3DRA1-PA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchguides.case.edu/Holi-BasantPanchami">"Festivals for Spring: Holi and Basant Kite Festival: Holi"</a>. <q>Holi celebrates love, forgiveness, and triumph of good over evil</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festivals+for+Spring%3A+Holi+and+Basant+Kite+Festival%3A+Holi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchguides.case.edu%2FHoli-BasantPanchami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorenzen-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenzen_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenzen_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_N._Lorenzen1996" class="citation book cs1">David N. Lorenzen (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tE3sShuid5gC&pg=PA22"><i>Praises to a Formless God: Nirguni Texts from North India</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 22–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2805-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2805-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-2805-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praises+to+a+Formless+God%3A+Nirguni+Texts+from+North+India&rft.pages=22-31&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2805-4&rft.au=David+N.+Lorenzen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtE3sShuid5gC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roveda-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roveda_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roveda_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVittorio_Roveda2005" class="citation book cs1">Vittorio Roveda (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tv7VAAAAMAAJ"><i>Images of the Gods: Khmer Mythology in Cambodia, Thailand and Laos</i></a>. River Books. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-9863-03-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-9863-03-9"><bdi>978-974-9863-03-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+the+Gods%3A+Khmer+Mythology+in+Cambodia%2C+Thailand+and+Laos&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=River+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-974-9863-03-9&rft.au=Vittorio+Roveda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtv7VAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span>;<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunil_KothariAvinash_Pasricha2001" class="citation book cs1">Sunil Kothari; Avinash Pasricha (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa8FamiJJKgC&pg=PA66"><i>Kuchipudi</i></a>. Abhinav. pp. 66–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-359-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-359-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-359-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kuchipudi&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=Abhinav&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-359-5&rft.au=Sunil+Kothari&rft.au=Avinash+Pasricha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXa8FamiJJKgC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keholi-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keholi_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keholi_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keholi_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keholi_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keholi_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keholi_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebeling, Karin (10), Holi, an Indian Festival, and its Reflection in English Media; Die Ordnung des Standard und die Differenzierung der Diskurse: Akten des 41. Linguistischen Kolloquiums in Mannheim 2006, 1, 107, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3631599174" title="Special:BookSources/978-3631599174">978-3631599174</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson2004-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2004_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmber_Wilson2004" class="citation book cs1">Amber Wilson (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamaicapeople00wils"><i>Jamaica: The people</i></a></span>. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamaicapeople00wils/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7787-9331-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7787-9331-1"><bdi>978-0-7787-9331-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jamaica%3A+The+people&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Crabtree+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7787-9331-1&rft.au=Amber+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamaicapeople00wils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj-holifight-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wsj-holifight_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj-holifight_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj-holifight_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj-holifight_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304795804579096813960372646">"A Spring Celebration of Love Moves to the Fall – and Turns Into a Fight"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Spring+Celebration+of+Love+Moves+to+the+Fall+%E2%80%93+and+Turns+Into+a+Fight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702304795804579096813960372646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-online.wsj.com-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-online.wsj.com_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-online.wsj.com_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303722604579111531979056974">Holi Festivals Spread Far From India</a> The Wall Street Journal (2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holi_Festival_of_Colours-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holi_Festival_of_Colours_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holi_Festival_of_Colours_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitberlin.de/en/event/05-11-2013/holi-festival-of-colours">Holi Festival of Colours</a> Visit Berlin, Germany (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/holi">Holi 2023 Date, Rituals, and Significance</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Holi">Holi Hindu Festival</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wd-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wd_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wd_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wd_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wd_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wd_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wd_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wd_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendy Doniger (Editor), Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877790440" title="Special:BookSources/978-0877790440">978-0877790440</a>, Merriam-Webster, p. 455</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329150157/http://holidhuleti.in/about-holi-dhuleti-colorful-spring-festival/">"About Holi – Dhuleti Colorful Spring Festival"</a>. <i>Holi Dhuleti Celebrations</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://holidhuleti.in/about-holi-dhuleti-colorful-spring-festival/">the original</a> on 29 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holi+Dhuleti+Celebrations&rft.atitle=About+Holi+%E2%80%93+Dhuleti+Colorful+Spring+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fholidhuleti.in%2Fabout-holi-dhuleti-colorful-spring-festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindu-blog.com/10/02/ukuli-or-manjal-kuli-holi-in-kerala.html">"Ukuli or Manjal Kuli – Holi in Kerala"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukuli+or+Manjal+Kuli+%E2%80%93+Holi+in+Kerala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu-blog.com%2F10%2F02%2Fukuli-or-manjal-kuli-holi-in-kerala.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ritiriwaz.com/different-names-of-holi-festival/">"Different Names of Holi Festival | RitiRiwaz"</a>. 9 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Different+Names+of+Holi+Festival+%26%23124%3B+RitiRiwaz&rft.date=2020-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ritiriwaz.com%2Fdifferent-names-of-holi-festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen_Myers1998" class="citation book cs1">Helen Myers (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicofhindutrin00myer"><i>Music of Hindu Trinidad: Songs from the India Diaspora</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicofhindutrin00myer/page/430">430</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-55453-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-55453-2"><bdi>978-0-226-55453-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+of+Hindu+Trinidad%3A+Songs+from+the+India+Diaspora&rft.pages=430&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-226-55453-2&rft.au=Helen+Myers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicofhindutrin00myer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jagiri-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jagiri_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jagiri_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddy2017" class="citation news cs1">Reddy, P. Laxma (7 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telanganatoday.com/jajiri-another-festival-for-unity">"Jajiri, another festival for unity"</a>. <i>Telangana Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telangana+Today&rft.atitle=Jajiri%2C+another+festival+for+unity&rft.date=2017-03-07&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=P.