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<span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anatomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vibrissal_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vibrissal_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vibrissal groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vibrissal_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vibrissae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vibrissae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vibrissae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vibrissae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marine_mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Marine mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lines_of_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lines_of_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lines of research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lines_of_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lines of research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lines_of_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neuroscience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuroscience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Neuroscience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuroscience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Evolutionary biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_whiskers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_whiskers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Artificial whiskers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_whiskers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_non-mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_non-mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In non-mammals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_non-mammals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In non-mammals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_non-mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_pterosaurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_pterosaurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>In pterosaurs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_pterosaurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Whiskers</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A9_(%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1)" title="كلبة (شعر) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلبة (شعر)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Вібрысы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вібрысы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Вибриси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вибриси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrise" title="Vibrise – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vibrise" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrissa" title="Vibrissa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vibrissa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrisy" title="Vibrisy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vibrisy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knurh%C3%A5r" title="Knurhår – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Knurhår" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrisse" title="Vibrisse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vibrisse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrisas" title="Vibrisas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vibrisas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibrisa" title="Bibrisa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bibrisa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84" title="موهای سبیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موهای سبیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrisse" title="Vibrisse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vibrisse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorhierren" title="Snorhierren – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Snorhierren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrisas" title="Vibrisas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vibrisas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%AA%A8" title="동모 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동모" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrise" title="Vibrise – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vibrise" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misai" title="Misai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Misai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vei%C3%B0ih%C3%A1r" title="Veiðihár – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Veiðihár" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrissa" title="Vibrissa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vibrissa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%9D_(%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D)" title="שפם (בעלי חיים) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפם (בעלי חיים)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ვიბრისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიბრისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrissae" title="Vibrissae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vibrissae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibriss" title="Vibriss – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vibriss" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorhaor" title="Snorhaor – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Snorhaor" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ვიბრისი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვიბრისი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorhaar" title="Snorhaar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Snorhaar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E6%AF%9B" title="洞毛 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="洞毛" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A6rh%C3%A5r" title="Værhår – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Værhår" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82osy_czuciowe" title="Włosy czuciowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Włosy czuciowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrissa" title="Vibrissa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vibrissa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta%C8%9B%C4%83_(organ_de_sim%C8%9B)" title="Mustață (organ de simț) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mustață (organ de simț)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Вибриссы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вибриссы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisker" title="Whisker – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Whisker" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuntokarva" title="Tuntokarva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tuntokarva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrh%C3%A5r" title="Morrhår – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Morrhår" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%B1y%C4%B1k_(zooloji)" title="Bıyık (zooloji) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bıyık (zooloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Вібриси – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вібриси" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%BA%E6%AF%9B" title="感覺毛 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="感覺毛" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%BA%E6%AF%9B" title="感覺毛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="感覺毛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q913572#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrissa&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibrissa">Vibrissa</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of animal hair used for sensing</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output 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ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat_whiskers_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cat_whiskers_closeup.jpg/220px-Cat_whiskers_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cat_whiskers_closeup.jpg/330px-Cat_whiskers_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cat_whiskers_closeup.jpg/440px-Cat_whiskers_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cat</a> with vibrissae</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinchilla-Patchouli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Chinchilla-Patchouli.jpg/220px-Chinchilla-Patchouli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Chinchilla-Patchouli.jpg/330px-Chinchilla-Patchouli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Chinchilla-Patchouli.jpg/440px-Chinchilla-Patchouli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="1055" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Chinchilla" title="Chinchilla">chinchilla</a> with large macrovibrissae</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Whiskers</b> or <b>vibrissae</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <abbr title="singular form">sg.</abbr>: <b>vibrissa</b>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) are a type of stiff, functional <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a> used by most <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sense</a> their environment.<sup id="cite_ref-hair_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hair-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These hairs are finely specialised for this purpose, whereas other types of hair are coarser as <a href="/wiki/Tactile_sensor" title="Tactile sensor">tactile sensors</a>. Although whiskers are specifically those found around the face, vibrissae are known to grow in clusters at various places around the body. Most <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> have them, including all non-human <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and especially <a href="/wiki/Nocturnality" title="Nocturnality">nocturnal</a> mammals. </p><p>Whiskers are sensitive tactile hairs that aid navigation, locomotion, exploration, hunting, social touch and perform other functions.<sup id="cite_ref-ProcRoySoc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProcRoySoc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This article is primarily about the specialised sensing hairs of mammals, but some birds, fish, <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustaceans">crustaceans</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> are known to have similar structures also used to sense the environment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vibrissae (from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vibrāre</i></span> 'to vibrate') from the characteristic motion seen in a small rodent that is otherwise sitting still. In medicine, the term also refers to the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_hair" title="Nasal hair">thick hairs</a> found inside human <a href="/wiki/Nostril" title="Nostril">nostrils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fd_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fd-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last common ancestor of all extant mammals had vibrissae.<sup id="cite_ref-J.Exp.Bio_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J.Exp.Bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All other extant mammal species besides great apes retain the same ancestral layout of the whiskers along with the special facial muscles that move them.<sup id="cite_ref-ProcRoySoc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProcRoySoc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vibrissae are anatomically distinguished from other hair. They are easily visually identified since they are longer, stiffer, significantly larger in diameter, and stand above the surrounding fur by a considerable amount. In addition, they have well-innervated <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">follicles</a>, and an identifiable representation in the <a href="/wiki/Postcentral_gyrus" title="Postcentral gyrus">somatosensory cortex</a> of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-scholarpedia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholarpedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest number and the longest are found among the small, social, arboreal, and nocturnal mammals. Whiskers of aquatic mammals are the most sensitive. During foraging in complex, dark habitats, whiskers are rapidly moved in a cyclic way, tracing small circles at their tips. This motion, called "whisking" can occur at speeds of 25 Hz in mice, which is one of the fastest movements that mammals can make. Small animals use whisking to position their front paws during locomotion.<sup id="cite_ref-ProcRoySoc_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProcRoySoc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vibrissal_groups">Vibrissal groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vibrissal groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudalopex_culpaeus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Pseudalopex_culpaeus.jpg/220px-Pseudalopex_culpaeus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Pseudalopex_culpaeus.jpg/330px-Pseudalopex_culpaeus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Pseudalopex_culpaeus.jpg/440px-Pseudalopex_culpaeus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Culpeo" title="Culpeo">Patagonian fox</a> showing four major cranial groups of vibrissae: supraorbital (above the eye), mystacial (where a moustache would be), genal (on the cheek, far left), and mandibular (pointing down, under the snout)</figcaption></figure> <p>Vibrissae typically grow in clusters. These groups vary somewhat in form and function, but they are relatively consistent among land mammals. Between land and marine mammals, there is less consistency (though commonalities are certainly present). </p><p>Many land mammals, like rats<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hamsters,<sup id="cite_ref-wineski_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wineski-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have four typical whisker groups on their heads (called <i>cranial vibrissae</i>), which might vary among animals due to different lifestyles. These cranial groups include:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>above the eyes (<i>supraorbital</i>)</li> <li>on the cheeks (<i>genal</i>)</li> <li>where a moustache would be (<i>mystacial</i>)</li> <li>under the snout (<i>mandibular</i>).