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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bathing_in_Greek_and_Roman_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bathing_in_Greek_and_Roman_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bathing in Greek and Roman times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bathing_in_Greek_and_Roman_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bathing_in_medieval_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bathing_in_medieval_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bathing in medieval times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bathing_in_medieval_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bathing_in_the_18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bathing_in_the_18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bathing in the 18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bathing_in_the_18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bathing_in_the_19th_and_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bathing_in_the_19th_and_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Bathing in the 19th and 20th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bathing_in_the_19th_and_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bathing_in_colonial_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bathing_in_colonial_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Bathing in colonial America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bathing_in_colonial_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bathing_in_19th-_and_20th-century_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bathing_in_19th-_and_20th-century_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Bathing in 19th- and 20th-century America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bathing_in_19th-_and_20th-century_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Recent trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation_of_the_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation_of_the_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regulation of the industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation_of_the_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حمامات طبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمامات طبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balneario" title="Balneario – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Balneario" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Спа (физиотерапия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Спа (физиотерапия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa_(salut)" title="Spa (salut) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Spa (salut)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1ze%C5%88sk%C3%A1_p%C3%A9%C4%8De" title="Lázeňská péče – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lázeňská péče" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sba" title="Sba – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sba" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa_(Gesundheit)" title="Spa (Gesundheit) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spa (Gesundheit)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaa" title="Spaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Spaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C" title="Λουτρό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουτρό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa_(salud)" title="Spa (salud) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Spa (salud)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa_(kuracloko)" title="Spa (kuracloko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Spa (kuracloko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="اسپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa_(%C3%A9tablissement)" title="Spa (établissement) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spa (établissement)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%8C" title="스파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="स्पा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्पा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplice" title="Toplice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Toplice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebe_%E1%BB%8Cm%E1%BB%A5m%E1%BB%A5_Ihe" title="Ebe Ọmụmụ Ihe – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ebe Ọmụmụ Ihe" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terme" title="Terme – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terme" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%90_(%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="ספא (מרחצאות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספא (מרחצאות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE" title="ಸ್ಪಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಪಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumba_cha_masaji" title="Chumba cha masaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chumba cha masaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPA" title="SPA – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="SPA" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B3gyf%C3%BCrd%C5%91" title="Gyógyfürdő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyógyfürdő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC)" title="سبا (مساج) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سبا (مساج)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badeanstalt" title="Badeanstalt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Badeanstalt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa" title="Spa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa" title="Spa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Spa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa_(terapeutyka)" title="Spa (terapeutyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spa (terapeutyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa" title="Spa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Spa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa_(fizioterapie)" title="Spa (fizioterapie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spa (fizioterapie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Спа (физиотерапия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спа (физиотерапия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa" title="Spa – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Spa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llixha" title="Llixha – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Llixha" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa" title="Spa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Бања – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бања" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terme" title="Terme – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Terme" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylpyl%C3%A4" title="Kylpylä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kylpylä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa" title="Spa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="மருத்து நீருற்று – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மருத்து நீருற்று" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2" title="สปา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สปา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa" title="Spa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Spa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Спа (фізіотерапія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спа (фізіотерапія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa" title="Spa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Location where mineral-rich spring water is used to give medicinal baths</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about balneotherapy resorts. For balneotherapy itself, see <a href="/wiki/Balneotherapy" title="Balneotherapy">balneotherapy</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Spa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Spa (disambiguation)">Spa (disambiguation)</a>. For the hydrotherapy water pool, see <a href="/wiki/Hot_tub" title="Hot tub">hot tub</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Thermal bath" redirects here. For the concept in thermodynamics, see <a href="/wiki/Thermal_reservoir" title="Thermal reservoir">thermal reservoir</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medicinal_spa_of_Hark%C3%A1ny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Medicinal_spa_of_Hark%C3%A1ny.jpg/200px-Medicinal_spa_of_Hark%C3%A1ny.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Medicinal_spa_of_Hark%C3%A1ny.jpg/300px-Medicinal_spa_of_Hark%C3%A1ny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Medicinal_spa_of_Hark%C3%A1ny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The medicinal spa of <a href="/wiki/Hark%C3%A1ny" title="Harkány">Harkány</a> is supplied by thermal wells that produce high sulphide content chloride water containing sodium-, calcium- and hydrogen carbonate.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>spa</b> is a location where mineral-rich <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">spring water</a> (sometimes <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a>) is used to give <a href="/wiki/Medicinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal">medicinal</a> baths. Spa health treatments are known as <a href="/wiki/Balneotherapy" title="Balneotherapy">balneotherapy</a>. The belief in the curative powers of <a href="/wiki/Mineral_water" title="Mineral water">mineral waters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a> goes back to prehistoric times.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Spa_town" title="Spa town">Spa towns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spa_resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Spa resort">spa resorts,</a> and <a href="/wiki/Day_spa" title="Day spa">day spas</a> are popular worldwide, but are especially widespread in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Japan</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mineral_spa" title="Mineral spa">Mineral spa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parc,_Rue_Royale_pic1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Parc%2C_Rue_Royale_pic1.jpg/220px-Parc%2C_Rue_Royale_pic1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Parc%2C_Rue_Royale_pic1.jpg/330px-Parc%2C_Rue_Royale_pic1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Parc%2C_Rue_Royale_pic1.jpg/440px-Parc%2C_Rue_Royale_pic1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The town of <a href="/wiki/Spa,_Belgium" title="Spa, Belgium">Spa, Belgium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term is derived from the town of <a href="/wiki/Spa,_Belgium" title="Spa, Belgium">Spa, Belgium</a>, whose name in <a href="/wiki/Roman_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman times">Roman times</a> was <i>Aquae Spadanae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is sometimes incorrectly attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i>spargere</i>, meaning to scatter, sprinkle, or moisten.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> era, illnesses caused by iron deficiency were treated by drinking <a href="/wiki/Chalybeate" title="Chalybeate">chalybeate</a>. In 1326, <a href="/wiki/Ironmaster" title="Ironmaster">ironmaster</a> Collin le Loup discovered the treatment. The water was sourced from a spring called <i>Espa</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> word for "fountain".