+Laxma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelanganatoday.com%2Fjajiri-another-festival-for-unity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fuller292-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fuller292_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fuller292_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_John_Fuller2004" class="citation book cs1">Christopher John Fuller (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC"><i>The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 291–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69112-04-85" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-69112-04-85"><bdi>978-0-69112-04-85</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Camphor+Flame%3A+Popular+Hinduism+and+Society+in+India&rft.pages=291-293&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-69112-04-85&rft.au=Christopher+John+Fuller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTo6XSeBUW3oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reingold2008p275-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reingold2008p275_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNachum_DershowitzEdward_M._Reingold2008" class="citation book cs1">Nachum Dershowitz; Edward M. Reingold (2008). <a href="/wiki/Calendrical_Calculations" title="Calendrical Calculations"><i>Calendrical Calculations</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/calendricalcalcu00ders/page/n155">123</a>–133, 275–311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88540-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88540-9"><bdi>978-0-521-88540-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendrical+Calculations&rft.pages=123-133%2C+275-311&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88540-9&rft.au=Nachum+Dershowitz&rft.au=Edward+M.+Reingold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJavier_A._Galván2014" class="citation book cs1">Javier A. Galván (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e2RyBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137"><i>They Do What? A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from around the World</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 137–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-342-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-342-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-342-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Do+What%3F+A+Cultural+Encyclopedia+of+Extraordinary+and+Exotic+Customs+from+around+the+World&rft.pages=137-138&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-342-4&rft.au=Javier+A.+Galv%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De2RyBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Gordon_MeltonMartin_Baumann2010" class="citation book cs1">J. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA1337"><i>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1337–1338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-204-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+World%3A+A+Comprehensive+Encyclopedia+of+Beliefs+and+Practices%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pages=1337-1338&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-204-3&rft.au=J.+Gordon+Melton&rft.au=Martin+Baumann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv2yiyLLOj88C%26pg%3DPA1337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ihh-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ihh_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ihh_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ihh_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiaheritage.org/culture/holi.htm">Holi</a> India Heritage: Culture, Fairs and Festivals (2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/holika-dahan-story-why-demoness-holika-is-worshipped-on-holi/articleshow/81702634.cms">"Holika Dahan Story: Why is the demoness Holika worshipped on Holi? - Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 27 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Holika+Dahan+Story%3A+Why+is+the+demoness+Holika+worshipped+on+Holi%3F+-+Times+of+India&rft.date=2021-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Freligion%2Frituals-puja%2Fholika-dahan-story-why-demoness-holika-is-worshipped-on-holi%2Farticleshow%2F81702634.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williamsholifood-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-williamsholifood_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williamsholifood_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictoria_Williams2016" class="citation book cs1">Victoria Williams (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t_58DQAAQBAJ"><i>Celebrating Life Customs around the World</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3659-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3659-6"><bdi>978-1-4408-3659-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebrating+Life+Customs+around+the+World&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3659-6&rft.au=Victoria+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt_58DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Smith2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Smith (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DOJMAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973496-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973496-2"><bdi>978-0-19-973496-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Food+and+Drink+in+America&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973496-2&rft.au=Andrew+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDOJMAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holifestival.org/holi-festival.html">Holi Festival</a> see Play of Colors (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://framework.latimes.com/?attachment_id=26285">Rangapanchami in Bhopal</a> Los Angeles Times (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/holi-festival-history/articleshow/57589584.cms">"Holi festival: History"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Holi+festival%3A+History&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Flife-style%2Fevents%2Fholi-festival-history%2Farticleshow%2F57589584.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ori-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ori_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/holydays/holi_1.shtml">Religions – Hinduism: Holi</a>. BBC. Retrieved 21 March 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ind-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ind_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ind_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ind_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiaexpress.com/rangoli/holi.html">Holi – the festival of colours</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201214422/http://www.indiaexpress.com/rangoli/holi.html">Archived</a> 1 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Indian Express</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaradpande2011" class="citation book cs1">Varadpande, M. L. (2 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FX2btUszr6cC&dq=Garga+samhita&pg=PT54"><i>Love in Ancient India</i></a>. SCB Distributors. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8328-217-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8328-217-8"><bdi>978-81-8328-217-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+in+Ancient+India&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=SCB+Distributors&rft.date=2011-02-02&rft.isbn=978-81-8328-217-8&rft.aulast=Varadpande&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFX2btUszr6cC%26dq%3DGarga%2Bsamhita%26pg%3DPT54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynn Peppas (2010), Holi, Crabtree Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7787-4771-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7787-4771-0">978-0-7787-4771-0</a>, pp. 12–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.tt/archives/commentary/columnist/2009/03/12/arrival-phagwa">The arrival of Phagwa - Holi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412021433/http://www.guardian.co.tt/archives/commentary/columnist/2009/03/12/arrival-phagwa">Archived</a> 12 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Guardian</i>, Trinidad and Tobago (12 March 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reflectu.in_r=0">Eat, Pray, Smear</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/23/dining/23phagwah.html?_r=0">Eat, Pray, Smear</a> Julia Moskin, New York Times (22 March 2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holifestival.org/holi-in-mauritius.html">Holi in Mauritius</a>. "Just as the many other major Hindu festivals, the large Indian majority.. celebrate Holi with a lot of enthusiasm in the island of Mauritius. It is an official holiday in the country..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cj-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cj_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cj_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cj_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constance Jones, Holi, in J Gordon Melton (Editor), Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays Festivals Solemn Observances and Spiritual Commemorations, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598842067" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598842067">978-1598842067</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Roshen Dalal (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA275"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin Books India. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341421-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341421-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341421-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341421-6&rft.au=Roshen+Dalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH0vmD8ghdMC%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Rinehart2004" class="citation book cs1">Robin Rinehart (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA135"><i>Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 135–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-905-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-905-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-905-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Hinduism%3A+Ritual%2C+Culture%2C+and+Practice&rft.pages=135-137&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-905-8&rft.au=Robin+Rinehart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhMPYnfS_R90C%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelle_Lee2016" class="citation book cs1">Michelle Lee (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K166DAAAQBAJ"><i>Holi</i></a>. Scobre. pp. 8–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62920-572-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62920-572-4"><bdi>978-1-62920-572-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holi&rft.pages=8-11&rft.pub=Scobre&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-62920-572-4&rft.au=Michelle+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK166DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsha_Sharma2008" class="citation book cs1">Usha Sharma (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6OYRUEAF7oC&pg=PA80"><i>Festivals in Indian Society</i></a>. Mittal Publications. pp. 80–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8324-113-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8324-113-7"><bdi>978-81-8324-113-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Festivals+in+Indian+Society&rft.pages=80-82&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-8324-113-7&rft.au=Usha+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ6OYRUEAF7oC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Safvi2016-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Safvi2016_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Safvi2016_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafvi2016" class="citation web cs1">Safvi, Rana (23 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/800900/in-mughal-india-holi-was-celebrated-with-the-same-pomp-as-eid">"In Mughal India, Holi was celebrated with the same exuberance as Eid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scroll.in" title="Scroll.in">Scroll.in</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Mughal+India%2C+Holi+was+celebrated+with+the+same+exuberance+as+Eid&rft.pub=Scroll.in&rft.date=2016-03-23&rft.aulast=Safvi&rft.aufirst=Rana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F800900%2Fin-mughal-india-holi-was-celebrated-with-the-same-pomp-as-eid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharma, Sunit (2017) Mughal Arcadia: Persian Literature in an Indian Court. Harvard University Press <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qaA4DwAAQBAJ&q=holi&pg=PA175">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers2008" class="citation book cs1">Powers, Janet M. (30 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O5JxDwAAQBAJ&q=aurangzeb+1665+holi&pg=PA36"><i>Kites over the Mango Tree: Restoring Harmony between Hindus and Muslims in Gujarat: Restoring Harmony between Hindus and Muslims in Gujarat</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35158-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35158-7"><bdi>978-0-313-35158-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kites+over+the+Mango+Tree%3A+Restoring+Harmony+between+Hindus+and+Muslims+in+Gujarat%3A+Restoring+Harmony+between+Hindus+and+Muslims+in+Gujarat&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008-11-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35158-7&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Janet+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO5JxDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Daurangzeb%2B1665%2Bholi%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLeod2009p95-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McLeod2009p95_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._H._McLeod2009" class="citation book cs1">W. H. McLeod (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA95"><i>The A to Z of Sikhism</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6344-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6344-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-6344-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvgixwfeCyDAC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy2005p192-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roy2005p192_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roy2005p192_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Roy2005" class="citation book cs1">Christian Roy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA192"><i>Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 192–193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-089-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-089-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-089-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Festivals%3A+A+Multicultural+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=192-193&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-089-5&rft.au=Christian+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIKqOUfqt4cIC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_K._Wellman_Jr.Clark_Lombardi2012" class="citation book cs1">James K. Wellman Jr.; Clark Lombardi (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionandh_xxxx_2012_000_10856028"><i>Religion and Human Security: A Global Perspective</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionandh_xxxx_2012_000_10856028/page/n125">112</a> note 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-982775-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-982775-6"><bdi>978-0-19-982775-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Human+Security%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=112+note+18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-982775-6&rft.au=James+K.+Wellman+Jr.&rft.au=Clark+Lombardi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionandh_xxxx_2012_000_10856028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikky-Guninder_Kaur_Singh2011" class="citation book cs1">Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e0ZmAXw7ok8C&pg=PA93"><i>Sikhism: An Introduction</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-321-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-321-8"><bdi>978-1-84885-321-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=93-94&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-321-8&rft.au=Nikky-Guninder+Kaur+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De0ZmAXw7ok8C%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_J._ClausSarah_DiamondMargaret_Ann_Mills2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA552"><i>South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 552. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia+%3A+Afghanistan%2C+Bangladesh%2C+India%2C+Nepal%2C+Pakistan%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=552&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93919-5&rft.au=Peter+J.+Claus&rft.au=Sarah+Diamond&rft.au=Margaret+Ann+Mills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DienxrTPHzzwC%26pg%3DPA552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110313/spectrum/main2.htm">Holi on Canvas</a>, The Sunday Tribune Holi on Canvas, Kanwarjit Singh Kang, 13 March 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AbWazgEACAAJ"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</i></a>. Rosen. pp. 285–287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A-M&rft.pages=285-287&rft.pub=Rosen&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAbWazgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism/Sacred-times-and-festivals">"Hinduism - Festivals, Holi, Diwali, and Caste System | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Hinduism+-+Festivals%2C+Holi%2C+Diwali%2C+and+Caste+System+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHinduism%2FSacred-times-and-festivals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-htor-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-htor_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-htor_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holifestival.org/rituals-of-holi.html">Rituals of Holi</a> Society for the Confluence of Festivals in India (2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.zhdk.ch/idss/files/2013/07/final-presentation-Festival-Circle.pdf">Holi Festival</a> Rex Li Indrajeet Deshmukh and Marielle Roth, Festival Circle, IDSS 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TOIBhang-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TOIBhang_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/High-on-Holi-with-bhang/articleshow/4245535.cms">"High on Holi with bhang"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 9 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=High+on+Holi+with+bhang&rft.date=2009-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fvaranasi%2FHigh-on-Holi-with-bhang%2Farticleshow%2F4245535.