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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years,_1933–1937" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years,_1933–1937"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early years, 1933–1937</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years,_1933–1937-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enrollees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enrollees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Enrollees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enrollees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Veterans_Conservation_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterans_Conservation_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Veterans Conservation Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterans_Conservation_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Work classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_American_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_American_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>African American people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_American_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Indian Division</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion,_1935–1936" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion,_1935–1936"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Expansion, 1935–1936</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion,_1935–1936-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Change_of_purpose,_1937–1938" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_of_purpose,_1937–1938"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Change of purpose, 1937–1938</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_of_purpose,_1937–1938-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_conservation_to_defense,_1939–1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_conservation_to_defense,_1939–1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>From conservation to defense, 1939–1940</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_conservation_to_defense,_1939–1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_disbandment_1941–1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_disbandment_1941–1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Decline and disbandment 1941–1942</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_disbandment_1941–1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_alumni_and_administrators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_alumni_and_administrators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable alumni and administrators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_alumni_and_administrators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Statues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inspired_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inspired_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Inspired programs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inspired_programs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Inspired programs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Inspired_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Student_Conservation_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_Conservation_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Student Conservation Association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_Conservation_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California_Conservation_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California_Conservation_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>California Conservation Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California_Conservation_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nevada_Conservation_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nevada_Conservation_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Nevada Conservation Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nevada_Conservation_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minnesota_Conservation_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minnesota_Conservation_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Minnesota Conservation Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minnesota_Conservation_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montana_Conservation_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montana_Conservation_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Montana Conservation Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montana_Conservation_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texas_Conservation_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas_Conservation_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Texas Conservation Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas_Conservation_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Washington_Conservation_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washington_Conservation_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Washington Conservation Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washington_Conservation_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vermont_Youth_Conservation_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vermont_Youth_Conservation_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Vermont Youth Conservation Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vermont_Youth_Conservation_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Youth_Conservation_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth_Conservation_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>Youth Conservation Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth_Conservation_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.10</span> <span>Conservation Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_Ranger_Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_Ranger_Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.11</span> <span>Sea Ranger Service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_Ranger_Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aina_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aina_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.12</span> <span>Aina Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aina_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Climate_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Climate_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.13</span> <span>American