<sup id="cite_ref-medhyd_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medhyd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/16th-century_England" class="mw-redirect" title="16th-century England">16th-century England</a>, the old <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> ideas of medicinal bathing were revived in towns like <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> (named for its Roman baths). In 1596, <a href="/wiki/William_Slingsby" title="William Slingsby">William Slingsby,</a> who had been to <a href="/wiki/Spa,_Belgium" title="Spa, Belgium">Spa, Belgium</a> (which he called <i>Spaw</i>), discovered a <a href="/wiki/Chalybeate" title="Chalybeate">chalybeate</a> spring in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>. He built an enclosed well at what became known as <a href="/wiki/Harrogate" title="Harrogate">Harrogate</a>, the first resort in England for drinking medicinal waters. In 1596, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Bright" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Bright">Timothy Bright,</a> after discovering a second well, called the resort <i>The English Spaw</i>, beginning the use of the word <i>Spa</i> as a generic description. </p><p>It is commonly claimed, in a commercial context, that the word is an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> of various Latin phrases, such as <i>salus per aquam</i> or <i>sanitas per aquam</i>, meaning "health through water".<sup id="cite_ref-leisurerec_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leisurerec-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The derivation does not appear before the early 21st century. It is likely a <a href="/wiki/Backronym" title="Backronym">backronym</a> as it does not match the known Roman name for the location.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Baths_in_Bath_Spa,_England_-_July_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the Baths showing a rectangular area of greenish water surrounded by yellow stone buildings with pillars. In the background is the tower of the abbey." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Roman_Baths_in_Bath_Spa%2C_England_-_July_2006.jpg/220px-Roman_Baths_in_Bath_Spa%2C_England_-_July_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Roman_Baths_in_Bath_Spa%2C_England_-_July_2006.jpg/330px-Roman_Baths_in_Bath_Spa%2C_England_-_July_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Roman_Baths_in_Bath_Spa%2C_England_-_July_2006.jpg/440px-Roman_Baths_in_Bath_Spa%2C_England_-_July_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2638" data-file-height="2296" /></a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_(Bath)" title="Roman Baths (Bath)">Roman Baths</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath, England</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solun_-_bizantsko_kupaliste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Solun_-_bizantsko_kupaliste.jpg/220px-Solun_-_bizantsko_kupaliste.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Solun_-_bizantsko_kupaliste.jpg/330px-Solun_-_bizantsko_kupaliste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Solun_-_bizantsko_kupaliste.jpg/440px-Solun_-_bizantsko_kupaliste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banja_Slatina_ljeto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Banja_Slatina_ljeto.jpg/220px-Banja_Slatina_ljeto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Banja_Slatina_ljeto.jpg/330px-Banja_Slatina_ljeto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Banja_Slatina_ljeto.jpg/440px-Banja_Slatina_ljeto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3472" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Slatina,_Fo%C4%8Da" title="Slatina, Foča">Slatina Spa</a> in Bosnia and Herzegovina</figcaption></figure> <p>Spa therapies have existed since the classical times when taking bath with water was considered as a popular means to treat illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-A_brief_history_of_spa_therapy_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_brief_history_of_spa_therapy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of travelling to hot or cold springs for medicinal purposes dates back to prehistoric times.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Archaeological investigations near hot springs in France and <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> revealed <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> weapons and offerings. </p><p>Many people around the world believed that bathing in a particular spring, well, or river resulted in physical and spiritual purification. Forms of ritual purification existed among the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>. Today, <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual purification</a> through water can be found in the religious ceremonies of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>. These ceremonies reflect the ancient belief in the healing and purifying properties of water. Complex bathing rituals were also practiced in ancient Egypt, in prehistoric cities of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean civilizations</a>. Typically, people did little construction around the water, and what was constructed was temporary.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bathing_in_Greek_and_Roman_times">Bathing in Greek and Roman times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bathing in Greek and Roman times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diocletianopolis_The_Southern_Gate_at_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Diocletianopolis_The_Southern_Gate_at_Night.jpg/220px-Diocletianopolis_The_Southern_Gate_at_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Diocletianopolis_The_Southern_Gate_at_Night.jpg/330px-Diocletianopolis_The_Southern_Gate_at_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Diocletianopolis_The_Southern_Gate_at_Night.jpg/440px-Diocletianopolis_The_Southern_Gate_at_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2225" data-file-height="1483" /></a><figcaption>The spa town of <a href="/wiki/Hisarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisarya">Hisarya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. An ancient Roman city was built in the 1st century AD because of the mineral springs in the vicinity. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006-05_Archeon_binnenhof_badhuis-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/2006-05_Archeon_binnenhof_badhuis-2.JPG/220px-2006-05_Archeon_binnenhof_badhuis-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/2006-05_Archeon_binnenhof_badhuis-2.JPG/330px-2006-05_Archeon_binnenhof_badhuis-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/2006-05_Archeon_binnenhof_badhuis-2.JPG/440px-2006-05_Archeon_binnenhof_badhuis-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Coriovallum Roman baths in <a href="/wiki/Heerlen" title="Heerlen">Heerlen</a>, the Netherlands (reconstructed)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba%C3%B1os_de_Alange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ba%C3%B1os_de_Alange.jpg/220px-Ba%C3%B1os_de_Alange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ba%C3%B1os_de_Alange.jpg/330px-Ba%C3%B1os_de_Alange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ba%C3%B1os_de_Alange.jpg/440px-Ba%C3%B1os_de_Alange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baths_of_Alange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baths of Alange (page does not exist)">Roman Baths of Alange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the earliest descriptions of western bathing practices came from Greece. The Greeks began bathing regimens that formed the foundation for modern spa procedures. Aegean people utilized small bathtubs, wash basins, and foot baths for personal cleanliness. The earliest such findings are the baths in the palace complex at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> bathtubs excavated in <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_(prehistoric_city)" title="Akrotiri (prehistoric city)">Akrotiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>; both date from the mid-2nd millennium BC. They established public baths and showers within their <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasium</a> complexes for relaxation and personal hygiene. <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> specified that certain natural springs or <a href="/wiki/Tidal_pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal pool">tidal pools</a> were blessed by the gods to cure disease. Around these sacred pools, Greeks established bathing facilities for those desiring healing. Supplicants left offerings to the gods for healing at these sites and bathed themselves in hopes of a cure. The <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartans</a> developed a primitive vapor bath. At <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serangeum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serangeum (page does not exist)">Serangeum</a>, an early Greek <i>balneum</i> (bathhouse, loosely translated), bathing chambers were cut into the hillside from which the hot springs issued. A series of niches cut into the rock above the chambers held bathers' clothing. One of the bathing chambers had a decorative mosaic floor depicting a driver and chariot pulled by four horses, a woman followed by two dogs, and a dolphin below. Thus, the early Greeks used the natural features, but expanded them and added their own amenities, such as decorations and shelves. During later Greek civilization, bathhouses were often built in conjunction with athletic fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Ancient Roman bathing</a></div> <p>The Romans emulated many of the Greek bathing practices. Romans surpassed the Greeks in the size and complexity of their baths, due to the larger size and population of Roman cities, the availability of running water following the building of <a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">aqueducts</a>, and the invention of <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>, which made building large edifices easier, safer, and cheaper. As in Greece, the Roman bath became a focal center for social and recreational activity. As the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> expanded, the concept of the public bath spread to all parts of the Mediterranean and into regions of Europe and North Africa. With the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">aqueducts</a>, the Romans had enough water not only for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses, but also for leisurely pursuits. The aqueducts provided water that was later heated for use in the baths. Today, the extent of the Roman bath is found at ruins and in archaeological excavations in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romans also developed baths in their colonies, taking advantage of the natural hot springs occurring in Europe to construct baths at <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vichy,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy, France">Vichy</a> in France, <a href="/wiki/Bath,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath, England">Bath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buxton" title="Buxton">Buxton</a> in England, <a href="/wiki/Aachen,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Aachen, Germany">Aachen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Baden,_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Baden, Austria">Baden, Austria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aquincum" title="Aquincum">Aquincum</a> in Hungary, among other locations. These baths became centers for recreational and social activities in Roman communities. Libraries, lecture halls, gymnasiums, and formal gardens became part of some bath complexes. In addition, the Romans used the hot thermal waters to relieve their suffering from <a href="/wiki/Rheumatism" title="Rheumatism">rheumatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>, and overindulgence in food and drink. The decline of the Roman Empire in the west, beginning in AD 337 after the death of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Constantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Constantine">Emperor Constantine</a>, resulted in Roman legions abandoning their outlying provinces and leaving the baths to be taken over by the local population or destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman bathing ritual included undressing, bathing, sweating, receiving a massage, and resting. Each procedure required separated, purpose-built rooms. The segregation of the sexes and the additions of diversions not directly related to bathing also had direct impacts on the shape and form of bathhouses. The elaborate Roman bathing ritual and its resultant architecture served as precedents for later European and American bathing facilities. Formal garden spaces and opulent architectural arrangement equal to those of the Romans reappeared in Europe by the end of the 18th century. Major American spas followed suit a century later.