</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rat_whiskers_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rat_whiskers_2.jpg/220px-Rat_whiskers_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rat_whiskers_2.jpg/330px-Rat_whiskers_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rat_whiskers_2.jpg/440px-Rat_whiskers_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>A pet rat clearly showing the grid-like arrangement of the macrovibrissae on the face, and the microvibrissae under the nostrils. The supraorbital vibrissae above the right eye are also visible.</figcaption></figure> <p>The mystacial whiskers can be roughly identified as <i>macrovibrissae</i> (long whiskers for feeling the space around the head) and <i>microvibrissae</i> (small, down-pointing whiskers for identifying objects).<sup id="cite_ref-brecht_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brecht-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only are these two types hard to distinguish on an animal's face (see for example the image of a rat here), there are similarly weak distinctions in how they are used, though the distinction is nonetheless referred to ubiquitously in scientific literature and is considered useful in analysis. </p><p>Many land mammals, including domestic cats, also have vibrissae on the underside of the leg just above the paws (called <i>carpal vibrissae</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst these five major groups are often reported in studies of land mammals, several other groups have been reported more occasionally; for instance <i>nasal</i>, <i>angular</i>, and <i>submental whiskers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hpim0279.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hpim0279.jpg/220px-Hpim0279.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hpim0279.jpg/330px-Hpim0279.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hpim0279.jpg/440px-Hpim0279.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>All the hairs of the <a href="/wiki/Manatee" title="Manatee">manatee</a> may be vibrissae.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seehund.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Seehund.jpg/220px-Seehund.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Seehund.jpg/330px-Seehund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Seehund.jpg/440px-Seehund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Macrovibrissae and supraorbital vibrissae of the <a href="/wiki/Phoca_vitulina" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoca vitulina">common harbor seal</a> (<i>Phoca vitulina</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Marine mammals can have substantially different arrangements of their vibrissae. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Cetaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetaceans">whales and dolphins</a> have lost their snout whiskers and gained vibrissae around their blowholes,<sup id="cite_ref-afeel_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afeel-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas every single one of the body hairs of the <a href="/wiki/Florida_manatee" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida manatee">Florida manatee</a> may be a vibrissa (see image).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other marine mammals, like seals and sea-lions, have head vibrissae just like those on land mammals (see image), although these groups <a href="#Marine_mammals">function quite differently</a>. </p><p>Vibrissal follicles have evolved other functions in dolphins, such as <a href="/wiki/Electroreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreception">electroreception</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vibrissae">Vibrissae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vibrissae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vibrissal hair is usually thicker and stiffer than other types of (pelagic) hair<sup id="cite_ref-Animalencyclopedia_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Animalencyclopedia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, like other hairs, the shaft consists of an inert material (<a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>) and contains no <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Animalencyclopedia_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Animalencyclopedia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, vibrissae are different from other hair structures because they grow from a special <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicle</a> incorporating a capsule of <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> called a blood <a href="/wiki/Sinus_(anatomy)" title="Sinus (anatomy)">sinus</a> which is heavily innervated by sensory nerves.<sup id="cite_ref-rice_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rice-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ebara_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebara-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vibrissae are symmetrically arranged in groups on the face and supply the trigeminal nerve.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mystacial macrovibrissae are shared by a large group of land and marine mammals (see images), and it is this group that has received by far the most scientific study. The arrangement of these whiskers is not random: they form an ordered grid of arcs (columns) and rows, with shorter whiskers at the front and longer whiskers at the rear (see images).<sup id="cite_ref-brecht_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brecht-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mouse, gerbil, hamster, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, and cat, each individual follicle is innervated by 100–200 primary <a href="/wiki/Afferent_nerve_fiber" title="Afferent nerve fiber">afferent nerve cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rice_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rice-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cells serve an even larger number of <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanoreceptors">mechanoreceptors</a> of at least eight distinct types.<sup id="cite_ref-ebara_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebara-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, even small deflections of the vibrissal hair can evoke a sensory response in the animal.<sup id="cite_ref-stuttgen_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuttgen-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rats and mice typically have approximately 30 macrovibrissae on each side of the face, with whisker lengths up to around 50 mm in (laboratory) rats, 30 mm in (laboratory) mice, and a slightly larger number of microvibrissae.<sup id="cite_ref-brecht_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brecht-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, an estimate for the total number of sensory nerve cells serving the mystacial vibrissal array on the face of a rat or mouse might be 25,000. Natural shapes of rat's mystacial pad vibrissae are well approximated by pieces of the <a href="/wiki/Euler_spiral" title="Euler spiral">Euler spiral</a>. When all these pieces for a single rat are assembled together, they span an interval extending from one coiled domain of the Euler spiral to the other.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marine mammals may make even greater investment in their vibrissal sensory system than rats and mice. Seal whiskers, which are similarly arrayed across the mystacial region, are each served by around 10 times as many nerve fibres as those in rats and mice, so that the total number of nerve cells innervating the mystacial vibrissae of a seal has been estimated to be in excess of 300,000.