Climate Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Climate_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_Division_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Division_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Indian Division</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Division_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civilian_Conservation_Corps_by_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_Conservation_Corps_by_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Civilian Conservation Corps by state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_Conservation_Corps_by_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Individual camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentary,_feature_and_TV_movies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary,_feature_and_TV_movies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Documentary, feature and TV movies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary,_feature_and_TV_movies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Civilian Conservation Corps</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سلك الخدمة المدنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلك الخدمة المدنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cos_Civil_de_Conservaci%C3%B3" title="Cos Civil de Conservació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cos Civil de Conservació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Corfflu_Cadwraeth_Sifil" title="Y Corfflu Cadwraeth Sifil – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Corfflu Cadwraeth Sifil" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Civilian Conservation Corps" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Civilian Conservation Corps" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuerpo_Civil_de_Conservaci%C3%B3n" title="Cuerpo Civil de Conservación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuerpo Civil de Conservación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%AA" title="سپاه غیرنظامی حفاظت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سپاه غیرنظامی حفاظت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Civilian Conservation Corps" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EA%B0%84_%EB%B3%B4%EC%A1%B4%EB%8B%A8" title="민간 보존단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민간 보존단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Civilian Conservation Corps" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Civilian Conservation Corps" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99" title="חיל השימור האזרחי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיל השימור האזרחי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ദ സിവിലിയൻ കൺസർവേഷൻ കോർപ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദ സിവിലിയൻ കൺസർവേഷൻ കോർപ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%9D%E5%85%A8%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="市民保全部隊 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="市民保全部隊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Civilian Conservation Corps" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Гражданский корпус охраны окружающей среды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гражданский корпус охраны окружающей среды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Civilian Conservation Corps" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%9D%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%98" title="平民保育團 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="平民保育團" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US voluntary public work relief program from 1933-42</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CCC-poster-1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CCC-poster-1935.jpg/220px-CCC-poster-1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CCC-poster-1935.jpg/330px-CCC-poster-1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CCC-poster-1935.jpg/440px-CCC-poster-1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1505" /></a><figcaption>Poster by Albert M. Bender, produced by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Art_Project" title="Federal Art Project">Illinois WPA Art Project Chicago</a> in 1935 for the CCC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CCC_boys_leaving_camp_for_home,_Lassen_National_Forest,_California_(3226900020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/CCC_boys_leaving_camp_for_home%2C_Lassen_National_Forest%2C_California_%283226900020%29.jpg/220px-CCC_boys_leaving_camp_for_home%2C_Lassen_National_Forest%2C_California_%283226900020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/CCC_boys_leaving_camp_for_home%2C_Lassen_National_Forest%2C_California_%283226900020%29.jpg/330px-CCC_boys_leaving_camp_for_home%2C_Lassen_National_Forest%2C_California_%283226900020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/CCC_boys_leaving_camp_for_home%2C_Lassen_National_Forest%2C_California_%283226900020%29.jpg/440px-CCC_boys_leaving_camp_for_home%2C_Lassen_National_Forest%2C_California_%283226900020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3846" data-file-height="2626" /></a><figcaption>CCC boys leaving camp in <a href="/wiki/Lassen_National_Forest" title="Lassen National Forest">Lassen National Forest</a> for home</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Civilian Conservation Corps</b> (<b>CCC</b>) was a voluntary government <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">work relief program</a> that ran from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men ages 18–25 and eventually expanded to ages 17–28.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCC was a major part of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> that supplied manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state, and local governments. The CCC was designed to supply jobs for young men and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression in the United States</a>. There was eventually a smaller counterpart program for unemployed women called the <a href="/wiki/She-She-She_Camps" title="She-She-She Camps">She-She-She Camps</a>, which were championed by <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fechner" title="Robert Fechner">Robert Fechner</a> was the first director of this agency, succeeded by <a href="/wiki/James_McEntee_(labor_leader)" title="James McEntee (labor leader)">James McEntee</a> following Fechner's death. The largest enrollment at any one time was 300,000. Through the course of its nine years in operation, three million young men took part in the CCC, which provided them with shelter, clothing, and food, together with a monthly wage of $30 (equivalent to $706 in 2023), $25 of which (equivalent to $588 in 2023) had to be sent home to their families.