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<span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy_and_physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anatomy and physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatomy and physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Locomotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locomotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Locomotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locomotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Senses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diving_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diving_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Diving adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diving_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermoregulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermoregulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Thermoregulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermoregulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Sleep</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior_and_life_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior_and_life_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Behavior and life history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior_and_life_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior and life history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior_and_life_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foraging_and_predation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foraging_and_predation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Foraging and predation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foraging_and_predation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Reproductive behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_and_parenting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_parenting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Birth and parenting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_parenting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Human relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_captivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_captivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In captivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_captivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Hunting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Conservation issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pinniped</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeroofdiere" title="Seeroofdiere – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Seeroofdiere" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="सील – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सील" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seolh" title="Seolh – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Seolh" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="زعنفيات الأقدام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زعنفيات الأقدام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnipedia" title="Pinnipedia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pinnipedia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%99rayaql%C4%B1lar" title="Pərayaqlılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pərayaqlılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80)" title="সিল (প্রাণী) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিল (প্রাণী)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ластаногія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ластаногія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ластаногія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ластаногія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Перконоги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Перконоги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="མཚོ་གཟིག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མཚོ་གཟིག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perajari" title="Perajari – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Perajari" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reunig" title="Reunig – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Reunig" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinn%C3%ADpedes" title="Pinnípedes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pinnípedes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D0%BA%C4%95%D1%87_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Ишкĕч уралли – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ишкĕч уралли" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnipedia" title="Pinnipedia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinnipedia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploutvono%C5%BEci" title="Ploutvonožci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ploutvonožci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlo" title="Morlo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Morlo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6ler" title="Sæler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sæler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njuorju" title="Njuorju – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Njuorju" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robben" title="Robben – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1b%C4%85%C4%85st%C3%AD%C3%ADntsoh" title="Tábąąstííntsoh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tábąąstííntsoh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loivalised" title="Loivalised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loivalised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%8E%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Φώκιες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φώκιες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnipedia" title="Pinnipedia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pinnipedia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokuloj" title="Fokuloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fokuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnipedia" title="Pinnipedia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pinnipedia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DA%A9_(%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1)" title="فک (جانور) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فک (جانور)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnip%C3%A8de" title="Pinnipède – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pinnipède" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eite-chosach" title="Eite-chosach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eite-chosach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B2n" title="Ròn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ròn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinn%C3%ADpedes" title="Pinnípedes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pinnípedes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EA%B0%81%EB%A5%98" title="기각류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기각류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnipedia" title="Pinnipedia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pinnipedia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մաշկոտանիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաշկոտանիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="सील – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सील" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perajari" title="Perajari – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Perajari" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjing_laut" title="Anjing laut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anjing laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BA%D1%8A%C3%A6%D1%85%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Фыййагкъæхтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фыййагкъæхтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnipedia" title="Pinnipedia – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Pinnipedia" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hreifad%C3%BDr" title="Hreifadýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hreifadýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnipedia" title="Pinnipedia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pinnipedia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="טורפים ימיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורפים ימיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ფარფლფეხიანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფარფლფეხიანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ескекаяқтылар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ескекаяқтылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reun" title="Reun – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Reun" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnipedia" title="Pinnipedia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pinnipedia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Калак буттуулар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Калак буттуулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnipedia" title="Pinnipedia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pinnipedia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airk%C4%81ji" title="Airkāji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Airkāji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruoniniai" title="Ruoniniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ruoniniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbe" title="Robbe – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Robbe" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/pinpedi" title="pinpedi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="pinpedi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Asz%C3%B3l%C3%A1b%C3%BAak" title="Úszólábúak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Úszólábúak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Перконоги – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Перконоги" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF" title="കടൽനായ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കടൽനായ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="زعنفيات الاقدام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زعنفيات الاقدام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DA%A9_(%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86)" title="فک (حیوون) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فک (حیوون)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjing_laut" title="Anjing laut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anjing laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BB%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Сэлүүр хөлтөн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сэлүүр хөлтөн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B6" title="ပင်လယ်ဖျံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပင်လယ်ဖျံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeroofdieren" title="Zeeroofdieren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zeeroofdieren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B0%AD%E8%84%9A%E9%A1%9E" title="鰭脚類 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鰭脚類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siaruuwdiarten" title="Siaruuwdiarten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Siaruuwdiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seler" title="Seler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Seler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selar" title="Selar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Selar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnipedia" title="Pinnipedia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pinnipedia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurakoyoqlilar_(sutemizuvchilar)" title="Kurakoyoqlilar (sutemizuvchilar) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kurakoyoqlilar (sutemizuvchilar)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robben" title="Robben – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Robben" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82etwonogie" title="Płetwonogie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Płetwonogie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin%C3%ADpedes" title="Pinípedes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pinípedes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinipede" title="Pinipede – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pinipede" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuka" title="Asuka – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Asuka" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Ластоногие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ластоногие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ABmb%C3%ABlopatat" title="Këmbëlopatat – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Këmbëlopatat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pinniped" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plavutono%C5%BEci" title="Plavutonožci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plavutonožci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%DA%A9" title="فۆک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Перајари – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Перајари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perajari" title="Perajari – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Perajari" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ev%C3%A4jalkaiset" title="Eväjalkaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eväjalkaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4lar" title="Sälar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sälar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnerong-dagat" title="Karnerong-dagat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karnerong-dagat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="துடுப்புக்காலிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துடுப்புக்காலிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ишкәкаяклылар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ишкәкаяклылар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A" title="สัตว์ตีนครีบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์ตีนครีบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B9%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Белпойҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Белпойҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnipedia" title="Pinnipedia – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="Pinnipedia" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸೀಲ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸೀಲ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCzge%C3%A7ayakl%C4%B1lar" title="Yüzgeçayaklılar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yüzgeçayaklılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Ластоногі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ластоногі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_ch%C3%A2n_v%C3%A2y" title="Động vật chân vây – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật chân vây" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foke" title="Foke – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Foke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinp%C3%B4tign" title="Vinpôtign – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vinpôtign" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnipedia" title="Pinnipedia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pinnipedia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B3%8D%E8%B6%B3%E7%B1%BB" title="鳍足类 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Pinniped">reviewed</a> on <i>29 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Taxonomic group of semi-aquatic mammals</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Pinnipeds<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Chattian" title="Chattian">Latest Oligocene</a> – <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">24–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:211.87692307692px; width:8.1230769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:211.87692307692px; width:8.1230769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:212.87692307692px; width:6.1230769230769px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinnipeds_vertical_version_montage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pinnipeds_vertical_version_montage.jpg/260px-Pinnipeds_vertical_version_montage.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pinnipeds_vertical_version_montage.jpg/390px-Pinnipeds_vertical_version_montage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pinnipeds_vertical_version_montage.jpg/520px-Pinnipeds_vertical_version_montage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="1764" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">Grey seal</a> (<i>Halichoerus grypus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lion</a> (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>), <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_fur_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand fur seal">New Zealand fur seal</a> (<i>Arctocephalus forsteri</i>), <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a> (<i>Odobenus rosmarus</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">southern elephant seal</a> (<i>Mirounga leonina</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Pinnipedia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinnipedimorpha" title="Pinnipedimorpha">Pinnipedimorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinnipedimorpha" title="Pinnipedimorpha">Pinnipediformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pinnipedia</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Johann_Karl_Wilhelm_Illiger" title="Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger">Illiger</a>, 1811<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subclades </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Family †<a href="/wiki/Desmatophocidae" title="Desmatophocidae">Desmatophocidae</a></li> <li><b>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Otarioidea" title="Otarioidea">Otarioidea</a></b> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a> (walruses)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Eared_seal" title="Eared seal">Otariidae</a> (fur seals and sea lions)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Superfamily Phocoidea</b> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">Phocidae</a> (true or earless seals)</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinniped_range.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pinniped_range.jpg/250px-Pinniped_range.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pinniped_range.jpg/375px-Pinniped_range.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pinniped_range.jpg/500px-Pinniped_range.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="651" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Range map </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Pinnipeds</b> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>), commonly known as <b>seals</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a widely <a href="/wiki/Range_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Range (biology)">distributed</a> and diverse <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fin" title="Fin">fin</a>-footed, <a href="/wiki/Semiaquatic" title="Semiaquatic">semiaquatic</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a>. They comprise the <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> families <a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a> (whose only living member is the <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a>), <a href="/wiki/Otariidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariidae">Otariidae</a> (the eared seals: <a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Phocidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocidae">Phocidae</a> (the earless seals, or true seals), with 34 extant species and more than 50 extinct species described from <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a>. While seals were historically thought to have descended from two ancestral lines, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular</a> evidence supports them as a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic group">monophyletic group</a> (descended from one ancestor). Pinnipeds belong to the <a href="/wiki/Suborder" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborder">suborder</a> <a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia</a> of the order <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a>; their closest living relatives are <a href="/wiki/Musteloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Musteloid">musteloids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">weasels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">raccoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">red pandas</a>), having diverged about 50 million years ago. </p><p>Seals range in size from the 1 m (3 ft 3 in) and 45 kg (100 lb) <a href="/wiki/Baikal_seal" title="Baikal seal">Baikal seal</a> to the 5 m (16 ft) and 3,200 kg (7,100 lb) <a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">southern elephant seal</a>. Several species exhibit <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>. They have streamlined bodies and four limbs that are modified into <a href="/wiki/Flipper_(anatomy)" title="Flipper (anatomy)">flippers</a>. Though not as fast in the water as <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>, seals are more flexible and agile. Otariids primarily use their front limbs to propel themselves through the water, while phocids and walruses primarily use their hind limbs for this purpose. Otariids and walruses have hind limbs that can be pulled under the body and used as legs on land. By comparison, terrestrial locomotion by phocids is more cumbersome. Otariids have visible external ears, while phocids and walruses lack these. Pinnipeds have well-developed senses—their eyesight and hearing are adapted for both air and water, and they have an advanced <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">tactile system</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Whiskers" title="Whiskers">whiskers</a> or vibrissae. Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths. They have a layer of fat, or <a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">blubber</a>, under the skin to keep warm in cold water, and, other than the walrus, all species are covered in fur. </p><p>Although pinnipeds are widespread, most species prefer the colder waters of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. They spend most of their lives in water, but <a href="/wiki/Hauling-out" title="Hauling-out">come ashore</a> to mate, give birth, <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">molt</a> or to avoid ocean predators, such as <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orcas</a>. Seals mainly live in <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine environments</a> but can also be found in fresh water. They feed largely on fish and <a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">marine invertebrates</a>; a few, such as the <a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">leopard seal</a>, feed on large vertebrates, such as <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a> and other seals. Walruses are specialized for feeding on bottom-dwelling <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a>. Male pinnipeds typically mate with more than one female (<a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygyny in nature">polygyny</a>), though the degree of polygyny varies with the species. The males of land-breeding species tend to mate with a greater number of females than those of <a href="/wiki/Ice_seal" title="Ice seal">ice breeding species</a>. Male pinniped strategies for <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_success" title="Reproductive success">reproductive success</a> vary between defending females, defending <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territories</a> that attract females and performing <a href="/wiki/Courtship_display" title="Courtship display">ritual displays</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">lek mating</a>. Pups are typically born in the spring and summer months and females bear almost all the responsibility for raising them. Mothers of some species <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fast</a> and nurse their young for a relatively short period of time while others take foraging trips at sea between nursing bouts. Walruses are known to nurse their young while at sea. Seals produce a number of <a href="/wiki/Animal_communication#Auditory" title="Animal communication">vocalizations</a>, notably the <a href="/wiki/Bark_(sound)" title="Bark (sound)">barks</a> of <a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">gong</a>-like calls of walruses and the complex songs of <a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seals</a>. </p><p>The meat, blubber and skin of pinnipeds have traditionally been used by <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">indigenous peoples of the Arctic</a>. Seals have been depicted in various cultures worldwide. They are commonly kept in captivity and are even sometimes trained to perform tricks and tasks. Once relentlessly <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">hunted</a> by commercial industries for their products, seals are now protected by international law. The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_sea_lion" title="Japanese sea lion">Japanese sea lion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_monk_seal" title="Caribbean monk seal">Caribbean monk seal</a> have become extinct in the past century, while the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_monk_seal" title="Hawaiian monk seal">Hawaiian monk seal</a> are ranked as <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a>. Besides hunting, pinnipeds also face threats from <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">accidental trapping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and conflicts with local people. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "pinniped" derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> words <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pinna</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Fin" title="Fin">fin</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pes, pedis</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">foot</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elias_2007_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elias_2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common name "seal" originates from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">seolh</i></span>, which is in turn derived from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">selkhaz</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_pinnipeds" title="List of pinnipeds">List of pinnipeds</a></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output 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span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:75%;line-height:75%;width:500px;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Pinnipedia</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Phocidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocidae">Phocidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Phocinae" title="Phocinae">Phocinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">Bearded seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">Hooded seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Phocini </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Baikal_seal" title="Baikal seal">Baikal seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Caspian_seal" title="Caspian seal">Caspian seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Spotted_seal" title="Spotted seal">Spotted seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">Harbor seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">Grey seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">Ribbon seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">Harp seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Monachinae" title="Monachinae">Monachinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Lobodontini </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">Leopard seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">Crabeater seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ross seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Miroungini </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">Southern elephant seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal" title="Northern elephant seal">Northern elephant seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(elephant seals)  </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Monachini </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_monk_seal" title="Hawaiian monk seal">Hawaiian monk seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(monk seals)  </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">(earless seals) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Otariidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariidae">Otariidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">Northern fur seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lion</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lion</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_sea_lion" title="Galápagos sea lion">Galápagos sea lion</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">South American sea lion</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Australian_sea_lion" title="Australian sea lion">Australian sea lion</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_sea_lion" title="New Zealand sea lion">New Zealand sea lion</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Brown_fur_seal" title="Brown fur seal">Brown fur seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_fur_seal" title="Subantarctic fur seal">Subantarctic fur seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_fur_seal" title="Guadalupe fur seal">Guadalupe fur seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_fur_seal" title="Juan Fernández fur seal">Juan Fernández fur seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Arctophoca_forsteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctophoca forsteri">Antipodean fur seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal" title="Galápagos fur seal">Galápagos fur seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/South_American_fur_seal" title="South American fur seal">South American fur seal</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">(eared seals) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">Cladogram</a> showing relationships among the living pinnipeds, found in Berta, Churchill and Boessenecker (2018). The Southern Hemisphere eared seal clade is not fully resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_Churchill_Boessenecker_2018_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta_Churchill_Boessenecker_2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The German naturalist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Karl_Wilhelm_Illiger" title="Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger">Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger</a> was the first to recognize the pinnipeds as a distinct <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> unit; in 1811 he gave the name Pinnipedia to both a <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American zoologist <a href="/wiki/Joel_Asaph_Allen" title="Joel Asaph Allen">Joel Asaph Allen</a> reviewed the world's pinnipeds in an 1880 <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monograph</a>, <i>History of North American pinnipeds, a monograph of the walruses, sea-lions, sea-bears and seals of North America</i>. In this publication, he traced the history of names, gave <a href="/wiki/Identification_key" title="Identification key">keys</a> to families and genera, described North American species and provided synopses of species in other parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, Annalisa Berta and colleagues proposed the unranked <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> <a href="/wiki/Pinnipedimorpha" title="Pinnipedimorpha">Pinnipedimorpha</a> to contain the fossil genus <i>Enaliarctos</i> and modern seals as a <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_1989_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta_1989-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinnipeds belong to the order <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> and the suborder <a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia</a> (known as dog-like carnivorans).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the three extant families, the <a href="/wiki/Otariidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariidae">Otariidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a> are grouped in the superfamily Otarioidea,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Phocidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocidae">Phocidae</a> belong to the superfamily Phocoidea.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 34 <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> species of pinnipeds,<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_Churchill_Boessenecker_2018_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta_Churchill_Boessenecker_2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more than 50 fossil species of pinnipedimorphs.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Otariids are also known as eared seals due to their <a href="/wiki/Pinna_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinna (anatomy)">pinnae</a>. These animals swim mainly using their well-developed fore-flippers. They can also "walk" on land by shifting their hind-flippers forward under the body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199064_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199064-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The front end of an otariid's <a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">frontal bone</a> protrudes between the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_bone" title="Nasal bone">nasal bones</a>, with a large and flattened <a href="/wiki/Supraorbital_foramen" title="Supraorbital foramen">supraorbital foramen</a>. An extra spine splits the <a href="/wiki/Supraspinatous_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraspinatous fossa">supraspinatous fossa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchi">bronchi</a> that are divided in the front.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otariids consist of two types: <a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>; the latter typically being smaller, with pointier snouts, longer fore-flippers and heavier <a href="/wiki/Animal_coat" title="Animal coat">fur coats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199068–70_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199068–70-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> and seven species (one now extinct) of sea lion are known to exist, while two genera and nine species of fur seal exist. While sea lions and fur seals have historically been considered separate subfamilies (Otariinae and Arctocephalinae respectively), genetic and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular</a> evidence has refuted this, indicating that the <a href="/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">northern fur seal</a> is <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> to other otariids and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_sea_lion" title="Australian sea lion">Australian sea lion</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_sea_lion" title="New Zealand sea lion">New Zealand sea lion</a> are more closely related to <i><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus" title="Arctocephalus">Arctocephalus</a></i> than to other sea lions.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_Churchill_Boessenecker_2018_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta_Churchill_Boessenecker_2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Odobenidae has only one living member: the <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a>. This animal is noticeable from its larger size (exceeded only by the <a href="/wiki/Elephant_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephant seals">elephant seals</a>), nearly hairless skin, flattened snout and long upper <a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canines</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Tusk" title="Tusk">tusks</a>. Like otariids, walruses can walk on land with their hind limbs. When moving in water, the walrus relies on its hind limbs for locomotion, while its forelimbs are used for steering. Also, it has no outer ears.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman19903,_82–83_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman19903,_82–83-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kastelein_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kastelein-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Epipterygoid" title="Epipterygoid">epipterygoid</a> of the jaw is well developed and the back of the nasal bones are horizontal. In the feet, the <a href="/wiki/Calcaneus" title="Calcaneus">calcaneuses</a> protrude in the middle.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phocids are known as true or "earless" seals. These animals lack outer ears and cannot position their hind-flippers to move on land, making them more cumbersome. This is because of their massive <a href="/wiki/Ankle_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle bone">ankle bones</a> and flatter heels. In water, true seals rely on the side-to-side motion of their hind-flippers and lower body to move forward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199064_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199064-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phocid's skull has <a href="/wiki/Pachyostosis" title="Pachyostosis">thickened</a> <a href="/wiki/Mastoid_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastoid process">mastoids</a>, puffed up <a href="/wiki/Temporal_bone#In_other_animals" title="Temporal bone">entotympanic bones</a>, nasal bones with a pointed tip in the back and a non-existent supraorbital foramen. The hip has a more converse <a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">ilium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2006 molecular study supports the division of phocids into two monophyletic subfamilies: Monachinae, which consists of elephant seals, <a href="/wiki/Monk_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Monk seals">monk seals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lobodontini" title="Lobodontini">Antarctic seals</a>; and Phocinae, which consists of all the rest.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_Churchill_Boessenecker_2018_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta_Churchill_Boessenecker_2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berta_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fossil_pinnipedimorphs" title="List of fossil pinnipedimorphs">List of fossil pinnipedimorphs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puijila_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Puijila_BW.jpg/220px-Puijila_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Puijila_BW.jpg/330px-Puijila_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Puijila_BW.jpg/440px-Puijila_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Restoration of <i>Puijila</i></figcaption></figure> <p>One popular hypothesis suggested that pinnipeds are <a href="/wiki/Polyphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphyletic">diphyletic</a> (descended from two ancestral lines), with walruses and otariids sharing a <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">recent common ancestor</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a>; and phocids sharing one with <a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a>. However, morphological and molecular evidence support a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 genetic study found that pinnipeds are more closely related to musteloids.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinnipeds <a href="/wiki/Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">split</a> from other caniforms 50 million years ago (<a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-leptin_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leptin-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest fossils of pinnipeds date back to the <a href="/wiki/Chattian" title="Chattian">Late Oligocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossil animals representing basal lineages include <i><a href="/wiki/Puijila" title="Puijila">Puijila</a></i>, of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">Early Miocene</a> in Arctic Canada. It resembled a modern otter, but shows evidence of quadrupedal swimming—retaining a form of aquatic locomotion that led to those employed by modern pinnipeds. <i><a href="/wiki/Potamotherium" title="Potamotherium">Potamotherium</a></i>, which lived in the same period in Europe, was similar to <i>Puijila</i> but more aquatic.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson2009_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The braincase of <i>Potamotherium</i> shows evidence that it used its <a href="/wiki/Whiskers" title="Whiskers">whiskers</a> to hunt, like modern seals.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <i>Puijila</i> and <i>Potamotherium</i> fossils have been found in lake deposits, suggesting that seal ancestors were originally adapted for fresh water.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson2009_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enaliarctos_mealsi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Enaliarctos_mealsi.JPG/220px-Enaliarctos_mealsi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Enaliarctos_mealsi.JPG/330px-Enaliarctos_mealsi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Enaliarctos_mealsi.JPG/440px-Enaliarctos_mealsi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2086" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption>Fossil of <i>Enaliarctos</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Enaliarctos</i>, a fossil species of late <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>/early Miocene (24–22 mya) <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, closely resembled modern pinnipeds; it was adapted to an aquatic life with flippers and a flexible spine. Its teeth were more like land predators in that they were more adapted for <a href="/wiki/Carnassial" title="Carnassial">shearing</a>. Its hind-flippers may have allowed it to walk on land, and it probably did not leave coastal areas as much as its modern relatives. <i>Enaliarctos</i> was likely more of a fore-flipper swimmer, but could probably swim with either pair.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One species, <i>Enaliarctos emlongi</i>, exhibited notable <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>, suggesting that this physical characteristic may have been an important driver of pinniped evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Cullenetal2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullenetal2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A closer relative of extant pinnipeds was <i><a href="/wiki/Pteronarctos" title="Pteronarctos">Pteronarctos</a></i>, which lived in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> 19–15 mya. As in modern seals, the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a> or upper jaw bone of <i>Pteroarctos</i> intersects with the <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">orbital wall</a>. The extinct family <a href="/wiki/Desmatophocidae" title="Desmatophocidae">Desmatophocidae</a> lived 23–10 mya in the North Pacific. They had long skulls that with large orbits, interlocked <a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_bone" title="Zygomatic bone">zygomatic bones</a> and rounded <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Premolars" class="mw-redirect" title="Premolars">premolars</a>. They also were sexually dimorphic and may have been capable of swimming with both or either pair of flippers.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are grouped with modern pinnipeds, but there is debate as to whether they are more closely related to phocids or to otariids and walruses.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berta_Churchill_Boessenecker_2018_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta_Churchill_Boessenecker_2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeodobenus_restoration.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Archaeodobenus_restoration.PNG/220px-Archaeodobenus_restoration.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Archaeodobenus_restoration.PNG/330px-Archaeodobenus_restoration.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Archaeodobenus_restoration.PNG/440px-Archaeodobenus_restoration.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2249" data-file-height="1547" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeodobenus" title="Archaeodobenus">Archaeodobenus</a> akamatsui</i> family Odobenidae</figcaption></figure> <p>The ancestors of the Otarioidea and Phocidea diverged around 25 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-Nyakatura_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nyakatura-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phocids are known to have existed for at least 15 million years,<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and molecular evidence supports a divergence of the Monachinae and Phocinae lineages around this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_Churchill_Boessenecker_2018_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta_Churchill_Boessenecker_2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fossil genera <i><a href="/wiki/Monotherium" title="Monotherium">Monotherium</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Leptophoca" title="Leptophoca">Leptophoca</a></i> of southeastern North America represent the earliest members of Monachinae and Phocinae respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both lineages may have originated in the North Atlantic, and likely reached the Pacific via the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Seaway" title="Central American Seaway">Central American Seaway</a>. Phocines mainly stayed in the Northern Hemisphere, while the monachines diversified southward.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_Churchill_Boessenecker_2018_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta_Churchill_Boessenecker_2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineages</a> of Otariidae and Odobenidae split around 20 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-Nyakatura_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nyakatura-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest fossil records of otariids are in North Pacific and dated to around 11 mya. Early fossil genera include <i><a href="/wiki/Pithanotaria" title="Pithanotaria">Pithanotaria</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Thalassoleon" title="Thalassoleon">Thalassoleon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Callorhinus</i> lineage split the earliest, followed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Eumetopias" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumetopias">Eumetopias</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Zalophus" title="Zalophus">Zalophus</a></i> lineage and then the rest, which colonized the Southern Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berta_Churchill_Boessenecker_2018_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta_Churchill_Boessenecker_2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest fossils of Odobenidae—<i><a href="/wiki/Prototaria" title="Prototaria">Prototaria</a></i> of Japan and <i><a href="/wiki/Proneotherium" title="Proneotherium">Proneotherium</a></i> of Oregon—date to 18–16 mya. These primitive walruses had normal sized canines and fed on fish instead of mollusks. Later taxa like <i><a href="/wiki/Gomphotaria" title="Gomphotaria">Gomphotaria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pontolis" title="Pontolis">Pontolis</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dusignathus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dusignathus (page does not exist)">Dusignathus</a></i> had longer canines on both the upper and lower jaw. The familiar long upper tusks developed in the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Valenictus" title="Valenictus">Valenictus</a></i> and <i>Odobenus</i>. The lineage of the modern walrus may have spread from the North Pacific to the North Atlantic through the Caribbean and Central American Seaway 8–5 mya, and then back to the North Pacific via the Arctic 1 mya, or to the Arctic and subsequently the North Atlantic during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy_and_physiology">Anatomy and physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anatomy and physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zalophus_californianus_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Zalophus_californianus_01.JPG/200px-Zalophus_californianus_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Zalophus_californianus_01.JPG/300px-Zalophus_californianus_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Zalophus_californianus_01.JPG/400px-Zalophus_californianus_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4423" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirounga_leonina_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mirounga_leonina_01.jpg/200px-Mirounga_leonina_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mirounga_leonina_01.jpg/300px-Mirounga_leonina_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mirounga_leonina_01.jpg/400px-Mirounga_leonina_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4888" data-file-height="3144" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Skeleton of <a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lion</a> (top) and <a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">southern elephant seal</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Pinnipeds have streamlined, spindle-shaped bodies with small or non-existent ear flaps, rounded heads, short muzzles, flexible necks, limbs modified into flippers and small tails.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertaSumichKovacs2006165_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertaSumichKovacs2006165-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a> and genitals can withdraw into the body.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seals are unique among carnivorans in that their orbital walls are mostly shaped by the maxilla and are not contained by certain facial bones.<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to land carnivores, pinnipeds have fewer teeth, which are pointed and cone-shaped. They are adapted for holding onto slippery prey rather than shearing meat like the <a href="/wiki/Carnassial" title="Carnassial">carnassials</a> of other carnivorans. The walrus has unique tusks which are long upper canines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990162,_164_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990162,_164-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pinnipeds range in size from the 1 m (3 ft 3 in) and 45 kg (100 lb) <a href="/wiki/Baikal_seal" title="Baikal seal">Baikal seal</a> to the 5 m (16 ft) and 3,200 kg (7,100 lb) <a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">southern elephant seal</a>. Overall, they tend to be larger than other carnivores.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several species have male-biased sexual dimorphism that depends on how <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygyny in nature">polygynous</a> a species is: highly polygynous species like elephant seals are extremely sexually dimorphic, while less polygynous species have males and females that are closer in size, or, in the case of Antarctic seals, females are moderately bigger. Males of sexually dimorphic species also tend to have <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sex_characteristic" title="Secondary sex characteristic">secondary sex characteristics</a>, such as larger or more prominent heads, necks, chests, <a href="/wiki/Sagittal_crest" title="Sagittal crest">crests</a>, noses/<a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscises</a> and canine teeth as well as thicker fur and manes.<sup id="cite_ref-dimorphism_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimorphism-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201273–74_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201273–74-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though more polygynous species tend to be sexually dimorphic, some evidence suggests that size differences between the sexes originated due to ecological differences, with polygyny developing later.<sup id="cite_ref-GonzalezSuarezCassini2014_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GonzalezSuarezCassini2014-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krugeretal2014_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krugeretal2014-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Sea_Lions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Southern_Sea_Lions.jpg/180px-Southern_Sea_Lions.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Southern_Sea_Lions.jpg/270px-Southern_Sea_Lions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Southern_Sea_Lions.jpg/360px-Southern_Sea_Lions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1956" /></a><figcaption>Male and female <a href="/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">South American sea lions</a>, showing <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Almost all pinnipeds have fur coats, the exception being the walrus, which is only sparsely covered. Even some fully furred species (particularly sea lions) are less furry than land mammals. Fur seals have lush coats consisting of an <a href="/wiki/Fur#Composition" title="Fur">undercoat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guard_hair" title="Guard hair">guard hairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman19903,_68–70_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman19903,_68–70-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ice_seal" title="Ice seal">species that live on ice</a>, young pups have thicker coats than adults. The individual hairs on the coat, known collectively as <a href="/wiki/Lanugo" title="Lanugo">lanugo</a>, can trap heat from sunlight and keep the pup warm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199016_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199016-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinnipeds are typically <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershaded</a>, and are darker colored <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (anatomy)">dorsally</a> and lighter colored <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">ventrally</a>, which serves to counter the effects of self-shadowing caused by light shining over the ocean water. The pure white fur of <a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp seal</a> pups conceals them in their Arctic environment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201262_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201262-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several species have clashing patterns of light and dark pigmentation.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201262_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201262-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All fully furred species <a href="/wiki/Molt" class="mw-redirect" title="Molt">molt</a>; the process of which may be quick or gradual depending on the species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990253–255_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990253–255-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seals have a layer of <a href="/wiki/Panniculus_adiposus" title="Panniculus adiposus">subcutaneous fat</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">blubber</a>, that is particularly thick in phocids and walruses.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199016_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199016-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blubber serves both to keep the animals warm and to provide energy and nourishment when they are <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a>. It can constitute as much as 50% of a pinniped's mass. Newborn pups have a thin layer of blubber, but some species compensate for this with thick lanugos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199016_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199016-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The simple stomach of pinnipeds is typical of carnivores. Most species have neither a <a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">cecum</a> nor a clear demarcation between the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small</a> and <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestines</a>; the large intestine is comparatively short and only slightly wider than the small intestine. Small intestine lengths range from 8 times (<a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lion</a>) to 25 times (elephant seal) the body length. The length of the intestine may be an adaptation to frequent deep diving, allowing for more room in the digestive tract for partially digested food. An <a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">appendix</a> is absent in seals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertaSumichKovacs2006317_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertaSumichKovacs2006317-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in most marine mammals, the <a href="/wiki/Reniculate_kidney" title="Reniculate kidney">kidneys</a> are divided into lobes and filter out excess salt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199031_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199031-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotion">Locomotion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Locomotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinniped_underwater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pinniped_underwater.jpg/200px-Pinniped_underwater.