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holifestival.org/holi-in-jharkhand.html">"Holi in Jharkhand – Holi Festival in Jharkhand, Holi Celebration in Jharkhand"</a>. <i>www.holifestival.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Holi+2014%3A+Festival+Of+Colors+Celebrates+Spring+%28Songs%2C+Photos%29&rft.date=2014-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F03%2F16%2Fholi-2014_n_4965026.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnihotri2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Agnihotri, Abhishek (13 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-city-holi-2022-seven-days-special-ganga-mela-holi-celebration-story-of-kanpur-tradition-jagran-special-22540420.html">"कानपुर में सात दिन की होली और क्यों खास है गंगा मेला, पढ़िए- इसके पीछे क्या है इतिहास - Holi 2022 seven days Special Ganga Mela Holi celebration story of kanpur tradition Jagran Special"</a>. <i>Jagran</i> (in Hindi)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jagran&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88+%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%2C+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F-+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8+-+Holi+2022+seven+days+Special+Ganga+Mela+Holi+celebration+story+of+kanpur+tradition+Jagran+Special&rft.date=2022-03-13&rft.aulast=Agnihotri&rft.aufirst=Abhishek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Futtar-pradesh%2Fkanpur-city-holi-2022-seven-days-special-ganga-mela-holi-celebration-story-of-kanpur-tradition-jagran-special-22540420.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/cm-yogi-attends-holi-milan-samaroh-says-festival-gives-a-message-of-unity20230309040854/">"CM Yogi attends 'Holi Milan samaroh', says festival gives a message of unity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asian_News_International" title="Asian News International">Asian News International</a></i>. 9 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+News+International&rft.atitle=CM+Yogi+attends+%27Holi+Milan+samaroh%27%2C+says+festival+gives+a+message+of+unity&rft.date=2023-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aninews.in%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fgeneral-news%2Fcm-yogi-attends-holi-milan-samaroh-says-festival-gives-a-message-of-unity20230309040854%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gsg-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gsg_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuṅe1979" class="citation book cs1">Guṅe, Viṭhṭhala Triṃbaka (1979). <i>Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district</i>. Vol. 1. Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept. p. 263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+the+Union+Territory+Goa%2C+Daman+and+Diu%3A+district&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Goa%2C+Daman+and+Diu+%28India%29.+Gazetteer+Dept&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Gu%E1%B9%85e&rft.aufirst=Vi%E1%B9%ADh%E1%B9%ADhala+Tri%E1%B9%83baka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, Sophie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishartstudies.ac.uk/issues/issue-index/issue-23/the-black-prince-the-trinity-and-the-art-of-commemoration#p8">"The Black Prince, the Trinity, and the Art of Commemoration"</a>. <i>British Art Studies</i> (23).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Art+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Black+Prince%2C+the+Trinity%2C+and+the+Art+of+Commemoration&rft.issue=23&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishartstudies.ac.uk%2Fissues%2Fissue-index%2Fissue-23%2Fthe-black-prince-the-trinity-and-the-art-of-commemoration%23p8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pndwarka.com/news.html">"You are being redirected..."</a> <i>pndwarka.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pndwarka.com&rft.atitle=You+are+being+redirected...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pndwarka.com%2Fnews.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topnews.in/law/files/Holi_3_0.jpg">topnews.in</a>, Holi in Gujarat</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holifestival.org/holi-in-jammu-and-kashmir.html">"Holi celebration in Jammu and Kashmir"</a>. <i>holifestival.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=holifestival.org&rft.atitle=Holi+celebration+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holifestival.org%2Fholi-in-jammu-and-kashmir.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090314053547/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/10/stories/2009031050660300.htm">"Karnataka"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 10 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/10/stories/2009031050660300.htm">the original</a> on 14 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Karnataka&rft.date=2009-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2009%2F03%2F10%2Fstories%2F2009031050660300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettlStoneArnoldPorter1998" class="citation book cs1">Nettl, Bruno; Stone, Ruth M.; Arnold, Alison; Porter, James; Rice, Timothy (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&dq=holi+manipur&pg=PA504"><i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 504. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1"><bdi>978-0-8240-4946-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+South+Asia+%3A+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.pages=504&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1&rft.aulast=Nettl&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft.au=Stone%2C+Ruth+M.&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Alison&rft.au=Porter%2C+James&rft.au=Rice%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOlNv8MAXIEC%26dq%3Dholi%2Bmanipur%26pg%3DPA504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.vam.ac.uk/collections/item/O403895/elevation-of-the-black-stone-drawing-unknown/?q">"Elevation of the black stone arch"</a>. <i>V&A: Search the Collections</i>. Victoria and Albert Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>Object history note: The arch is covered with figures of Vaishnavite gods and hung with rings. A crowd of Hindus are celebrating the festival of the Dol Jatra or Swing festival in which the image of Vishnu and his consort are swung in a throne suspended by chains from the rings of the arch. The celebration is part of the Holi festival and takes place at the full moon of the month of Phalguna (February to March).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=V%26A%3A+Search+the+Collections&rft.atitle=Elevation+of+the+black+stone+arch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.vam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fitem%2FO403895%2Felevation-of-the-black-stone-drawing-unknown%2F%3Fq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhill1921" class="citation book cs1">Underhill, Muriel Marion (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wJzXAAAAMAAJ&dq=pushpadola&pg=PA189"><i>The Hindu Religious Year</i></a>. Association Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Religious+Year&rft.pub=Association+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Underhill&rft.aufirst=Muriel+Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwJzXAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dpushpadola%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray2007-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ray2007_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDipti_Ray2007" class="citation book cs1">Dipti Ray (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=to_U9I6Ol9wC&pg=PA90"><i>Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540)</i></a>. Northern Book Centre. pp. 90–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-195-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-195-3"><bdi>978-81-7211-195-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prataparudradeva%2C+the+Last+Great+Suryavamsi+King+of+Orissa+%28A.D.+1497+to+A.D.+1540%29&rft.pages=90-&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7211-195-3&rft.au=Dipti+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dto_U9I6Ol9wC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pati2001-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pati2001_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiswamoy_Pati2001" class="citation book cs1">Biswamoy Pati (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uJtnQN3KueEC&pg=PA74"><i>Situating Social History: Orissa, 1800-1997</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. pp. 74–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2007-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2007-3"><bdi>978-81-250-2007-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Situating+Social+History%3A+Orissa%2C+1800-1997&rft.pages=74-&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-250-2007-3&rft.au=Biswamoy+Pati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuJtnQN3KueEC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dGnRAAAAMAAJ&dq=holi+punjab++eight+days&pg=PA417">A dictionary of the Panjábí language (1854) Mission Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sekhon, Iqbal Singh (2000) The Punjabis. 