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civilian_Conservation_Corps_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Civilian_Conservation_Corps_Bridge.jpg/220px-Civilian_Conservation_Corps_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Civilian_Conservation_Corps_Bridge.jpg/330px-Civilian_Conservation_Corps_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Civilian_Conservation_Corps_Bridge.jpg/440px-Civilian_Conservation_Corps_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>A CCC-built bridge across Rock Creek in <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock, Arkansas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The American public made the CCC the most popular of all the New Deal programs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources written at the time claimed<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an individual's enrollment in the CCC led to improved physical condition, heightened morale, and increased <a href="/wiki/Employability" title="Employability">employability</a>. The CCC also led to a greater public awareness and appreciation of the outdoors and the nation's natural resources, and the continued need for a carefully planned, comprehensive national program for the protection and development of natural resources.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civilian_Conservation_Corps_-_NARA_-_195832.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Civilian_Conservation_Corps_-_NARA_-_195832.jpg/220px-Civilian_Conservation_Corps_-_NARA_-_195832.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Civilian_Conservation_Corps_-_NARA_-_195832.jpg/330px-Civilian_Conservation_Corps_-_NARA_-_195832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Civilian_Conservation_Corps_-_NARA_-_195832.jpg/440px-Civilian_Conservation_Corps_-_NARA_-_195832.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1965" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>CCC workers constructing a road in what is now Cuyahoga Valley National Park, 1933</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:155th_Co.._CCC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/155th_Co.._CCC.jpg/350px-155th_Co.._CCC.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/155th_Co.._CCC.jpg/525px-155th_Co.._CCC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/155th_Co.._CCC.jpg/700px-155th_Co.._CCC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5921" data-file-height="1577" /></a><figcaption>154th Co.. CCC, Eagle Lake Camp NP-1-Me. Bar harbor Maine, February 1940</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ccc_michigan_camps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ccc_michigan_camps.jpg/350px-Ccc_michigan_camps.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Ccc_michigan_camps.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>CCC camps in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>; the tents were soon replaced by barracks built by Army contractors for the enrollees.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The CCC operated separate programs for veterans and Native Americans. Approximately 15,000 Native Americans took part in the program, helping them weather the Great Depression.<sup id="cite_ref-ICT_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICT-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1942, with <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> raging and <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">the draft</a> in effect, the need for work relief declined, and Congress voted to close the program.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding">Founding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">governor of New York</a>, Franklin D. Roosevelt had run a similar program on a much smaller scale, known as the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration (TERA). It was started in early 1932 to "use men from the lists of the unemployed to improve our existing reforestation areas." In its first year alone, more than 25,000 unemployed New Yorkers were active in its paid conservation work.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long interested in conservation,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as president Roosevelt proposed a full-scale national program to Congress on March 21, 1933:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I propose to create [the CCC] to be used in complex work, not interfering with normal employment and confining itself to forestry, the prevention of soil erosion, flood control, and similar projects. I call your attention to the fact that this type of work is of definite, practical value, not only through the prevention of great present financial loss but also as a means of creating future national wealth.</p></blockquote> <p>He promised this law would provide 250,000 young men with meals, housing, <a href="/wiki/Workwear" title="Workwear">workwear</a>, and medical care in exchange for their work in the national forests and other government properties. The Emergency Conservation Work (ECW) Act was introduced to Congress the same day and enacted by voice vote on March 31. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6101 on April 5, 1933, which established the CCC organization and appointed a director, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fechner" title="Robert Fechner">Robert Fechner</a>, a former labor union official who served until 1939. The organization and administration of the CCC was a new experiment in operations for a federal government agency. The order directed that the program be supervised jointly by four government departments: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">Labor</a>, which recruited the young men; <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War</a>, which operated the camps; the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Agriculture</a>; and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Interior</a>, which organized and supervised the work projects. A CCC Advisory Council was composed of a representative from each of those departments. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Education">Office of Education</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Administration</a> participated in the program. To overcome opposition from labor unions, which wanted no training programs started when so many of their members were unemployed,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt chose Robert Fechner, vice president of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Machinists_and_Aerospace_Workers" title="International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers">International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers</a>, as director of the Corps. <a href="/wiki/William_Green_(labor_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Green (labor leader)">William Green</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a>, was taken to the first camp to see that there was no job training involved beyond simple manual labor.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Army">U.S. Army</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: U.S. Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Officers from the U.S. Army were in charge of the camps, but there was no military training. The <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the United States Army</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, was placed in charge of the program.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, about 3,800 of the <a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a>'s 13,000 officers and 4,600 of its 120,000 enlisted men were assigned in the spring of 1933 to administer the CCC. The troops were pulled from just about every source possible, but usually from the Army’s combat regiments and battalions, and Army instructors on duty with <a href="/wiki/ROTC" class="mw-redirect" title="ROTC">ROTC</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">Organized Reserve</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a> organizations. In at least one case each, district personnel were drawn from an engineer regiment and an <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">Air Corps</a> group. MacArthur soon said that the number of Regular Army personnel assigned to the CCC was affecting military readiness.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only 575 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">Organized Reserve</a> officers initially received orders for CCC duty. CCC tours were initially six months long, but were later lengthened to one year. In July 1933, the War Department ordered that Regular Army officers assigned as instructors with ROTC and Organized Reserve units be returned to their former duties. By the end of September 1933, the number of Regular officers on CCC duty had dropped to about 2,000 and the number of Reservists had increased to 2,200. By June 1934, only 400 Regular officers remained on CCC duty, and by October, Reserve officers had assumed command of almost all CCC companies and sub-districts. Effective on 1 January 1938, the War Department limited the number of Regular officers assigned to CCC duty to only 117. </p><p>Due to a ruling that Reserve officers on CCC duty had to have the same housing and subsistence benefits as Regular officers, President Roosevelt directed that all Reservists be relieved from CCC duty effective 1 July 1939. The changeover was complete by September 1939, but it was a change largely in name only because many of the Reservists merely took off their uniforms and continued their jobs with the CCC as civilians, albeit with lower pay. </p><p>The Army found numerous benefits in the program. Through the CCC, the Regular Army could assess the leadership performance of both Regular and Reserve officers. In mobilizing, clothing, feeding, and controlling thousands of men, the CCC provided lessons which the Army used in developing its wartime mobilization plans for training camps. When the draft began in 1940, the policy was to make CCC alumni corporals and sergeants. The CCC also provided command experience to Reserve officers, who normally interacted almost exclusively with other officers during training and did not have the chance to lead large numbers of enlisted men. Future Chief of Staff of the Army General <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> "embraced" the CCC, unlike many of his brother officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts200825_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200825-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An implicit goal of the CCC was to restore morale in an era of 25% unemployment for all men and much higher rates for poorly educated teenagers. Jeffrey Suzik argues in "'Building Better Men': The CCC Boy and the Changing Social Ideal of Manliness" that the CCC provided an ideology of manly outdoor work to counter the Depression, as well as cash to help the family budget. Through a regime of heavy manual labor, civic and political education, and an all-male living and working environment, the CCC tried to build "better men" who would be economically independent and self-reliant. By 1939, there was a shift in the ideal from the hardy manual worker to the highly trained citizen soldier ready for war.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years,_1933–1937"><span id="Early_years.2C_1933.E2.80.931937"></span>Early years, 1933–1937</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early years, 1933–1937"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_Park_Road_4_CCC_Map_1_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A blue-grey map of a road, covered with assorted lines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Texas_Park_Road_4_CCC_Map_1_edit.jpg/440px-Texas_Park_Road_4_CCC_Map_1_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Texas_Park_Road_4_CCC_Map_1_edit.jpg/660px-Texas_Park_Road_4_CCC_Map_1_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Texas_Park_Road_4_CCC_Map_1_edit.jpg/880px-Texas_Park_Road_4_CCC_Map_1_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8191" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>A CCC map of the planned route of a parkway in Texas, drafted in 1934. The Corps worked in numerous parks throughout the state during the early 1930s, constructing everything from benches to highways.