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pinniped_underwater.jpg/300px-Pinniped_underwater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pinniped_underwater.jpg/400px-Pinniped_underwater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2374" data-file-height="1918" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bigmalesealion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bigmalesealion.jpg/200px-Bigmalesealion.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bigmalesealion.jpg/300px-Bigmalesealion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bigmalesealion.jpg/400px-Bigmalesealion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">Harbor seal</a> (top) and California sea lion swimming. The former swims with its hind-flippers, the latter with its fore-flippers.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Pinnipeds have two pairs of flippers on the front and back, the fore-flippers and hind-flippers. Their elbows and ankles are not externally visible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201262_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201262-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinnipeds are not as fast as <a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">cetaceans</a>, typically swimming at 5–15 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">kn</a> (9–28 km/h; 6–17 mph) compared to around 20 kn (37 km/h; 23 mph) for several species of <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphin</a>. Seals are more agile and flexible,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman19905_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman19905-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some otariids, such as the California sea lion, can make dorsal turns as the back of their heads can touch their hind flippers.<sup id="cite_ref-Fish_2003_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fish_2003-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinnipeds have several adaptions for reducing <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a>. In addition to their streamlined bodies, they have smooth networks of <a href="/wiki/Muscle_fascicle" title="Muscle fascicle">muscle bundles</a> in their skin that may increase <a href="/wiki/Laminar_flow" title="Laminar flow">laminar flow</a> and cut through the water. The <a href="/wiki/Arrector_pili_muscle" title="Arrector pili muscle">hair erector muscles</a> are absent, so their fur can be streamlined as they swim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman19903–4_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman19903–4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When swimming, otariids rely on their fore-flippers for locomotion in a wing-like manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea turtles">sea turtles</a>. Fore-flipper movement is not continuous, and the animal glides between each stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-Feldkamp_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldkamp-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fish1996_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fish1996-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to terrestrial carnivorans, the fore-limb bones of otariids are reduced in length, giving them less resistance at the elbow joint as the flippers flap;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201262–64_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201262–64-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the hind-flippers maneuver them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman19907_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman19907-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phocids and walruses swim by moving their hind-flippers and lower body from side to side, while their fore-flippers are mainly used for maneuvering.<sup id="cite_ref-Fish1996_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fish1996-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201263_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201263-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kastelein_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kastelein-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species <a href="/wiki/Whale_surfacing_behaviour#Breaching,_lunging,_and_porpoising" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale surfacing behaviour">leap</a> out of the water, and "ride" waves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman19907–8_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman19907–8-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pinnipeds can move around on land, though not as well as terrestrial animals. Otariids and walruses are capable of turning their hind-flippers forward and under the body so they can "walk" on all fours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199011_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199011-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fore-flippers move along a <a href="/wiki/Transverse_plane" title="Transverse plane">transverse</a> plane, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Sagittal_plane" title="Sagittal plane">sagittal</a> plane like the limbs of land mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-English_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otariids create momentum by laterally swaying their heads and necks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199011–12_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199011–12-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-English_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea lions have been recorded climbing up flights of stairs. Phocids lack the ability to walk on their hind-flippers, and must flop and wriggle their bodies forward as their fore-flippers keep them stable. In some species, the fore-flippers may act like <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">oars</a> pushing against the ground. Phocids can move faster on ice, as they are able to slide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199012_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199012-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senses">Senses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Senses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reflection_in_a_seal_eye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Reflection_in_a_seal_eye.jpg/220px-Reflection_in_a_seal_eye.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Reflection_in_a_seal_eye.jpg/330px-Reflection_in_a_seal_eye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Reflection_in_a_seal_eye.jpg/440px-Reflection_in_a_seal_eye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Light reflection on an elephant seal eye</figcaption></figure> <p>The eyes of pinnipeds are relatively large for their size and are positioned near the front of the head. Only the smaller eyes of the walruses are located on each side of the head;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199043_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199043-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201267_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201267-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since they forage at the bottom for <a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">sedentary</a> mollusks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199043_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199043-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A seal's eye is suited for seeing both underwater and in air. Most of <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> is <a href="/wiki/Equidistant" title="Equidistant">equidistant</a> around the spherical <a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">lens</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a> has a flattened center where <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a> does not change between air and water. The vascular <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a> has a strong <a href="/wiki/Iris_dilator_muscle" title="Iris dilator muscle">dilator muscle</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Miosis" title="Miosis">contracted</a> pupil is typically pear-shaped, although the <a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">bearded seal</a>'s is more horizontal. Compared to deep-diving elephant seals, the iris of shallower species, such as <a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">harbor seals</a> and California sea lions, does not change much in size between contraction and <a href="/wiki/Mydriasis" title="Mydriasis">expansion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seals are able to see in darkness with a <i><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">tapetum lucidum</a></i>, a reflecting layer that increases sensitivity by reflecting light back through the <a href="/wiki/Rod_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Rod cells">rods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199045_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199045-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fur_Seal_at_Cape_Cross,_Namibia_(3045707919).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fur_Seal_at_Cape_Cross%2C_Namibia_%283045707919%29.jpg/220px-Fur_Seal_at_Cape_Cross%2C_Namibia_%283045707919%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fur_Seal_at_Cape_Cross%2C_Namibia_%283045707919%29.jpg/330px-Fur_Seal_at_Cape_Cross%2C_Namibia_%283045707919%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fur_Seal_at_Cape_Cross%2C_Namibia_%283045707919%29.jpg/440px-Fur_Seal_at_Cape_Cross%2C_Namibia_%283045707919%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Frontal view of <a href="/wiki/Brown_fur_seal" title="Brown fur seal">brown fur seal</a> head</figcaption></figure> <p>On land, pinnipeds are <a href="/wiki/Myopia" title="Myopia">near-sighted</a> in dim light. This is reduced in bright light as the retracted pupil decreases the ability of the lens and the cornea to refract (bend) light.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199046_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199046-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polar living seals like the harp seal have corneas that are adapted to the bright light that reflects off snow and ice. As such, they do not suffer <a href="/wiki/Snow_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow blindness">snow blindness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199046_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199046-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinnipeds appear to have limited <a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">color vision</a> as they lack <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">S-cones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flexible eye movement has been documented in seals.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The walrus can project its eyes out from its sockets in both a forward and upward direction due to its advanced <a href="/wiki/Extraocular_muscles" title="Extraocular muscles">extraocular muscles</a> and absence of an orbital roof.<sup id="cite_ref-Kastelein_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kastelein-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seal eye is durable as the <a href="/wiki/Corneal_epithelium" title="Corneal epithelium">corneal epithelium</a> is hardened by <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera">sclera</a> is thick enough to withstand the pressures of diving. Seals also secrete <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_gland" title="Lacrimal gland">lacrimal gland</a> to protect their eyes. As in many mammals and birds, pinnipeds possess <a href="/wiki/Nictitating_membrane" title="Nictitating membrane">nictitating membranes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman19903,_49_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman19903,_49-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pinniped ear is adapted for hearing underwater, where it can hear sound frequencies of up to 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>. In air, hearing is somewhat reduced in pinnipeds compared to many terrestrial mammals. While their airborne hearing sensitivity is generally weaker than humans', they still have a wide frequency range.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199039_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199039-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study of three species—the harbor seal, California sea lion and <a href="/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal" title="Northern elephant seal">northern elephant seal</a>—found that the sea lion was best adapted for airborne hearing, the elephant seal for underwater hearing and the harbor seal was equally adapted for both.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although pinnipeds have a fairly good sense of smell on land,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is useless under water as their nostrils are closed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199040_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199040-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walrus_-_Kamogawa_Seaworld_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of walrus head in profile showing one eye, nose, tusks, and "mustache"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Walrus_-_Kamogawa_Seaworld_-_1.jpg/220px-Walrus_-_Kamogawa_Seaworld_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Walrus_-_Kamogawa_Seaworld_-_1.jpg/330px-Walrus_-_Kamogawa_Seaworld_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Walrus_-_Kamogawa_Seaworld_-_1.jpg/440px-Walrus_-_Kamogawa_Seaworld_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vibrissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibrissa">Vibrissae</a> of walrus</figcaption></figure> <p>Pinnipeds have well-developed <a href="/wiki/Tactition" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactition">tactile</a> senses. Compared to terrestrial mammals, the moustache-like <a href="/wiki/Whiskers" title="Whiskers">whiskers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vibrissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibrissa">vibrissae</a> of pinnipeds have ten times more nerve connections, allowing them to effectively detect vibrations in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These vibrations are generated, for example, when a fish swims through water. Detecting vibrations is useful when the animals are foraging, and may add to or even replace vision, particularly in darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-whiskers_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whiskers-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blindseals_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blindseals-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harbor seals can follow hydrodynamic paths made by other animals minutes earlier, similar to a dog following a scent trail,<sup id="cite_ref-dehnhardt_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dehnhardt-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schulte-pelkum_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schulte-pelkum-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even to discriminate the size and type of object responsible for the trail.<sup id="cite_ref-sealdiscrim_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sealdiscrim-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike terrestrial mammals, such as <a href="/wiki/Rodents" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodents">rodents</a>, pinnipeds do not sweep their whiskers over an object when examining it, but can protract the hairs forward while holding them steady, maximizing their detection.<sup id="cite_ref-whiskers_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whiskers-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-angle_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angle-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vibrissa's angle relative to the flow seems to be the most important contributor to detection ability.<sup id="cite_ref-angle_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angle-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whiskers of some otariids grow quite long—those of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal</a> can reach 41 cm (16 in).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walruses have the most vibrissae, at 600–700 individual hairs. These are important when searching for prey along the bottom. In addition to foraging, whiskers may also play a role in navigation; <a href="/wiki/Spotted_seal" title="Spotted seal">spotted seals</a> appear to use them to detect breathing holes in the ice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199042_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199042-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diving_adaptations">Diving adaptations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diving adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Physiology_of_underwater_diving#Pinnipeds" title="Physiology of underwater diving">Physiology of underwater diving § Pinnipeds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weddell_seal_swims_underwater_in_McMurdo_Sound_(Image_3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Weddell_seal_swims_underwater_in_McMurdo_Sound_%28Image_3%29.jpg/220px-Weddell_seal_swims_underwater_in_McMurdo_Sound_%28Image_3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Weddell_seal_swims_underwater_in_McMurdo_Sound_%28Image_3%29.jpg/330px-Weddell_seal_swims_underwater_in_McMurdo_Sound_%28Image_3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Weddell_seal_swims_underwater_in_McMurdo_Sound_%28Image_3%29.jpg/440px-Weddell_seal_swims_underwater_in_McMurdo_Sound_%28Image_3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal</a> underwater</figcaption></figure> <p>To dive, a pinniped must first exhale much of the air out of its lungs and shut its nostrils and throat cartilages to protect the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">trachea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199025_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199025-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201269_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201269-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The airways are supported by <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilaginous rings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a>, and the chest muscles and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a> can completely deflate during deeper dives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertaSumichKovacs2006245_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertaSumichKovacs2006245-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-miller2006b_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller2006b-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While land mammals generally cannot empty their lungs, pinnipeds can reinflate their lungs even after respiratory collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-miller2006b_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller2006b-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The middle ear contains <a href="/wiki/Sinus_(anatomy)" title="Sinus (anatomy)">sinuses</a> that probably fill with blood during dives, preventing <a href="/wiki/Ear_clearing" title="Ear clearing">middle ear squeeze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Costa_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costa-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heart of a seal is moderately flattened to allow the lungs to deflate. The trachea is flexible enough to collapse under pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199025_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199025-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During deep dives, any remaining air in their bodies is stored in the <a href="/wiki/Bronchiole" title="Bronchiole">bronchioles</a> and trachea, which prevents them from experiencing <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">oxygen toxicity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">nitrogen narcosis</a>. In addition, seals can tolerate large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>, which reduces skeletal muscle fatigue during intense physical activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Costa_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costa-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a> of pinnipeds is large and elaborate; <a href="/wiki/Rete_mirabile" title="Rete mirabile">retia mirabilia</a> line the inside of the trunk and limbs, allowing for greater oxygen storage during diving.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertaSumichKovacs2006241_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertaSumichKovacs2006241-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with other diving mammals, pinnipeds have large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">myoglobin</a> stored in their blood and muscles respectively. This allows them to stay submerged for long periods of time while still having enough oxygen. Deep-diving species such as elephant seals have <a href="/wiki/Blood_volume" title="Blood volume">blood volumes</a> that represent up to 20% of their body weight. When diving, they reduce their heart rate, and blood flow is mostly restricted to the heart, brain and lungs. To keep their <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> stable, phocids have an elastic <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> that dissipates some of the energy of each heartbeat.<sup id="cite_ref-Costa_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costa-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermoregulation">Thermoregulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Thermoregulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N_elephant_seal_resting.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/N_elephant_seal_resting.JPG/220px-N_elephant_seal_resting.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/N_elephant_seal_resting.JPG/330px-N_elephant_seal_resting.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/N_elephant_seal_resting.JPG/440px-N_elephant_seal_resting.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Northern elephant seal resting in water</figcaption></figure> <p>Pinnipeds keep warm by having large, thick bodies, insulating blubber and fur, and fast metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199014_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199014-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the blood vessels in their flippers are adapted for <a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange" title="Countercurrent exchange">countercurrent exchange</a>; small veins surround arteries transporting blood from the body core, capturing heat from them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201265_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201265-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While blubber and fur keep the seal warm in water, they can also overheat the animal when it is on land. To counteract overheating, many species cool off by covering themselves in sand. Monk seals may even dig up the cooler layers. The northern fur seal cools off by <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pant" class="extiw" title="wikt:pant">panting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertaSumichKovacs2006220_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertaSumichKovacs2006220-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep">Sleep</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sleep"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pinnipeds spend many months at a time at sea, so they must sleep in the water. Scientists have recorded them sleeping for minutes at a time while slowly drifting downward in a belly-up orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-sleep_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sleep-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other marine mammals, seals sleep in water with <a href="/wiki/Unihemispheric_slow-wave_sleep" title="Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep">half of their brain awake</a> so that they can detect and escape from predators, as well as surface for air without fully waking. When they are asleep on land, both sides of their brain go into sleep mode.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noaa-walrus22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Noaa-walrus22.jpg/220px-Noaa-walrus22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Noaa-walrus22.jpg/330px-Noaa-walrus22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Noaa-walrus22.jpg/440px-Noaa-walrus22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>Walrus on ice off Alaska. This species has a discontinuous distribution around the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Living pinnipeds are widespread in cold oceanic waters; particularly in the North Atlantic, the North Pacific and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>. By contrast, the consistently warm <a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan</a> waters have no seals.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monk seals and some otariids live in tropical and subtropical waters. Seals usually require cool, nutrient-rich waters with temperatures lower than 20 °C (68 °F). Even in more tropical climates, lower temperatures and biological productivity may be provided by <a href="/wiki/Current_(ocean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Current (ocean)">currents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199061_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199061-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only monk seals live in waters that generally lack these features.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Caspian seal and Baikal seal are found in large landlocked bodies of water (the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a> respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_14-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a whole, pinnipeds can be found in a variety of aquatic habitats, mostly <a href="/wiki/Coastal" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal">coastal</a> water, but also <a href="/wiki/Open_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Open ocean">open ocean</a>, deep waters near offshore islands, <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish waters</a> and even freshwater <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>. The Baikal seal is the only exclusively <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_seal" title="Freshwater seal">freshwater species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199094–95_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199094–95-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinnipeds also use a number of terrestrial habitats and <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biology)" title="Substrate (biology)">substrates</a>, both continental and island. In non-polar regions, they <a href="/wiki/Hauling-out" title="Hauling-out">haul out</a> on to <a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">rocky shores</a>, sandy and <a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a> beaches, <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">sandbanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tidal_flat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal flat">tidal flats</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tidal_pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal pool">pools</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">sea caves</a>. Some species also rest on man-made structures built along the coast or offshore. Pinnipeds may move further from the water using sand dunes or vegetation, or even rocky cliffs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199096_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199096-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Zealand sea lions may travel to forests 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In polar regions, seals haul out on to both <a href="/wiki/Fast_ice" title="Fast ice">fast ice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drift_ice" title="Drift ice">drift ice</a>. Some even den underneath the ice, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Pressure_ridge_(ice)" title="Pressure ridge (ice)">pressure ridges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crevasse" title="Crevasse">crevasses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199099_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199099-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior_and_life_history">Behavior and life history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Behavior and life history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg/220px-Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg/330px-Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg/440px-Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lions</a> in water and at haulout</figcaption></figure> <p>Pinnipeds have an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amphibious" class="extiw" title="wikt:amphibious">amphibious</a> lifestyle; they are mostly aquatic, but <a href="/wiki/Hauling_out" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauling out">haul out</a> to breed, molt, rest, <a href="/wiki/Sunning_(behaviour)" title="Sunning (behaviour)">sun</a> or to avoid aquatic predators. Several species are known to <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">migrate</a> over vast distances, particularly in response to environmental changes. Elephant seals are at sea for most of the year and there are vast distances between their breeding and molting sites. The northern elephant seal is one of farthest mammalian migraters, traveling 18,000–21,000 km (11,000–13,000 mi). Otariids tend to migrate less than phocids, especially tropical species.