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manatees, remarkably, have around 600 vibrissae on or around their lips.<sup id="cite_ref-afeel_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afeel-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Whiskers can be very long in some species; the length of a <a href="/wiki/Chinchilla" title="Chinchilla">chinchilla</a>'s whiskers can be more than a third of its body length (see image).<sup id="cite_ref-chinchilla_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinchilla-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in species with shorter whiskers, they can be very prominent appendages (see images). Thus, whilst whiskers certainly could be described as "proximal sensors" in contrast to, say, eyes, they offer a tactile sense with a sensing range that is functionally very significant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement">Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catyawn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Catyawn.jpg/220px-Catyawn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Catyawn.jpg/330px-Catyawn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Catyawn.jpg/440px-Catyawn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A yawning <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cat</a> shows how the mystacial macrovibrissae can be swept forward.</figcaption></figure> <p>The follicles of some groups of vibrissae in some species are <a href="/wiki/Motility" title="Motility">motile</a>. Generally, the supraorbital, genal and macrovibrissae are motile,<sup id="cite_ref-wineski_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wineski-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the microvibrissae are not. This is reflected in anatomical reports that have identified musculature associated with the macrovibrissae that is absent for the microvibrissae.<sup id="cite_ref-dorfl_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dorfl-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small muscle 'sling' is attached to each macrovibrissa and can move it more-or-less independently of the others, whilst larger muscles in the surrounding tissue move many or all of the macrovibrissae together.<sup id="cite_ref-dorfl_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dorfl-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-berg_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berg-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amongst those species with motile macrovibrissae, some (rats, mice, flying squirrels, gerbils, chinchillas, hamsters, shrews, porcupines, opossums) move them back and forth periodically in a movement known as <i>whisking</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other species (cats, dogs, raccoons, pandas) do not appear to.<sup id="cite_ref-scholarpedia_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholarpedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distribution of mechanoreceptor types in the whisker follicle differs between rats and cats, which may correspond to this difference in the way they are used.<sup id="cite_ref-ebara_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebara-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whisking movements are amongst the fastest produced by mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-jin_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jin-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all whisking animals in which it has so far been measured, these whisking movements are rapidly controlled in response to behavioural and environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-scholarpedia_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholarpedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whisking movements occur in bouts of variable duration, and at rates between 3 and 25 whisks/second. Movements of the whiskers are closely coordinated with those of the head and body.<sup id="cite_ref-scholarpedia_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholarpedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function">Function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, vibrissae are considered to mediate a tactile sense, complementary to that of skin. This is presumed to be advantageous in particular to animals that cannot always rely on sight to navigate or to find food, for example, nocturnal animals or animals which forage in muddy waters. Whiskers can also function as wind detecting antannae such as the supra-orbital ones in rats.<sup id="cite_ref-Mugnaini_Mehrotra_Davoine_Sharma_2023_p._e3002168_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mugnaini_Mehrotra_Davoine_Sharma_2023_p._e3002168-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sensory function aside, movements of the vibrissae may also indicate something of the state of mind of the animal,<sup id="cite_ref-vets_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vets-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the whiskers play a role in social behaviour of rats.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_Mende_Brecht_2011_pp._900–9102_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe_Mende_Brecht_2011_pp._900–9102-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sensory function of vibrissae is an active research area—experiments to establish the capabilities of whiskers use a variety of techniques, including temporary deprivation either of the whisker sense or of other senses. Animals can be deprived of their whisker sense for a period of weeks by whisker trimming (they soon grow back), or for the duration of an experimental trial by restraining the whiskers with a flexible cover like a mask (the latter technique is used, in particular, in studies of marine mammals<sup id="cite_ref-dehnhardt_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dehnhardt-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Such experiments have shown that whiskers are required for, or contribute to: object localization,<sup id="cite_ref-Ahissar_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahissar-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diamond_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> orienting of the snout, detection of movement, texture discrimination, shape discrimination, exploration, <a href="/wiki/Thigmotaxis" title="Thigmotaxis">thigmotaxis</a>, locomotion, maintenance of equilibrium, maze learning, swimming, locating food pellets, locating food animals, and fighting, as well as nipple attachment and huddling in rat pups.<sup id="cite_ref-scholarpedia_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholarpedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whisking—the periodic movement of the whiskers—is also presumed to serve tactile sensing in some way. However, exactly why an animal might be driven "to beat the night with sticks", as one researcher once put it,<sup id="cite_ref-sticks_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sticks-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a matter of debate, and the answer is probably multi-faceted. Scholarpedia<sup id="cite_ref-scholarpedia_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholarpedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offers: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Since rapid movement of the vibrissae consumes energy, and has required the evolution of specialised musculature, it can be assumed that whisking must convey some sensory advantages to the animal. Likely benefits are that it provides more degrees of freedom for sensor positioning, that it allows the animal to sample a larger volume of space with a given density of whiskers, and that it allows control over the velocity with which the whiskers contact surfaces.