</figcaption></figure> <p>The legislation and mobilization of the program occurred quite rapidly. Roosevelt made his request to Congress on March 21, 1933; the legislation was submitted to Congress the same day; Congress passed it by voice vote on March 31; Roosevelt signed it the same day, then issued an executive order on April 5 creating the agency, appointing Fechner its director, and assigning War Department corps area commanders to begin enrollment. The first CCC enrollee was selected April 8, and lists of unemployed men were subsequently supplied by state and local welfare and relief agencies for immediate enrollment. On April 17, the first camp, <a href="/wiki/NF-1,_Camp_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="NF-1, Camp Roosevelt">NF-1, Camp Roosevelt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was established at <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington National Forest">George Washington National Forest</a> near <a href="/wiki/Luray,_Virginia" title="Luray, Virginia">Luray, Virginia</a>. On June 18, the first of 161 <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a> control camps was opened in <a href="/wiki/Clayton,_Alabama" title="Clayton, Alabama">Clayton, Alabama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By July 1, 1933, there were 1,463 working camps with 250,000 junior enrollees 18–25 years of age; 28,000 veterans; 14,000 <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>; and 25,000 adults in the Local Experienced Men (LEM) program.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fechner_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fechner-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enrollees">Enrollees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Enrollees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CCC_camp_kitchen_crew_(3226043137).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/CCC_camp_kitchen_crew_%283226043137%29.jpg/220px-CCC_camp_kitchen_crew_%283226043137%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/CCC_camp_kitchen_crew_%283226043137%29.jpg/330px-CCC_camp_kitchen_crew_%283226043137%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/CCC_camp_kitchen_crew_%283226043137%29.jpg/440px-CCC_camp_kitchen_crew_%283226043137%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3288" data-file-height="1955" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">CCC camp kitchen crew</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meal_time_at_CCC_Camp_Roosevelt,_George_Washington_National_Forest,_Virginia_(3226029283).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Meal_time_at_CCC_Camp_Roosevelt%2C_George_Washington_National_Forest%2C_Virginia_%283226029283%29.jpg/220px-Meal_time_at_CCC_Camp_Roosevelt%2C_George_Washington_National_Forest%2C_Virginia_%283226029283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Meal_time_at_CCC_Camp_Roosevelt%2C_George_Washington_National_Forest%2C_Virginia_%283226029283%29.jpg/330px-Meal_time_at_CCC_Camp_Roosevelt%2C_George_Washington_National_Forest%2C_Virginia_%283226029283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Meal_time_at_CCC_Camp_Roosevelt%2C_George_Washington_National_Forest%2C_Virginia_%283226029283%29.jpg/440px-Meal_time_at_CCC_Camp_Roosevelt%2C_George_Washington_National_Forest%2C_Virginia_%283226029283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4466" data-file-height="3586" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Meal time at CCC Camp Roosevelt, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_Jefferson_National_Forests" title="George Washington and Jefferson National Forests">George Washington National Forest</a>, Virginia</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Franklin_Roosevelt_at_CCC_camp_in_Virginia_in_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/President_Franklin_Roosevelt_at_CCC_camp_in_Virginia_in_1933.jpg/220px-President_Franklin_Roosevelt_at_CCC_camp_in_Virginia_in_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/President_Franklin_Roosevelt_at_CCC_camp_in_Virginia_in_1933.jpg/330px-President_Franklin_Roosevelt_at_CCC_camp_in_Virginia_in_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/President_Franklin_Roosevelt_at_CCC_camp_in_Virginia_in_1933.jpg/440px-President_Franklin_Roosevelt_at_CCC_camp_in_Virginia_in_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="668" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">President Franklin D. Roosevelt made his first visit to a CCC camp, at <a href="/wiki/Big_Meadows" title="Big Meadows">Big Meadows</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_National_Park" title="Shenandoah National Park">Shenandoah National Park</a>, Virginia, in early summer, 1933. Seated, left to right: Major General <a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Malone" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul B. Malone">Paul B. Malone</a>, commanding general of the Third Corps Area; <a href="/wiki/Louis_Howe" title="Louis Howe">Louis Howe</a>, secretary to the president; Secretary of the Interior <a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a>; CCC Director <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fechner" title="Robert Fechner">Robert Fechner</a>; the president; Secretary of Agriculture <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>; and Assistant Secretary of Agriculture <a href="/wiki/Rexford_G._Tugwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Rexford G. Tugwell">Rexford G. Tugwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The typical CCC enrollee was a U.S. citizen, unmarried, unemployed male, 18–25 years of age. Normally his family was on local relief. Each enrollee volunteered and, upon passing a physical exam and/or a period of conditioning, was required to serve a minimum six-month period, with the option to serve as many as four periods, or up to two years if employment outside the Corps was not possible. Enrollees worked 40 hours per week over five days, sometimes including Saturdays if poor weather dictated. In return they received $30 per month (equivalent to $710 in 2023) with a compulsory allotment of $25 (about equivalent to $590 in 2023) sent to a family dependent, as well as housing, food, clothing, and medical care.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Veterans_Conservation_Corps"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Veterans_Conservation_Corps">Veterans Conservation Corps</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Veterans Conservation Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the second <a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a> march on Washington, D.C., President Roosevelt amended the CCC program on May 11, 1933, to include work opportunities for veterans. Veteran qualifications differed from the junior enrollee; one needed to be certified by the Veterans Administration by an application. They could be any age, and married or single as long as they were in need of work. Veterans were generally assigned to entire veteran camps.