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bathing_in_medieval_times">Bathing in medieval times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bathing in medieval times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aachen_Kaiserbad_1682.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aachen_Kaiserbad_1682.jpg/220px-Aachen_Kaiserbad_1682.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aachen_Kaiserbad_1682.jpg/330px-Aachen_Kaiserbad_1682.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aachen_Kaiserbad_1682.jpg/440px-Aachen_Kaiserbad_1682.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>Hot springs at <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, Germany, 1682</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></div> <p>With the decline of the Roman Empire, the public baths often became places of licentious behavior, and such use was responsible for the spread rather than the cure of diseases. A general belief developed among the European populace was that frequent bathing promoted disease and sickness. Medieval church authorities encouraged this belief and made every effort to close down public baths. Ecclesiastical officials believed that public bathing created an environment open to immorality and disease. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> officials even banned public bathing in an unsuccessful effort to halt <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> epidemics from sweeping Europe. Overall, this period represented a time of decline for public bathing.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People continued to seek out a few select hot and cold springs, believed to be holy wells, to cure various ailments. In an age of religious fervor, the benefits of the water were attributed to God or one of the saints. In 1326, Collin le Loup, an ironmaster from <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, discovered the <a href="/wiki/Chalybeate" title="Chalybeate">chalybeate</a> springs of <a href="/wiki/Spa,_Belgium" title="Spa, Belgium">Spa, Belgium</a>. Around these springs, a famous health resort eventually grew and the term "spa" came to refer to any health resort located near natural springs. During this period, individual springs became associated with the specific ailment that they could allegedly benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagno_del_Papa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bagno_del_Papa.jpg/220px-Bagno_del_Papa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bagno_del_Papa.jpg/330px-Bagno_del_Papa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bagno_del_Papa.jpg/440px-Bagno_del_Papa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption><i>Bagno del Papa</i> in <a href="/wiki/Viterbo" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Great <a href="/wiki/Bath_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath House">bathhouses</a> were built in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine centers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Popes" class="mw-redirect" title="Popes">popes</a> allocated to the Romans bathing through <i><a href="/wiki/Diaconia" title="Diaconia">diaconia</a></i>, or private <a href="/wiki/Lateran" title="Lateran">Lateran</a> baths, or even a myriad of monastic <a href="/wiki/Bath_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath House">bath houses</a> functioning in the eighth and ninth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Paolo_Squatriti_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paolo_Squatriti-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Popes" class="mw-redirect" title="Popes">Popes</a> maintained baths in their residences, and <a href="/wiki/Bath_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath House">bath houses</a> known as "<a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">charity baths</a>" as they served both the clerics and the poor incorporated into Christian Church buildings or those of monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-ASpiritualHistory_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASpiritualHistory-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church also built <a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">public bathing</a> facilities that were separate for both sexes near monasteries and pilgrimage sites. Popes situated baths within church basilicas and monasteries since the early Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_Thurlkill_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary_Thurlkill-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholic religious orders of the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a>' and <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a>' rules contained <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual purification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monks played a role in the development and promotion of the spa, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a>'s encouragement for the practice of therapeutic bathing.<sup id="cite_ref-ASpiritualHistory_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASpiritualHistory-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> also played a prominent role in the development of the British spas.<sup id="cite_ref-ASpiritualHistory_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASpiritualHistory-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">Public bathing</a> and spas were common in medieval <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> in larger towns and cities such as <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg,</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bathing procedures during this period varied greatly. In the 16th century, physicians at <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Karlsbad, Bohemia</a>, prescribed mineral water to be taken internally as well as externally. Patients periodically bathed in warm water for up to 10 or 11 hours while drinking glasses of mineral water. The first bath session occurred in the morning, and the second in the afternoon. This treatment lasted several days until skin pustules formed and broke resulting in the draining of "poisons" considered to be the source of the disease. This was followed by a series of shorter, hotter baths to wash the infection away and close the eruptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the English coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough</a> in 1626, Elizabeth Farrow discovered a stream of acidic water running from one of the cliffs to the south of the town. This was deemed to have beneficial health properties and gave birth to <a href="/wiki/The_Spa,_Scarborough" title="The Spa, Scarborough">Scarborough Spa</a>. Dr Wittie's book about the spa waters, published in 1660, attracted a flood of visitors to the town. Sea bathing was added to the cure, and Scarborough became Britain's first seaside resort. The first rolling bathing machines for bathers are recorded on the sands<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what does this mean (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in 1735.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bathing_in_the_18th_century">Bathing in the 18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bathing in the 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 17th century, most upper-class Europeans washed their clothes with water and washed only their faces with linen, feeling that bathing the entire body was a lower-class activity. The upper-class slowly began changing their attitudes toward bathing as a way to restore health later that century<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (October 2024)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup>. The wealthy flocked to health resorts to drink and bathe in the waters. In 1702, <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne, Queen of Great Britain</a>, travelled to Bath. A short time later<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_(Beau)_Nash" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard (Beau) Nash">Beau Nash</a> came to Bath, and along with financier <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Allen" title="Ralph Allen">Ralph Allen</a> and architect <a href="/wiki/John_Wood,_the_Elder" title="John Wood, the Elder">John Wood</a>, transformed Bath from a country spa into the social capital of England. Bath set the tone for other spas in Europe to follow. The upper class arrived there on a seasonal basis to bathe in and drink the water, and as a show of status. Social activities at Bath included dances, concerts, playing cards, lectures, and promenading down the street.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A typical day at Bath consisted of an early morning communal bath followed by a private breakfast party. Afterwards, one either drank water at the Pump Room (a building constructed over the thermal water source) or attended a fashion show. Physicians encouraged health resort patrons to both bathe in and drink the waters. The next several hours of the day could be spent in shopping, visiting the lending library, attending concerts, or stopping at one of the coffeehouses. At 4:00 pm, the wealthy dressed up in their finery and promenaded down the streets. Next came dinner, more promenading, and an evening of dancing or gambling.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar activities occurred in health resorts throughout Europe. The spas became stages on which Europeans paraded with great pageantry. These resorts became infamous as places full of gossip and scandals. The various social and economic classes selected specific seasons during the year's course, staying from one to several months, to vacation at each resort. One season aristocrats occupied the resorts; at other times, prosperous farmers or retired military men took the baths. The wealthy and the criminals that preyed on them moved from one spa to the next as the fashionable season for that resort changed.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> During the 18th century, a revival in the medical uses of spring water was promoted by Enlightened physicians across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This revival changed the way of taking a spa treatment. For example, in Karlsbad the accepted method of drinking the mineral water required sending large barrels to individual boardinghouses where the patients drank physician-prescribed dosages in the solitude of their rooms. David Beecher in 1777 recommended that the patients come to the fountainhead for the water and that each patient should first do some prescribed exercises. This innovation increased the medicinal benefits obtained and gradually physical activity became part of the European bathing regimen. In 1797, in England, James Currie published <i>The Effects of Water, Cold and Warm, as a Remedy in Fever and other Diseases</i>.This book, along with numerous local pamphlets on composition of spa water, stimulated additional interest in water cures and advocated the external and internal use of water as part of the curing process.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vigier%27s_baths,_Year_V_-_1797.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Vigier%27s_baths%2C_Year_V_-_1797.jpg/220px-Vigier%27s_baths%2C_Year_V_-_1797.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Vigier%27s_baths%2C_Year_V_-_1797.jpg/330px-Vigier%27s_baths%2C_Year_V_-_1797.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Vigier%27s_baths%2C_Year_V_-_1797.jpg/440px-Vigier%27s_baths%2C_Year_V_-_1797.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1637" /></a><figcaption>Poster for <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vigier" title="Pierre Vigier">Vigier</a> Baths on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> river, in Paris (1797)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bathing_in_the_19th_and_20th_centuries">Bathing in the 19th and 20th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bathing in the 19th and 20th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Gy%C3%B3gyf%C3%BCrd%C5%91_thermal_spa_in_Budapest_008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Gy%C3%B3gyf%C3%BCrd%C5%91_thermal_spa_in_Budapest_008.JPG/250px-Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Gy%C3%B3gyf%C3%BCrd%C5%91_thermal_spa_in_Budapest_008.