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traveling seals may reach their destination using <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">geomagnetic fields</a>, water and wind currents, solar and lunar positions and the temperature and chemical makeup of the water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990256–257_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990256–257-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pinnipeds may dive during foraging or to avoid predators. When foraging, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal</a> typically dives for no more than 15 minutes and 400 m (1,300 ft) deep, but can dive for as long as 73 minutes and reach 600 m (2,000 ft) deep. Northern elephant seals often dive 350–650 m (1,100–2,100 ft) for as long as 20 minutes. They can also dive 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and for over an hour. The dives of otariids tend to be shorter and less deep. They typically last 5–7 minutes with average depths to 30–45 m (100–150 ft). However, the New Zealand sea lion has been recorded diving to a maximum of 460 m (1,510 ft) and have submerged for as long as 12 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990172–175_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990172–175-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diet of walruses does not require them to dive very deep or very long. Pinnipeds generally live 25–30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201270,_78_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201270,_78-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foraging_and_predation">Foraging and predation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Foraging and predation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1031_california_sealion_wright_odfw_(35281910502).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1031_california_sealion_wright_odfw_%2835281910502%29.jpg/220px-1031_california_sealion_wright_odfw_%2835281910502%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1031_california_sealion_wright_odfw_%2835281910502%29.jpg/330px-1031_california_sealion_wright_odfw_%2835281910502%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1031_california_sealion_wright_odfw_%2835281910502%29.jpg/440px-1031_california_sealion_wright_odfw_%2835281910502%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>California sea lion with <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Steelhead" title="Steelhead">steelhead</a></figcaption></figure> <p>All pinnipeds are <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Predatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Predatory">predatory</a>. As a whole, they mostly feed on fish and <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>, but also consume <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endotherm" title="Endotherm">endothermic</a> (warm-blooded) prey like <a href="/wiki/Sea_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea bird">sea birds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990144–145_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990144–145-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most species have <a href="/wiki/Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">generalist</a> diets, a few are specialists. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a>-eating <a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">crabeater seals</a>, crustacean-eating <a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed seals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a> specialists like the <a href="/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ross seal</a> and southern elephant seal, and the bearded seal and walrus, which specialize on <a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">benthic</a> invertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pinnipeds may hunt solitarily or <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative hunting">cooperatively</a>. The former behavior is typical when hunting non-schooling fish, immobile or sluggish invertebrates and endothermic prey. Solitary foraging species usually hunt in coastal or shallow water. An exception to this is the northern elephant seal, which hunts deep in the open ocean for fish. In addition, walruses feed solitarily but are often near other walruses in small or large groups. For large schools of fish or squid, pinnipeds such as certain otariids hunt cooperatively in large groups, locating and herding their prey. Some species, such as California and <a href="/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">South American sea lions</a>, will hunt alongside sea birds and cetaceans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990166–168_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990166–168-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seals typically swallow their food whole, and will rip apart prey that is too big.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990162_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990162-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">leopard seal</a>, a prolific predator of penguins, is known to violently shake its prey to death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990153_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990153-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complex serrations in the teeth of <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter-feeding species</a>, such as crabeater seals, allow water to leak out as they swallow their planktonic food.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_86-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The walrus is unique in that it consumes its prey by <a href="/wiki/Suction_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Suction feeding">suction feeding</a>, using its tongue to suck the meat of a bivalve out of the shell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201267_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201267-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While pinnipeds mostly hunt in the water, South American sea lions are known to chase down penguins on land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990155_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990155-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species may <a href="/wiki/Gastrolith" title="Gastrolith">swallow stones or pebbles</a> for reasons not understood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990161–162_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990161–162-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though they can drink seawater, pinnipeds get most of their fluid intake from their food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman199031–32_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman199031–32-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish8426_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Fish8426_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/220px-Fish8426_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Fish8426_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/330px-Fish8426_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Fish8426_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/440px-Fish8426_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5305" data-file-height="3385" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">Leopard seal</a> capturing <a href="/wiki/Emperor_penguin" title="Emperor penguin">emperor penguin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pinnipeds themselves are subject to predation. Most species are preyed on by the <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orca</a>. To subdue and kill seals, orcas strike them with their heads or tails—the latter causing them to fly in the air—or simply bite into them and rip them apart. They are typically hunted by groups of 10 or fewer whales, but they are occasionally hunted by larger groups or by lone individuals. All age classes may be targeted, but pups most of all. Large <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> are another major predator of pinnipeds—usually the <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a> but also the <a href="/wiki/Tiger_shark" title="Tiger shark">tiger shark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mako_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Mako shark">mako shark</a>. Sharks usually attack by ambushing them from below. Injured seals that escape are usually able to recover from their wounds. Otariids that have been targeted in the hindquarters are more likely to survive, while phocids are more likely to survive with forequarters injures. Pinnipeds are also preyed on by terrestrial and <a href="/wiki/Pagophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagophilic">pagophilic</a> predators. The <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bear</a> is a major predator of Arctic seals and walruses, particularly pups. Bears may seek out seals, or simply wait for them to come by. Other terrestrial predators include <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_hyena" title="Brown hyena">brown hyenas</a> and various species of <a href="/wiki/Canid" class="mw-redirect" title="Canid">canids</a>, which mostly target the young.<sup id="cite_ref-predation_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-predation-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg/220px-Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg/330px-Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg/440px-Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">Orca</a> hunting a Weddell seal</figcaption></figure> <p>Pinnipeds lessen the chance of predation by gathering in groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990218_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990218-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species are capable of inflicting damaging wounds on their attackers with their sharp canines. Adult walruses are particularly risky prey for polar bears.<sup id="cite_ref-predation_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-predation-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When out at sea, northern elephant seals dive out of the reach of surface-hunting orcas and white sharks.<sup id="cite_ref-sleep_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sleep-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Antarctic, which lacks terrestrial predators, pinniped species spend more time on the ice than their Arctic counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990138_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990138-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interspecific predation among pinnipeds does occur. The leopard seal is known to prey on many other species, especially the crabeater seal. Leopard seals typically target crabeater pups, particularly from November to January. Older crabeater seals commonly bear scars from failed leopard seal attacks; a 1977 study found that 75% of a sample of 85 individual crabeaters had these scars.<sup id="cite_ref-predation_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-predation-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walruses, despite being specialized for feeding on bottom-dwelling invertebrates, occasionally prey on Arctic seals. They kill their prey with their long tusks and eat their blubber and skin. <a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lions</a> have been recorded eating harbor seals, northern fur seals and California sea lions, particularly pups and small adults. New Zealand sea lions feed on pups of some fur seal species, and the South American sea lion may prey on <a href="/wiki/South_American_fur_seal" title="South American fur seal">South American fur seals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-predation_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-predation-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproductive_behavior">Reproductive behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reproductive behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoca_vitulina_vitulina_201906_45.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoca_vitulina_vitulina_201906_45.jpg/220px-Phoca_vitulina_vitulina_201906_45.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoca_vitulina_vitulina_201906_45.jpg/330px-Phoca_vitulina_vitulina_201906_45.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoca_vitulina_vitulina_201906_45.jpg/440px-Phoca_vitulina_vitulina_201906_45.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3901" data-file-height="2601" /></a><figcaption>Harbor seals on sandy beach. This species breeds on land but mates in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990212_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990212-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mating_system" title="Mating system">mating system</a> of pinnipeds varies from extreme polygyny to <a href="/wiki/Serial_monogamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial monogamy">serial monogamy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990180–183_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990180–183-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 33 species, 20 breed on land, and the remaining 13 breed on ice.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species that breed on land are usually polygynous, as females gather in large aggregations and males are able to mate with them as well as defend them from rivals. Polygynous species include elephant seals, <a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">grey seals</a> and most otariids.<sup id="cite_ref-dimorphism_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimorphism-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Land-breeding pinnipeds prefer to mate on islands where there are fewer land predators. Suitable islands are in short supply and tend to be crowded. Since the land they breed on is fixed, females return to the same sites for many years. The males arrive earlier in the season and wait for them. The males stay on land to monopolize females; and may fast for months as they would lose their position if they went to feed at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990178–179_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990178–179-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polygynous species also tend to be extremely sexual dimorphic in favor of males. This dimorphism manifests itself in larger chests and necks, longer canines and denser fur—all traits that equip males for combat. Larger males have more blubber and thus more energy reserves for fasting.<sup id="cite_ref-dimorphism_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimorphism-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other seals, like the walrus and most phocids, <a href="/wiki/Ice_seal" title="Ice seal">breed on ice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">copulate</a> in the water—a few land-breeding species also mate in water.<sup id="cite_ref-dimorphism_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimorphism-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990212_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990212-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females of these species tend to be more spaced out and there is less <a href="/wiki/Philopatry" title="Philopatry">site fidelity</a>, since ice is less stable than solid land. Hence polygyny tends to be weaker in ice-breeding species. An exception to this is the walrus, whose distribution of food forces females closer together. Pinnipeds that breed on fast ice tend to cluster together more than those that breed on drift ice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990184–188,_196_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990184–188,_196-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seals that breed on ice tend to have little or no sexual dimorphism. In Antarctic seals, there is some size bias in favor of females. Walruses and <a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">hooded seals</a> are unique among ice-breeding species in that they have pronounced sexual dimorphism in favor of males.<sup id="cite_ref-dimorphism_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimorphism-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990187–188_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990187–188-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Callorhinus_ursinus_and_harem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Callorhinus_ursinus_and_harem.jpg/220px-Callorhinus_ursinus_and_harem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Callorhinus_ursinus_and_harem.jpg/330px-Callorhinus_ursinus_and_harem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Callorhinus_ursinus_and_harem.jpg/440px-Callorhinus_ursinus_and_harem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="1581" /></a><figcaption>Northern fur seal breeding colony</figcaption></figure> <p>Adult male pinnipeds have several strategies to ensure <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_success" title="Reproductive success">reproductive success</a>. Otariid males gain access to females by establishing <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territories</a> where females can bask and give birth and contain valuable resources such as shade, tide pools or access to water. Territories are usually marked by natural barriers,<sup id="cite_ref-mating_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mating-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some may be fully or partially underwater.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males defend their territorial boundaries with threatening vocalizations and postures, but physical fights are usually not very violent, and are mostly limited to early in the season.<sup id="cite_ref-aggressive_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aggressive-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals also return to the same territorial site each breeding season. In certain species, like the Steller sea lion and northern fur seal, a dominant male can maintain a territory for as long as 2–3 months. Females can usually move freely between territories and males are unable to coerce them, but in some species such as the northern fur seal, South American sea lion and Australian sea lion, males can successfully keep females in their territories with threatening displays and even violence. In some phocid species, like the harbor seal, Weddell seal and bearded seal, the males establish "maritories" and patrol and defend the waters bordering female haul-out areas, waiting for a female to enter.<sup id="cite_ref-mating_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mating-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are also maintained by vocalizations.<sup id="cite_ref-communication_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communication-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maritories of Weddell seal males include entries to female breathing holes in the ice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990186_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990186-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Northern_elephant_seals_fighting.webm/220px--Northern_elephant_seals_fighting.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="Northern_elephant_seals_fighting.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Northern_elephant_seals_fighting.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Northern_elephant_seals_fighting.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Northern_elephant_seals_fighting.webm/Northern_elephant_seals_fighting.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Northern_elephant_seals_fighting.webm/Northern_elephant_seals_fighting.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Northern_elephant_seals_fighting.webm/Northern_elephant_seals_fighting.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Northern_elephant_seals_fighting.webm/Northern_elephant_seals_fighting.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Male northern elephant seals fighting for dominance and females</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">Lek systems</a> are known to exist among some populations of walruses.<sup id="cite_ref-mating_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mating-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These males gather near female herds and try to attract them with elaborate <a href="/wiki/Courtship_display" title="Courtship display">courtship displays</a> and vocalizations.<sup id="cite_ref-mating_114-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mating-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990212–215_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990212–215-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lekking may also exist among California sea lions, South American fur seals, New Zealand sea lions and harbor seals.<sup id="cite_ref-mating_114-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mating-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some species, including elephant seals, grey seals and non-lekking walruses, males will try to lay claim to the desired females and defend them from rivals. Elephant seal males, in particular, establish <a href="/wiki/Dominance_hierarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance hierarchies">dominance hierarchies</a> via displays and fights, with the highest ranking males having a near monopoly on reproductive success.<sup id="cite_ref-mating_114-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mating-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alpha male can have a <a href="/wiki/Harem_(zoology)" title="Harem (zoology)">harem</a> of 100 females.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grey seal males usually place themselves among a cluster of females whose members may change over time,<sup id="cite_ref-Lidgard_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lidgard-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while males of some walrus populations guard female herds.<sup id="cite_ref-mating_114-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mating-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male ringed, crabeater, spotted and hooded seals follow and defend nearby females and mate with them when they reach estrus. These may be lone females or small groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990196_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990196-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mating_114-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mating-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Younger or subdominant male pinnipeds may attempt to <a href="/wiki/Alternative_mating_strategy" title="Alternative mating strategy">achieve reproductive success in other ways</a> including sneakiness, harassment of females or even coordinated disruption of the colony. Female pinnipeds do appear to have some choice in mates, particularly in lek-breeding species like the walrus, but also in elephant seals where the males try to dominate all the females that they want to mate with.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990209–210,_212–215_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990209–210,_212–215-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a female elephant seal or grey seal is mounted by an unwanted male, she tries to resist and get away. This commotion attracts other males to the scene, and the most dominant will take over and mate with female himself.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominant female elephant seals stay in the center of the colony where they in the domain of a more dominant male, while marginal females are left with subordinates.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female Steller sea lions may solicit their territorial males for mating.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990215_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990215-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_parenting">Birth and parenting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Birth and parenting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbor_seal_is_nurcing_at_Point_Lobos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Harbor_seal_is_nurcing_at_Point_Lobos.jpg/220px-Harbor_seal_is_nurcing_at_Point_Lobos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Harbor_seal_is_nurcing_at_Point_Lobos.jpg/330px-Harbor_seal_is_nurcing_at_Point_Lobos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Harbor_seal_is_nurcing_at_Point_Lobos.jpg/440px-Harbor_seal_is_nurcing_at_Point_Lobos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2134" data-file-height="1777" /></a><figcaption>Harbor seal mother nursing pup</figcaption></figure> <p>Except for the walrus, which has five- to six-year gaps between births, female pinnipeds enter <a href="/wiki/Estrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrous">estrus</a> shortly after they give birth, and can thus produce pups every year. All species have <a href="/wiki/Delayed_implantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delayed implantation">delayed implantation</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> does not enter the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> for weeks or months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201275–76_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201275–76-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delayed implantation allows the female to wait until conditions are right for birthing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201276_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201276-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990224_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990224-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">Gestation</a> in seals (including delayed implantation) typically lasts a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201276–78_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201276–78-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most species, birthing takes place in spring and summer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990245_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990245-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, single pups are born;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201276–78_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201276–78-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> twins are rare and have high mortality rates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990222_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990222-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pups of most species are born relatively developed and <a href="/wiki/Precocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Precocial">precocial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201276–78_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201276–78-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pinniped milk has "little to no <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990265_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990265-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mother pinnipeds have different strategies for maternal care and lactation. Phocids such as elephant seals, grey seals and hooded seals have a lactation period that lasts days or weeks, during which they fast and nurse their pups on land or ice. The milk of these species consists of up to 60% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>, allowing the young to grow quickly. Each day until they are weaned, northern elephant seal pups gain 4 kg (9 lb). Some pups gain weight more quickly than others by stealing extra milk from other mothers. <a href="/wiki/Alloparenting" title="Alloparenting">Alloparenting</a> occurs in these fasting species;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201276–77_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201276–77-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while most northern elephant seal mothers nurse their own pups and reject nursings from alien pups, some do accept alien pups with their own.