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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The latifundium and the villa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_latifundium_and_the_villa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The latifundium and the villa subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_latifundium_and_the_villa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monumental_Entrance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monumental_Entrance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Monumental Entrance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monumental_Entrance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_peristyle_garden_and_the_southern_rooms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_peristyle_garden_and_the_southern_rooms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The peristyle garden and the southern rooms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_peristyle_garden_and_the_southern_rooms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Basilica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Basilica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The Basilica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Basilica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triclinium_and_elliptical_peristyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triclinium_and_elliptical_peristyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Triclinium and elliptical peristyle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triclinium_and_elliptical_peristyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mosaics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosaics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mosaics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mosaics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mosaics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mosaics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Athletic_competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletic_competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Athletic competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletic_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Little_Hunt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Little_Hunt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Little Hunt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Little_Hunt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Villa Romana del Casale</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="فيلا رومانا ديل كاسالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلا رومانا ديل كاسالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Вила дел Казале – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вила дел Казале" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Villa Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C2%B7la_romana_del_Casale" title="Vil·la romana del Casale – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vil·la romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Villa Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Villa Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Villa Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B1_%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5" title="Βίλα Ρομάνα ντελ Καζάλε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βίλα Ρομάνα ντελ Καζάλε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_romana_del_Casale" title="Villa romana del Casale – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Villa romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Villa Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_del_Casale" title="Villa del Casale – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Villa del Casale" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87" title="ویلا رومانا دل کازاله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلا رومانا دل کازاله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_romaine_du_Casale" title="Villa romaine du Casale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Villa romaine du Casale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_Romana_del_Casale" title="Vila Romana del Casale – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vila Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%EB%9D%BC_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EB%82%98_%EB%8D%B8_%EC%B9%B4%EC%82%B4%EB%A0%88" title="빌라 로마나 델 카살레 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빌라 로마나 델 카살레" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_del_Casale" title="Villa del Casale – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Villa del Casale" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_Romana_del_Casale" title="Vila Romana del Casale – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vila Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_romana_del_Casale" title="Villa romana del Casale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Villa romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94" title="הווילה הרומאית בקזאלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הווילה הרומאית בקזאלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90-%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="ვილა-დელ-კაზალე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვილა-დელ-კაზალე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazales_romie%C5%A1u_villa" title="Kazales romiešu villa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kazales romiešu villa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazal%C4%97s_rom%C4%97n%C5%B3_vila" title="Kazalės romėnų vila – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kazalės romėnų vila" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Villa Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Вила Романа дел Казале – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вила Романа дел Казале" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Villa Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Villa Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC" title="ヴィッラ・ロマーナ・デル・カサーレ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィッラ・ロマーナ・デル・カサーレ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_del_Casale" title="Villa del Casale – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Villa del Casale" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_del_Casale" title="Villa del Casale – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Villa del Casale" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Villa Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Villa Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Вилла дель-Казале – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вилла дель-Казале" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Rumana_d%C3%BB_Casali" title="Villa Rumana dû Casali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Villa Rumana dû Casali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Villa Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Villa Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Вила Романа дел Казале – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вила Романа дел Казале" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Villa Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Villa Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Villa Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Villa Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Villa Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Вілла Романа дель Казале – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вілла Романа дель Казале" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Villa Romana del Casale" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E5%88%A5%E5%A2%85" title="卡薩爾別墅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡薩爾別墅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A5%E5%A2%85" title="卡薩爾的古羅馬別墅 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡薩爾的古羅馬別墅" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Villa_Romana_del_Casale&params=37_21_53_N_14_20_05_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°21′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°20′05″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.36472°N 14.33472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.36472; 14.33472</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Villa+Romana+del+Casale%22">"Villa Romana del Casale"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Villa+Romana+del+Casale%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Villa+Romana+del+Casale%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Villa+Romana+del+Casale%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Villa+Romana+del+Casale%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Villa+Romana+del+Casale%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">World Heritage Site in Sicily</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Villa Romana del Casale</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_tigre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_tigre.JPG/220px-Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_tigre.