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Gy%C3%B3gyf%C3%BCrd%C5%91_thermal_spa_in_Budapest_008.JPG/375px-Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Gy%C3%B3gyf%C3%BCrd%C5%91_thermal_spa_in_Budapest_008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Gy%C3%B3gyf%C3%BCrd%C5%91_thermal_spa_in_Budapest_008.JPG/500px-Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Gy%C3%B3gyf%C3%BCrd%C5%91_thermal_spa_in_Budapest_008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A thermal spa (<a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9chenyi_thermal_bath" title="Széchenyi thermal bath">Széchenyi thermal bath</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_spa_Sina_(Hammam).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Turkish_spa_Sina_%28Hammam%29.jpg/250px-Turkish_spa_Sina_%28Hammam%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Turkish_spa_Sina_%28Hammam%29.jpg/375px-Turkish_spa_Sina_%28Hammam%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Turkish_spa_Sina_%28Hammam%29.jpg/500px-Turkish_spa_Sina_%28Hammam%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Turkish spa Sina (Hammam) in <a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8Dianske_Teplice" title="Trenčianske Teplice">Trenčianske Teplice</a>, Slovakia</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century, bathing became a more accepted practice as physicians realized some of the benefits that cleanliness could provide. A <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemic in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool, England">Liverpool, England</a> in 1842 resulted in a sanitation renaissance, facilitated by the overlapping <a href="/wiki/Captain_R._T._Claridge#Hydropathy_and_related_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain R. T. Claridge">hydropathy and sanitation movements</a>, and the implementation of a series of statutes known collectively as "The Baths and Wash-houses Acts 1846 to 1896".<sup id="cite_ref-Baths&WashhousesActs_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baths&WashhousesActs-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Metcalfe1877_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalfe1877-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baths&WashhousesLondonGazette_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baths&WashhousesLondonGazette-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baths&Washhousesportcullis_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baths&Washhousesportcullis-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was increased facilities for bathing and washed clothes, and more people participating in these activities. </p><p>In most instances, the formal architectural development of European spas took place in the 18th and 19th centuries. The architecture of Bath, England, developed along <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> lines, generally following <a href="/wiki/Palladian" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladian">Palladian</a> structures. The most important <a href="/wiki/Architectural_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural form">architectural form</a> that emerged was the "crescent" — a semi-elliptical street plan used in many areas of England. The <a href="/wiki/Spa_architecture" title="Spa architecture">spa architecture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Carlsbad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marienbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Marienbad">Marienbad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franzensbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Franzensbad">Franzensbad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a> was primarily Neoclassical, but the literature seems to indicate that large bathhouses were not constructed until well into the 19th century. The emphasis on drinking the waters rather than bathing in them led to the development of separate structures known as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinkhallen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinkhallen (page does not exist)">Trinkhallen</a></i> (drinking halls) where those taking the cure spent hours drinking water from the springs.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Southeastern Europe, development of spa resorts took place mostly in the second half of the 19th century, such as the <a href="/wiki/Slatina,_Fo%C4%8Da" title="Slatina, Foča">Slatina</a> Spa in the Republic of Srpska, BiH, where the thermal and healing springs were discovered in the Roman times. Development of the spa resort in Slatina began in the 1870s, when the first modern spa facilities were built. </p><p>By the mid-19th century, visitors to the European spas began to emphasise bathing in addition to drinking the waters. Besides fountains, pavilions, and Trinkhallen, bathhouses on the scale of the Roman baths were revived. Photographs of a 19th-century spa complex taken in the 1930s, detailing the earlier architecture, show heavy use of mosaic floors, marble walls, classical statuary, arched openings, domed ceilings, segmental arches, triangular pediments, <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a> columns, and all the other trappings of a Neoclassical revival. The buildings were usually separated by function — with the <i>Trinkhalle</i>, the bathhouse, the inhalatorium (for inhaling the vapors), and the <i>Kurhaus</i> or <i>Conversationhaus</i> as the center of social activity. Baden-Baden featured golf courses and tennis courts, "superb roads to motor over, and drives along quaint lanes where wild deer are as common as cows to us, and almost as unafraid".<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European spa started with structures to house the drinking function, such as simple fountains, pavilions, and elaborate Trinkhallen. Enormous bathhouses came later in the 19th century as a renewed preference for an elaborate bathing ritual to cure ills and improve health became popular. European architects looked back to Roman civilizations and emulated their architecture. Europeans copied the same formality, symmetry, division of rooms by function, and opulent interior design in their bathhouses. They emulated the fountains and formal garden spaces in their resorts, and added new diversions. Tour books of the time mentioned the roomy, woodsy offerings in the vicinity and the faster-paced evening diversions.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CarolusThermen01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/CarolusThermen01.JPG/220px-CarolusThermen01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/CarolusThermen01.JPG/330px-CarolusThermen01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/CarolusThermen01.JPG/440px-CarolusThermen01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Waterfall, Carolus Spa, <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>By the beginning of the 19th century, the European bathing regimen consisted of numerous accumulated traditions. The bathing routine included soaking in hot water, drinking the water, steaming in a vapor room, and relaxing in a cooling room. In addition, doctors ordered that patients be douched with hot or cold water and given curative diets. Authors began writing guidebooks to the health resorts of Europe explaining the medical benefits and social amenities, inspiring rich Europeans and Americans to travel to these resorts.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each European spa began offering similar cures while maintaining a certain amount of individuality. The 19th-century bathing regimen at Karlsbad consisted of visitors arising at 6 am to drink the water and be serenaded by a band. Next came a light breakfast, bath, and lunch. The doctors at Karlsbad usually limited patients to certain foods for each meal. In the afternoon, visitors went sight-seeing or attended concerts. Nightly theatrical performances followed the evening meal. This ended around 9 pm with the patients returning to their boardinghouses to sleep until 6 the next morning. This regimen continued for as long as a month and then the patients returned home until the next year. Other 19th-century European spa regimens followed similar schedules.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 20th century, European spas combined a strict diet and exercise regimen with a complex bathing procedure. Patients at <a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a>, which specialized in treating <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, were directed to see a doctor before taking the baths. Bathers then proceeded to the main bathhouse where they paid for their baths and stored their valuables before being assigned a booth for undressing. The bathhouse supplied bathers with towels, sheets, and slippers.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Baden-Baden bathing procedure began with a warm shower. The bathers next entered a room of circulating, 140 °F (60 °C) hot air for 20 minutes, spent another ten minutes in a room with 150 °F (66 °C) temperature, partook of a 154 °F (68 °C) vapor bath, then showered and received a soap massage. After the massage, the bathers swam in a pool heated approximately to body temperature. After the swim, the bathers rested for 15 to 20 minutes in the warm "Sprudel" room pool. This shallow pool's bottom contained an 8-inch (200 mm) layer of sand through which naturally carbonated water bubbled up. This was followed by a series of gradually cooler showers and pools. After that, the attendants rubbed down the bathers with warm towels and then wrapped them in sheets and covered them with blankets to rest for 20 minutes. The rest of the treatment consisted of a prescribed diet, exercise, and water-drinking program.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European spas provided various other diversions for guests after the bath, including gambling, horse racing, fishing, hunting, tennis, skating, dancing, golf, sight-seeing, theatrical performances, and horseback riding. Some European governments<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> recognized the medical benefits<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> of spa therapy and paid<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> a portion of the patient's expenses. A number of these spas<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> catered to those suffering from obesity and overindulgence in addition to various other medical complaints<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>. In recent years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, people still travel to natural hot springs for relaxation and health.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germany, the tradition survives to the present day. 'Taking a cure' (<i>Kur</i>) at a spa is generally largely covered by both public and private health care insurance. Usually, a doctor prescribes a stay of three weeks at a mineral spring or other natural setting where a patient's condition will be treated with healing<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> spring waters and natural therapies. While insurance companies used to cover meals and accommodation, many now only pay for treatments and expect the patient to pay for transportation, accommodation, and meals. Most Germans are eligible for a <i>Kur</i> every two to six years, depending on the severity of their condition. Germans get paid their regular salary during this time away from their job, which is not taken out of their vacation days.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bathing_in_colonial_America">Bathing in colonial America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bathing in colonial America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jefferson_Pools_Gentlemen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jefferson_Pools_Gentlemen.JPG/230px-Jefferson_Pools_Gentlemen.