<sup id="cite_ref-Ermentrout2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ermentrout2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enrollees were eligible for the following "rated" positions to help with camp administration: senior leader, mess steward, storekeeper and two cooks; assistant leader, company clerk, assistant educational advisor and three second cooks. These men received additional pay ranging from $36 to $45 per month depending on their rating. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camps">Camps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CCC_barrack_at_Milford,_Utah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/CCC_barrack_at_Milford%2C_Utah.jpg/220px-CCC_barrack_at_Milford%2C_Utah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/CCC_barrack_at_Milford%2C_Utah.jpg/330px-CCC_barrack_at_Milford%2C_Utah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/CCC_barrack_at_Milford%2C_Utah.jpg/440px-CCC_barrack_at_Milford%2C_Utah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2419" data-file-height="1371" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Inside of CCC barracks at Milford, Utah. Two of the men are sitting on footlockers that were used by the CCC workers to hold their personal possessions.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Each CCC camp was located in the area of particular conservation work to be performed and organized around a complement of up to 200 civilian enrollees in a designated numbered "company" unit. The CCC camp was a temporary community in itself, structured to have barracks (initially Army tents) for 50 enrollees each, officer/technical staff quarters, medical dispensary, mess hall, recreation hall, educational building, lavatory and showers, technical/administrative offices, tool room/blacksmith shop and motor pool garages. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CCC_Camp_library_rec_room_-_GAG03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/CCC_Camp_library_rec_room_-_GAG03.jpg/220px-CCC_Camp_library_rec_room_-_GAG03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/CCC_Camp_library_rec_room_-_GAG03.jpg/330px-CCC_Camp_library_rec_room_-_GAG03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/CCC_Camp_library_rec_room_-_GAG03.jpg/440px-CCC_Camp_library_rec_room_-_GAG03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption>CCC Camp recreational hall or educational building (unidentified location)</figcaption></figure> <p>The company organization of each camp had a dual-authority supervisory staff: firstly, Department of War personnel or <a href="/wiki/Reserve_components_of_the_United_States_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve components of the United States armed forces">Reserve</a> officers (until July 1, 1939), a "company commander" and junior officer, who were responsible for overall camp operation, logistics, education and training; and secondly, ten to fourteen technical service civilians, including a camp "superintendent" and "foreman", employed by either the Departments of Interior or Agriculture, responsible for the particular fieldwork. Also included in camp operation were several non-technical supervisor LEMs, who provided knowledge of the work at hand, "lay of the land," and paternal guidance for inexperienced enrollees.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enrollees were organized into work detail units called "sections" of 25 men each, according to the barracks they resided in.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each section had an enrollee "senior leader" and "assistant leader" who were accountable for the men at work and in the barracks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_classifications">Work classifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Work classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Juniper_Springs_Florida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Juniper_Springs_Florida.jpg/220px-Juniper_Springs_Florida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Juniper_Springs_Florida.jpg/330px-Juniper_Springs_Florida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Juniper_Springs_Florida.jpg/440px-Juniper_Springs_Florida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Millhouse and waterwheel at Juniper Springs Florida built by the CCC</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CCC_Co._2530_building_road_in_Utah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CCC_Co._2530_building_road_in_Utah.jpg/220px-CCC_Co._2530_building_road_in_Utah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CCC_Co._2530_building_road_in_Utah.jpg/330px-CCC_Co._2530_building_road_in_Utah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CCC_Co._2530_building_road_in_Utah.jpg/440px-CCC_Co._2530_building_road_in_Utah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2290" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">CCC workers with picks and shovels building a road in Utah between <a href="/wiki/Milford,_Utah" title="Milford, Utah">Milford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beaver,_Utah" title="Beaver, Utah">Beaver</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The CCC performed 300 types of work projects in nine approved general classifications: </p> <ol><li>Structural improvements: bridges, <a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout_tower" title="Fire lookout tower">fire lookout towers</a>, service buildings</li> <li>Transportation: truck trails, minor roads, <a href="/wiki/Hiking_trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiking trail">foot trails</a> and airfields</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a>: <a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">check dams</a>, terracing, and vegetable covering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a>: irrigation, drainage, dams, ditching, channel work, <a href="/wiki/Rip_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rip rap">riprapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forest culture</a>: tree planting, fire prevention, fire pre-suppression, firefighting, <a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">insect and disease control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape</a> and recreation: public camp and picnic ground development, lake and pond site clearing and development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Range</a>: stock driveways, elimination of predatory animals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a>: stream improvement, <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocking" title="Fish stocking">fish stocking</a>, food and cover