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_tigre.JPG/330px-Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_tigre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_tigre.JPG/440px-Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_tigre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A captive tigress in the big game hunt <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Villa Romana del Casale is located in Italy"><img alt="Villa Romana del Casale is located in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/250px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/375px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/500px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:82.936%;left:63.553%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Villa Romana del Casale"><img alt="Villa Romana del Casale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Italy</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Armerina" title="Piazza Armerina">Piazza Armerina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Enna" title="Province of Enna">Province of Enna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Villa_Romana_del_Casale&params=37_21_53_N_14_20_05_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°21′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°20′05″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.36472°N 14.33472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.36472; 14.33472</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">8.92 ha (22.0 acres)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">First quarter of the 4th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">12th century AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> to <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Orsi" title="Paolo Orsi">Paolo Orsi</a>, Giuseppe Cultrera, <a href="/wiki/Gino_Vinicio_Gentili" title="Gino Vinicio Gentili">Gino Vinicio Gentili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Carandini" title="Andrea Carandini">Andrea Carandini</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ownership</th><td class="infobox-data">Public</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villaromanadelcasale.it/">www<wbr />.villaromanadelcasale<wbr />.it</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Villa Romana del Casale</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">i, ii, iii</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1997 (21st <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/832">832</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Europe">Europe</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Villa Romana del Casale</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>: <i>Villa Rumana dû Casali</i>) is a large and elaborate <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villa</a> or palace located about 3 km from the town of <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Armerina" title="Piazza Armerina">Piazza Armerina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. Excavations have revealed <a href="/wiki/Roman_mosaics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman mosaics">Roman mosaics</a> which, according to the <a href="/wiki/Grove_Art_Online" title="Grove Art Online">Grove Dictionary of Art</a>, are the richest, largest and most varied collection that remains,<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for which the site was designated as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The villa and its artwork date to the early 4th century AD. </p><p>The mosaic and <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_sectile" title="Opus sectile">opus sectile</a></i> floors cover some 3,500 m<sup>2</sup> and are almost unique in their excellent state of preservation due to the landslide and floods that covered the remains.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although less well-known, an extraordinary collection of frescoes covered not only the interior rooms, but also the exterior walls. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Romana_del_Casale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa-del-Casale-plan-color-bjs-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Villa-del-Casale-plan-color-bjs-1.jpg/330px-Villa-del-Casale-plan-color-bjs-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Villa-del-Casale-plan-color-bjs-1.jpg/495px-Villa-del-Casale-plan-color-bjs-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Villa-del-Casale-plan-color-bjs-1.jpg/660px-Villa-del-Casale-plan-color-bjs-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the villa</figcaption></figure> <p>The visible remains of the villa were constructed in the first quarter of the 4th century AD on the remains of an older <i><a href="/wiki/Villa_rustica" title="Villa rustica">villa rustica</a></i> and are the <i>pars dominica</i>, or master's residence, of a large <i><a href="/wiki/Latifundium" title="Latifundium">latifundium</a></i> or agricultural estate.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nearby settlement of Philosophiana was probably the centre of production and commercial activities, as well as a rest stop along the Catania-Agrigento road, as mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Itinerarium_Antonini" class="mw-redirect" title="Itinerarium Antonini">Itinerarium Antonini</a> as a <i><a href="/wiki/Mansio" title="Mansio">mansio</a></i> or <i>statio</i>, for travellers looking for a shelter for the night and a change of horses. The latifundium extended to the mouth of the Gela river identifiable by the many brick stamps with inscriptions PHIL SOPH.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first two centuries of the Empire, Sicily had gone through an economic depression due to the production system of large estates based on slave labour: urban life had suffered a decline, the countryside was deserted and the rich owners did not reside there, as the lack of suitable villas would seem to indicate. Furthermore, the Roman government neglected the territory, which became a place of exile and a refuge for slaves and brigands. At the beginning of the 4th century rural Sicily entered a new period of prosperity with commercial settlements and agricultural villages that seem to reach the apex of their expansion and activity. New constructions are seen in the localities of Philosophiana, <a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Sciacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaukana" title="Kaukana">Kaukana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punta_Secca" title="Punta Secca">Punta Secca</a>), <a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a> and elsewhere. An obvious sign of transformation was the new title assigned to the governor of the island, from <i>corrector</i> to <i>consularis</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_del_Casale_(9528003795).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Villa_del_Casale_%289528003795%29.jpg/220px-Villa_del_Casale_%289528003795%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Villa_del_Casale_%289528003795%29.jpg/330px-Villa_del_Casale_%289528003795%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Villa_del_Casale_%289528003795%29.jpg/440px-Villa_del_Casale_%289528003795%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Peristyle</figcaption></figure> <p>The reasons seem to be twofold. Firstly, the renewed importance of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Proconsular_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Proconsular Africa">proconsular Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> for grain supplies to Italy, when Egyptian production, which had up to then satisfied the needs of Rome, was sent to Constantinople, the new imperial capital from 330. Sicily consequently assumed a central role on the new trade routes from Africa. Secondly, the more affluent classes, of equestrian and senatorial rank, began to abandon urban life by retreating to their possessions in the countryside, due to the growing tax burden and the expenses they had to pay for cities. The owners also looked after their own lands, which were no longer cultivated by slaves, but by colonists. Considerable sums of money were spent on enlarging, beautifying and making the villas more comfortable (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Tellaro" title="Villa Romana del Tellaro">Villa Romana del Tellaro</a>). </p><p>The owner's identity has long been discussed and many different hypotheses have been formulated. Some features such as the <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchic</a> military insignia and the probable Tetrarchic date of the mosaics have led scholars to suggest an imperial owner such as <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a>. Other scholars believe that the villa was the centre of the great estate of a high-level senatorial aristocrat.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three successive construction phases have been identified; the first phase involved the quadrangular <a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">peristyle</a> and the facing rooms. The private bath complex was then added on a north-west axis. In a third phase the villa took on a public character: the baths were given a new entrance and a large latrine. A grand monumental entrance was built, off-axis to the peristyle but aligned with the new baths' entrance in a formal arrangement with the elliptical (or ovoid) arcade and the grand tri-apsidal hall. This hall was used for entertainment and relaxation for special guests and replaced the two state halls of the peristyle (the “hall of the small hunt” and the “diaeta of Orpheus”). The basilica was expanded and decorated with beautiful and exotic marbles. </p><p>The complex remained inhabited for at least 150 years. A village grew around it, named <i>Platia</i> (derived from the word <i>palatium</i> (palace). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia.JPG/220px-Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia.JPG/330px-Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia.JPG/440px-Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Hunters in the <i>Great Hunt</i> mosaic</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 5th and 6th centuries, the villa was fortified for defensive purposes by thickening the perimeter walls and closing of the arcades of the aqueduct to the baths. The villa was damaged and perhaps destroyed during the short domination of the <a href="/wiki/Vandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandal">Vandals</a> between 469–<a href="/wiki/478" title="478">78</a>. The outbuildings remained in use, at least in part, during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> periods. The settlement was destroyed in 1160–1 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Sicily" title="William I of Sicily">William I</a>. The site was abandoned in the 12th century after a <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslide</a> covered the villa. Survivors moved to the current location of <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Armerina" title="Piazza Armerina">Piazza Armerina</a>. </p><p>The villa was almost entirely forgotten, although some of the tallest parts of the remains were always visible above ground. The area was cultivated for crops. Early in the 19th century, pieces of <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> and some columns were found. The first official archaeological excavations were carried out later in that century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first professional excavations were made by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Orsi" title="Paolo Orsi">Paolo Orsi</a> in 1929, followed by the work of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Cultrera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Cultrera (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Cultrera</a> in 1935–39. Major excavations took place in the period 1950–60 led by <a href="/wiki/Gino_Vinicio_Gentili" title="Gino Vinicio Gentili">Gino Vinicio Gentili</a>, after which a protective cover was built over the mosaics. In the 1970s <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Carandini" title="Andrea Carandini">Andrea Carandini</a> carried out excavations at the site. Work has continued to the present day by the University of Rome, La Sapienza. In 2004 a large mediaeval settlement of the 10–12th centuries was found. Since then further sumptuous rooms of the villa have also been revealed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_latifundium_and_the_villa">The latifundium and the villa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Romana_del_Casale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The latifundium and the villa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambulatory_of_the_Big_Game_Hunt_(looking_south)_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ambulatory_of_the_Big_Game_Hunt_%28looking_south%29_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG/170px-Ambulatory_of_the_Big_Game_Hunt_%28looking_south%29_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ambulatory_of_the_Big_Game_Hunt_%28looking_south%29_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG/255px-Ambulatory_of_the_Big_Game_Hunt_%28looking_south%29_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ambulatory_of_the_Big_Game_Hunt_%28looking_south%29_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG/340px-Ambulatory_of_the_Big_Game_Hunt_%28looking_south%29_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Ambulatory of the Big Game Hunt</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia (Roman province)</a></div> <p>In late antiquity the Romans partitioned most of the Sicilian hinterland into huge agricultural estates called <i>latifundia</i>. The size of the villa and the amount and quality of its artwork indicate that it was the <i>pars dominica</i> of such a latifundium. The villa's commercial part, or <i>pars rustica</i>, of the latifundium is most likely centred on the nearby settlement of Philosophiana<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6 km away and cited in the <a href="/wiki/Itinerarium_Antonini" class="mw-redirect" title="Itinerarium Antonini">Itinerarium Antonini</a>. However, to the west of the entrance area a room divided in three parts by pillars for storage of agricultural products is also related to agriculture. </p><p>The villa was so large as to include multiple reception and state rooms, which reflects the need to satisfy a number of different functions and to include spaces for the management of the estate as well as of the villa. This transformed the villa into a city in miniature. The villa would likely have been the permanent or semi-permanent residence of the owner; it would have been where the owner, in his role as patron, received his local clients. </p><p>The villa was a single-story building, centred on the <a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">peristyle</a>, around which almost all the main public and private rooms were organised. The monumental entrance is via the <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a> from the west. Thermal baths are located to the northwest; service rooms and probably guest rooms to the north; private apartments and a huge <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> to the east; and rooms of unknown purpose to the south. Somewhat detached, and appearing almost as an afterthought, is the separate area to the south containing the elliptical <a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">peristyle</a>, service rooms, and a huge <a href="/wiki/Triclinium" title="Triclinium">triclinium</a> (formal dining room). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_view_-_Two_apses_room_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/General_view_-_Two_apses_room_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG/220px-General_view_-_Two_apses_room_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/General_view_-_Two_apses_room_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG/330px-General_view_-_Two_apses_room_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/General_view_-_Two_apses_room_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG/440px-General_view_-_Two_apses_room_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Palaestra - Two apses room</figcaption></figure> <p>The overall plan of the villa was dictated by several factors: older constructions on the site, the slight slope on which it was built, and the path of the sun and prevailing winds. The higher ground to the east is occupied by the Great <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">Basilica</a>, the private apartments, and the Corridor of the Great Hunt; the middle ground by the <a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">Peristyle</a>, guest rooms, the entrance area, the Elliptical Peristyle, and the triclinium; while the lower ground to the west is dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal bath">thermal baths</a>. </p><p>The whole complex is somewhat unusual, as it is organised along three major axes; the primary axis is the (slightly bent) line that passes from the atrium, <a href="/wiki/Tablinum" title="Tablinum">tablinum</a>, peristyle and the great basilica (coinciding with the path visitors would follow). The division into three distinct nuclei and materially divided allowed separate uses without the risk of confusion or indiscretions. However, all the axes converge at the centre of the quadrangular peristyle and despite the asymmetries, the villa would therefore be the result of an organic and unitary project which, starting from the models of private buildings of the time (peristyle villa with apsidal hall and triclinium), introduced a series of variations to give originality and extraordinary monumentality to the entire complex. The unity of the building is also evidenced by the functionality of the internal paths and the subdivision between public and private parts. </p><p>The succession from the entrance of vestibule-court-narthex-apsidal hall, already in use during the courtly architecture of the lower Empire (such as the palace of Constantine in <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>), with a notable interchangeability, was also used in Christian basilicas (e.g. basilica of St. Peter in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>). </p><p>Little is known about the earlier villa, but it appears to have been a large country residence probably built around the beginning of the second century. </p><p>Recent excavations have found a second bath complex close to the storerooms at the entrance dating to the late antique phase and showing rare wall mosaics belonging to a basin or a fountain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monumental_Entrance">Monumental Entrance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Romana_del_Casale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Monumental Entrance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_remains_-_Polygonal_court_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mosaic_remains_-_Polygonal_court_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG/180px-Mosaic_remains_-_Polygonal_court_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mosaic_remains_-_Polygonal_court_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG/270px-Mosaic_remains_-_Polygonal_court_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mosaic_remains_-_Polygonal_court_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG/360px-Mosaic_remains_-_Polygonal_court_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Polygonal court mosaic</figcaption></figure> <p>Access to the villa was through a three-arched gateway, decorated with fountains and military paintings, and closely resembling a triumphal arch. This gave onto the horseshoe courtyard surrounded by marble columns with Ionic capitals with a square fountain at the centre. On the west side of the courtyard was a latrine, and also separate access was given to the baths and to the rest of the villa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_peristyle_garden_and_the_southern_rooms">The peristyle garden and the southern rooms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Romana_del_Casale&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The peristyle garden and the southern rooms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villadelcasale473.