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fur_seals_at_south_georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fur_seals_at_south_georgia.jpg/220px-Fur_seals_at_south_georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fur_seals_at_south_georgia.jpg/330px-Fur_seals_at_south_georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fur_seals_at_south_georgia.jpg/440px-Fur_seals_at_south_georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>Adult <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal</a> with pups</figcaption></figure> <p>For otariids and some phocids like the harbor seal, mothers fast and nurse their pups for a few days at a time. In between nursing bouts, the females forage at sea while the young stay behind onshore. If there is enough food close to shore, a female can be gone for as little as a day, but otherwise may be at sea for as long as three weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201277–78_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201277–78-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lactation in otariids may last 6–11 months; in the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal" title="Galápagos fur seal">Galápagos fur seal</a> it can last up to three years. Pups of these species are weaned at heavier weights than their phocid counterparts, but the latter grow quicker.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walruses are unique in that mothers nurse their young at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201278_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201278-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young pinnipeds typically start swimming on their own and some species can even swim as newborns. Young may wait days or weeks before entering the water; elephant seals start swimming weeks after weaning.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Male pinnipeds generally play little role in raising the young.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassini_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassini-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male walruses may help inexperienced young as they learn to swim, and have even been recorded caring for orphans. When a group is threatened, all the adults may protect the young.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990290_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990290-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male California sea lions have been observed to help shield swimming pups from predators.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2003_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2003-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males can also pose threats to the safety of pups, particularly during fights.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassini_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassini-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pups of some species may be abducted, assaulted and <a href="/wiki/Infanticide_(zoology)" title="Infanticide (zoology)">killed</a> by males.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noaa-walrus12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Noaa-walrus12.jpg/220px-Noaa-walrus12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Noaa-walrus12.jpg/330px-Noaa-walrus12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Noaa-walrus12.jpg/440px-Noaa-walrus12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>Walrus males are known to use vocalizations to attract mates.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pinnipeds can produce a number of vocalizations. While most vocals are audible to the human ear, Weddell seals have been recorded in Antarctica making <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasonic</a> calls underwater.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the vocals of northern elephant seals may produce <a href="/wiki/Infrasonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrasonic">infrasonic</a> vibrations. Vocals are produced both in air and underwater; the former are more common among otariids and the latter among phocids. Antarctic seals are noisier on land or ice than Arctic seals due to the absence of polar bears.<sup id="cite_ref-communication_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communication-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male vocals are usually deeper than those of the females. Vocalizations are particularly important during the breeding seasons. Dominant male elephant seals display their status and power with "clap-threats" and loud drum-like calls<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990328,_335_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990328,_335-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that may be <a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonation" title="Vocal resonation">modified</a> by the proboscis.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male otariids have strong <a href="/wiki/Bark_(sound)" title="Bark (sound)">barks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Growling" title="Growling">growls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roar" title="Roar">roars</a>. Male walruses are known to produce <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">gong</a>-like calls when attempting to attract females, these are amplified underwater with inflatable throat sacs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990327_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990327-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Weddell seal has perhaps the most extensive vocal repertoire, producing both airborne and underwater sounds. Trilling, gluping, chirping, chugging and knocking are some examples of the calls produced underwater. When warning other seals, the calls may be pronounced by "prefixes" and "suffixes".<sup id="cite_ref-communication_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communication-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The underwater vocals of Weddell seals can last 70 seconds, which is long for a marine mammal call. Some calls have about seven rhythm patterns and could be categorized as "songs".<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar calls have been recorded in other Antarctic seals<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in bearded seals. In some pinniped species, there appear to be regional <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> or even individual variations in vocalizations. These differences are likely important for territorial males becoming accustomed to their neighbors (<a href="/wiki/Dear_enemy_effect" title="Dear enemy effect">dear enemy effect</a>) and mothers and pups who need to remain in contact on crowded beaches. Female seals emit a "pulsed, bawling" <a href="/wiki/Contact_call" title="Contact call">contact call</a>, while pups respond by squawking. Contact calls are particularly important for otariid mothers returning from sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990325–326,_329–330,_332,_334–335_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990325–326,_329–330,_332,_334–335-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other vocalizations produced by seals include grunts, rasps, rattles, creaks, warbles, clicks and whistles.<sup id="cite_ref-communication_117-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communication-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zalophus_californianus_-Blackpool_Zoo,_Lancashire,_England_-female-8a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zalophus_californianus_-Blackpool_Zoo%2C_Lancashire%2C_England_-female-8a.jpg/170px-Zalophus_californianus_-Blackpool_Zoo%2C_Lancashire%2C_England_-female-8a.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zalophus_californianus_-Blackpool_Zoo%2C_Lancashire%2C_England_-female-8a.jpg/255px-Zalophus_californianus_-Blackpool_Zoo%2C_Lancashire%2C_England_-female-8a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zalophus_californianus_-Blackpool_Zoo%2C_Lancashire%2C_England_-female-8a.jpg/340px-Zalophus_californianus_-Blackpool_Zoo%2C_Lancashire%2C_England_-female-8a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1435" /></a><figcaption>Sea lion balancing a ball</figcaption></figure> <p>Non-vocal communication is not as common in pinnipeds as in cetaceans. Nevertheless, when they feel threatened, hauled-out harbor seals and Baikal seals may slap themselves with their flippers to create a warning sound. Teeth chattering, hisses and exhalations are also made as aggressive warnings by pinnipeds. Visual displays also occur: Ross seals resting on the ice will show the stripes on their chests and bare their teeth to a perceived threat, while swimming Weddell seals will make an S-shaped posture to intimidate rivals under the ice.<sup id="cite_ref-communication_117-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communication-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male hooded seals use their inflatable nasal membranes to display to and attract females.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta201273–74_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta201273–74-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence">Intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Match-to-sample_task" title="Match-to-sample task">match-to-sample task</a> study, a single California sea lion was able to demonstrate an understanding of symmetry, transitivity and equivalence; a second seal was unable to complete the tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They demonstrate the ability to understand simple <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> and commands when taught an artificial <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a>, though they only rarely used the signs <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantically</a> or logically.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, a captive California sea lion named Ronan was recorded bobbing its head in synchrony to musical rhythms. This "rhythmic entrainment" was previously seen only in humans, <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a> and other birds possessing <a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">vocal mimicry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult male elephant seals can recognize each other's vocalizations by remembering the rhythm and <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, a captive harbor seal named <a href="/wiki/Hoover_(seal)" title="Hoover (seal)">Hoover</a> was trained to imitate human speech and laughter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990331_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990331-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For sea lions used in entertainment, trainers toss a ball at the animal or simply place the object on its nose, so it will eventually understand the behavior desired. A sea lion may need a year of training before it can publicly perform. Its long-term memory allows it to perform a trick after as much as three months of non-performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2003_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2003-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_relations">Human relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Human relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_culture">In culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pinnipeds" title="List of fictional pinnipeds">List of fictional pinnipeds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaska_Robbenfiguren_1876_Linden-Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Alaska_Robbenfiguren_1876_Linden-Museum.jpg/220px-Alaska_Robbenfiguren_1876_Linden-Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Alaska_Robbenfiguren_1876_Linden-Museum.jpg/330px-Alaska_Robbenfiguren_1876_Linden-Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Alaska_Robbenfiguren_1876_Linden-Museum.jpg/440px-Alaska_Robbenfiguren_1876_Linden-Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="1639" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> seal sculptures at the <a href="/wiki/Linden_Museum" title="Linden Museum">Linden Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Various human cultures have for millennia depicted pinnipeds. In <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, the sea god <a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a> shepherds a colony of seals.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickenson201687_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickenson201687-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In northern Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> believed in <a href="/wiki/Selkie" title="Selkie">selkies</a>—seals that could change into humans and walk on land.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Inuit_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit mythology">Inuit mythology</a>, they are associated with the goddess <a href="/wiki/Sedna_(mythology)" title="Sedna (mythology)">Sedna</a>, who sometimes transformed into a seal. It was believed that marine mammals, including seals, came from her severed fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickenson2016106–109_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickenson2016106–109-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern culture, pinnipeds are thought of as cute, playful and comical figures.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_captivity">In captivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In captivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pinnipeds can be found in facilities around the world, as their size and playfulness make them popular attractions.<sup id="cite_ref-zoo_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zoo-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seals have been kept in captivity since at least <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> and their trainability was noticed by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zoologist <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> noted during the 19th century that wild seals show considerable affection for humans and stated that they are second only to some <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkeys</a> among wild animals in their easy tamability. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> noted in his seminal work on domestication that seals were a spectacular example of an animal that would most likely never be domesticated, despite their friendliness, survivability and "desire for comfort", because they serve no practical use for humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickenson201659–61_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickenson201659–61-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kobe_oji_zoo_2009_April_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kobe_oji_zoo_2009_April_22.jpg/220px-Kobe_oji_zoo_2009_April_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kobe_oji_zoo_2009_April_22.jpg/330px-Kobe_oji_zoo_2009_April_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kobe_oji_zoo_2009_April_22.jpg/440px-Kobe_oji_zoo_2009_April_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>Captive sea lion at <a href="/wiki/Kobe_Oji_Zoo" title="Kobe Oji Zoo">Kobe Oji Zoo</a> Kobe, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>Some modern exhibits have a pool with artificial haul-out sites and a rocky background, while others have seals housed in shelters located above a pool which they can jump into. More elaborate exhibits contain deep pools that can be viewed underwater with rock-mimicking cement as haul-out areas. The most popular captive pinniped is the California sea lion, due to its trainability and adaptability. Other commonly kept species include the grey seal and harbor seal. Larger animals like walruses and Steller sea lions are much less common.<sup id="cite_ref-zoo_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zoo-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Protection" title="World Animal Protection">World Animal Protection</a>, object to keeping marine mammals in captivity. They state that the exhibits could not be large enough to house animals that have evolved to be migratory, and a pool could never replace the size and biodiversity of the ocean. They also state that the tricks performed for audiences are "exaggerated variations of their natural behaviors" and distract the people from the animal's unnatural environment.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>California sea lions are used in <a href="/wiki/Military_animal" title="Military animal">military applications</a> by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy_Marine_Mammal_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program">U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program</a>, including detecting <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mines</a> and enemy divers. In the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, the animals have been trained to swim behind divers approaching a U.S. naval ship and attach a <a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">clamp</a> with a rope to the diver's leg. Navy officials say that the sea lions can do this in seconds, before the enemy realizes what happened.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizations like <a href="/wiki/PETA" class="mw-redirect" title="PETA">PETA</a> believe that such operations put the animals in danger.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Navy insists that the sea lions are removed once their job is done.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting">Hunting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hunting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Killing_fur_seals,_St_Paul_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Killing_fur_seals%2C_St_Paul_Island.jpg/240px-Killing_fur_seals%2C_St_Paul_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Killing_fur_seals%2C_St_Paul_Island.jpg/360px-Killing_fur_seals%2C_St_Paul_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Killing_fur_seals%2C_St_Paul_Island.jpg/480px-Killing_fur_seals%2C_St_Paul_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2770" data-file-height="1591" /></a><figcaption>Men killing northern fur seals on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Island_(Alaska)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul Island (Alaska)">Saint Paul Island</a>, Alaska, in the mid-1890s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Humans have hunted seals since the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>. Originally, seals were merely hit with clubs during haul-out. Eventually, more lethal weapons were used, like spears and harpoons. They were also trapped in nets. The use of firearms in seal hunting during the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a> drastically increased the number of killings. Pinnipeds are typically hunted for their meat and blubber. The skins of fur seals and phocids are made into <a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">coats</a>, and the tusks of walruses have been used as <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hunting_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunting-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a distinction made between the subsistence hunting of seals by <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">indigenous peoples of the Arctic</a> and commercial hunting: subsistence hunters depend on seal products for survival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990115_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990115-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National and international authorities have given special treatment to aboriginal hunters since their methods of killing are seen as more sustainable and smaller in scope. However indigenous people have recently used more modern technology and are profiting more from seal products in the marketplace. Some anthropologists argue that the term "subsistence" should also apply to these activities, as long as they are local in scale. More than 100,000 phocids (especially ringed seals) as well as around 10,000 walruses are harvested annually by native hunters.<sup id="cite_ref-hunting_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunting-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoca_(pusa)_hispida_(Ringed_seal)_fur_skin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Phoca_%28pusa%29_hispida_%28Ringed_seal%29_fur_skin.jpg/170px-Phoca_%28pusa%29_hispida_%28Ringed_seal%29_fur_skin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Phoca_%28pusa%29_hispida_%28Ringed_seal%29_fur_skin.jpg/255px-Phoca_%28pusa%29_hispida_%28Ringed_seal%29_fur_skin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Phoca_%28pusa%29_hispida_%28Ringed_seal%29_fur_skin.jpg/340px-Phoca_%28pusa%29_hispida_%28Ringed_seal%29_fur_skin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="2829" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seal</a> skinned coat</figcaption></figure> <p>Commercial sealing rivaled <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a> as an important industry throughout history. Harvested species included harp seals, hooded seals, Caspian seals, elephant seals, walruses and all species of fur seal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990112_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990112-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 1960s, the harvesting of seals decreased substantially as an industry<sup id="cite_ref-hunting_170-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunting-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the Canadian government implemented measures to protect female seals and restrict the hunting season.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckman_2012_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckman_2012-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several species that were commercially exploited have rebounded in numbers; for example, Antarctic fur seals may have reached their pre-harvesting numbers. The northern elephant seal nearly went extinct in the late 19th century, with only a small population remaining on <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Island" title="Guadalupe Island">Guadalupe Island</a>. It has since recolonized much of its historic range, but has a <a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">population bottleneck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990112_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990112-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal</a> was extirpated from much of the Mediterranean and its current range is still limited.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several species of pinniped continue to be exploited. The <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Conservation_of_Antarctic_Seals" title="Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals">Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals</a> protects species within the Antarctic and surrounding waters, but allows restricted hunting of crabeater seals, leopard seals and Weddell seals. Weddell seal hunting is forbidden between September and February if the animal is older than a year, to ensure healthy population growth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990112–113_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990112–113-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Government of Canada permits the hunting of harp seals. This has been met with controversy and debate. Proponents of seal hunts insist that the animals are killed humanely and the white-coated pups are not taken, while opponents argue that it is irresponsible to kill harp seals as they are already threatened by declining habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_monk_seal" title="Caribbean monk seal">Caribbean monk seal</a> has been killed and exploited by European settlers and their descendants since 1494, starting with <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> himself. The seals were easy targets for organized sealers, fishermen, <a href="/wiki/Turtling_(hunting)" title="Turtling (hunting)">turtle hunters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">buccaneers</a> because they evolved with little pressure from terrestrial predators and were thus "<a href="/wiki/Island_tameness" title="Island tameness">genetically tame</a>". In the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, as many as 100 seals were slaughtered in one night. The species was considered to be already extinct by the mid-nineteenth century until a small colony was found near the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a> in 1866. Seal killings continued, and the last reliable report of the animal alive was in 1952 at <a href="/wiki/Serranilla_Bank" title="Serranilla Bank">Serranilla Bank</a>. The IUCN declared it extinct in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_sea_lion" title="Japanese sea lion">Japanese sea lion</a> was common around the Japanese islands, but <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a> and competition from fisheries drastically decreased the population in the 1930s. The last recorded individual was a juvenile in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_issues">Conservation issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Conservation issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weaned_harp_seal_pup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Weaned_harp_seal_pup.jpg/220px-Weaned_harp_seal_pup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Weaned_harp_seal_pup.jpg/330px-Weaned_harp_seal_pup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Weaned_harp_seal_pup.jpg/440px-Weaned_harp_seal_pup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Harp seal pup. This ice-living species is vulnerable to the effects of climate change</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2021, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN) recognizes 36 pinniped species. With the Japanese sea lion and the Caribbean monk seal recently extinct, ten more are considered at risk. They are ranked as:<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered</a>": Hawaiian monk seal, Mediterranean monk seal, Galápagos fur seal, Australian sea lion, New Zealand sea lion, Caspian seal, and Galápagos sea lion.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a>": northern fur seal, hooded seal, and walrus.</li></ul> <p>Pinnipeds face various threats. They are unintentionally caught in <a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">fishing nets</a> by <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial fisheries">commercial fisheries</a> and accidentally swallow fishing hooks. <a href="/wiki/Gillnetting" title="Gillnetting">Gillnetting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">Seine netting</a> is a significant cause of mortality in seals and other marine mammals. Species commonly entangled include California sea lions, <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_monk_seal" title="Hawaiian monk seal">Hawaiian monk seals</a>, northern fur seals and <a href="/wiki/Brown_fur_seal" title="Brown fur seal">brown fur seals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990115_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990115-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinnipeds are also affected by <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Organic chemicals</a> tend to accumulate in these animals since they are high in the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a> and have large reserves of blubber. Lactating mothers can pass the toxins on to their young. These pollutants can cause <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_cancer" title="Gastrointestinal cancer">gastrointestinal cancers</a>, and decreased fertility and immunity to infectious diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other man-made threats include <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a> by oil and gas exploitation, encroachment by boats,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1990115_171-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1990115-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and underwater noise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerta2012161_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerta2012161-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Depka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Depka.jpg/170px-Depka.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Depka.jpg/255px-Depka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Depka.jpg/340px-Depka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1339" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">Grey seal</a> on beach occupied by humans near <a href="/wiki/Niechorze" title="Niechorze">Niechorze</a>, Poland. Pinnipeds and humans may compete for space and resources.