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jefferson_Pools_Gentlemen.JPG/345px-Jefferson_Pools_Gentlemen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jefferson_Pools_Gentlemen.JPG/460px-Jefferson_Pools_Gentlemen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Gentlemen's Pool House, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Pools" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson Pools">Jefferson Pools</a>, Warm Springs, Virginia, built in 1761, is the oldest spa building in the United States. The spa waters flow through the centre of the building. President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> bathed here.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some European colonists brought with them knowledge of the hot water therapy for medicinal purposes, and others learned the benefits of hot springs from <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans.</a> Europeans stole the land on which many of the hot and cold springs were situated from various tribes, and altered them to suit European tastes. By the 1760s, British colonists were traveling to hot and cold springs in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, New York, and Virginia in search of water cures. Among the more frequently visited of these springs were <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Pennsylvania" title="Bath, Pennsylvania">Bath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester_Springs,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester Springs, Pennsylvania">Yellow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Bristol Township, Pennsylvania">Bristol Springs</a> in Pennsylvania; and <a href="/wiki/Warm_Springs,_Virginia" title="Warm Springs, Virginia">Warm Springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Virginia" title="Hot Springs, Virginia">Hot Springs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_Sulphur_Springs,_West_Virginia" title="White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia">White Sulphur Springs</a> in West Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1790s, New York spas were beginning to be frequented, most notably <a href="/wiki/Ballston_Spa,_New_York" title="Ballston Spa, New York">Ballston Spa</a>. Nearby <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_Springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Saratoga Springs">Saratoga Springs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinderhook,_New_York" title="Kinderhook, New York">Kinderhook</a> were yet to be discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colonial doctors gradually began to recommend hot springs for ailments. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a>, American patriot and physician, praised the springs of Bristol, Pennsylvania, in 1773. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tenney" title="Samuel Tenney">Samuel Tenney</a> in 1783 and <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Seaman" title="Valentine Seaman">Valentine Seaman</a> in 1792 examined the water of Ballston Spa in New York and wrote of possible medicinal uses of the springs. Hotels were constructed to accommodate visitors to the various springs. Entrepreneurs operated establishments where the travellers could lodge, eat, and drink.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bathing_in_19th-_and_20th-century_America">Bathing in 19th- and 20th-century America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bathing in 19th- and 20th-century America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ladies%27_Sulpher_Vapor_Baths_-_DPLA_-_1537c21d91b68c8a1e88aedc3655f2da_(page_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ladies%27_Sulpher_Vapor_Baths_-_DPLA_-_1537c21d91b68c8a1e88aedc3655f2da_%28page_1%29.jpg/220px-Ladies%27_Sulpher_Vapor_Baths_-_DPLA_-_1537c21d91b68c8a1e88aedc3655f2da_%28page_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ladies%27_Sulpher_Vapor_Baths_-_DPLA_-_1537c21d91b68c8a1e88aedc3655f2da_%28page_1%29.jpg/330px-Ladies%27_Sulpher_Vapor_Baths_-_DPLA_-_1537c21d91b68c8a1e88aedc3655f2da_%28page_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ladies%27_Sulpher_Vapor_Baths_-_DPLA_-_1537c21d91b68c8a1e88aedc3655f2da_%28page_1%29.jpg/440px-Ladies%27_Sulpher_Vapor_Baths_-_DPLA_-_1537c21d91b68c8a1e88aedc3655f2da_%28page_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4947" data-file-height="2973" /></a><figcaption>Ladies' Sulphur Vapor Baths in the Hotel Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the spa industry continued to gain popularity. The first truly popular spa was <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_Springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Saratoga Springs">Saratoga Springs</a>, which, by 1815, had two large, four-story, <a href="/wiki/Greek_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek revival">Greek revival</a> hotels. It grew rapidly, and by 1821 it had at least five hundred rooms for accommodation. Its relative proximity to New York City and access to the country's most developed steamboat lines meant that by the mid-1820s the spa became the country's most popular tourist destination, serving both the country's elite and the middle classes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although spa activity had been central to Saratoga in the 1810s, by the 1820s the resort had hotels with great ballrooms, opera houses, stores, and clubhouses. </p><p>The Union Hotel, first built in 1803, had its own esplanade, and by the 1820s had its own fountain and formal landscaping, but with only two small bathhouses. As the resort developed as a tourist destination, mineral bathhouses became auxiliary structures and not the central features of the resort, although the drinking of mineral water continued to be common. Although the purpose of the Saratoga and other New York spas were to provide access to mineral waters, their main attraction was a complex social life and cultural cachet. However, the wider audience the resort garnered by the late 1820s began to waver, and in the mid-1830s, as a bid to revive itself, it turned to horse racing.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1850s hot and cold spring resorts existed in 20 states. Many of these resorts contained similar architectural features. Most health resorts had a large, two-story central building near or at the springs, with smaller structures surrounding it. The main building provided the guests with facilities for dining, dancing on the first floor, and sleeping rooms on the second. The outlying structures were individual guest cabins, and other auxiliary buildings formed a semicircle or U-shape around the large building.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These resorts offered swimming, fishing, hunting, and horseback riding as well as facilities for bathing. The Virginia resorts, particularly White Sulphur Springs, proved popular before and after the Civil War. After the Civil War, spa vacations became very popular as returning soldiers bathed to heal wounds and the American economy allowed more leisure time. Saratoga Springs in New York became one of the main centers for this type of activity. Bathing in and drinking the warm, carbonated spring water only served as a prelude to the more interesting social activities of gambling, promenading, horse racing, and dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the last half of the 19th century, western entrepreneurs developed natural hot and cold springs into resorts — from the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> to the West Coast. Many of these spas offered individual tub baths, vapor baths, douche sprays, needle showers, and pool bathing to their guests. The various railroads that spanned the country promoted these resorts to encourage train travel. <a href="/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Arkansas" title="Hot Springs, Arkansas">Hot Springs, Arkansas</a>, became a major resort for people from the large metropolitan areas of <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of the spas continued into the 20th century. Some medical critics, however, posited that the thermal waters in such renowned resorts as Hot Springs, Virginia, and Saratoga Springs, New York, were no more beneficial to health than ordinary heated water. In response, various spa owners<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> claimed to develop better hydrotherapy for their patients. At the Saratoga spa, treatments for heart and circulatory disorders, rheumatic conditions, nervous disorders, metabolic diseases, and skin diseases were developed. In 1910, the New York state government began purchasing the principal springs to protect them from exploitation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a> was governor of New York, he pushed for a European type of spa development at Saratoga. The architects for the new complex spent two years studying the technical aspects of bathing in Europe. Completed in 1933, the development had three bathhouses — Lincoln, Washington, and Roosevelt — a drinking hall, the Hall of Springs, and a building housing the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Baruch_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Baruch Research Institute (page does not exist)">Simon Baruch Research Institute</a>. Four additional buildings composed the recreation area and housed arcades and a swimming pool decorated with blue faience terra-cotta tile. <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_Spa_State_Park" title="Saratoga Spa State Park">Saratoga Spa State Park</a>'s Neoclassical buildings were laid out in a grand manner, with formal perpendicular axes, solid brick construction, and stone and concrete Roman-revival detailing. </p><p>The spa was surrounded by a 1,200-acre (4.9 km<sup>2</sup>) natural park that had 18 miles (29 km) of bridle paths, "with measured walks at scientifically calculated gradients through its groves and vales, with spouting springs adding unexpected touches to its vistas, with the tumbling waters of Geyser Brook flowing beneath bridges of the fine roads. Full advantage has been taken of the natural beauty of the park, but no formal landscaping". Promotional literature advertised the attractions directly outside the spa: shopping, horse races, and historic sites associated with revolutionary war history. New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lehman" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Lehman">Herbert Lehman</a> opened the new facilities to the public in July 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vu%C4%8Dkovec_(Croatia)_-_jug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Vu%C4%8Dkovec_%28Croatia%29_-_jug.jpg/230px-Vu%C4%8Dkovec_%28Croatia%29_-_jug.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Vu%C4%8Dkovec_%28Croatia%29_-_jug.jpg/345px-Vu%C4%8Dkovec_%28Croatia%29_-_jug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Vu%C4%8Dkovec_%28Croatia%29_-_jug.jpg/460px-Vu%C4%8Dkovec_%28Croatia%29_-_jug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Lazy river section of a spa in <a href="/wiki/Vu%C4%8Dkovec" title="Vučkovec">Vučkovec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Other leading spas in the U.S. during this period were <a href="/wiki/French_Lick,_Indiana" title="French Lick, Indiana">French Lick, Indiana</a>; Hot Springs and White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia; Hot Springs, Arkansas; and <a href="/wiki/Warm_Springs,_Georgia" title="Warm Springs, Georgia">Warm Springs, Georgia</a>. French Lick specialized in treating obesity and constipation through a combination of bathing and drinking the water and exercising. Hot Springs, Virginia, specialized in digestive ailments and heart diseases, and White Sulphur Springs, Virginia, treated these ailments and skin diseases. Both resorts offered baths where the water would wash continuously over the patients as they lay in a shallow pool. Warm Springs, Georgia, gained a reputation for reportedly treating <a href="/wiki/Infantile_paralysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantile paralysis">infantile paralysis</a> by a procedure of baths and exercise. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who earlier supported Saratoga, became a frequent visitor and promoter of this spa.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_trends">Recent trends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recent trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the late 1930s more than 2,000 hot- or cold-springs health resorts were operating in the United States. This number had diminished greatly by the 1950s and continued to decline in the following two decades. In the recent past, spas in the U.S. emphasized dietary, exercise, or recreational programs more than traditional bathing activities. </p><p>Up until recently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the public bathing industry in the U.S. remained stagnant.