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Villadelcasale473.jpg/170px-Villadelcasale473.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Villadelcasale473.jpg/255px-Villadelcasale473.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Villadelcasale473.jpg/340px-Villadelcasale473.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="1599" /></a><figcaption>Diaeta of Orpheus, with an <a href="/wiki/Orpheus_mosaic" title="Orpheus mosaic">Orpheus mosaic</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The elegant peristyle garden is decorated with a three-basin fountain, in the centre of which decoration featuring fish swimming among the waves can be seen. Rooms 33 and 34 were dedicated to service functions and have mosaics with geometric motifs while room 34 also features a mosaic installed above the original floor showing female athletic competitions giving it the name “the room of the palestriti”. </p><p>Also on the south side is the so-called <i>diaeta of Orpheus</i>, an apsidal room adorned with a remarkable <a href="/wiki/Orpheus_mosaic" title="Orpheus mosaic">Orpheus mosaic</a>. As was usual, it shows Orpheus playing the lyre beneath a tree and taming every kind of animal with his music. This room was probably used as a summer dining room or, considering its floor subject, for the enjoyment of music. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_del_Casale_(9528013749).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Villa_del_Casale_%289528013749%29.jpg/250px-Villa_del_Casale_%289528013749%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Villa_del_Casale_%289528013749%29.jpg/375px-Villa_del_Casale_%289528013749%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Villa_del_Casale_%289528013749%29.jpg/500px-Villa_del_Casale_%289528013749%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Basilica with marble panels</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Basilica">The Basilica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Romana_del_Casale&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Basilica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This grand apsidal hall was an audience hall and the most formal room in the villa, accessed through a grand monumental entrance divided by two columns of pink Egyptian granite. An exceptionally elaborate polychrome <i>opus sectile</i> floor consisting of marbles coming from all over the Mediterranean lies at the entrance and is the richest decoration in the villa; it also covered the walls. This type of marble, rather than mosaic, constituted the material of greatest prestige in the Roman world. </p><p>The excavations showed that the apse vault was decorated with glass mosaics. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floor_-_Basilica_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015_(3).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Floor_-_Basilica_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015_%283%29.JPG/180px-Floor_-_Basilica_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015_%283%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Floor_-_Basilica_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015_%283%29.JPG/270px-Floor_-_Basilica_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015_%283%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Floor_-_Basilica_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015_%283%29.JPG/360px-Floor_-_Basilica_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015_%283%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Opus sectile floor - Basilica</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Triclinium_and_elliptical_peristyle">Triclinium and elliptical peristyle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Romana_del_Casale&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Triclinium and elliptical peristyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the south side of the villa is an elliptical peristyle, the Xystus, with a semi-circular <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum" title="Nymphaeum">nymphaeum</a> on the west side. In the open courtyard were fountains spurting from the mosaic pavement. </p><p>The Xystus forms a spectacular introduction to the luxurious tri-apsidal <a href="/wiki/Triclinium" title="Triclinium">triclinium</a>, the great hall that opens to the east. This contains a magnificent set of mosaics dominated in the centre by the enemies encountered by <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> during his twelve labours. In the north apse is his apotheosis crowned by <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, while to the east are the Giants with serpentine limbs and in their death throes, having been struck by Hercules’ arrows. In the south apse is the myth of <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycurgus of Thrace">Lycurgus</a> who tried to kill the nymph <a href="/wiki/Ambrosia" title="Ambrosia">Ambrosia</a>, but was encircled by grapevines and attacked by a crowd of <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Maenads</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mosaics">Mosaics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Romana_del_Casale&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mosaics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletic_competition">Athletic competition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Romana_del_Casale&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Athletic competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1959–60, Gentili excavated a mosaic on the floor of a room identified as the "Room of the Gymnasts", and also dubbed the "Chamber of the Ten Maidens" (<i>Sala delle Dieci Ragazze</i> in Italian). The subjects of the artwork appear in a mosaic that scholars have named <i>Coronation of the Winner</i>. Several women athletes are shown competing in sports that include weight-lifting, <a href="/wiki/Discus" class="mw-redirect" title="Discus">discus</a> throwing, running, and ball-games. A toga-wearing official on the bottom left holds the victor's trophies (a crown and a palm frond),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the victor herself appears crowned in the centre of the mosaic. Much attention has been given to the competitors' two-piece outfits, which closely resemble modern-day <a href="/wiki/Bikinis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikinis">bikinis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Little_Hunt">The Little Hunt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Romana_del_Casale&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Little Hunt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another well-preserved mosaic shows a hunt, that includes men hunting with dogs and capturing a variety of game. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_in_Villa_Romana_del_Casale,_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki,_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Little Hunt mosaic [detail]"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mosaic_in_Villa_Romana_del_Casale%2C_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki%2C_06.jpg/600px-Mosaic_in_Villa_Romana_del_Casale%2C_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki%2C_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mosaic_in_Villa_Romana_del_Casale%2C_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki%2C_06.jpg/900px-Mosaic_in_Villa_Romana_del_Casale%2C_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki%2C_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mosaic_in_Villa_Romana_del_Casale%2C_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki%2C_06.jpg/1200px-Mosaic_in_Villa_Romana_del_Casale%2C_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki%2C_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3066" data-file-height="1229" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_in_Villa_Romana_del_Casale,_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki,_06.jpg" title="File:Mosaic in Villa Romana del Casale, by Jerzy Strzelecki, 06.jpg"> </a></div>The <i>Little Hunt</i> mosaic [detail]</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Romana_del_Casale&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Romana_del_Casale_(356477240).