</figcaption></figure> <p>Species that live in polar habitats are vulnerable to the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">effects of climate change on oceans</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">declines in sea ice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 and 2011, sea ice in the Northwest Atlantic was at or near an all-time low and harp seals as well as ringed seals that bred on thin ice saw increased death rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Stenson_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stenson-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Antarctic, the decreased duration and extent of the sea ice and nutrient availability could potentially reduce the survival of Weddell seal pups and may have important implications for population <a href="/wiki/Growth_rate_(group_theory)" title="Growth rate (group theory)">growth rates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antarctic fur seals in <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic">South Atlantic</a> saw major decreases over a 20-year study, during which scientists measured increased <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a> anomalies.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some species have become so numerous that they conflict with local people. In the United States, pinnipeds are protected under the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Mammal_Protection_Act_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972">Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972</a> (MMPA). Since that year, California sea lion populations have risen to 250,000. These animals began exploiting more man-made environments, like docks, for haul-out sites. Many docks are not designed to withstand the weight of several resting sea lions. Wildlife managers have used various methods to control the animals, and some city officials have redesigned docks so they can better resist sea lion use.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inland-living New Zealand sea lions face unique human conflicts such as road mortality and run-ins with human infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seals also conflict with fisherman.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, MMPA was amended to permit the lethal removal of sea lions from <a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">salmon runs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Dam" title="Bonneville Dam">Bonneville Dam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s and 1990s, South African politicians and fishermen demanded that brown fur seals be <a href="/wiki/Cull" class="mw-redirect" title="Cull">culled</a>, believing that the animals competed with commercial fisheries. Scientific studies found that culling fur seals would actually have a negative effect on the fishing industry, and the culling option was dropped in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This term typically excludes the walrus in everyday English. In science, it is also sometimes restricted to the "true" seals of the family Phocidae. This article uses it for all pinnipeds.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Odyssey</i>, book IV, verses 404–413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>, book IX, XV:41–43.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIlliger,_J._K._W.1811" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Illiger, J. K. W. (1811). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/caroliilligerida00illi#page/138/mode/2up"><i>Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium</i></a> (in Latin). Sumptibus C. Salfeld. pp. 138–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prodromus+Systematis+Mammalium+et+Avium&rft.pages=138-39&rft.pub=Sumptibus+C.+Salfeld&rft.date=1811&rft.au=Illiger%2C+J.+K.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcaroliilligerida00illi%23page%2F138%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinniped" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elias_2007-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elias_2007_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElias,_J._S.2007" class="citation book cs1">Elias, J. S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9pSUf2G5gJQC&pg=PA157"><i>Science Terms Made Easy: A Lexicon of Scientific Words and Their Root Language Origins</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33896-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33896-0"><bdi>978-0-313-33896-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Terms+Made+Easy%3A+A+Lexicon+of+Scientific+Words+and+Their+Root+Language+Origins&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33896-0&rft.au=Elias%2C+J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9pSUf2G5gJQC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinniped" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/seal">"seal"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shocking+new+idea+for+sea+lion+control&rft.pub=The+Daily+World&rft.date=2012-07-27&rft.au=Bruscas%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthedailyworld.com%2Fsections%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fshocking-new-idea-sea-lion-control.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinniped" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFransAugéFyfeZhang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Frans, Veronica F.; Augé, Amélie A.; Fyfe, Jim; Zhang, Yuqian; McNally, Nathan; Edelhoff, Hendrik; Balkenhol, Niko; Engler, Jan O. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/2041-210X.13736">"Integrated SDM database: Enhancing the relevance and utility of species distribution models in conservation management"</a>. <i>Methods in Ecology and Evolution</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 243–261. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MEcEv..13..243F">2022MEcEv..13..243F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F2041-210X.13736">10.1111/2041-210X.13736</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-210X">2041-210X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243893898">243893898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Methods+in+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Integrated+SDM+database%3A+Enhancing+the+relevance+and+utility+of+species+distribution+models+in+conservation+management&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=243-261&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F2041-210X.13736&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243893898%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2041-210X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022MEcEv..13..243F&rft.aulast=Frans&rft.aufirst=Veronica+F.&rft.au=Aug%C3%A9%2C+Am%C3%A9lie+A.&rft.au=Fyfe%2C+Jim&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yuqian&rft.au=McNally%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Edelhoff%2C+Hendrik&rft.au=Balkenhol%2C+Niko&rft.au=Engler%2C+Jan+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2F2041-210X.13736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinniped" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheets,_B.2012" class="citation web cs1">Sheets, B. (3 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054415/http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20120203/NEWS01/702029790">"As sea lion populations grow, conflicts increase"</a>. Herald Net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20120203/NEWS01/702029790">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+sea+lion+populations+grow%2C+conflicts+increase&rft.pub=Herald+Net&rft.date=2012-02-03&rft.au=Sheets%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldnet.com%2Farticle%2F20120203%2FNEWS01%2F702029790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinniped" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015032916/http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/Marine-Mammals/Seals-and-Sea-Lions/Predation-Prevention-Act.cfm">"Endangered Salmon Predation Prevention Act"</a>. Northwest Regional Office, <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. 26 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/Marine-Mammals/Seals-and-Sea-Lions/Predation-Prevention-Act.cfm">the original</a> on 15 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Endangered+Salmon+Predation+Prevention+Act&rft.pub=Northwest+Regional+Office%2C+National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft.date=2012-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwr.noaa.gov%2FMarine-Mammals%2FSeals-and-Sea-Lions%2FPredation-Prevention-Act.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinniped" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavigne,_D.2003" class="citation book cs1">Lavigne, D. (2003). "Marine mammals and fisheries: The role of science in the culling debate". In Gales, N.; Hindell, M.; Kirkwood, R. (eds.). <i>Marine Mammals: Fisheries, Tourism and Management Issues: Fisheries, Tourism and Management</i>. Csiro Publishing. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06953-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06953-4"><bdi>978-0-643-06953-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marine+mammals+and+fisheries%3A+The+role+of+science+in+the+culling+debate&rft.btitle=Marine+Mammals%3A+Fisheries%2C+Tourism+and+Management+Issues%3A+Fisheries%2C+Tourism+and+Management&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Csiro+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-643-06953-4&rft.au=Lavigne%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinniped" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerta2012" class="citation book cs1">Berta, Annalisa (2012). <i>Return to the Sea: The life and evolutionary times of marine mammals</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27057-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27057-2"><bdi>978-0-520-27057-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Return+to+the+Sea%3A+The+life+and+evolutionary+times+of+marine+mammals&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27057-2&rft.aulast=Berta&rft.aufirst=Annalisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinniped" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertaSumichKovacs2006" class="citation book cs1">Berta, Annalisa; Sumich, James L.; Kovacs, Kit M. (2006). <i>Marine Mammals</i>. Evolutionary Biology (2nd ed.). Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088552-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088552-7"><bdi>978-0-12-088552-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marine+Mammals&rft.series=Evolutionary+Biology&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-12-088552-7&rft.aulast=Berta&rft.aufirst=Annalisa&rft.au=Sumich%2C+James+L.&rft.au=Kovacs%2C+Kit+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinniped" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickenson2016" class="citation book cs1">Dickenson, Victoria (2016). <i>Seal</i>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780235561" title="Special:BookSources/9781780235561"><bdi>9781780235561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seal&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781780235561&rft.aulast=Dickenson&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinniped" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2001" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, David, ed. (2001). <i>The Encyclopedia of Mammals</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-1969-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-1969-5"><bdi>978-0-7607-1969-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Mammals&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-1969-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinniped" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrinWürsigThewissen2009" class="citation book cs1">Perrin, William F.; Würsig, Bernd; <a href="/wiki/Hans_Thewissen" title="Hans Thewissen">Thewissen, J. G. M.</a>, eds. (2009). <i>Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals</i> (2nd ed.). Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373553-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373553-9"><bdi>978-0-12-373553-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Marine+Mammals&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-12-373553-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinniped" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiedman1990" class="citation book cs1">Riedman, Marianne (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pinnipedssealsse0000ried"><i>The Pinnipeds: Seals, sea lions, and walruses</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06497-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06497-3"><bdi>978-0-520-06497-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pinnipeds%3A+Seals%2C+sea+lions%2C+and+walruses&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06497-3&rft.aulast=Riedman&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpinnipedssealsse0000ried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinniped" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinniped&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/pinniped" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/pinniped">pinniped</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pinnipedia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pinnipedia">Pinnipedia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pinniped" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Pinniped">Pinniped</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Seal" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Seal">Seal</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinnipeds.org/">"Seal Conservation home page"</a>. Seal Conservation Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seal+Conservation+home+page&rft.pub=Seal+Conservation+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinnipeds.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinniped" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140719051250/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/pinnipeds/">"Pinnipeds: Seals, sea lions, and walruses"</a>. Department of Fisheries. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/pinnipeds/">the original</a> on 19 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pinnipeds%3A+Seals%2C+sea+lions%2C+and+walruses&rft.pub=National+Oceanographic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmfs.noaa.gov%2Fpr%2Fspecies%2Fmammals%2Fpinnipeds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinniped" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705175204/https://mmi.oregonstate.edu/pearl">"Pinniped Research Lab (PEARL) home page"</a>. Pinniped Ecology Applied Research Laboratory. Oregon State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mmi.oregonstate.edu/pearl">the original</a> on 5 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pinniped+Research+Lab+%28PEARL%29+home+page&rft.pub=Oregon+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmi.oregonstate.edu%2Fpearl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinniped" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pinnipedlab.ucsc.edu/">"Pinniped Laboratory home page"</a>. Pinniped Cognition & Sensory Systems Laboratory. University of California, Santa Cruz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pinniped+Laboratory+home+page&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Santa+Cruz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpinnipedlab.ucsc.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinniped" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Extant_Carnivora_species" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Carnivora_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Feliformia_(&quot;cat-like&quot;_carnivorans)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("cat-like" carnivorans)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feliformia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_palm_civet" title="African palm civet">African palm civet (<i>Nandinia binotata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feloidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feloidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prionodon_(Asiatic_linsangs)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_linsang" title="Asiatic linsang">Prionodon</a></i> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(Asiatic linsangs)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banded_linsang" title="Banded linsang">Banded linsang (<i>P. linsang</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_linsang" title="Spotted linsang">Spotted linsang (<i>P. pardicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Felidae_(cats)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(cats)</span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantherinae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pantherinae" title="Pantherinae">Pantherinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neofelis" title="Neofelis">Neofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_clouded_leopard" title="Sunda clouded leopard">Sunda clouded leopard (<i>N. diardi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">Clouded leopard (<i>N. nebulosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera">Panthera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard (<i>P. uncia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">Tiger (<i>P. tigris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">Jaguar (<i>P. onca</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">Lion (<i>P. leo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopard (<i>P. pardus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felinae" title="Felinae">Felinae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Bay cat<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pardofelis" title="Pardofelis">Pardofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_cat" title="Marbled cat">Marbled cat (<i>P. marmorata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Catopuma" title="Catopuma">Catopuma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_cat" title="Bay cat">Bay cat (<i>C. badia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_golden_cat" title="Asian golden cat">Asian golden cat (<i>C. temminckii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Caracal<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serval" title="Serval">Serval (<i>Leptailurus serval</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Caracal_(genus)" title="Caracal (genus)">Caracal</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_golden_cat" title="African golden cat">African golden cat (<i>C. aurata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">Caracal (<i>C. caracal</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Leopardus" title="Leopardus">Leopardus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_cat" title="Pampas cat">Pampas cat (<i>L. colocola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffroy%27s_cat" title="Geoffroy's cat">Geoffroy's cat (<i>L. geoffroyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodkod" title="Kodkod">Kodkod (<i>L. guigna</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopardus_guttulus" title="Leopardus guttulus">Southern tiger cat (<i>L. guttulus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_mountain_cat" title="Andean mountain cat">Andean mountain cat (<i>L. jacobita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">Ocelot (<i>L. pardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncilla" title="Oncilla">Oncilla (<i>L. tigrinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margay" title="Margay">Margay (<i>L. wiedii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">Lynx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx (<i>L. lynx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_lynx" title="Iberian lynx">Iberian lynx (<i>L. pardinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat (<i>L. rufus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Puma<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Acinonyx" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Acinonyx" title="Acinonyx">Acinonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">Cheetah (<i>A. jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaguarundi" title="Jaguarundi">Jaguarundi (<i>Herpailurus yagouaroundi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Puma_(genus)" title="Puma (genus)">Puma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (<i>P. concolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Leopard cat<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_cat" title="Pallas's cat">Pallas's cat (<i>Otocolobus manul</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Prionailurus" title="Prionailurus">Prionailurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">Leopard cat (<i>P. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_leopard_cat" title="Sunda leopard cat">Sunda leopard cat (<i>P. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_cat" title="Flat-headed cat">Flat-headed cat (<i>P. planiceps</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_cat" title="Rusty-spotted cat">Rusty-spotted cat (<i>P. rubiginosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat (<i>P. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Felis" title="Felis">Felis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mountain_cat" title="Chinese mountain cat">Chinese mountain cat (<i>F. bieti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Domestic cat (<i>F. catus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">Jungle cat (<i>F. chaus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wildcat" title="African wildcat">African wildcat (<i>F. lybica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_cat" title="Sand cat">Sand cat (<i>F. margarita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_cat" title="Black-footed cat">Black-footed cat (<i>F. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat (<i>F. silvestris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Viverroidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverridae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">Viverridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemigalinae" title="Hemigalinae">Hemigalinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owston%27s_palm_civet" title="Owston's palm civet">Owston's palm civet (<i>Chrotogale owstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_civet" title="Otter civet">Otter civet (<i>Cynogale bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose%27s_palm_civet" title="Hose's palm civet">Hose's palm civet (<i>Diplogale hosei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_palm_civet" title="Banded palm civet">Banded palm civet (<i>Hemigalus derbyanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurinae" title="Paradoxurinae">Paradoxurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binturong" title="Binturong">Binturong (<i>Arctictis binturong</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-toothed_palm_civet" title="Small-toothed palm civet">Small-toothed palm civet (<i>Arctogalidia trivirgata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_palm_civet" title="Sulawesi palm civet">Sulawesi palm civet (<i>Macrogalidia musschenbroekii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked_palm_civet" title="Masked palm civet">Masked palm civet (<i>Paguma larvata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurus" title="Paradoxurus">Paradoxurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet (<i>P. hermaphroditus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_palm_civet" title="Brown palm civet">Brown palm civet (<i>P. jerdoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_palm_civet" title="Golden palm civet">Golden palm civet (<i>P. zeylonensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverrinae_sensu_lato" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a> <br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">Small Indian civet (<i>Viverricula indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_civet" title="African civet">African civet (<i>Civettictis civetta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Viverra" title="Viverra">Viverra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_large-spotted_civet" title="Malabar large-spotted civet">Malabar large-spotted civet (<i>V. civettina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-spotted_civet" title="Large-spotted civet">Large-spotted civet (<i>V. megaspila</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_civet" title="Malayan civet">Malayan civet (<i>V. tangalunga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Indian_civet" title="Large Indian civet">Large Indian civet (<i>V. zibetha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Genettinae" title="Genettinae">Genettinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Poiana_(genus)" title="Poiana (genus)">Poiana</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(African linsangs)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_oyan" title="Central African oyan">Central African oyan (<i>P. richardsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_oyan" title="West African oyan">West African oyan (<i>P. leightoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Genet_(animal)" title="Genet (animal)">Genetta</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(genets)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_genet" title="Abyssinian genet">Abyssinian genet (<i>G. abyssinica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_genet" title="Angolan genet">Angolan genet (<i>G. angolensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourlon%27s_genet" title="Bourlon's genet">Bourlon's genet (<i>G. bourloni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crested_servaline_genet" title="Crested servaline genet">Crested servaline genet (<i>G. cristata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_genet" title="Common genet">Common genet (<i>G. genetta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston%27s_genet" title="Johnston's genet">Johnston's genet (<i>G. johnstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letaba_genet" title="Letaba genet">Letaba genet (<i>G. letabae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_genet" title="Rusty-spotted genet">Rusty-spotted genet (<i>G. maculata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardine_genet" title="Pardine genet">Pardine genet (<i>G. pardina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_genet" title="Aquatic genet">Aquatic genet (<i>G. piscivora</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_genet" title="King genet">King genet (<i>G. poensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servaline_genet" title="Servaline genet">Servaline genet (<i>G. servalina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_genet" title="Hausa genet">Hausa genet (<i>G. thierryi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_genet" title="Cape genet">Cape genet (<i>G. tigrina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_genet" title="Giant forest genet">Giant forest genet (<i>G. victoriae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_small-spotted_genet" title="South African small-spotted genet">South African small-spotted genet (<i>G. felina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Herpestoidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hyaenidae(hyenas)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">Hyaenidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(hyenas)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proteles" title="Proteles">Proteles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardwolf" title="Aardwolf">Aardwolf (<i>P. cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyaeninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaeninae">Hyaeninae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(bone-crushing hyenas)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">Striped hyena (<i>Hyaena hyaena</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_hyena" title="Brown hyena">Brown hyena (<i>Parahyaena brunnea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Crocuta" title="Crocuta">Crocuta</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">Spotted hyena (<i>C. crocuta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eupleridae" title="Eupleridae">Eupleridae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(Malagasy<br />carnivorans)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.7em"><a href="/wiki/Euplerinae" title="Euplerinae">Euplerinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(animal)" title="Fossa (animal)">Fossa (<i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_civet" title="Malagasy civet">Malagasy civet (<i>Fossa fossana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Eupleres" title="Eupleres">Eupleres</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_falanouc" title="Eastern falanouc">Eastern falanouc (<i>E. goudotii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_falanouc" title="Western falanouc">Western falanouc (<i>E. major</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.7em"><a href="/wiki/Galidiinae" title="Galidiinae">Galidiinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring-tailed_vontsira" title="Ring-tailed vontsira">Ring-tailed vontsira (<i>Galidia elegans</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Galidictis" title="Galidictis">Galidictis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad-striped_Malagasy_mongoose" title="Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose">Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (<i>G. fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandidier%27s_mongoose" title="Grandidier's mongoose">Grandidier's mongoose (<i>G. grandidieri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-striped_mongoose" title="Narrow-striped mongoose">Narrow-striped mongoose (<i>Mungotictis