</p></blockquote> <p>Animals that do not whisk, but have motile whiskers, presumably also gain some advantage from the investment in musculature. Dorothy Souza, in her book <i>Look What Whiskers Can Do</i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reports some whisker movement during prey capture (in cats, in this case): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whiskers bend forward as the cat pounces. Teeth grasp the mouse tightly around its neck. The cat holds on until the prey stops wriggling.</p></blockquote> <p>Anecdotally, it is often stated that cats use their whiskers to gauge whether an opening is wide enough for their body to pass through.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is sometimes supported by the statement that the whiskers of individual cats extend out to about the same width as the cat's body, but at least two informal reports indicate that whisker length is genetically determined and does not vary as the cat grows thinner or fatter.<sup id="cite_ref-vets_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vets-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-focusmag_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-focusmag-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the laboratory, rats are able to accurately (within 5–10%) discriminate the size of an opening,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so it seems likely that cats can use their whiskers for this purpose. However, reports of cats, particularly kittens, with their heads firmly stuck in some discarded receptacle are commonplace<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicating that if a cat has this information available, it does not always make best use of it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marine_mammals">Marine mammals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marine mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipeds</a> have well-developed <a href="/wiki/Tactition" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactition">tactile</a> senses. Their mystacial vibrissae have ten times the <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">innervation</a> of terrestrial mammals, allowing them to effectively detect vibrations in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These vibrations are generated, for example, when a fish swims through water. Detecting vibrations is useful when the animals are foraging and may add to or even replace vision, particularly in darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-whiskers_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whiskers-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea-lion_seal_vibrissa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sea-lion_seal_vibrissa.png/220px-Sea-lion_seal_vibrissa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sea-lion_seal_vibrissa.png/330px-Sea-lion_seal_vibrissa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sea-lion_seal_vibrissa.png/440px-Sea-lion_seal_vibrissa.png 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption>The upper, smooth whisker belongs to a <a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lion</a>. The lower undulated whisker belongs to a <a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">harbor seal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Harbor_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbor seals">Harbor seals</a> have been observed following varying paths of other organisms that swam ahead several minutes before, similar to a dog following a scent trail,<sup id="cite_ref-dehnhardt_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dehnhardt-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schulte-pelkum_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schulte-pelkum-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even to discriminate the species and the size of the fish responsible for the trail.<sup id="cite_ref-sealdiscrim_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sealdiscrim-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blind <a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed seals</a> have even been observed successfully hunting on their own in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Saimaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Saimaa">Lake Saimaa</a>, likely relying on their vibrissae to gain sensory information and catch prey.<sup id="cite_ref-blindseals_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blindseals-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike terrestrial mammals, such as <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, pinnipeds do not move their vibrissae over an object when examining it but instead extend their moveable whiskers and keep them in the same position.<sup id="cite_ref-whiskers_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whiskers-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By holding their vibrissae steady, pinnipeds are able to maximize their detection ability.<sup id="cite_ref-angle_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angle-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vibrissae of seals are undulated and wavy while <a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a> vibrissae are smooth.<sup id="cite_ref-vibshape_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vibshape-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research is ongoing to determine the function, if any, of these shapes on detection ability. The vibrissa's angle relative to the flow, and not the fiber shape, however, seems to be the most important factor.<sup id="cite_ref-angle_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angle-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">cetaceans</a> have whiskers at birth but they are typically lost during maturation. The follicles and any vestigial hair sometimes function as touch or <a href="/wiki/Electroreception_and_electrogenesis" title="Electroreception and electrogenesis">electrical sense</a> organs.