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Small Game Hunt mosaic"><img alt="The Small Game Hunt mosaic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Villa_Romana_del_Casale_%28356477240%29.jpg/169px-Villa_Romana_del_Casale_%28356477240%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Villa_Romana_del_Casale_%28356477240%29.jpg/253px-Villa_Romana_del_Casale_%28356477240%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Villa_Romana_del_Casale_%28356477240%29.jpg/337px-Villa_Romana_del_Casale_%28356477240%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Small Game Hunt mosaic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosa%C3%AFque_de_la_Grande_Chasse,_villa_de_Casale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Hunt mosaic"><img alt="Great Hunt mosaic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mosa%C3%AFque_de_la_Grande_Chasse%2C_villa_de_Casale.jpg/153px-Mosa%C3%AFque_de_la_Grande_Chasse%2C_villa_de_Casale.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mosa%C3%AFque_de_la_Grande_Chasse%2C_villa_de_Casale.jpg/230px-Mosa%C3%AFque_de_la_Grande_Chasse%2C_villa_de_Casale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mosa%C3%AFque_de_la_Grande_Chasse%2C_villa_de_Casale.jpg/306px-Mosa%C3%AFque_de_la_Grande_Chasse%2C_villa_de_Casale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="2502" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Great Hunt mosaic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 414.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 412.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transport_d%27animaux_exotiques,_villa_de_Casale,_Piazza_Armerina,_Sicile,_Italie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Hunt mosaic depicts the capture and transportation of animals"><img alt="Great Hunt mosaic depicts the capture and transportation of animals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Transport_d%27animaux_exotiques%2C_villa_de_Casale%2C_Piazza_Armerina%2C_Sicile%2C_Italie.jpg/619px-Transport_d%27animaux_exotiques%2C_villa_de_Casale%2C_Piazza_Armerina%2C_Sicile%2C_Italie.jpg" decoding="async" width="413" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Transport_d%27animaux_exotiques%2C_villa_de_Casale%2C_Piazza_Armerina%2C_Sicile%2C_Italie.jpg/929px-Transport_d%27animaux_exotiques%2C_villa_de_Casale%2C_Piazza_Armerina%2C_Sicile%2C_Italie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Transport_d%27animaux_exotiques%2C_villa_de_Casale%2C_Piazza_Armerina%2C_Sicile%2C_Italie.jpg/1237px-Transport_d%27animaux_exotiques%2C_villa_de_Casale%2C_Piazza_Armerina%2C_Sicile%2C_Italie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2945" data-file-height="1072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Great Hunt mosaic depicts the capture and transportation of animals</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grande_chasse_chariot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oxen hauling caged prey"><img alt="Oxen hauling caged prey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Grande_chasse_chariot.jpg/338px-Grande_chasse_chariot.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Grande_chasse_chariot.jpg/507px-Grande_chasse_chariot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Grande_chasse_chariot.jpg/675px-Grande_chasse_chariot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oxen hauling caged prey</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chargement_%C3%A9l%C3%A9phant.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elephant being loaded onto ship"><img alt="Elephant being loaded onto ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Chargement_%C3%A9l%C3%A9phant.jpg/300px-Chargement_%C3%A9l%C3%A9phant.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Chargement_%C3%A9l%C3%A9phant.jpg/451px-Chargement_%C3%A9l%C3%A9phant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Chargement_%C3%A9l%C3%A9phant.jpg/600px-Chargement_%C3%A9l%C3%A9phant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elephant being loaded onto ship</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ehiza_Afrikan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hunting lioness with her prey being pointed out"><img alt="Hunting lioness with her prey being pointed out" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ehiza_Afrikan.JPG/300px-Ehiza_Afrikan.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ehiza_Afrikan.JPG/451px-Ehiza_Afrikan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ehiza_Afrikan.JPG/600px-Ehiza_Afrikan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hunting lioness with her prey being pointed out </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trio_en_barque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Supervisors on a ship"><img alt="Supervisors on a ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Trio_en_barque.jpg/300px-Trio_en_barque.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Trio_en_barque.jpg/451px-Trio_en_barque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Trio_en_barque.jpg/600px-Trio_en_barque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Supervisors on a ship</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaici_della_Villa_del_Casale_-_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_imbarcazione.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A ship in the Great Hunt mosaic"><img alt="A ship in the Great Hunt mosaic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mosaici_della_Villa_del_Casale_-_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_imbarcazione.JPG/300px-Mosaici_della_Villa_del_Casale_-_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_imbarcazione.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mosaici_della_Villa_del_Casale_-_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_imbarcazione.JPG/451px-Mosaici_della_Villa_del_Casale_-_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_imbarcazione.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mosaici_della_Villa_del_Casale_-_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_imbarcazione.JPG/600px-Mosaici_della_Villa_del_Casale_-_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_imbarcazione.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A ship in the <i>Great Hunt</i> mosaic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_soldato.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A hunter in the Great Hunt mosaic"><img alt="A hunter in the Great Hunt mosaic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_soldato.JPG/169px-Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_soldato.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_soldato.JPG/253px-Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_soldato.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_soldato.JPG/337px-Villa_romana_di_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_soldato.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A hunter in the <i>Great Hunt</i> mosaic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaici_della_Villa_del_Casale_-_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_lotta_con_belve.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A wounded lioness attacks a hunter in the Great Hunt mosaic"><img alt="A wounded lioness attacks a hunter in the Great Hunt mosaic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mosaici_della_Villa_del_Casale_-_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_lotta_con_belve.JPG/300px-Mosaici_della_Villa_del_Casale_-_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_lotta_con_belve.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mosaici_della_Villa_del_Casale_-_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_lotta_con_belve.JPG/451px-Mosaici_della_Villa_del_Casale_-_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_lotta_con_belve.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mosaici_della_Villa_del_Casale_-_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_lotta_con_belve.JPG/600px-Mosaici_della_Villa_del_Casale_-_Piazza_Armerina_-_Sicilia_-_lotta_con_belve.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A wounded <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lioness</a> attacks a hunter in the <i>Great Hunt</i> mosaic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Romana_del_Casale_Giant_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Giants mosaic"><img alt="The Giants mosaic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Villa_Romana_del_Casale_Giant_mosaic.jpg/322px-Villa_Romana_del_Casale_Giant_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Villa_Romana_del_Casale_Giant_mosaic.jpg/483px-Villa_Romana_del_Casale_Giant_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Villa_Romana_del_Casale_Giant_mosaic.jpg/643px-Villa_Romana_del_Casale_Giant_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3572" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Giants mosaic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_romana_skier.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two youths in motion"><img alt="Two youths in motion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Villa_romana_skier.jpg/338px-Villa_romana_skier.