<sup id="cite_ref-Paige1987_7-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in Europe, therapeutic baths have always been very popular, and remain so today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The same is true in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, where the traditional hot springs baths, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">onsen</a></i>, attract visitors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Due to an increase in the popularity of the "wellness industry", such treatments are again becoming popular.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Spa_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Taj_Spa_4.jpg/250px-Taj_Spa_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Taj_Spa_4.jpg/375px-Taj_Spa_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Taj_Spa_4.jpg/500px-Taj_Spa_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurvedic</a> spa in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation_of_the_industry">Regulation of the industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Regulation of the industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>International Spa and Body Wrap Association</b> (<b>ISBWA</b>) is an international association for spas and body wrap centers around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main concern of the ISBWA is the <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industry</a> and the welfare of the <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a>. Member organisations are to adhere to the ISBWA code of ethics. </p><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Swimming_Pool,_Spa_and_Hot_Tub_Code" title="Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa and Hot Tub Code">Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa and Hot Tub Code</a></b> (<b>USPSHTC</b>) is a model code developed by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (<a href="/wiki/IAPMO" title="IAPMO">IAPMO</a>) to govern the installation and inspection of plumbing systems associated with swimming pools, spas and hot tubs as a means of promoting the public's health, safety and welfare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flamingo_Spa_Vesipuisto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flamingo Spa, a part of the Flamingo Entertainment Centre in Vantaa, Finland"><img alt="Flamingo Spa, a part of the Flamingo Entertainment Centre in Vantaa, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flamingo_Spa_Vesipuisto.jpg/270px-Flamingo_Spa_Vesipuisto.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flamingo_Spa_Vesipuisto.jpg/405px-Flamingo_Spa_Vesipuisto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flamingo_Spa_Vesipuisto.jpg/540px-Flamingo_Spa_Vesipuisto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flamingo Spa, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Flamingo,_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamingo, Finland">Flamingo Entertainment Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa">Vantaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VarshetsRenovatedSpaCenter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spa center in Varshets, Bulgaria"><img alt="Spa center in Varshets, Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/VarshetsRenovatedSpaCenter.jpg/238px-VarshetsRenovatedSpaCenter.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/VarshetsRenovatedSpaCenter.jpg/357px-VarshetsRenovatedSpaCenter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/VarshetsRenovatedSpaCenter.jpg/475px-VarshetsRenovatedSpaCenter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spa center in <a href="/wiki/Varshets" title="Varshets">Varshets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 87.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 85.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorful,_mirror_Fortepan_716.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spa in Hungary, 1939"><img alt="Spa in Hungary, 1939" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Colorful%2C_mirror_Fortepan_716.jpg/128px-Colorful%2C_mirror_Fortepan_716.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Colorful%2C_mirror_Fortepan_716.jpg/193px-Colorful%2C_mirror_Fortepan_716.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Colorful%2C_mirror_Fortepan_716.jpg/257px-Colorful%2C_mirror_Fortepan_716.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1447" data-file-height="2026" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spa in Hungary, 1939</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ognyanovo-Delta-Hotel-Mineral-water-swimming--pools.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mineral water swimming pools in Blagoevgrad district, Bulgaria"><img alt="Mineral water swimming pools in Blagoevgrad district, Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ognyanovo-Delta-Hotel-Mineral-water-swimming--pools.jpg/241px-Ognyanovo-Delta-Hotel-Mineral-water-swimming--pools.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ognyanovo-Delta-Hotel-Mineral-water-swimming--pools.jpg/361px-Ognyanovo-Delta-Hotel-Mineral-water-swimming--pools.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ognyanovo-Delta-Hotel-Mineral-water-swimming--pools.jpg/481px-Ognyanovo-Delta-Hotel-Mineral-water-swimming--pools.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="748" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_water" title="Mineral water">Mineral water</a> <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">swimming pools</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blagoevgrad" title="Blagoevgrad">Blagoevgrad</a> district, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BalnearioAlange.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balneo area in Alange"><img alt="Balneo area in Alange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/BalnearioAlange.jpg/225px-BalnearioAlange.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/BalnearioAlange.jpg/338px-BalnearioAlange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/BalnearioAlange.jpg/450px-BalnearioAlange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Balneo area in <a href="/wiki/Alange" title="Alange">Alange</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 163.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 161.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spa_JPG05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The casino garden in Spa, Belgium"><img alt="The casino garden in Spa, Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Spa_JPG05.jpg/242px-Spa_JPG05.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Spa_JPG05.jpg/363px-Spa_JPG05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Spa_JPG05.jpg/484px-Spa_JPG05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2238" data-file-height="1665" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">casino</a> garden in <a href="/wiki/Spa,_Belgium" title="Spa, Belgium">Spa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belt%C3%A9ri_gy%C3%B3gymedence_Hagymatikum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Medicinal water bath in Makó, Hungary"><img alt="Medicinal water bath in Makó, Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Belt%C3%A9ri_gy%C3%B3gymedence_Hagymatikum.JPG/240px-Belt%C3%A9ri_gy%C3%B3gymedence_Hagymatikum.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Belt%C3%A9ri_gy%C3%B3gymedence_Hagymatikum.JPG/360px-Belt%C3%A9ri_gy%C3%B3gymedence_Hagymatikum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Belt%C3%A9ri_gy%C3%B3gymedence_Hagymatikum.JPG/480px-Belt%C3%A9ri_gy%C3%B3gymedence_Hagymatikum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medicinal water bath in <a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3" title="Makó">Makó</a>, Hungary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Zwemmen_in_de_vijver_bj_de_waterval_TMnr_60050142.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bathing in Bogor, West Java"><img alt="Bathing in Bogor, West Java" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Zwemmen_in_de_vijver_bj_de_waterval_TMnr_60050142.jpg/241px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Zwemmen_in_de_vijver_bj_de_waterval_TMnr_60050142.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Zwemmen_in_de_vijver_bj_de_waterval_TMnr_60050142.jpg/361px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Zwemmen_in_de_vijver_bj_de_waterval_TMnr_60050142.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Zwemmen_in_de_vijver_bj_de_waterval_TMnr_60050142.jpg/481px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Zwemmen_in_de_vijver_bj_de_waterval_TMnr_60050142.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bathing in <a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt._Taisetsu_KOGEN_hot_spring_2%EF%BC%88Open-air_bath%EF%BC%89.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese Onsen, in Hokkaido"><img alt="Japanese Onsen, in Hokkaido" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mt._Taisetsu_KOGEN_hot_spring_2%EF%BC%88Open-air_bath%EF%BC%89.JPG/240px-Mt._Taisetsu_KOGEN_hot_spring_2%EF%BC%88Open-air_bath%EF%BC%89.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mt._Taisetsu_KOGEN_hot_spring_2%EF%BC%88Open-air_bath%EF%BC%89.JPG/360px-Mt._Taisetsu_KOGEN_hot_spring_2%EF%BC%88Open-air_bath%EF%BC%89.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mt._Taisetsu_KOGEN_hot_spring_2%EF%BC%88Open-air_bath%EF%BC%89.JPG/480px-Mt._Taisetsu_KOGEN_hot_spring_2%EF%BC%88Open-air_bath%EF%BC%89.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese <a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bathers_-_Louis_Michel_Eilshemius_-_overall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bathers, Louis Michel Eilshemius, c. 1920 (Brooklyn Museum)"><img alt="Bathers, Louis Michel Eilshemius, c. 1920 (Brooklyn Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bathers_-_Louis_Michel_Eilshemius_-_overall.jpg/244px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bathers_-_Louis_Michel_Eilshemius_-_overall.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bathers_-_Louis_Michel_Eilshemius_-_overall.jpg/365px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bathers_-_Louis_Michel_Eilshemius_-_overall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bathers_-_Louis_Michel_Eilshemius_-_overall.jpg/487px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bathers_-_Louis_Michel_Eilshemius_-_overall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bathers</i>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Michel_Eilshemius" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Michel Eilshemius">Louis Michel Eilshemius</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920</span> (<a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palatinus_Strandf%C3%BCrd%C5%91._Fortepan_78086.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spa in Hungary, 1939"><img alt="Spa in Hungary, 1939" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Palatinus_Strandf%C3%BCrd%C5%91._Fortepan_78086.jpg/268px-Palatinus_Strandf%C3%BCrd%C5%91._Fortepan_78086.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Palatinus_Strandf%C3%BCrd%C5%91._Fortepan_78086.jpg/402px-Palatinus_Strandf%C3%BCrd%C5%91._Fortepan_78086.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Palatinus_Strandf%C3%BCrd%C5%91._Fortepan_78086.jpg/536px-Palatinus_Strandf%C3%BCrd%C5%91._Fortepan_78086.