2. Religion, society, and culture of the Punjabis. COSMOS <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bU0wAQAAIAAJ&q=Many+days+ahead+of+it+the+urchins+start+throwing+coloured+water+on+one+...">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proceedings – Punjab History Conference (2000) Publication Bureau, Punjabi University <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSpuAAAAMAAJ&q=++pice">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bose, Nirmal Kumar (1929) Cultural Anthropology: And Other Essays. [Reprinted with Additions]Indian Associated Publishing Company, Limited <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=19w9AAAAMAAJ&q=+playing+holi-fools+">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parminder Singh Grover and Moga, Davinderjit Singh, Discover Punjab: Attractions of Punjab <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dy-pOAnlQL0C&dq=punjab++holi&pg=PT180">[5]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jasbir Singh Khurana, Punjabiyat: The Cultural Heritage and Ethos of the People of Punjab, Hemkunt Publishers (P) Ltd., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-395-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-395-0">978-81-7010-395-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1O0eAQAAMAAJ&q=%27Phaggan+phal+laggan%27">Census of India, 1961: Punjab. Manager of Publications</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/content/362722/drawing-designs-walls.html">Drawing Designs on Walls</a>, Trisha Bhattacharya (13 October 2013), <i>Deccan Herald</i>. Retrieved 7 January 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alka Pande (1999) Folk Music & Musical Instruments of Punjab: From Mustard Fields to Disco Lights, Volume 1. Mapin Pub <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CgraAAAAMAAJ&q=+swang+">[6]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nandini Gooptu (2001) The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-Century India. Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZTLEEGmZfQC&dq=swang+prahlad+punjab&pg=PA219">[7]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kr8IyXOmhyAC&q=panjab+&pg=PA32">Self, David (1993) One Hundred Readings for Assembly. Heinemann</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10901">Bose, Nirmal Kumar (1961) Cultural Anthropology. Asia Publishing House</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Rajagopal2007" class="citation book cs1">G. Rajagopal (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3nnXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Beyond Bhakti: Steps Ahead</i></a>. B.R. Publishing. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7646-510-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7646-510-6"><bdi>978-81-7646-510-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Bhakti%3A+Steps+Ahead&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=B.R.+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7646-510-6&rft.au=G.+Rajagopal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3nnXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Hans_India2015" class="citation book cs1">The Hans India (5 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2015-03-05/Moduga-flowers-start-blooming/135443"><i>Moduga flowers start blooming</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moduga+flowers+start+blooming&rft.date=2015-03-05&rft.au=The+Hans+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehansindia.com%2Fposts%2Findex%2FTelangana%2F2015-03-05%2FModuga-flowers-start-blooming%2F135443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2012/03/lathmar_holi_festival.html">Lathmar Holi Festival</a> Lane Turner, <i>Boston Globe</i>, (5 March 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/2019/03/20/holi-songs-celebrations-festival-playlist.html">"Play Holi Song"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Play+Holi+Song&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.manoramaonline.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2F2019%2F03%2F20%2Fholi-songs-celebrations-festival-playlist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-KAN-kanpur-people-celebrate-ganga-mela-after-holi-festival-5284748-PHO.html">"ganga Mela Kanpur"</a>. <i>bhaskar.com</i>. 27 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bhaskar.com&rft.atitle=ganga+Mela+Kanpur&rft.date=2016-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhaskar.com%2Fnews%2FUP-KAN-kanpur-people-celebrate-ganga-mela-after-holi-festival-5284748-PHO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jagran.com/spiritual/religion-so-drop-colors-holi-brij-lal-was-11169083.html?src=HP-REL-ART">"So drop colors – Holi, Brij Lal was"</a>. <i>jagran</i>. 19 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jagran&rft.atitle=So+drop+colors+%E2%80%93+Holi%2C+Brij+Lal+was&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Fspiritual%2Freligion-so-drop-colors-holi-brij-lal-was-11169083.html%3Fsrc%3DHP-REL-ART&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gellner2009-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gellner2009_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Gellner2009" class="citation book cs1">David Gellner (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N9CGAwAAQBAJ"><i>Ethnic Activism and Civil Society in South Asia</i></a>. SAGE Publications. pp. 27–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-0422-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-0422-3"><bdi>978-81-321-0422-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Activism+and+Civil+Society+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=27-29&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-321-0422-3&rft.au=David+Gellner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN9CGAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holifestival.org/tradition-of-holi.html">Tradition of Holi</a>, Society for the Confluence of Festivals in India (2016)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstonholi.com/assets/2014reduced.pdf">Indo American News</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Volume 33, No. 14, 4 April 2014, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euttarakhand.com/kumaon-ki-holi">"kumaoni Holi Uttrakhand"</a>. <i>euttarakhand.com</i>. 4 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euttarakhand.com&rft.atitle=kumaoni+Holi+Uttrakhand&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euttarakhand.com%2Fkumaon-ki-holi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euttarakhand.com/kumaon-ki-holi">"kumaoni holi"</a>. <i>euttarakhand.com</i>. 4 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euttarakhand.com&rft.atitle=kumaoni+holi&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euttarakhand.com%2Fkumaon-ki-holi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euttaranchal.com/culture/fairs_festivals/kumaoni_holi.php">Kumaoni Holi – Uttaranchal Fairs and Festivals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100419060351/http://www.euttaranchal.com/culture/fairs_festivals/kumaoni_holi.php">Archived</a> 19 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Euttaranchal.com. Retrieved 21 March 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarti2022" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarti, Sukanya (25 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wTKWEAAAQBAJ&dq=Dol+Purnima+Gaudiya&pg=PT185"><i>In-Between Worlds: Performing [as] Bauls in an Age of Extremism</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-79774-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-79774-9"><bdi>978-1-000-79774-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In-Between+Worlds%3A+Performing+%5Bas%5D+Bauls+in+an+Age+of+Extremism&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022-11-25&rft.isbn=978-1-000-79774-9&rft.aulast=Chakrabarti&rft.aufirst=Sukanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwTKWEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DDol%2BPurnima%2BGaudiya%26pg%3DPT185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumadāra1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Majumadāra, Dīptiprakāśa (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gzSzAAAAIAAJ&q=%22%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%22"><i>Nānā saṃgraha, nānā gāna</i></a> (in Bengali). Amara Bhāratī.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N%C4%81n%C4%81+sa%E1%B9%83graha%2C+n%C4%81n%C4%81+g%C4%81na&rft.pub=Amara+Bh%C4%81rat%C4%AB&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Majumad%C4%81ra&rft.aufirst=D%C4%ABptiprak%C4%81%C5%9Ba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgzSzAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522%25E0%25A6%25B9%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%2580%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2001" class="citation book cs1">Martinez, José Luiz (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OwJRnFIcM4cC&dq=swing+festival+west+bengal&pg=PA341"><i>Semiosis in Hindustani Music</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1801-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1801-9"><bdi>978-81-208-1801-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semiosis+in+Hindustani+Music&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1801-9&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Luiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOwJRnFIcM4cC%26dq%3Dswing%2Bfestival%2Bwest%2Bbengal%26pg%3DPA341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Part-V of Abhimata by Prabhatranjan Sarkar. Published in Bartaman Patrika, a Bengali daily from Kolkata, on 7 March 2023]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-northey80-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-northey80_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-northey80_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Brook_NortheyC._J._Morris2001" class="citation book cs1">William Brook Northey; C. J. Morris (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aSaX09InyIoC&pg=PA80"><i>The Gurkhas: Their Manners, Customs, and Country</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. pp. 79–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1577-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1577-9"><bdi>978-81-206-1577-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gurkhas%3A+Their+Manners%2C+Customs%2C+and+Country&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1577-9&rft.au=William+Brook+Northey&rft.au=C.