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Villa_romana_skier.jpg/507px-Villa_romana_skier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Villa_romana_skier.jpg/675px-Villa_romana_skier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1927" data-file-height="1285" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two youths in motion</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 243.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_del_casale_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Young boys hunting a rabbit, Child Hunters Mosaic"><img alt="Young boys hunting a rabbit, Child Hunters Mosaic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Villa_del_casale_13.jpg/365px-Villa_del_casale_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Villa_del_casale_13.jpg/548px-Villa_del_casale_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Villa_del_casale_13.jpg/729px-Villa_del_casale_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Young boys hunting a rabbit, Child Hunters Mosaic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulysses_and_Polyphemus_-_Vestibule_of_Polyphemus_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Polyphemus receiving a cup of wine from Ulysses. Anteroom (37) of the north apartment."><img alt="Polyphemus receiving a cup of wine from Ulysses. Anteroom (37) of the north apartment." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ulysses_and_Polyphemus_-_Vestibule_of_Polyphemus_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015_%281%29.JPG/338px-Ulysses_and_Polyphemus_-_Vestibule_of_Polyphemus_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ulysses_and_Polyphemus_-_Vestibule_of_Polyphemus_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015_%281%29.JPG/507px-Ulysses_and_Polyphemus_-_Vestibule_of_Polyphemus_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ulysses_and_Polyphemus_-_Vestibule_of_Polyphemus_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015_%281%29.JPG/675px-Ulysses_and_Polyphemus_-_Vestibule_of_Polyphemus_-_Villa_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polyphemus receiving a cup of wine from Ulysses. Anteroom (37) of the north apartment.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosa%C3%AFque_des_bikinis,_Piazza_Armerina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Female athletes competing in several sports"><img alt="Female athletes competing in several sports" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mosa%C3%AFque_des_bikinis%2C_Piazza_Armerina.jpg/345px-Mosa%C3%AFque_des_bikinis%2C_Piazza_Armerina.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mosa%C3%AFque_des_bikinis%2C_Piazza_Armerina.jpg/518px-Mosa%C3%AFque_des_bikinis%2C_Piazza_Armerina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mosa%C3%AFque_des_bikinis%2C_Piazza_Armerina.jpg/689px-Mosa%C3%AFque_des_bikinis%2C_Piazza_Armerina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2903" data-file-height="1897" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female athletes competing in several sports</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_-_Semicircular_atrium_-_Valle_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco – Semicircular atrium"><img alt="Fresco – Semicircular atrium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fresco_-_Semicircular_atrium_-_Valle_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG/338px-Fresco_-_Semicircular_atrium_-_Valle_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fresco_-_Semicircular_atrium_-_Valle_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG/507px-Fresco_-_Semicircular_atrium_-_Valle_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fresco_-_Semicircular_atrium_-_Valle_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG/675px-Fresco_-_Semicircular_atrium_-_Valle_Romana_del_Casale_-_Italy_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresco – Semicircular atrium</div> </li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Romana_del_Casale&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. J. A. Wilson: <i>Piazza Armerina</i>. In: Akiyama, Terakazu (Ed.): <i>The Dictionary of Art. Vol. 24: Pandolfini to Pitti.</i> Oxford 1998, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517068-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517068-7">0-19-517068-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070115153350/http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/villaromanadelcasale.html">"World Heritage Site"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/villaromanadelcasale.html">the original</a> on 15 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Heritage+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldheritagesite.org%2Fsites%2Fvillaromanadelcasale.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla+Romana+del+Casale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unesco, "Advisory Body Evaluation (ICOMOS)", 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villaromanadelcasale.it/en/la-villa-romana-del-casale2/la-villa/la-villa-tardoantica/">"La villa tardoantica"</a>, <i>La villa romana del casale</i> (in Italian)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+villa+romana+del+casale&rft.atitle=La+villa+tardoantica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.villaromanadelcasale.it%2Fen%2Fla-villa-romana-del-casale2%2Fla-villa%2Fla-villa-tardoantica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla+Romana+del+Casale" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Area archeologica di Sophiana <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.lasiciliainrete.it/directory-tangibili/listing/area-archeologica-di-sophiana/">https://www.lasiciliainrete.it/directory-tangibili/listing/area-archeologica-di-sophiana/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPensabeneGallocchio2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Pensabene, Patrizio; Gallocchio, Enrico (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/53-2/pensabene.pdf">"The Villa del Casale of Piazza Armerina"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Expedition Magazine</i>. Vol. 53, no. 2. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expedition+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Villa+del+Casale+of+Piazza+Armerina&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=35&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Pensabene&rft.aufirst=Patrizio&rft.au=Gallocchio%2C+Enrico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Fexpedition%2F53-2%2Fpensabene.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla+Romana+del+Casale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villaromanadelcasale.it/en/la-villa-romana-del-casale2/la-villa/la-storia-degli-scavi-della-villa-tardoantica/">"La storia degli scavi della villa tardoantica"</a>, <i>La villa romana del casale</i> (in Italian)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+villa+romana+del+casale&rft.atitle=La+storia+degli+scavi+della+villa+tardoantica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.villaromanadelcasale.it%2Fen%2Fla-villa-romana-del-casale2%2Fla-villa%2Fla-storia-degli-scavi-della-villa-tardoantica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla+Romana+del+Casale" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lasiciliainrete.it/en/directory-tangibili/listing/area-archeologica-di-sophiana/">"Archaeological area of Sophiana - Sicily on the Net"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeological+area+of+Sophiana+-+Sicily+on+the+Net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasiciliainrete.it%2Fen%2Fdirectory-tangibili%2Flisting%2Farea-archeologica-di-sophiana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla+Romana+del+Casale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valdinoto.com/english/villa_romana_del_casale.htm">Villa Romana del Casale</a>, Val di Noto</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ancientworldmagazine.com/articles/roman-girls-bikinis-mosaic-villa-romana-del-casale-sicily">"Roman girls in "bikinis": A mosaic from the Villa Romana del Casale"</a>. Ancient World Magazine. 27 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roman+girls+in+%22bikinis%22%3A+A+mosaic+from+the+Villa+Romana+del+Casale&rft.pub=Ancient+World+Magazine&rft.date=2018-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fancientworldmagazine.com%2Farticles%2Froman-girls-bikinis-mosaic-villa-romana-del-casale-sicily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla+Romana+del+Casale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Romana_del_Casale&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Petra C. Baum-vom Felde, <i>Die geometrischen Mosaiken der Villa bei Piazza Armerina</i>, Hamburg 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8300-0940-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-8300-0940-2">3-8300-0940-2</a></li> <li>Brigit Carnabuci: <i>Sizilien – Kunstreiseführer</i>, DuMont Buchverlag, Köln 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7701-4385-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-7701-4385-X">3-7701-4385-X</a></li> <li>Luciano Catullo and Gail Mitchell, 2000. <i>The Ancient Roman Villa of Casale at Piazza Armerina: Past and Present</i></li> <li>R. J. A. Wilson: <i>Piazza Armerina</i>, Granada Verlag: London 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-246-11396-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-246-11396-0">0-246-11396-0</a>.</li> <li>A. Carandini - A. Ricci - M. de Vos, Filosofiana, <i>The villa of Piazza Armerina. The image of a Roman aristocrat at the time of Constantine</i>, Palermo: 1982.