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4370" data-file-height="2938" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spa in Hungary, 1939</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Budapest,_Gell%C3%A9rt_f%C3%BCrd%C5%91,_hull%C3%A1mf%C3%BCrd%C5%91-medence,_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gellért baths in Budapest, Hungary"><img alt="Gellért baths in Budapest, Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Budapest%2C_Gell%C3%A9rt_f%C3%BCrd%C5%91%2C_hull%C3%A1mf%C3%BCrd%C5%91-medence%2C_4.jpg/271px-Budapest%2C_Gell%C3%A9rt_f%C3%BCrd%C5%91%2C_hull%C3%A1mf%C3%BCrd%C5%91-medence%2C_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Budapest%2C_Gell%C3%A9rt_f%C3%BCrd%C5%91%2C_hull%C3%A1mf%C3%BCrd%C5%91-medence%2C_4.jpg/407px-Budapest%2C_Gell%C3%A9rt_f%C3%BCrd%C5%91%2C_hull%C3%A1mf%C3%BCrd%C5%91-medence%2C_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Budapest%2C_Gell%C3%A9rt_f%C3%BCrd%C5%91%2C_hull%C3%A1mf%C3%BCrd%C5%91-medence%2C_4.jpg/542px-Budapest%2C_Gell%C3%A9rt_f%C3%BCrd%C5%91%2C_hull%C3%A1mf%C3%BCrd%C5%91-medence%2C_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gellért baths in Budapest, Hungary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Couples_Bath_Spa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Couple relaxing in Jacuzzi spa"><img alt="Couples Spa Bath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Couples_Bath_Spa.jpg/320px-Couples_Bath_Spa.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Couples_Bath_Spa.jpg/480px-Couples_Bath_Spa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Couples_Bath_Spa.jpg/640px-Couples_Bath_Spa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3816" data-file-height="2147" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Couple relaxing in Jacuzzi spa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spa-center-in-Andorra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern Spa Center in Andorra la Vella, Andorra"><img alt="Modern Spa Center in Andorra la Vella, Andorra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Spa-center-in-Andorra.jpg/153px-Spa-center-in-Andorra.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Spa-center-in-Andorra.jpg/229px-Spa-center-in-Andorra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Spa-center-in-Andorra.jpg/305px-Spa-center-in-Andorra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="714" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern Spa Center in <a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathing#History" title="Bathing">Bathing#History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganban%27yoku" title="Ganban'yoku">Ganban'yoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacuzzi" title="Jacuzzi">Jacuzzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jjimjilbang" title="Jjimjilbang">Jjimjilbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spa_towns" title="List of spa towns">List of spa towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloid" title="Peloid">Peloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">Sauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spa,_Belgium" title="Spa, Belgium">Spa, Belgium</a>, a municipality of Belgium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Swimming_Pool,_Spa_and_Hot_Tub_Code" title="Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa and Hot Tub Code">Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa and Hot Tub Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cure_(therapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water cure (therapy)">Water cure (therapy)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, George Rosen, Yale University Dept. of the History of Science and Medicine, Project Muse, H. Schuman, 1954</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVan_TubergenVan_Der_Linden2002" class="citation journal cs1">Van Tubergen, A.; Van Der Linden, S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ard.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/61/3/273#R2">"A brief history of spa therapy"</a>. <i>Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases</i>. <b>61</b> (3): 273–275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fard.61.3.273">10.1136/ard.61.3.273</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1754027">1754027</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11830439">11830439</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060208052840/http://ard.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/61/3/273#R2">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Rheumatic+Diseases&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+spa+therapy&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=273-275&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1754027%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11830439&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fard.61.3.273&rft.aulast=Van+Tubergen&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Van+Der+Linden%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fard.bmjjournals.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F61%2F3%2F273%23R2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-medhyd-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-medhyd_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Medical Hydrology, Sidney Licht, Sidney Herman Licht, Herman L. Kamenetz, E. Licht, 1963 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X_FsAAAAMAAJ&q=espa">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leisurerec-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leisurerec_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For instance, 'Leisure and Recreation Management', George Torkildsen, Routledge, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30995-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30995-6">0-415-30995-6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UZxwctypZ0sC&dq=">"Sanitas+Per+Aqua"&pg=PA37 Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faktoider.nu/spa_eng.html">"Hexmaster's Factoids: Spa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724190819/http://www.faktoider.nu/spa_eng.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hexmaster%27s+Factoids%3A+Spa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faktoider.nu%2Fspa_eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_brief_history_of_spa_therapy-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_brief_history_of_spa_therapy_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_TubergenVan_Der_Linden2002" class="citation journal cs1">Van Tubergen, A; Van Der Linden, S (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1754027">"A brief history of spa therapy"</a>. <i>Ann Rheum Dis</i>. <b>61</b> (3): 273–275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fard.61.3.273">10.1136/ard.61.3.273</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1754027">1754027</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11830439">11830439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann+Rheum+Dis&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+spa+therapy&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=273-275&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1754027%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11830439&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fard.61.3.273&rft.aulast=Van+Tubergen&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Van+Der+Linden%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1754027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paige1987-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paige1987_7-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaigeLaura_Woulliere_Harrison1987" class="citation book cs1">Paige, John C; Laura Woulliere Harrison (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/hosp/bathhouse_row.pdf"><i>Out of the Vapors: A Social and Architectural History of Bathhouse Row, Hot Springs National Park</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Department of the Interior. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225013243/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/hosp/bathhouse_row.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Vapors%3A+A+Social+and+Architectural+History+of+Bathhouse+Row%2C+Hot+Springs+National+Park&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+the+Interior&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Paige&rft.aufirst=John+C&rft.au=Laura+Woulliere+Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fparkhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fhosp%2Fbathhouse_row.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991), <i>Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paolo_Squatriti-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paolo_Squatriti_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquatriti2002" class="citation book cs1">Squatriti, Paolo (2002). <i>Water and Society in Early Medieval Italy, AD 400-1000, Parti 400–1000</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521522069" title="Special:BookSources/9780521522069"><bdi>9780521522069</bdi></a>. <q>... but baths were normally considered therapeutic until the days of Gregory the Great, who understood virtuous bathing to be bathing "on account of the needs of body" ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+and+Society+in+Early+Medieval+Italy%2C+AD+400-1000%2C+Parti+400%E2%80%931000&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521522069&rft.aulast=Squatriti&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASpiritualHistory-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASpiritualHistory_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASpiritualHistory_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASpiritualHistory_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2012" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Ian (2012). <i>Water: A Spiritual History</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441167675" title="Special:BookSources/9781441167675"><bdi>9781441167675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water%3A+A+Spiritual+History&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781441167675&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mary_Thurlkill-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mary_Thurlkill_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurlkill2016" class="citation book cs1">Thurlkill, Mary (2016). <i>Sacred Scents in Early Christianity and Islam: Studies in Body and Religion</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 6–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739174531" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739174531"><bdi>978-0739174531</bdi></a>. <q>... Clement of Alexandria (d. c. 215 CE) allowed that bathing contributed to good health and hygiene ... Christian skeptics could not easily dissuade the baths' practical popularity, however; popes continued to build baths situated within church basilicas and monasteries throughout the early medieval period ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Scents+in+Early+Christianity+and+Islam%3A+Studies+in+Body+and+Religion&rft.pages=6-11&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0739174531&rft.aulast=Thurlkill&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHembry1990" class="citation book cs1">Hembry, Phyllis (1990). <i>The English Spa, 1560-1815: A Social History</i>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838633915" title="Special:BookSources/9780838633915"><bdi>9780838633915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Spa%2C+1560-1815%3A+A+Social+History&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780838633915&rft.aulast=Hembry&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2019" class="citation book cs1">Black, Winston (2019). <i>The Middle Ages: Facts and Fictions</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440862328" title="Special:BookSources/9781440862328"><bdi>9781440862328</bdi></a>. <q>Public baths were common in the larger towns and cities of Europe by the twelfth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ages%3A+Facts+and+Fictions&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781440862328&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinschmidt2005" class="citation book cs1">Kleinschmidt, Harald (2005). <i>Perception and Action in Medieval Europe</i>. Boydell & Brewer. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843831464" title="Special:BookSources/9781843831464"><bdi>9781843831464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perception+and+Action+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781843831464&rft.aulast=Kleinschmidt&rft.aufirst=Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddy2010" class="citation journal cs1">Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1114266">"The Sparkling Nectar of Spas: The Medical and Commercial Relevance of Mineral Water"</a>. <i>Ursula Klein and E. C. Spary (Eds.), Materials and Expertise in Early Modern Europe</i>: 198–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226439709.003.0008">10.7208/chicago/9780226439709.003.0008</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904095205/http://www.academia.edu/1114266/The_Sparkling_Nectar_of_Spas_The_Medical_and_Commercial_Relevance_of_Mineral_Water_in_Ursula_Klein_and_Emma_Spary_eds._Materials_and_Expertise_in_Early_Modern_Europe_Between_Market_and_Laboratory_Chicago_The_University_of_Chicago_Press_2010_198-226">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ursula+Klein+and+E.