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lines_of_research">Lines of research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lines of research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Neuroscience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mitra_Hartmann" title="Mitra Hartmann">Mitra Hartmann</a></div> <p>A large part of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> of whisker-specialist mammals is involved in the processing of nerve impulses from vibrissae, a fact that presumably corresponds to the important position the sense occupies for the animal. Information from the vibrissae arrives in the brain via the <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal nerve</a> and is delivered first into the trigeminal sensory complex of <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>. From there, the most studied pathways are those leading up through parts of <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> and into <a href="/wiki/Barrel_cortex" title="Barrel cortex">barrel cortex</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though other major pathways through the <a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus" title="Superior colliculus">superior colliculus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a> (a major visual structure in visual animals) and the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>, to name but a couple, are increasingly coming under scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-loops_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loops-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neuroscientists, and other researchers, studying sensory systems favour the whisker system for a number of reasons (see <a href="/wiki/Barrel_cortex" title="Barrel cortex">Barrel cortex</a>), not least the simple fact that laboratory rats and mice are whisker, rather than visual, specialists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_biology">Evolutionary biology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Evolutionary biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The presence of mystacial vibrissae in distinct lineages (<a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">Rodentia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrotheria" title="Afrotheria">Afrotheria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsupials" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsupials">marsupials</a>) with remarkable conservation of operation suggests that they may be an old feature present in a common ancestor of all <a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">therian mammals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rodandmar_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodandmar-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, some humans even still develop vestigial vibrissal muscles in the upper lip,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consistent with the hypothesis that previous members of the human lineage had mystacial vibrissae. Thus, it is possible that the development of the whisker sensory system played an important role in mammalian development, more generally.<sup id="cite_ref-rodandmar_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodandmar-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial_whiskers">Artificial whiskers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Artificial whiskers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers have begun to build artificial whiskers of a variety of types, both to help them understand how biological whiskers work and as a tactile sense for robots. These efforts range from the abstract,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through feature-specific models,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to attempts to reproduce complete whiskered animals in robot form (ScratchBot<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ShrewBot,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both robots by Bristol Robotics Laboratory). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_non-mammals">In non-mammals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In non-mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aethia_pygmaea3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aethia_pygmaea3.jpg/175px-Aethia_pygmaea3.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aethia_pygmaea3.jpg/263px-Aethia_pygmaea3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aethia_pygmaea3.jpg/350px-Aethia_pygmaea3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1987" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>"Whiskers" on a whiskered auklet</figcaption></figure> <p>A range of non-mammals possess structures which resemble or function similarly to mammalian whiskers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_birds">In birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strigops_habroptilus,_face.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Strigops_habroptilus%2C_face.jpg/220px-Strigops_habroptilus%2C_face.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Strigops_habroptilus%2C_face.jpg/330px-Strigops_habroptilus%2C_face.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Strigops_habroptilus%2C_face.jpg/440px-Strigops_habroptilus%2C_face.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The "whiskers" around the beak of a <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" title="Kākāpō">kākāpō</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some birds possess specialized hair-like feathers called <a href="/wiki/Beak#Rictal_bristles" title="Beak">rictal bristles</a> around the base of the beak which are sometimes referred to as whiskers. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Whiskered_auklet" title="Whiskered auklet">whiskered auklet</a> (<i>Aethia pygmaea</i>) has striking, stiff white feathers protruding from above and below the eyes of the otherwise slate-grey bird, and a dark plume which swoops forward from the top of its head. Whiskered auklets sent through a maze of tunnels with their feathers taped back bumped their heads more than twice as often as they did when their feathers were free, indicating they use their feathers in a similar way to cats.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other birds that have obvious "whiskers" are <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">kiwis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrant_flycatcher" title="Tyrant flycatcher">flycatchers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swallow" title="Swallow">swallows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nightjar" title="Nightjar">nightjars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_whip-poor-will" title="Eastern whip-poor-will">whip-poor-wills</a>, the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" title="Kākāpō">kākāpō</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Long-whiskered_owlet" title="Long-whiskered owlet">long-whiskered owlet</a> (<i>Xenoglaux loweryi</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_fish">In fish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corydoras_aeneus_barbels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Corydoras_aeneus_barbels.jpg/175px-Corydoras_aeneus_barbels.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Corydoras_aeneus_barbels.jpg/263px-Corydoras_aeneus_barbels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Corydoras_aeneus_barbels.jpg/350px-Corydoras_aeneus_barbels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="1249" /></a><figcaption>"Whiskers" on a catfish</figcaption></figure> <p>Some fish have slender, pendulous tactile organs near the mouth. These are often referred to as "whiskers", although they are more correctly termed <a href="/wiki/Barbels" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbels">barbels</a>. Fish that have barbels include the catfish, carp, goatfish, hagfish, sturgeon, zebrafish and some species of shark. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pimelodidae" title="Pimelodidae">Pimelodidae</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> of catfishes (order Siluriformes) commonly known as the long-whiskered catfishes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_pterosaurs">In pterosaurs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In pterosaurs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anurognathidae" title="Anurognathidae">Anurognathid pterosaurs</a> had a rugose (wrinkled) jaw texture that has been interpreted as the attachment sites for vibrissae,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though actual vibrissae have not been recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, a specific type of feathers has been found around anurognathid mouths.