</li> <li>S. Settis, "Per l'interpretazione di Piazza Armerina", in <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9langes_de_l%27%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_de_Rome" title="Mélanges de l'École française de Rome">Mélanges de l'École française de Rome</a>, Antiquité</i> 87, 1975, 2, pp. 873–994.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Romana_del_Casale&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/832/documents/">Unesco "Advisory Body Evaluation (ICOMOS)", 1997</a>, with good account</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weitzmann" title="Kurt Weitzmann">Weitzmann, Kurt</a>, ed., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/156533">Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century</a></i>, no. 105, 1979, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870991790" title="Special:BookSources/9780870991790">9780870991790</a>; full text available online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Romana_del_Casale&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Villa_del_Casale" class="extiw" title="commons:Villa del Casale"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Villa Romana del Casale</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villaromanadelcasale.it">Villa Romana del Casale Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbase.com/dosseman_italy/armerina&page=all">Pictures from the villa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bcDN2Ze41Fo">An exhaustive documentary that reflects the visit from the entrance to the last room of the Villa</a>, a video conceived by the art critic and curator dr <a href="/wiki/Alain_Chivil%C3%B2" title="Alain Chivilò">Alain Chivilò</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaeological_sites_in_Sicily" title="Template:Archaeological sites in Sicily"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archaeological_sites_in_Sicily" title="Template talk:Archaeological sites in Sicily"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological_sites_in_Sicily" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological sites in Sicily"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archaeological_sites_in_Sicily" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Archaeological sites in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Agrigento" title="Province of Agrigento">Province of Agrigento</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valle_dei_Templi" title="Valle dei Templi">Valle dei Templi</a> - <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Concordia,_Agrigento" title="Temple of Concordia, Agrigento">Temple of Concordia</a> - <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heracles,_Agrigento" title="Temple of Heracles, Agrigento">Temple of Heracles</a> - <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Juno,_Agrigento" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Juno, Agrigento">Temple of Juno</a> - <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus,_Agrigento" title="Temple of Olympian Zeus, Agrigento">Temple of Olympian Zeus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Concordia,_Agrigento.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Temple_of_Concordia%2C_Agrigento.jpg/100px-Temple_of_Concordia%2C_Agrigento.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Temple_of_Concordia%2C_Agrigento.jpg/150px-Temple_of_Concordia%2C_Agrigento.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Temple_of_Concordia%2C_Agrigento.jpg/200px-Temple_of_Concordia%2C_Agrigento.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3714" data-file-height="2512" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Selinunte_Panoramic_View_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Selinunte_Panoramic_View_1.jpg/100px-Selinunte_Panoramic_View_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Selinunte_Panoramic_View_1.jpg/150px-Selinunte_Panoramic_View_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Selinunte_Panoramic_View_1.jpg/200px-Selinunte_Panoramic_View_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5654" data-file-height="2026" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Segesta-Theater01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Segesta-Theater01.JPG/100px-Segesta-Theater01.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Segesta-Theater01.JPG/150px-Segesta-Theater01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Segesta-Theater01.JPG/200px-Segesta-Theater01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caltanissetta" title="Province of Caltanissetta">Province of Caltanissetta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosco_Littorio" title="Bosco Littorio">Bosco Littorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_baths_of_Gela" title="Greek baths of Gela">Greek baths of Gela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibil_Gabib" title="Gibil Gabib">Gibil Gabib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Bubbonia" title="Monte Bubbonia">Monte Bubbonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polizzello_archaeological_site" title="Polizzello archaeological site">Polizzello archaeological site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabucina" title="Sabucina">Sabucina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassallaggi" title="Vassallaggi">Vassallaggi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Catania" title="Province of Catania">Province of Catania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aetna_(city)" title="Aetna (city)">Aetna (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Katáne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palike" title="Palike">Palike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Ippolito_(hill)" title="Sant'Ippolito (hill)">Sant'Ippolito (Caltagirone)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Enna" title="Province of Enna">Province of Enna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centuripe" title="Centuripe">Centuripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgantina" title="Morgantina">Morgantina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Villa Romana del Casale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Messina" title="Province of Messina">Province of Messina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abacaenum" title="Abacaenum">Abacaenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaesa" title="Halaesa">Halaesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_theatre_of_Taormina" title="Ancient theatre of Taormina">Ancient theatre of Taormina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana_di_Patti" title="Villa Romana di Patti">Villa Romana di Patti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Palermo" title="Province of Palermo">Province of Palermo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entella" title="Entella">Entella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotta_dell%27Addaura" title="Grotta dell'Addaura">Grotta dell'Addaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippana" title="Hippana">Hippana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietas" title="Ietas">Ietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirama_(Sicily)" title="Pirama (Sicily)">Pirama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soluntum" title="Soluntum">Soluntum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ragusa" title="Province of Ragusa">Province of Ragusa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaukana" title="Kaukana">Kaukana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Syracuse" title="Province of Syracuse">Province of Syracuse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santoni" title="Santoni">Santoni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cava_del_Rivettazzo" title="Cava del Rivettazzo">Cava del Rivettazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonne_di_San_Basilio" title="Colonne di San Basilio">Colonne di San Basilio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netum" title="Netum">Netum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrakousai" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrakousai">Syrakousai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre_of_Syracuse" title="Roman amphitheatre of Syracuse">Roman amphitheatre of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_of_Hieron" title="Altar of Hieron">Altar of Hieron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_of_Dionysius" title="Ear of Dionysius">Ear of Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galermi_Aqueduct" title="Galermi Aqueduct">Galermi Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Theatre_of_Syracuse" title="Greek Theatre of Syracuse">Greek Theatre of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotta_del_Ninfeo" title="Grotta del Ninfeo">Grotta del Ninfeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_(Syracuse)" title="Temple of Athena (Syracuse)">Temple of Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Syracuse)" title="Temple of Apollo (Syracuse)">Temple of Apollo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolis_of_Cassibile" title="Necropolis of Cassibile">Necropolis of Cassibile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolis_of_Pantalica" title="Necropolis of Pantalica">Necropolis of Pantalica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thapsos" title="Thapsos">Thapsos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Tellaro" title="Villa Romana del Tellaro">Villa Romana del Tellaro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Trapani" title="Province