+C.+Spary+%28Eds.%29%2C+Materials+and+Expertise+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Sparkling+Nectar+of+Spas%3A+The+Medical+and+Commercial+Relevance+of+Mineral+Water&rft.pages=198-226&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226439709.003.0008&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1114266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddy2008" class="citation journal cs1">Eddy (2008). "The Sparkling Nectar of Spas".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Sparkling+Nectar+of+Spas&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Eddy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpa" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baths&WashhousesActs-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baths&WashhousesActs_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Baths#Action of Baths on the Human System"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Baths#Action_of_Baths_on_the_Human_System">"Baths § Action of Baths on the Human System" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 518.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baths+%C2%A7+Action+of+Baths+on+the+Human+System&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=518&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpa" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metcalfe1877-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metcalfe1877_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfe,_Richard1877" class="citation book cs1">Metcalfe, Richard (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sanitassanitatu00metcgoog"><i>Sanitus Sanitum et omnia Sanitus</i></a>. Vol. 1. London: The Co-operative Printing Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanitus+Sanitum+et+omnia+Sanitus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Co-operative+Printing+Co.&rft.date=1877&rft.au=Metcalfe%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsanitassanitatu00metcgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpa" class="Z3988"></span> Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baths&WashhousesLondonGazette-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baths&WashhousesLondonGazette_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/1846-01-01;1900-12-31/exact=Baths+and+Wash-houses+Act/start=1">"London Gazette listings for 'Baths and Wash-houses Act'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>London Gazette</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618005031/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/1846-01-01;1900-12-31/exact=Baths+and+Wash-houses+Act/start=1">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Gazette&rft.atitle=London+Gazette+listings+for+%27Baths+and+Wash-houses+Act%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london-gazette.co.uk%2Fissues%2F1846-01-01%3B1900-12-31%2Fexact%3DBaths%2Band%2BWash-houses%2BAct%2Fstart%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baths&Washhousesportcullis-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baths&Washhousesportcullis_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/tyne-and-wear-case-study/about-the-group/baths-and-washhouses/baths-and-washhouses-act/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Baths and Wash-houses Act'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004748/http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/tyne-and-wear-case-study/about-the-group/baths-and-washhouses/baths-and-washhouses-act/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Baths+and+Wash-houses+Act%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Ftransformingsociety%2Ftowncountry%2Ftowns%2Ftyne-and-wear-case-study%2Fabout-the-group%2Fbaths-and-washhouses%2Fbaths-and-washhouses-act%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpa" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krankenkassen.net/gesetzliche-krankenversicherung/leistungen-der-gkv-allgemein/was-zahlt-die-gkv-bei-einer-kur.html">"Welche Kosten Krankenkassen bei einer Kur übernehmen"</a> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welche+Kosten+Krankenkassen+bei+einer+Kur+%C3%BCbernehmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrankenkassen.net%2Fgesetzliche-krankenversicherung%2Fleistungen-der-gkv-allgemein%2Fwas-zahlt-die-gkv-bei-einer-kur.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gassan, <i>Birth of American Tourism</i>, 2008, pp. 1-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chambers, <i>Drinking the Waters,</i> 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gassan, <i>Birth of American Tourism,</i> 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chambers, <i>Drinking the Waters,</i> Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gassan, <i>Birth of American Tourism</i>, pp. 125-157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyer-Lewis, <i>Ladies and Gentlemen on Display</i>, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chambers, <i>Drinking the Waters</i>, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The increasing focus on fitness and wellness has fuelled the reemergence of the spa industry..." Anne Williams, <i>Spa bodywork: a guide for massage therapists.</i> Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. p. 173. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-5578-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7817-5578-6">0-7817-5578-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isbwa.org/">"International Spa and Body Wrap Association"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016061801/http://www.isbwa.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Spa+and+Body+Wrap+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isbwa.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpa" class="Z3988"></span> International Spa and Body Wrap Association</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Nathaniel Altman, <i>Healing springs: the ultimate guide to taking the waters : from hidden springs to the world's greatest spas.</i> Inner Traditions / Bear & Company, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89281-836-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89281-836-0">0-89281-836-0</a>.</li> <li>Dian Dincin Buchman, <i>The complete book of water healing.</i> 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Professional, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-658-01378-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-658-01378-5">0-658-01378-5</a>.</li> <li>Jane Crebbin-Bailey, John W. Harcup, John Harrington, <i>The Spa Book: The Official Guide to Spa Therapy.</i> Publisher: Cengage Learning EMEA, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86152-917-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86152-917-1">1-86152-917-1</a>.</li> <li>Esti Dvorjetski, <i>Leisure, pleasure, and healing: spa culture and medicine in ancient eastern Mediterranean.</i>, Brill, 2007 (illustrated). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-15681-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-15681-X">90-04-15681-X</a>.</li> <li>Carola Koenig, <i>Specialized Hydro-, Balneo-and Medicinal Bath Therapy.</i> Publisher: iUniverse, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-36508-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-595-36508-6">0-595-36508-6</a>.</li> <li>Anne Williams, <i>Spa bodywork: a guide for massage therapists.</i> Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-5578-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7817-5578-6">0-7817-5578-6</a>.</li> <li>Richard Gassan, <i>The Birth of American Tourism: New York, the Hudson Valley, and American Culture, 1790-1830.</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55849-665-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55849-665-3">1-55849-665-3</a>.</li> <li>Thomas Chambers, <i>Drinking the Waters: Creating an American Leisure Class at Nineteenth-Century Mineral Springs.</i> Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002 (out of print).</li> <li>Charlene Boyer Lewis, <i>Ladies and Gentlemen on Display: Planter Society at the Virginia Springs, 1790-1860.</i> University of Virginia Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-2079-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-2079-5">0-8139-2079-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthesia technician">Anesthesia technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_therapy" title="Aquatic therapy">Aquatic therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_training" title="Athletic training">Athletic trainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audiology" title="Audiology">Audiologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrocardiogram">Cardiac physiologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical psychologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_hygienist" title="Dental hygienist">Dental hygienist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">Dietitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">Emergency medical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemodialysis" title="Hemodialysis">Hemodialysis technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">Massage therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_assistant" title="Medical assistant">Medical assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_coder" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical coder">Medical coder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_physics" title="Medical physics">Medical physicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_technologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical technologist">Medical technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_transcription" title="Medical transcription">Medical transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music and arts therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritionist" title="Nutritionist">Nutritionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">Occupational therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optometry" title="Optometry">Optometrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_technician" title="Pharmacy technician">Pharmacy technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venipuncture" title="Venipuncture">Phlebotomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physiotherapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthetist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiographer" title="Radiographer">Radiographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory therapy">Respiratory therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech%E2%80%93language_pathology" title="Speech–language pathology">Speech therapist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Spas#Q1341387" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Spas">Spas</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spas" class="extiw" title="commons:Spas"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Spas</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Spas">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spa" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:spa">spa</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Spa" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Spa">Spa</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/SpA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:SpA">SpA</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spas" class="extiw" title="commons:Spas">Spas</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.experienceispa.com">International Spa Association Official website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341387#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/016308">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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