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Will_do_tricks_for_fish...O).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An otter with facial whiskers."><img alt="An otter with facial whiskers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Will_do_tricks_for_fish...O%29.jpg/120px-Will_do_tricks_for_fish...O%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Will_do_tricks_for_fish...O%29.jpg/180px-Will_do_tricks_for_fish...O%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Will_do_tricks_for_fish...O%29.jpg/240px-Will_do_tricks_for_fish...O%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2881" data-file-height="2195" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otter</a> with facial whiskers.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Whiskers_of_the_Hooded_Lister_Rat_ATLAS-070713-0016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Macrovibrissae of a Hooded Lister laboratory rat."><img alt="Macrovibrissae of a Hooded Lister laboratory rat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Whiskers_of_the_Hooded_Lister_Rat_ATLAS-070713-0016.jpg/120px-Whiskers_of_the_Hooded_Lister_Rat_ATLAS-070713-0016.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Whiskers_of_the_Hooded_Lister_Rat_ATLAS-070713-0016.jpg/180px-Whiskers_of_the_Hooded_Lister_Rat_ATLAS-070713-0016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Whiskers_of_the_Hooded_Lister_Rat_ATLAS-070713-0016.jpg/240px-Whiskers_of_the_Hooded_Lister_Rat_ATLAS-070713-0016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Macrovibrissae of a Hooded Lister <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_rat" title="Laboratory rat">laboratory rat</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cats_whiskers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A cat's prominent macrovibrissae."><img alt="A cat's prominent macrovibrissae." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cats_whiskers.jpg/120px-Cats_whiskers.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cats_whiskers.jpg/180px-Cats_whiskers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cats_whiskers.jpg/240px-Cats_whiskers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="539" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A cat's prominent macrovibrissae.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EquineVibrissaeCrossSection.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Micrograph cross section of an equine vibrissa."><img alt="Micrograph cross section of an equine vibrissa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/EquineVibrissaeCrossSection.JPG/120px-EquineVibrissaeCrossSection.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/EquineVibrissaeCrossSection.JPG/180px-EquineVibrissaeCrossSection.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/EquineVibrissaeCrossSection.JPG/240px-EquineVibrissaeCrossSection.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> cross section of an equine vibrissa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vibrissae_of_a_Tiger_at_Chester_Zoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Macrovibrissae of a tiger."><img alt="Macrovibrissae of a tiger." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Vibrissae_of_a_Tiger_at_Chester_Zoo.jpg/120px-Vibrissae_of_a_Tiger_at_Chester_Zoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Vibrissae_of_a_Tiger_at_Chester_Zoo.jpg/180px-Vibrissae_of_a_Tiger_at_Chester_Zoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Vibrissae_of_a_Tiger_at_Chester_Zoo.jpg/240px-Vibrissae_of_a_Tiger_at_Chester_Zoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Macrovibrissae of a <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_6_mouse_eating.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laboratory mouse (C57BL/6) showing macrovibrissae."><img alt="Laboratory mouse (C57BL/6) showing macrovibrissae." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Black_6_mouse_eating.jpg/120px-Black_6_mouse_eating.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Black_6_mouse_eating.jpg/180px-Black_6_mouse_eating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Black_6_mouse_eating.jpg/240px-Black_6_mouse_eating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="1473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Laboratory mouse (<a href="/wiki/C57BL/6" title="C57BL/6">C57BL/6</a>) showing macrovibrissae.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HorseNose2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prominent immotile vibrissae on a horse's muzzle."><img alt="Prominent immotile vibrissae on a horse's muzzle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/HorseNose2.jpg/120px-HorseNose2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/HorseNose2.jpg/180px-HorseNose2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/HorseNose2.jpg/240px-HorseNose2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2146" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prominent immotile vibrissae on a horse's muzzle.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battlecat_2432.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Supraorbital vibrissae and mystacial macrovibrissae of a house cat."><img alt="Supraorbital vibrissae and mystacial macrovibrissae of a house cat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Battlecat_2432.JPG/120px-Battlecat_2432.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Battlecat_2432.JPG/180px-Battlecat_2432.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Battlecat_2432.JPG/240px-Battlecat_2432.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Supraorbital vibrissae and mystacial macrovibrissae of a house cat.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_Thrasher.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Whiskers of the Brown Thrasher near the head."><img alt="Whiskers of the Brown Thrasher near the head." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Brown_Thrasher.jpg/85px-Brown_Thrasher.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Brown_Thrasher.jpg/128px-Brown_Thrasher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Brown_Thrasher.jpg/171px-Brown_Thrasher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1347" data-file-height="1890" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Whiskers of the Brown Thrasher near the head.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiskers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hair-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hair_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFeldhamerDrickamerVesseyMerritt2007" class="citation book cs1">Feldhamer, George A.; 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"What Makes Whiskers Shake?". <i>Journal of Neurophysiology</i>. <b>92</b> (3): 1265–1266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjn.00404.2004">10.1152/jn.00404.2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15331639">15331639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=What+Makes+Whiskers+Shake%3F&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1265-1266&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fjn.00404.2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15331639&rft.aulast=Brecht&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhiskers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouza2007" class="citation book cs1">Souza, Dorothy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ProrC-wHAnMC&dq=Whiskers+bend+forward+as+the+cat+pounces.