of Trapani">Province of Trapani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a>/<a href="/wiki/Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drepanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Drepanum">Drepanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halyciae" title="Halyciae">Halyciae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levanzo" title="Levanzo">Grotta del Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Polizzo" title="Monte Polizzo">Monte Polizzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_C_(Selinus)" title="Temple C (Selinus)">Temple C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_E_(Selinus)" title="Temple E (Selinus)">Temple E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_F_(Selinus)" title="Temple F (Selinus)">Temple F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_di_Cusa" title="Cave di Cusa">Cave di Cusa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_furnaces_in_Alcamo" title="Roman furnaces in Alcamo">Roman furnaces in Alcamo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites in Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Italy" title="Northwest Italy">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crespi_d%27Adda" title="Crespi d'Adda">Crespi d'Adda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_center_of_Genoa" title="Historic center of Genoa">Historic center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivrea" title="Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabbioneta" title="Sabbioneta">Sabbioneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_San_Giorgio" title="Monte San Giorgio">Monte San Giorgio</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto_Venere" title="Porto Venere">Porto Venere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmaria_(island)" title="Palmaria (island)">Palmaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tino_(island)" title="Tino (island)">Tino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tinetto" title="Tinetto">Tinetto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinque_Terre" title="Cinque Terre">Cinque Terre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residences_of_the_Royal_House_of_Savoy" title="Residences of the Royal House of Savoy">Residences of the Royal House of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_Railway" title="Rhaetian Railway">Rhaetian Railway</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Albula_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Albula Railway">Albula</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernina_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernina railway">Bernina</a> Landscapes<sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Rock Drawings in Valcamonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacri_Monti_of_Piedmont_and_Lombardy" title="Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy"><i>Sacri Monti</i> of Piedmont and Lombardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_(Milan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)">Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard_Landscape_of_Piedmont:_Langhe-Roero_and_Monferrato" title="Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato">Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont</a>: <a href="/wiki/Langhe" title="Langhe">Langhe</a>-<a href="/wiki/Roero" title="Roero">Roero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montferrat" title="Montferrat">Monferrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dolomites" title="Dolomites">Dolomites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li> <li>Le Colline del <a href="/wiki/Prosecco" title="Prosecco">Prosecco</a> di <a href="/wiki/Conegliano" title="Conegliano">Conegliano</a> e <a href="/wiki/Valdobbiadene" title="Valdobbiadene">Valdobbiadene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modena_Cathedral" title="Modena Cathedral">Modena Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torre_della_Ghirlandina" title="Torre della Ghirlandina">Torre della Ghirlandina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modena#Main_sights" title="Modena">Piazza Grande, Modena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Padova" title="Orto botanico di Padova">Orto botanico di Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padua%27s_fourteenth-century_fresco_cycles" title="Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles">Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticoes_of_Bologna" title="Porticoes of Bologna">Porticoes of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna#Main_sights" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Vicenza_and_the_Palladian_Villas_of_the_Veneto" title="City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto">City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li>Etruscan Necropolises of <a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spa_Towns_of_Europe" title="Great Spa Towns of Europe">Great Spa Towns of Europe - Montecatini Terme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Florence" title="Historic Centre of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_villas" title="Medici villas">Medici villas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_dei_Miracoli" title="Piazza dei Miracoli">Piazza del Duomo, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pienza" title="Pienza">Pienza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gimignano" title="San Gimignano">San Gimignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Orcia" title="Val d'Orcia">Val d'Orcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Italy" title="South Italy">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberobello" title="Alberobello">Alberobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_del_Monte,_Apulia" title="Castel del Monte, Apulia">Castel del Monte, Apulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_Nazionale_del_Cilento,_Vallo_di_Diano_e_Alburni" title="Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni">Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Velia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Padula" title="Certosa di Padula">Certosa di Padula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis">Oplontis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Naples" title="Historic Centre of Naples">Historic Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta" title="Royal Palace of Caserta">Royal Palace of Caserta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Vanvitelli" title="Aqueduct of Vanvitelli">Aqueduct of Vanvitelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Leucio" title="San Leucio">San Leucio Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassi_di_Matera" title="Sassi di Matera">Sassi di Matera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Italy" title="Insular Italy">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Norman_Palermo_and_the_Cathedral_Churches_of_Cefal%C3%B9_and_Monreale" title="Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale">Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_dei_Templi" title="Valle dei Templi">Archaeological Area of Agrigento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Nuraxi_(Barumini)" title="Su Nuraxi (Barumini)">Barumini nuraghes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Necropolis_of_Pantalica" title="Necropolis of Pantalica">Necropolis of Pantalica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_di_Noto" title="Val di Noto">Val di Noto</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Villa Romana del Casale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countrywide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longobards_in_Italy,_Places_of_Power_(568%E2%80%93774_A.D.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)">Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cividale_del_Friuli" title="Cividale del Friuli">Cividale del Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelseprio_(archaeological_park)" title="Castelseprio (archaeological park)">Castelseprio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Clitumnus" title="Temple of Clitumnus">Temple of Clitumnus</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Campello_sul_Clitunno" title="Campello sul Clitunno">Campello sul Clitunno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia,_Benevento" title="Santa Sofia, Benevento">Santa Sofia</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo">Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Monte Sant'Angelo">Monte Sant'Angelo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Works_of_Defence_between_15th_and_17th_centuries:_Stato_da_Terra_%E2%80%93_western_Stato_da_Mar" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar">Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries</a><sup>5</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmanova" title="Palmanova">Palmanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peschiera_del_Garda" title="Peschiera del Garda">Peschiera del Garda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> with 17 other countries</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505617#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505617#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505617#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/243846982">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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