decemlineata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Salanoia" title="Salanoia">Salanoia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-tailed_mongoose" title="Brown-tailed mongoose">Brown-tailed mongoose (<i>S. concolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrell%27s_vontsira" title="Durrell's vontsira">Durrell's vontsira (<i>S. durrelli</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><br /><i>sensu stricto</i></span><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(mongooses)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Mungotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Suricata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Suricata" title="Suricata">Suricata</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">Meerkat (<i>S. suricatta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_mongoose" title="Liberian mongoose">Liberian mongoose (<i>Liberiictus kuhni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Mungos" title="Mungos">Mungos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_mongoose" title="Gambian mongoose">Gambian mongoose (<i>M. gambianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_mongoose" title="Banded mongoose">Banded mongoose (<i>M. mungo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pousargues%27s_mongoose" title="Pousargues's mongoose">Pousargues's mongoose (<i>Dologale dybowskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Helogale" title="Helogale">Helogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_dwarf_mongoose" title="Ethiopian dwarf mongoose">Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (<i>H. hirtula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_dwarf_mongoose" title="Common dwarf mongoose">Common dwarf mongoose (<i>H. parvula</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Crossarchus" title="Crossarchus">Crossarchus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_kusimanse" title="Alexander's kusimanse">Alexander's kusimanse (<i>C. alexandri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_kusimanse" title="Angolan kusimanse">Angolan kusimanse (<i>C. ansorgei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_kusimanse" title="Common kusimanse">Common kusimanse (<i>C. obscurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_kusimanse" title="Flat-headed kusimanse">Flat-headed kusimanse (<i>C. platycephalus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Herpestinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_mongoose" title="Marsh mongoose">Marsh mongoose (<i>Atilax paludinosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-nosed_mongoose" title="Long-nosed mongoose">Long-nosed mongoose (<i>Xenogale naso</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Urva_(genus)" title="Urva (genus)">Urva</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_mongoose" title="Small Indian mongoose">Small Indian mongoose (<i>U. auropunctata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-tailed_mongoose" title="Short-tailed mongoose">Short-tailed mongoose (<i>U. brachyura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_grey_mongoose" title="Indian grey mongoose">Indian grey mongoose (<i>U. edwardsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_brown_mongoose" title="Indian brown mongoose">Indian brown mongoose (<i>U. fusca</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_mongoose" title="Javan mongoose">Javan mongoose (<i>U. javanica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collared_mongoose" title="Collared mongoose">Collared mongoose (<i>U. semitorquata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruddy_mongoose" title="Ruddy mongoose">Ruddy mongoose (<i>U. smithii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_mongoose" title="Crab-eating mongoose">Crab-eating mongoose (<i>U. urva</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripe-necked_mongoose" title="Stripe-necked mongoose">Stripe-necked mongoose (<i>U. vitticolla</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_mongoose" title="White-tailed mongoose">White-tailed mongoose (<i>Ichneumia albicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_mongoose" title="Yellow mongoose">Yellow mongoose (<i>Cynictis penicillata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selous%27s_mongoose" title="Selous's mongoose">Selous's mongoose (<i>Paracynictis selousi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meller%27s_mongoose" title="Meller's mongoose">Meller's mongoose (<i>Rhynchogale melleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bdeogale" title="Bdeogale">Bdeogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushy-tailed_mongoose" title="Bushy-tailed mongoose">Bushy-tailed mongoose (<i>B. crassicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_mongoose" title="Jackson's mongoose">Jackson's mongoose (<i>B. jacksoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_mongoose" title="Black-footed mongoose">Black-footed mongoose (<i>B. nigripes</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpestes" title="Herpestes">Herpestes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_slender_mongoose" title="Angolan slender mongoose">Angolan slender mongoose (<i>H. flavescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mongoose" title="Egyptian mongoose">Egyptian mongoose (<i>H. ichneumon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_slender_mongoose" title="Somalian slender mongoose">Somalian slender mongoose (<i>H. ochracea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_gray_mongoose" title="Cape gray mongoose">Cape gray mongoose (<i>H. pulverulenta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_slender_mongoose" title="Common slender mongoose">Common slender mongoose (<i>H. sanguinea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Caniformia_(&quot;dog-like&quot;_carnivorans)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("dog-like" carnivorans)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Canidae_(dogs)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(dogs)</span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Urocyon" title="Urocyon">Urocyon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox (<i>U. cinereoargenteus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_fox" title="Island fox">Island fox (<i>U. littoralis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Vulpini" title="Vulpini">Vulpini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-eared_fox" title="Bat-eared fox">Bat-eared fox (<i>Otocyon megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nyctereutes" title="Nyctereutes">Nyctereutes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_raccoon_dog" title="Common raccoon dog">Common raccoon dog (<i>N. procyonoides</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raccoon_dog" title="Japanese raccoon dog">Japanese raccoon dog (<i>N. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Vulpes" title="Vulpes">Vulpes</a></i><br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox (<i>V. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanford%27s_fox" title="Blanford's fox">Blanford's fox (<i>V. cana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_fox" title="Cape fox">Cape fox (<i>V. chama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">Corsac fox (<i>V. corsac</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_fox" title="Tibetan fox">Tibetan fox (<i>V. ferrilata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox (<i>V. lagopus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_fox" title="Kit fox">Kit fox (<i>V. macrotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_fox" title="Pale fox">Pale fox (<i>V. pallida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_fox" title="Rüppell's fox">Rüppell's fox (<i>V. rueppelli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_fox" title="Swift fox">Swift fox (<i>V. velox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox (<i>V. vulpes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennec_fox" title="Fennec fox">Fennec fox (<i>V. zerda</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Canini_(tribe)" title="Canini (tribe)">Canini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(true dogs)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Cerdocyonina" title="Cerdocyonina">Cerdocyonina</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(zorro)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maned_wolf" title="Maned wolf">Maned wolf (<i>Chrysocyon brachyurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Speothos" title="Speothos">Speothos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_dog" title="Bush dog">Bush dog (<i>S. venaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-eared_dog" title="Short-eared dog">Short-eared dog (<i>Atelocynus microtis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_fox" title="Crab-eating fox">Crab-eating fox (<i>Cerdocyon thous</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/South_American_fox" title="South American fox">Lycalopex</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culpeo" title="Culpeo">Culpeo (<i>L. culpaeus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_fox" title="Darwin's fox">Darwin's fox (<i>L. fulvipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_gray_fox" title="South American gray fox">South American gray fox (<i>L. griseus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_fox" title="Pampas fox">Pampas fox (<i>L. gymnocercus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechuran_fox" title="Sechuran fox">Sechuran fox (<i>L. sechurae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoary_fox" title="Hoary fox">Hoary fox (<i>L. vetulus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Canina_(subtribe)" title="Canina (subtribe)">Canina</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(wolf-like canids)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lupulella" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lupulella" title="Lupulella">Lupulella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">Side-striped jackal (<i>L. adustus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">Black-backed jackal (<i>L. mesomelas</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog (<i>Lycaon pictus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Dhole (<i>Cuon alpinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">Golden jackal (<i>C. aureus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Domestic dog (<i>C. familiaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote (<i>C. latrans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolf (<i>C. lupaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf (<i>C. lupus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_wolf" title="Eastern wolf">Eastern wolf (<i>C. lycaon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wolf" title="Red wolf">Red wolf (<i>C. rufus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf (<i>C. simensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Arctoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">Ursidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(bears)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ailuropoda" title="Ailuropoda">Ailuropoda</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">Giant panda (<i>A. melanoleuca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tremarctos" title="Tremarctos">Tremarctos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">Spectacled bear (<i>T. ornatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">Sloth bear (<i>Melursus ursinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">Sun bear (<i>Helarctos malayanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_(mammal)" title="Ursus (mammal)">Ursus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear (<i>U. americanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear (<i>U. thibetanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear (<i>U. arctos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear (<i>U. maritimus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Mustelida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pinnipedia</a> <small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pinnipedia_(seals)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pinnipedia <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus (<i>Odobenus rosmarus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Eared_seal" title="Eared seal">Otariidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(eared seals:<br /><a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Callorhinus" title="Callorhinus">Callorhinus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">Northern fur seal (<i>C. ursinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otariinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariinae">Otariinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lion (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Zalophus" title="Zalophus">Zalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lion (<i>Z. californianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_sea_lion" title="Galápagos sea lion">Galápagos sea lion (<i>Z. wollebaeki</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">South American sea lion (<i>Otaria flavescens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neophoca" title="Neophoca">Neophoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_sea_lion" title="Australian sea lion">Australian sea lion (<i>N. cinerea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_sea_lion" title="New Zealand sea lion">New Zealand sea lion (<i>Phocarctos hookeri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus" title="Arctocephalus">Arctocephalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_fur_seal" title="South American fur seal">South American fur seal (<i>A. australis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus_forsteri" title="Arctocephalus forsteri">Australasian fur seal (<i>A. forsteri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal" title="Galápagos fur seal">Galápagos fur seal (<i>A. galapagoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal (<i>A. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_fur_seal" title="Juan Fernández fur seal">Juan Fernández fur seal (<i>A. philippii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_fur_seal" title="Brown fur seal">Brown fur seal (<i>A. pusillus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_fur_seal" title="Guadalupe fur seal">Guadalupe fur seal (<i>A. townsendi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_fur_seal" title="Subantarctic fur seal">Subantarctic fur seal (<i>A. tropicalis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">Phocidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(earless seals<br />or true seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Phocinae" title="Phocinae">Phocinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("northern seals")</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">Bearded seal (<i>Erignathus barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">Hooded seal (<i>Cystophora cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phocini" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocini">Phocini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">Harp seal (<i>Pagophilus groenlandicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">Ribbon seal (<i>Histriophoca fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">Grey seal (<i>Halichoerus grypus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca">Phoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_seal" title="Spotted seal">Spotted seal (<i>P. largha</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">Harbor seal (<i>P. vitulina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pusa" title="Pusa">Pusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_seal" title="Caspian seal">Caspian seal (<i>P. caspica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seal (<i>P. hispida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_seal" title="Baikal seal">Baikal seal (<i>P. sibirica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monachinae" title="Monachinae">Monachinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("southern seals")</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monachini(monk_seals)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monk_seal" title="Monk seal">Monachini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(monk seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal (<i>Monachus monachus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neomonachus" title="Neomonachus">Neomonachus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_monk_seal" title="Hawaiian monk seal">Hawaiian monk seal (<i>N. schauinslandi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">Mirounga</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(elephant seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal" title="Northern elephant seal">Northern elephant seal (<i>M. angustirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">Southern elephant seal (<i>M. leonina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Lobodontini" title="Lobodontini">Lobodontini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Antarctic seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">Leopard seal (<i>Hydrurga leptonyx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal (<i>Leptonychotes weddellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">Crabeater seal (<i>Lobodon carcinophagus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ross seal (<i>Ommatophoca rossi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Musteloidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Ailuridae" title="Ailuridae">Ailuridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">Red panda (<i>Ailurus fulgens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mephitidae" title="Mephitidae">Mephitidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog-nosed_skunk" title="Hog-nosed skunk">Conepatus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(hog-nosed skunks)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molina%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Molina's hog-nosed skunk">Molina's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. chinga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk">Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. humboldtii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_hog-nosed_skunk" title="American hog-nosed skunk">American hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. leuconotus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Striped hog-nosed skunk">Striped hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. semistriatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mephitis_(genus)" title="Mephitis (genus)">Mephitis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_skunk" title="Hooded skunk">Hooded skunk (<i>M. macroura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_skunk" title="Striped skunk">Striped skunk (<i>M. mephitis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Stink_badger" title="Stink badger">Mydaus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(stink badgers)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_stink_badger" title="Sunda stink badger">Sunda stink badger (<i>M. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_stink_badger" title="Palawan stink badger">Palawan stink badger (<i>M. marchei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Spotted_skunk" title="Spotted skunk">Spilogale</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(spotted skunks)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_spotted_skunk" title="Southern spotted skunk">Southern spotted skunk (<i>S. angustifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_spotted_skunk" title="Western spotted skunk">Western spotted skunk (<i>S. gracilis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_spotted_skunk" title="Eastern spotted skunk">Eastern spotted skunk (<i>S. putorius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_spotted_skunk" title="Pygmy spotted skunk">Pygmy spotted skunk (<i>S. pygmaea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">Procyonidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinkajou" title="Kinkajou">Kinkajou (<i>Potos flavus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassariscus" title="Bassariscus">Bassariscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail" title="Ringtail">Ringtail (<i>B. astutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacomistle" title="Cacomistle">Cacomistle (<i>B. sumichrasti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Procyon_(genus)" title="Procyon (genus)">Procyon</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(raccoons)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_raccoon" title="Crab-eating raccoon">Crab-eating raccoon (<i>P. cancrivorus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon (<i>P. lotor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozumel_raccoon" title="Cozumel raccoon">Cozumel raccoon (<i>P. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassaricyon" title="Bassaricyon">Bassaricyon</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(olingos)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_lowland_olingo" title="Eastern lowland olingo">Eastern lowland olingo (<i>B. alleni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_olingo" title="Northern olingo">Northern olingo (<i>B. gabbii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lowland_olingo" title="Western lowland olingo">Western lowland olingo (<i>B. medius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olinguito" title="Olinguito">Olinguito (<i>B. neblina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">Nasuina</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(coatis)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasua" title="Nasua">Nasua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_coati" title="South American coati">South American coati (<i>N. nasua</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-nosed_coati" title="White-nosed coati">White-nosed coati (<i>N. narica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasuella" title="Nasuella">Nasuella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_meridensis" title="Nasuella meridensis">Eastern mountain coati (<i>N. meridensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_olivacea" title="Nasuella olivacea">Western mountain coati (<i>N. olivacea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mustelidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mustelidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">American badger (<i>Taxidea taxus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mellivora" title="Mellivora">Mellivora</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">Honey badger (<i>M. capensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Melinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Eurasian badgers)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog_badger" title="Hog badger">Arctonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_hog_badger" title="Northern hog badger">Northern hog badger (<i>A. albogularis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_hog_badger" title="Greater hog badger">Greater hog badger (<i>A. collaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_hog_badger" title="Sumatran hog badger">Sumatran hog badger (<i>A. hoevenii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Meles_(genus)" title="Meles (genus)">Meles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_badger" title="Japanese badger">Japanese badger (<i>M. anakuma</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_badger" title="Caucasian badger">Caucasian badger (<i>M. canescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_badger" title="Asian badger">Asian badger (<i>M. leucurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">European badger (<i>M. meles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ferret-badger" title="Ferret-badger">Melogale</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(ferret-badgers)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_ferret-badger" title="Vietnam ferret-badger">Vietnam ferret-badger (<i>M. cucphuongensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_ferret_badger" title="Bornean ferret badger">Bornean ferret badger (<i>M. everetti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ferret-badger" title="Chinese ferret-badger">Chinese ferret-badger (<i>M. moschata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_ferret-badger" title="Javan ferret-badger">Javan ferret-badger (<i>M. orientalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_ferret-badger" title="Burmese ferret-badger">Burmese ferret-badger (<i>M. personata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_ferret-badger" title="Formosan ferret-badger">Formosan ferret-badger (<i>M. subaurantiaca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Guloninae" title="Guloninae">Guloninae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayra" title="Tayra">Tayra (<i>Eira barbara</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pekania" title="Pekania">Pekania</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_(animal)" title="Fisher (animal)">Fisher (<i>P. pennanti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Gulo" title="Gulo">Gulo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">Wolverine (<i>G. gulo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Marten" title="Marten">Martes</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(martens)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_marten" title="American marten">American marten (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_marten" title="Pacific marten">Pacific marten (<i>M. caurina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-throated_marten" title="Yellow-throated marten">Yellow-throated marten (<i>M. flavigula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_marten" title="Beech marten">Beech marten (<i>M. foina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_marten" title="Nilgiri marten">Nilgiri marten (<i>M. gwatkinsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_pine_marten" title="European pine marten">European pine marten (<i>M. martes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_marten" title="Japanese marten">Japanese marten (<i>M. melampus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">Sable (<i>M. zibellina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Ictonychinae" title="Ictonychinae">Ictonychinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyncodontini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyncodontini (page does not exist)">Lyncodontini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_weasel" title="Patagonian weasel">Patagonian weasel (<i>Lyncodon patagonicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Galictis" title="Galictis">Galictis</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(grisons)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_grison" title="Lesser grison">Lesser grison (<i>G. cuja</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_grison" title="Greater grison">Greater grison (<i>G. vittata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ictonychini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ictonychini (page does not exist)">Ictonychini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(African polecats)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vormela" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Vormela</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Marbled polecat (<i>V. peregusna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_striped_weasel" title="African striped weasel">African striped weasel (<i>Poecilogale albinucha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ictonyx" title="Ictonyx">Ictonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_striped_polecat" title="Saharan striped polecat">Saharan striped polecat (<i>I. libycus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_polecat" title="Striped polecat">Striped polecat (<i>I. striatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">Lutrinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(otters)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_otter" title="Giant otter">Giant otter (<i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lontra" title="Lontra">Lontra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_river_otter" title="North American river otter">North American river otter (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_otter" title="Marine otter">Marine otter (<i>L. felina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_otter" title="Neotropical otter">Neotropical otter (<i>L. longicaudis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_river_otter" title="Southern river otter">Southern river otter (<i>L. provocax</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Enhydra" title="Enhydra">Enhydra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">Sea otter (<i>E. lutris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted-necked_otter" title="Spotted-necked otter">Spotted-necked otter (<i>Hydrictis maculicollis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutra" title="Lutra">Lutra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian otter (<i>L. lutra</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-nosed_otter" title="Hairy-nosed otter">Hairy-nosed otter (<i>L. sumatrana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutrogale" title="Lutrogale">Lutrogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth-coated_otter" title="Smooth-coated otter">Smooth-coated otter (<i>L. perspicillata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Aonyx" title="Aonyx">Aonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_clawless_otter" title="African clawless otter">African clawless otter (<i>A. capensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_small-clawed_otter" title="Asian small-clawed otter">Asian small-clawed otter (<i>A. cinereus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_clawless_otter" title="Congo clawless otter">Congo clawless otter (<i>A. congicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustelinae" title="Mustelinae">Mustelinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Neogale" title="Neogale">Neogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_weasel" title="Amazon weasel">Amazon weasel (<i>N. africana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_weasel" title="Colombian weasel">Colombian weasel (<i>N. felipei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_weasel" title="Long-tailed weasel">Long-tailed weasel (<i>N. frenata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_mink" title="American mink">American mink (<i>N. vison</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">Mustela</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(weasels)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustela_aistoodonnivalis" title="Mustela aistoodonnivalis">Sichuan weasel (<i>M. aistoodonnivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_weasel" title="Mountain weasel">Mountain weasel (<i>M. altaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">Stoat/Beringian ermine (<i>M. erminea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_polecat" title="Steppe polecat">Steppe polecat (<i>M. eversmannii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">Ferret (<i>M. furo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_ermine" title="Haida ermine">Haida ermine (<i>M. haidarum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_weasel" title="Japanese weasel">Japanese weasel (<i>M. itatsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-bellied_weasel" title="Yellow-bellied weasel">Yellow-bellied weasel (<i>M. kathiah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mink" title="European mink">European mink (<i>M. lutreola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mountain_weasel" title="Indonesian mountain weasel">Indonesian mountain weasel (<i>M. lutreolina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_ferret" title="Black-footed ferret">Black-footed ferret (<i>M. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">Least weasel (<i>M. nivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_weasel" title="Malayan weasel">Malayan weasel (<i>M. nudipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_polecat" title="European polecat">European polecat (<i>M. putorius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ermine" title="American ermine">American ermine (<i>M. richardsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_weasel" title="Siberian weasel">Siberian weasel (<i>M. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-striped_weasel" title="Back-striped weasel">Back-striped weasel (<i>M. strigidorsa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genera_of_pinnipeds_and_their_stem-allies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan-Pinnipedia" title="Template:Pan-Pinnipedia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan-Pinnipedia" title="Template talk:Pan-Pinnipedia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Pinnipedia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Pinnipedia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genera_of_pinnipeds_and_their_stem-allies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Genera of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">pinnipeds</a> and their stem-allies</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Order: <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a></li> <li>Suborder: <a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia</a></li> <li>Infraorder: <a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Arctoidea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Pan-Pinnipedia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Pinnipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Pinnipedia">Pan-Pinnipedia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Amphicynodontidae" title="Amphicynodontidae">Amphicynodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allocyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allocyon (page does not exist)">Allocyon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphicticeps" title="Amphicticeps">Amphicticeps</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphicynodon" title="Amphicynodon">Amphicynodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drassonax" title="Drassonax">Drassonax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kolponomos" title="Kolponomos">Kolponomos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachycynodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachycynodon (page does not exist)">Pachycynodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parictis" title="Parictis">Parictis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangictis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wangictis (page does not exist)">Wangictis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Semantoridae" title="Semantoridae">Semantoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Necromites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Necromites (page does not exist)">Necromites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Potamotherium" title="Potamotherium">Potamotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puijila" title="Puijila">Puijila</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semantor (page does not exist)">Semantor</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Pinnipedimorpha" title="Pinnipedimorpha">Pinnipedimorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Enaliarctos" title="Enaliarctos">Enaliarctos</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Pinnipediformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnipediformes">Pinnipediformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacificotaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacificotaria (page does not exist)">Pacificotaria</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinnarctidion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinnarctidion (page does not exist)">Pinnarctidion</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Pteronarctos" title="Pteronarctos">Pteronarctos</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pinnipedia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phocidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">Phocidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devinophoca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devinophoca (page does not exist)">Devinophoca</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Monachinae" title="Monachinae">Monachinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnotherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnotherium (page does not exist)">Magnotherium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monk_seal" title="Monk seal">Monachini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Afrophoca" title="Afrophoca">Afrophoca</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Auroraphoca" title="Auroraphoca">Auroraphoca</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiphoca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Messiphoca (page does not exist)">Messiphoca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monachus" class="mw-redirect" title="Monachus">Monachus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neomonachus" title="Neomonachus">Neomonachus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eomonachus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eomonachus (page does not exist)">Eomonachus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Noriphoca" title="Noriphoca">Noriphoca</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmidophoca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palmidophoca (page does not exist)">Palmidophoca</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Pliophoca" title="Pliophoca">Pliophoca</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Pontophoca" title="Pontophoca">Pontophoca</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pristiphoca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pristiphoca (page does not exist)">Pristiphoca</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terranectes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terranectes (page does not exist)">Terranectes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Miroungini" class="mw-redirect" title="Miroungini">Miroungini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Callophoca" title="Callophoca">Callophoca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">Mirounga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lobodontini" title="Lobodontini">Lobodontini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Acrophoca" title="Acrophoca">Acrophoca</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australophoca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australophoca (page does not exist)">Australophoca</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Hadrokirus" title="Hadrokirus">Hadrokirus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Homiphoca" title="Homiphoca">Homiphoca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">Hydrurga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Leptonychotes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">Lobodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ommatophoca</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Piscophoca" title="Piscophoca">Piscophoca</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Properiptychus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Properiptychus (page does not exist)">Properiptychus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginiaphoca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginiaphoca (page does not exist)">Virginiaphoca</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Phocinae" title="Phocinae">Phocinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptophoca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptophoca (page does not exist)">Cryptophoca</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Frisiphoca" title="Frisiphoca">Frisiphoca</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kawas_benegasorum" title="Kawas benegasorum">Kawas</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Leptophoca" title="Leptophoca">Leptophoca</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monachopsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monachopsis (page does not exist)">Monachopsis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Monotherium" title="Monotherium">Monotherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Phocanella" title="Phocanella">Phocanella</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prophoca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prophoca (page does not exist)">Prophoca</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarmatonectes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarmatonectes (page does not exist)">Sarmatonectes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Erignathini" class="mw-redirect" title="Erignathini">Erignathini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">Erignathus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Platyphoca" title="Platyphoca">Platyphoca</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cystophorini" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystophorini">Cystophorini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">Cystophora</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miophoca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miophoca (page does not exist)">Miophoca</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Pachyphoca" title="Pachyphoca">Pachyphoca</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phocini" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocini">Phocini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavipusa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batavipusa (page does not exist)">Batavipusa</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Gryphoca" title="Gryphoca">Gryphoca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">Halichoerus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">Histriophoca</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Nanophoca" title="Nanophoca">Nanophoca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">Pagophilus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca">Phoca</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planopusa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planopusa (page does not exist)">Planopusa</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Praepusa" title="Praepusa">Praepusa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pusa" title="Pusa">Pusa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Otarioidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otarioidea" title="Otarioidea">Otarioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolponomos_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kolponomos newportensis"><img alt="Kolponomos newportensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kolponomos_NT.jpg/140px-Kolponomos_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kolponomos_NT.jpg/210px-Kolponomos_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kolponomos_NT.jpg/280px-Kolponomos_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="329" /></a></span></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puijila_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Puijila darwini"><img alt="Puijila darwini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Puijila_BW.jpg/140px-Puijila_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Puijila_BW.jpg/210px-Puijila_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Puijila_BW.jpg/280px-Puijila_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="405" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acrophoca_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Acrophoca longirostris"><img alt="Acrophoca longirostris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Acrophoca_BW.jpg/140px-Acrophoca_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Acrophoca_BW.jpg/210px-Acrophoca_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Acrophoca_BW.jpg/280px-Acrophoca_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Otarioidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Otarioidea" title="Otarioidea">Otarioidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Desmatophocidae" title="Desmatophocidae">Desmatophocidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Allodesmus" title="Allodesmus">Allodesmus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atopotarus" title="Atopotarus">Atopotarus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desmatophoca" title="Desmatophoca">Desmatophoca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eodesmus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eodesmus (page does not exist)">Eodesmus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeodobenus" title="Archaeodobenus">Archaeodobenus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Imagotaria" title="Imagotaria">Imagotaria</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kamtschatarctos" title="Kamtschatarctos">Kamtschatarctos</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Nanodobenus" title="Nanodobenus">Nanodobenus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Neotherium" title="Neotherium">Neotherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Osodobenus" title="Osodobenus">Osodobenus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Pelagiarctos" title="Pelagiarctos">Pelagiarctos</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Pontolis" title="Pontolis">Pontolis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Proneotherium" title="Proneotherium">Proneotherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Prototaria" title="Prototaria">Prototaria</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudotaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudotaria (page does not exist)">Pseudotaria</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Titanotaria" title="Titanotaria">Titanotaria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neodobenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodobenia">Neodobenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Dusignathinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusignathinae">Dusignathinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dusignathus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dusignathus (page does not exist)">Dusignathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gomphotaria" title="Gomphotaria">Gomphotaria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odobeninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Odobeninae">Odobeninae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Aivukus" title="Aivukus">Aivukus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Odobenus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ontocetus" title="Ontocetus">Ontocetus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Pliopedia" title="Pliopedia">Pliopedia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protodobenus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protodobenus (page does not exist)">Protodobenus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Valenictus" title="Valenictus">Valenictus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panotariidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Panotariidae">Panotariidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eotaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eotaria (page does not exist)">Eotaria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eared_seal" title="Eared seal">Otariidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Callorhinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Callorhinae (page does not exist)">Callorhinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">Callorhinus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Pithanotaria" title="Pithanotaria">Pithanotaria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">Otariinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Thalassoleon" title="Thalassoleon">Thalassoleon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zalophini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zalophini (page does not exist)">Zalophini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Eumetopias</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Oriensarctos" title="Oriensarctos">Oriensarctos</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proterozetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proterozetes (page does not exist)">Proterozetes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zalophus" title="Zalophus">Zalophus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otariini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otariini (page does not exist)">Otariini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus" title="Arctocephalus">Arctocephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arctophoca" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctophoca">Arctophoca</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrarctos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrarctos (page does not exist)">Hydrarctos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neophoca" title="Neophoca">Neophoca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">Otaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_sea_lion" title="New Zealand sea lion">Phocarctos</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gomphotaria_pugnax_life_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gomphotaria pugnax"><img alt="Gomphotaria pugnax" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gomphotaria_pugnax_life_restoration.jpg/140px-Gomphotaria_pugnax_life_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gomphotaria_pugnax_life_restoration.jpg/210px-Gomphotaria_pugnax_life_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gomphotaria_pugnax_life_restoration.jpg/280px-Gomphotaria_pugnax_life_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="642" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pinnipeds" title="List of pinnipeds">List of pinnipeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossil_pinnipedimorphs" title="List of fossil pinnipedimorphs">List of fossil pinnipedimorphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Pinnipedia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30263" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q30263">Q30263</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pinnipedia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pinnipedia">Pinnipedia</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/46559144">46559144</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4941589">4941589</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/372843">372843</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180614">180614</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0021036334">NHMSYS0021036334</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=5819800">5819800</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=105195">105195</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=148736">148736</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30263#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4135831-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85102257">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pinnipèdes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119329682">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pinnipèdes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119329682">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563246">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ploutvonožci"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115747&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548567305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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1,\n [\"CITEREFCassini,_M._H.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook,_F.Rouse,_A.Wilson,_M.Reichmuth,_M.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosta,_D._P.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox,_C._R.Le_Boeuf,_B._J.1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullenFraserRybczynskiShroder-Adams2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzikoMungerSantosTerhune2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDehnhardt2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeméré,_T._A.Berta,_A.Adam,_P._J.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickenson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElias,_J._S.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnglish,_A._W.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldkamp1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFergusonYoungYurkowskiAnderson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFish,_F._E.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFish,_F._E.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForcadaTrathanReidMurphy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFransAugéEdelhoffErasmi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFransAugéFyfeZhang2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench,_C.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrottRotellaSiniffParkinson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillies,_R.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGisiner,_R.Schusterman,_R._J.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzalez-SuarezCassini2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrantWieskottenWengstPrescott2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammondHautonBennettHall2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanke,_F._D.Hanke,_W.Scholtyssek,_C.Dehnhardt,_G.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassanin,_A.Veron,_G.Ropiquet,_A.van_Vuuren,_B._J.2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyvärinen_H.1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIlliger,_J._K._W.1811\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson,_W._M.Karamanlidis,_A._A.Dendrinos,_P.de_Larrinoa,_P._F.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJøn1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarleskinTurnerSmall2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKastak,_D.Schusterman,_R._J.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowalewsky,_S.Dambach,_M.Mauck,_B.Dehnhardt,_G.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKreider,_R.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrugerWolfJonkerHoffman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaidre,_K._L.Stirling,_I.Lowry,_L._F.Wiig,_Ø.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapierre,_J._L.Kosenko,_P._O.Kodama,_T.Peever,_J._H.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson,_S.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavigne,_D.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeboeuf1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeinwand,_D.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLidgard,_D._C.Boness,_D._J.Bowen,_W._D.McMillan,_J._I.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyrasWerdelinvan_der_Geervan_der_Geer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMass,_A._M.Supin,_A._Y.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathevon,_NCasey,_CReichmuth,_CCharrier,_I2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetchalfe,_C.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMierschHankeWieskottenHanke2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerPostleOrgeigKoster2006b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitani,_Y.Andrews,_R._D.Sato,_K.Kato,_A.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy,_T.C.Eberhardt,_W.C.Calhoun,_B.H.Mann,_K.A.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoronha,_C.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowak,_R._M.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNyakaturaBininda-Emonds2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpzeeland,_I._V.Parijs,_S._V.Bornemann,_H.Frickenhaus,_S.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrinWürsigThewissen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReiter,_J.Panken,_K._J.Le_Boeuf,_B._J.1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenouf,_D.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenouf,_D.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedman,_M._L.Le_Boeuf,_B._J.1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoffeMate1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRybczynski,_N.Dawson,_M._R.Tedford,_R._H.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanvito,_S.Galimberti,_F.Miller,_E._H.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheffer1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulte-PelkumWieskottenHankeDehnhardt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchusterman,_R._J.Kastak,_D.1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchustermanKastakLevensonReichmuth2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheets,_B.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSigvaldadóttir2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiniff,_D._B.Bengtson,_J._L.1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStensonHammill2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValenzuela-ToroPyenson2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Automatic taxobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Carnivora\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 60,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 19,\n [\"Clade\"] = 32,\n [\"Cladogram\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 21,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Fossilrange\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 16,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pan-Pinnipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 100,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","460","23.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","15.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","180","9.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","8.1"],["gsub","80","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","80","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","3.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","2.0"],["type","40","2.0"],["[others]","520","26.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-rq4l2","timestamp":"20241130105751","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pinniped","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pinniped","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q30263","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q30263","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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