+J.+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaSaX09InyIoC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBal_Gopal_Shrestha2012" class="citation book cs1">Bal Gopal Shrestha (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9EwsBwAAQBAJ"><i>The Sacred Town of Sankhu: The Anthropology of Newar Ritual, Religion and Society in Nepal</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 269, 240–241, 283–284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-3825-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-3825-2"><bdi>978-1-4438-3825-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Town+of+Sankhu%3A+The+Anthropology+of+Newar+Ritual%2C+Religion+and+Society+in+Nepal&rft.pages=269%2C+240-241%2C+283-284&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-3825-2&rft.au=Bal+Gopal+Shrestha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9EwsBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nepalitimes.com.np/issue/2005/03/25/Arts/9">Happy Holi week</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110123065021/http://www.nepalitimes.com.np/issue/2005/03/25/Arts/9">Archived</a> 23 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Nepali Times</i>. Retrieved 21 March 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/527502/soaked-in-mirth-and-colour-hindu-community-celebrates-holi">Soaked in mirth and colour, Hindu community celebrates Holi</a>, Sarah Munir (28 March 2013) Tribune. Retrieved 7 January 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/683709/after-the-death-of-an-elders-son-the-larkana-incident-and-other-factors-holi-in-peshawar-is-postponed-till-tuesday.html">'Holi ayi, Holi ayi': Hindus in Hazara celebrate the arrival of spring, the festival of love</a> (17 March 2014) Tribune. Retrieved 7 January 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1093724/">Holi celebrations in Pakistan</a>, (17 March 2014) Dawn. Retrieved 7 January 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailytimes.com.pk/367952/the-colours-of-holi-with-aboriginal-of-cholistan-desert/">"The Colours of Holi with the Hindus of Cholistan"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Colours+of+Holi+with+the+Hindus+of+Cholistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytimes.com.pk%2F367952%2Fthe-colours-of-holi-with-aboriginal-of-cholistan-desert%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-parliament-adopts-resolution-for-Holi-Diwali-Easter-holidays/articleshow/51423609.cms">Pakistan parliament adopts resolution for Holi, Diwali, Easter holidays</a>, The Times of India (16 March 2016)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1247663">How the public holiday on Holi underscores bigotry in Pakistan</a>, Dawn, Sadia Khartoum (12 May 2016), Quote: "Today we are announcing a public holiday for Holi, tomorrow we will be telling everyone to read Ramayana!’” PSMA Chairman Sharafuz Zaman says(...) If someone wants to go play Holi, they can go ahead, Zaman goes on, but by declaring it a public holiday, we have advertised it in every home."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepalaceonwheels.org/blog/holi-color-of-festival-celebrate-holi-in-rajasthan/">Holi Festival 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324085401/http://www.gsofny.org/th_gallery/holi-festival/">Archived</a> 24 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Community Center of Gujarati Samaj, New York (2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianspice.co.za/2013/03/celebrate-holi-the-festival-of-color-and-unity/">Celebrate Holi: Durban</a> South Africa (2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surinameinsider.com/event/holi-phagwa-national-holiday/">Holi Phagwa</a> Suriname Insider (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://suriname2013.com/reality/27-march-2013-festival-of-colors/">Phagwa – Festival of Colors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130914072453/http://suriname2013.com/reality/27-march-2013-festival-of-colors/">Archived</a> 14 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Independence Square in Paramaribo, Suriname (2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ali, Arif (ed.), <i>Guyana</i> London: Hansib, 2008, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smock, Kirk, <i>Guyana: the Bradt Travel Guide</i>, 2007, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=168265">Holi, festival of colours</a> The Fiji Times (15 March 2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holi_Festival-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holi_Festival_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mauritius.genosy.com/economic/public-holidays/holi-festival/">Holi Festival</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140806052619/http://mauritius.genosy.com/economic/public-holidays/holi-festival/">Archived</a> 6 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Mauritius (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holifestival.org/holi-in-usa.html">"Holi celebration in abroad"</a>. <i>holifestival.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=holifestival.org&rft.atitle=Holi+celebration+in+abroad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holifestival.org%2Fholi-in-usa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kumparan.com/@kumparannews/warna-warni-festival-holi-di-denpasar-bali">"Warna-warni Festival Holi di Denpasar Bali"</a>. <i>kumparan</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kumparan&rft.atitle=Warna-warni+Festival+Holi+di+Denpasar+Bali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkumparan.com%2F%40kumparannews%2Fwarna-warni-festival-holi-di-denpasar-bali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holifestival.org/holi-natural-colors.html">Holi colors</a> Society for the Confluence of Festivals in India (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.purcolour.com/faq/gulalholi-faq">Celebration powders (Gulal/Holi)</a> Purcolor (2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelpandianSahaRaviKumari2007" class="citation journal cs1">Velpandian, T.; Saha, K.; Ravi, A.K.; Kumari, S.S.; Biswas, N.R.; Ghose, S. (2007). "Ocular hazards of the colors used during the festival-of-colors (Holi) in India—Malachite green toxicity". <i>Journal of Hazardous Materials</i>. <b>139</b> (2): 204–208. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JHzM..139..204V">2007JHzM..139..204V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2006.06.046">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.046</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-3894">0304-3894</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16904259">16904259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hazardous+Materials&rft.atitle=Ocular+hazards+of+the+colors+used+during+the+festival-of-colors+%28Holi%29+in+India%E2%80%94Malachite+green+toxicity&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=204-208&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2006.06.046&rft.issn=0304-3894&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16904259&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JHzM..139..204V&rft.aulast=Velpandian&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Saha%2C+K.&rft.au=Ravi%2C+A.K.&rft.au=Kumari%2C+S.S.&rft.au=Biswas%2C+N.R.&rft.au=Ghose%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghosh, S. K., Bandyopadhyay, D., Chatterjee, G., & Saha, D. (2009), The ‘Holi’ dermatoses: Annual spate of skin diseases following the spring festival in India. <i>Indian journal of dermatology</i>. 54(3), 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423111307/http://www.cleanindia.org/btonature/holi.htm">"CLEAN India campaign"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleanindia.org/btonature/holi.htm">the original</a> on 23 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CLEAN+India+campaign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleanindia.org%2Fbtonature%2Fholi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070326041336/http://www.kalpavriksh.org/f1/f1.4/GAholi1">"The safe Holi campaign"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kalpavriksh.org/f1/f1.4/GAholi1">the original</a> on 26 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+safe+Holi+campaign&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkalpavriksh.org%2Ff1%2Ff1.4%2FGAholi1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfcdindia.org">"Society For Child Development"</a>. Sfcdindia.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Society+For+Child+Development&rft.pub=Sfcdindia.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsfcdindia.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taelon.co.uk/holi-festival/">Holi Festival</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503151005/http://www.taelon.co.uk/holi-festival/">Archived</a> 3 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> What to wear? UK (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyagi, V. K., Bhatia, A., Gaur, R. Z., Khan, A. A., Ali, M., Khursheed, A., & Kazmi, A. A. (2012), Effects of multi-metal toxicity on the performance of sewage treatment system during the festival of colours (Holi) in India, Environmental monitoring and assessment, 184(12), pp. 7517–7529</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Festival_of_Colors:_Holi_NYC-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Festival_of_Colors:_Holi_NYC_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Festival_of_Colors:_Holi_NYC_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://festivalofcolors.org">"Festival of Colors – Holi NYC 2016"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Festival_of_Colors:_Holi_NYC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Festival of Colors: Holi NYC (page does not exist)">Festival of Colors: Holi NYC</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Festival+of+Colors%3A+Holi+NYC&rft.atitle=Festival+of+Colors+%E2%80%93+Holi+NYC+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffestivalofcolors.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYC_Holi_Hai-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYC_Holi_Hai_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nycholi.com">"NYC Holi Hai 2016"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NYC+Holi+Hai+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnycholi.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinelli2015" class="citation news cs1">Spinelli, Lauren (9 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeout.com/newyork/things-to-do/check-out-the-multi-colored-fun-at-this-years-holi-party">"Check out the multi-colored fun at this year's Holi party"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Out_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Out New York">Time Out New York</a></i>. New York City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514222728/http://www.timeout.com/newyork/things-to-do/check-out-the-multi-colored-fun-at-this-years-holi-party">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Out+New+York&rft.atitle=Check+out+the+multi-colored+fun+at+this+year%27s+Holi+party&rft.date=2015-05-09&rft.aulast=Spinelli&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeout.com%2Fnewyork%2Fthings-to-do%2Fcheck-out-the-multi-colored-fun-at-this-years-holi-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuncy2014" class="citation news cs1">Muncy, C.S. (4 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villagevoice.com/slideshow/portraits-from-holi-nyc-6305683">"Portraits From Holi NYC"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i>. New York City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150801065544/http://www.villagevoice.com/slideshow/portraits-from-holi-nyc-6305683">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>Holi Hai, also known as the Festival of Colors, celebrates the coming of spring, the joy of friendship, and equality for all. Held on Saturday, May 3, 2014 at the Yard @ C-PAC (Cultural Performing Arts Center) in Brooklyn, thousands of participants joined in to dance and generally cover each other in colored powder. The powders used in Holi represent happiness, love, and the freedom to live vibrantly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Village+Voice&rft.atitle=Portraits+From+Holi+NYC&rft.date=2014-05-04&rft.aulast=Muncy&rft.aufirst=C.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.villagevoice.com%2Fslideshow%2Fportraits-from-holi-nyc-6305683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030194423/http://www.holione.com/en/home.html">"Welcome to HOLI ONE"</a>. <i>Holi One</i>. Birmingham, England. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holione.com/en/home.html">the original</a> on 30 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2016</span>. <q>Thousands of people, dressed in white, come together to share in music, dance, performance art and visual stimulation. Holi One brings this unforgettable experience to cities all around the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holi+One&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+HOLI+ONE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holione.com%2Fen%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanjosecom-colormerad-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sanjosecom-colormerad_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanjose.com/2012/08/27/color_me_rad_5k_run/">"Color Me Rad 5K Run"</a>. SanJose.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Color+Me+Rad+5K+Run&rft.pub=SanJose.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanjose.com%2F2012%2F08%2F27%2Fcolor_me_rad_5k_run%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-colorrun-aljazeera-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-colorrun-aljazeera_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colorrun-aljazeera_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/08/hindu-holi-festival-shows-colours-uk-201482295351137251.html">"Hindu Holi festival shows its colours in UK"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hindu+Holi+festival+shows+its+colours+in+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2014%2F08%2Fhindu-holi-festival-shows-colours-uk-201482295351137251.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.6yka.com/novost/126379/oboji-svoje-ljeto-uz-bih-color-festival-28.-i-29.-jula-u-brckom">"Oboji svoje ljeto uz BiH Color Festival 28. i 29. jula u Brčkom"</a> (in Bosnian). 6yka.com. 13 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oboji+svoje+ljeto+uz+BiH+Color+Festival+28.+i+29.+jula+u+Br%C4%8Dkom&rft.pub=6yka.com&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.6yka.com%2Fnovost%2F126379%2Foboji-svoje-ljeto-uz-bih-color-festival-28.-i-29.-jula-u-brckom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161233/http://radiobrcko.ba/bih-color-festival-po-drugi-put-u-brckom/">"BiH Color Festival po drugi put u Brčkom"</a> (in Bosnian). otisak.ba. 25 July 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiobrcko.ba/bih-color-festival-po-drugi-put-u-brckom/">the original</a> on 18 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BiH+Color+Festival+po+drugi+put+u+Br%C4%8Dkom&rft.pub=otisak.ba&rft.date=2017-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiobrcko.ba%2Fbih-color-festival-po-drugi-put-u-brckom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Holi</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Holi" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Holi">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Holi" class="extiw" title="c:Holi">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10259" class="extiw" title="d:Q10259">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Festivals_in_the_Sindhi_calendar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sindhi_festivals" title="Template:Sindhi festivals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sindhi_festivals" title="Template talk:Sindhi festivals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sindhi_festivals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sindhi festivals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Festivals_in_the_Sindhi_calendar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sindhi festivals">Festivals in the Sindhi calendar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Major festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Cultural_Day" title="Sindhi Cultural Day">Sindhi Cultural Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Loi" title="Lal Loi">Lal Loi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti"> Makar Sankrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami"> Basant Panchmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri"> Shivratri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holi</a></li> <li>Dhudiyo</li> <li>Ram Navami</li> <li>Akhan Teej</li> <li>Chaliho Starts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Purnima</a> Guru Purnima</li> <li>Gogio - Nag Panchmi</li> <li>Chaliho Ends</li> <li>Rakhadi</li> <li>Teejadi</li> <li>Thadadi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a> Janmashtami</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li>Shradh Starts</li> <li>Mahalaxmi [Sagido Chhodinin]</li> <li>Shradh Ends</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri"> Navratra Starts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Navratra Ends</a></li> <li>Dashero</li> <li>Dhan Teras</li> <li>Diyari - Laxmi Pooja</li> <li>Gop Ashtami</li> <li>Guru Nanak Jayanti</li> <li>Geeta Jayanti</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diyarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Navratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_New_Year%27s_days" title="Indian New Year's days">Sindhi New Year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheti_Chand" title="Cheti Chand"> Chetri Chand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Literary Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Literature_Festival" title="Sindh Literature Festival">Sindh Literature Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Literature_Festival,_Pakistan" title="Hyderabad Literature Festival, Pakistan">Hyderabad Literary Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Holy days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Sindhi Muslims Holidays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sindhi festivals">List of Sindhi