+Teeth+grasp+the+mouse+tightly+around+its+neck.+The+cat+holds+on+until+the+prey+stops+wriggling.&pg=PA17"><i>Look What Whiskers Can Do</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lerner_Publishing_Group" title="Lerner Publishing Group">Lerner Publishing Group</a>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-761-39459-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-761-39459-4"><bdi>978-0-761-39459-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Look+What+Whiskers+Can+Do&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Lerner+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-761-39459-4&rft.aulast=Souza&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DProrC-wHAnMC%26dq%3DWhiskers%2Bbend%2Bforward%2Bas%2Bthe%2Bcat%2Bpounces.%2BTeeth%2Bgrasp%2Bthe%2Bmouse%2Btightly%2Baround%2Bits%2Bneck.%2BThe%2Bcat%2Bholds%2Bon%2Buntil%2Bthe%2Bprey%2Bstops%2Bwriggling.%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhiskers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-focusmag-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-focusmag_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180718015915/http://www.sciencefocus.com/qa/if-cat%E2%80%99s-whiskers-are-width-its-body-do-they-get-longer-if-it-puts-weight">"Focus Magazine Q&A"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciencefocus.com/qa/if-cat%E2%80%99s-whiskers-are-width-its-body-do-they-get-longer-if-it-puts-weight">the original</a> on 2018-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Focus+Magazine+Q%26A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsciencefocus.com%2Fqa%2Fif-cat%25E2%2580%2599s-whiskers-are-width-its-body-do-they-get-longer-if-it-puts-weight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhiskers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrupaMatellBrisbenOliveira2001" class="citation journal cs1">Krupa, David J.; Matell, Matthew S.; Brisben, Amy J.; Oliveira, Laura M.; Nicolelis, Miguel A. L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6762640">"Behavioral Properties of the trigeminal somatosensory system in rats performing whisker-dependent tactile discriminations"</a>. <i>The Journal of Neuroscience</i>. <b>21</b> (15): 5752–5763. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.21-15-05752.2001">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-15-05752.2001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6762640">6762640</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11466447">11466447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Behavioral+Properties+of+the+trigeminal+somatosensory+system+in+rats+performing+whisker-dependent+tactile+discriminations&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=5752-5763&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6762640%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11466447&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.21-15-05752.2001&rft.aulast=Krupa&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Matell%2C+Matthew+S.&rft.au=Brisben%2C+Amy+J.&rft.au=Oliveira%2C+Laura+M.&rft.au=Nicolelis%2C+Miguel+A.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6762640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhiskers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torontosun.com/news/canada/2011/01/25/17033406.html">"Cops save kitten with head stuck in can"</a>. Toronto Sun. 2011-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cops+save+kitten+with+head+stuck+in+can&rft.pub=Toronto+Sun&rft.date=2011-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torontosun.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2F2011%2F01%2F25%2F17033406.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhiskers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._J.D.D._H.C._J.2000" class="citation journal cs1">R. J., Schusterman; D., Kastak; D. H., Levenson; C. J., Reichmuth; B. L., Southall (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.428506">"Why pinnipeds don't echolocate"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. <b>107</b> (4): 2256–64. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ASAJ..107.2256S">2000ASAJ..107.2256S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.428506">10.1121/1.428506</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10790051">10790051</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17153968">17153968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Why+pinnipeds+don%27t+echolocate&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2256-64&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.428506&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17153968%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10790051&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000ASAJ..107.2256S&rft.aulast=R.+J.&rft.aufirst=Schusterman&rft.au=D.%2C+Kastak&rft.au=D.+H.%2C+Levenson&rft.au=C.+J.%2C+Reichmuth&rft.au=B.+L.%2C+Southall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1121%252F1.428506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhiskers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whiskers-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whiskers_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whiskers_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMierschHankeWieskottenHanke2011" class="citation journal cs1">Miersch, L.; Hanke, W.; Wieskotten, S.; Hanke, F. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080314/full/news.2008.674.html">"Bird uses 'whiskers' like a cat"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.674">10.1038/news.2008.674</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691150611" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691150611"><bdi>978-0691150611</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pterosaurs%3A+Natural+History%2C+Evolution%2C+Anatomy&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0691150611&rft.au=Wilton%2C+Mark+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhiskers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentonXuOrrKaye2019" class="citation journal cs1">Benton, Michael J.; Xu, Xing; Orr, Patrick J.; Kaye, Thomas G.; Pittman, Michael; Kearns, Stuart L.; McNamara, Maria E.; Jiang, Baoyu; 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href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30568282">30568282</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56480710">56480710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Pterosaur+integumentary+structures+with+complex+feather-like+branching&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-30&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56480710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30568282&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-018-0728-7&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Xu%2C+Xing&rft.au=Orr%2C+Patrick+J.&rft.au=Kaye%2C+Thomas+G.&rft.au=Pittman%2C+Michael&rft.au=Kearns%2C+Stuart+L.&rft.au=McNamara%2C+Maria+E.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Baoyu&rft.au=Yang%2C+Zixiao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-information.bris.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F184677374%2FMain_Text_revised_mjb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhiskers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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