festivals</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sindhi_culture" title="Category:Sindhi culture">Sindhi Culture</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sindhi_festivals" title="Category:Sindhi festivals">Sindhi festivals</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_festivals" title="Category:Hindu festivals">Sindhi Hindu festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;link=Hinduism_Festivals_in_the_Hindu_calendar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFA500"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_festivals" title="Template talk:Hindu festivals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu festivals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;link=Hinduism_Festivals_in_the_Hindu_calendar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/20px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/30px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/40px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals"><span style="color:black">Festivals in the Hindu calendar</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Major festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayudha_Puja" title="Ayudha Puja">Ayudha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival"><span style="color:black">Harvest festivals</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhogi" title="Bhogi">Bhogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaravilakku" title="Makaravilakku">Makaravilakku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusn%C3%A2" title="Pusnâ">Pusnâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakrain" title="Shakrain">Shakrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569"><a href="/wiki/Indian_New_Year%27s_days" title="Indian New Year's days"><span style="color:black">New year's days</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balipratipada" title="Balipratipada">Balipratipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohag_Bihu" title="Bohag Bihu">Bohag Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_Parba" title="Bisu Parba">Bisu Parba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri#Chaitra_Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Chaitra Navaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheti_Chand" title="Cheti Chand">Cheti Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesha_Sankranti" title="Mesha Sankranti">Mesha Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mha_Puja" title="Mha Puja">Mha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jur_Sital" title="Jur Sital">Jur Sital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navreh" title="Navreh">Navreh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyepi" title="Nyepi">Nyepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pana_Sankranti" title="Pana Sankranti">Pana Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajibu_Nongma_Panba" title="Sajibu Nongma Panba">Sajibu Nongma Panba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankranti" title="Sankranti">Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Other festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aadi_Perukku" title="Aadi Perukku">Aadi Perukku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaubeej" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaubeej">Bhaubeej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datta_Jayanti" title="Datta Jayanti">Datta Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanteras" title="Dhanteras">Dhanteras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaura_(festival)" title="Gaura (festival)">Gaura Parva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowri_Habba" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowri Habba">Gowri Habba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthika_Deepam" title="Karthika Deepam">Karthika Deepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karva_Chauth" title="Karva Chauth">Karva Chauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Hindu_festivals" title="Kashmiri Hindu festivals">Kashmiri Hindu festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Vrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalakshmi Vrata">Mahalakshmi Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamaham" title="Mahamaham">Mahamaham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panguni_Uthiram" title="Panguni Uthiram">Panguni Uthiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargat_Diwas" title="Pargat Diwas">Pargat Diwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha-Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratha-Yatra">Ratha-Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Vrata" title="Savitri Vrata">Savitri Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_Vivaha" title="Tulasi Vivaha">Tulasi Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikasi_Visakam" title="Vaikasi Visakam">Vaikasi Visakam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Holy days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akshaya_Tritiya" title="Akshaya Tritiya">Akshaya Tritiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalaka_Ekadashi" title="Amalaka Ekadashi">Amalaka Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amavasya" title="Amavasya">Amavasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_Chaturdashi" title="Ananta Chaturdashi">Ananta Chaturdashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashadhi_Ekadashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashadhi Ekadashi">Ashadhi Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamada_Ekadashi" title="Kamada Ekadashi">Kamada Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartik_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik Purnima">Kartik Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Panchami" title="Naga Panchami">Naga Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_Chaturdashi" title="Naraka Chaturdashi">Naraka Chaturdashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narali_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Narali Purnima">Narali Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirjala_Ekadashi" title="Nirjala Ekadashi">Nirjala Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausha_Putrada_Ekadashi" title="Pausha Putrada Ekadashi">Pausha Putrada Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabodhini_Ekadashi" title="Prabodhini Ekadashi">Prabodhini Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradosha" title="Pradosha">Pradosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Panchami" title="Rishi Panchami">Rishi Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankashti_Chaturthi" title="Sankashti Chaturthi">Sankashti Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Purnima" title="Sharad Purnima">Sharad Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayani_Ekadashi" title="Shayani Ekadashi">Shayani Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravana_Putrada_Ekadashi" title="Shravana Putrada Ekadashi">Shravana Putrada Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha_Ekadashi" title="Vaikuntha Ekadashi">Vaikuntha Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuthini_Ekadashi" title="Varuthini Ekadashi">Varuthini Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vat_Purnima" title="Vat Purnima">Vat Purnima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569"><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people"><span style="color:black">Balinese festivals</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galungan" title="Galungan">Galungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyepi" title="Nyepi">Nyepi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Holy periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaturmasya" title="Chaturmasya">Chaturmasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitru_Paksha" title="Pitru Paksha">Pitru Paksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarayana" title="Uttarayana">Uttarayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshinayana" title="Dakshinayana">Dakshinayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFA500"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_festivals" title="Category:Hindu festivals"><span style="color:black">Hindu festivals</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Bengal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Bengal" title="Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Bengal" title="Template talk:West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Rivers of West Bengal">Rivers of West Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Political parties in West Bengal">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lok_Sabha_constituencies_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_district,_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and<br /> towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Bengal_cities_and_towns_by_district_templates" title="Category:West Bengal cities and towns by district templates">Cities and towns by district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantipuri_sari" title="Shantipuri sari">Shantipuri sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarban_Honey" title="Sundarban Honey">Sundarban Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate" title="List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate">List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Nihar Ranjan Gupta">Nihar Ranjan Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:West Bengal">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" 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