planting</li> <li>Miscellaneous: <a href="/wiki/Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">emergency work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a> control<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The responses to this seven-month experimental conservation program were enthusiastic. On October 1, 1933, Director Fechner was directed to arrange for the second period of enrollment. By January 1934, 300,000 men were enrolled. In July 1934, this cap was increased by 50,000 to include men from Midwest states that had been affected by drought. The temporary tent camps had also developed to include wooden barracks. An education program had been established, emphasizing job training and literacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Fechner_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fechner-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p><p>Approximately 55% of enrollees were from rural communities, a majority of which were non-farm; 45% came from urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Level of education for the enrollee averaged 3% illiterate; 38% had less than eight years of school; 48% did not complete high school; and 11% were high school graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-Ermentrout2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ermentrout2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of entry, 70% of enrollees were malnourished and poorly clothed. Few had work experience beyond occasional odd jobs. Peace was maintained by the threat of "dishonorable discharge". "This is a training station; we're going to leave morally and physically fit to lick 'Old Man Depression,'" boasted the newsletter, <i>Happy Days,</i> of a <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> camp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_American_people">African American people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: African American people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the power of conservative <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a> white Democrats in Congress, who insisted on racial segregation, most New Deal programs were racially segregated; African American and white people rarely worked alongside each other. At this time, all the states of the South had passed legislation imposing racial segregation and, since the turn of the century, laws and constitutional provisions that <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disenfranchised most African Americans</a>; they were excluded from formal politics. Because of discrimination by white officials at the local and state levels, African Americans in the South did not receive as many benefits as white people from New Deal programs. </p><p>In the first few weeks of operation, CCC camps in the North were <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">integrated</a>. By July 1935, however, all camps in the United States were segregated.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enrollment peaked at the end of 1935, when there were 500,000 men in 2,600 camps in operation in every state. All received equal pay and housing.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black leaders lobbied to secure leadership roles.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult white men held the major leadership roles in all the camps. Director Fechner refused to appoint Black adults to any supervisory positions except that of education director in the all-Black camps.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Division">Indian Division</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indian Division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CCC operated a separate division for members of federally recognized <a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">tribes</a>: the "Indian Emergency Conservation Work Division" (IECW or CCC-ID). Native men from reservations worked on roads, bridges, clinics, shelters, and other public works near their <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a>. Although they were organized as groups classified as camps, no permanent camps were established for Native Americans. Instead, organized groups moved with their families from project to project and were provided with an additional rental allowance.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCC often provided the only paid work, as many reservations were in remote rural areas. Enrollees had to be between the ages of 17 and 35. </p><p>During 1933, about half the male heads of households on the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> reservations in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> were employed by the CCC-ID.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With grants from the <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration</a> (PWA), the Indian Division built schools and conducted a road-building program in and around many reservations to improve infrastructure. The mission was to reduce erosion and improve the value of Indian lands. Crews built dams of many types on creeks, then sowed grass on the eroded areas from which the damming material had been taken. They built roads and planted shelter-belts on federal lands. The steady income helped participants regain self-respect, and many used the funds to improve their lives. <a href="/wiki/John_Collier_(reformer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Collier (reformer)">John Collier</a>, the federal <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Indian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of Indian Affairs">Commissioner of Indian Affairs</a> and Daniel Murphy, the director of the CCC-ID, both based the program on Indian self-rule and the restoration of tribal lands, governments, and cultures. The next year, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act of 1934</a>, which ended allotments and helped preserve tribal lands, and encouraged tribes to re-establish self-government. </p><p>Collier said of the CCC-Indian Division, "no previous undertaking in Indian Service has so largely been the Indians' own undertaking". Educational programs trained participants in gardening, stock raising, safety, native arts, and some academic subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanneman_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanneman-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IECW differed from other CCC activities in that it explicitly trained men in skills to be carpenters, truck drivers, radio operators, mechanics, surveyors, and technicians. With the passage of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Defense_Vocational_Training_Act_of_1941&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Defense Vocational Training Act of 1941 (page does not exist)">National Defense Vocational Training Act of 1941</a>, enrollees began participating in defense-oriented training. The government paid for the classes and after students completed courses and passed a competency test, guaranteed automatic employment in defense work. A total of 85,000 Native Americans were enrolled in this training. This proved valuable social capital for the 24,000 alumni who later served in the military and the 40,000 who left the reservations for city jobs supporting the war effort. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion,_1935–1936"><span id="Expansion.2C_1935.E2.80.931936"></span>Expansion, 1935–1936</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Expansion, 1935–1936"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Responding to public demand to alleviate unemployment, Congress approved the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Relief_Appropriation_Act_of_1935" title="Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935">Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935</a>, on April 8, 1935, which included continued funding for the CCC program through March 31, 1937. The age limit was expanded to 17–28 to include more men.<sup id="cite_ref-Fechner_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fechner-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> April 1, 1935, to March 31, 1936, was the period of greatest activity and work accomplished by the CCC program. Enrollment peaked at 505,782 in about 2,900 camps by August 31, 1935, followed by a reduction to 350,000 enrollees in 2,019 camps by June 30, 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period the public response to the CCC program was overwhelmingly popular. A <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> of April 18, 1936, asked: "Are you in favor of the CCC camps?"; 82% of respondents said "yes", including 92% of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> and 67% of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Change_of_purpose,_1937–1938"><span id="Change_of_purpose.2C_1937.E2.80.931938"></span>Change of purpose, 1937–1938</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Change of purpose, 1937–1938"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 28, 1937, the Civilian Conservation Corps was legally established and transferred from its original designation as the Emergency Conservation Work program. Funding was extended for three more years by Public Law No. 163, <a href="/wiki/75th_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="75th Congress">75th Congress</a>, effective July 1, 1937. Congress changed the age limits to 17–23 years old and changed the requirement that enrollees be on relief to "not regularly in attendance at school, or possessing full-time employment."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1937 law mandated the inclusion of vocational and academic training for a minimum of 10 hours per week. Students in school were allowed to enroll during summer vacation.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the CCC forces contributed to disaster relief following 1937 floods in New York, Vermont, and the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River_flood_of_1937" title="Ohio River flood of 1937">Ohio</a> and Mississippi river valleys, and response and clean-up after the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Hurricane_of_1938" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Hurricane of 1938">1938 hurricane in New England</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_conservation_to_defense,_1939–1940"><span id="From_conservation_to_defense.2C_1939.E2.80.931940"></span>From conservation to defense, 1939–1940</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: From conservation to defense, 1939–1940"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1939 Congress ended the independent status of the CCC, transferring it to the control of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Agency" title="Federal Security Agency">Federal Security Agency</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Employment_Service" title="United States Employment Service">U.S. Employment Service</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Education">Office of Education</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> also had some responsibilities. About 5,000 reserve officers serving in the camps were affected, as they were transferred to federal <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service">Civil Service</a>, and military ranks and titles were eliminated. Despite the loss of overt military leadership in the camps by July 1940, with war underway in Europe and Asia, the government directed an increasing number of CCC projects to resources for national defense. It developed infrastructure for military training facilities and forest protection. By 1940 the CCC was no longer wholly a relief agency, was rapidly losing its non-military character, and it was becoming a system for work-training, as its ranks had become increasingly younger and inexperienced.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_disbandment_1941–1942"><span id="Decline_and_disbandment_1941.E2.80.931942"></span>Decline and disbandment 1941–1942</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Decline and disbandment 1941–1942"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the CCC was probably the most popular New Deal program, it never was authorized as a permanent agency. The program was reduced in scale as the Depression waned and employment opportunities improved. After <a href="/wiki/Selective_Training_and_Service_Act_of_1940" title="Selective Training and Service Act of 1940">conscription began in 1940</a>, fewer eligible young men were available. Following the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in December 1941, the Roosevelt administration directed all federal programs to emphasize the war effort. Most CCC work, except for wildland firefighting, was shifted onto U.S. military bases to help with construction. </p><p>The CCC disbanded one year earlier than planned, as the <a href="/wiki/77th_United_States_Congress" title="77th United States Congress">77th United States Congress</a> ceased funding it. Operations were formally concluded at the end of the federal fiscal year on June 30, 1942. The end of the CCC program and closing of the camps involved arrangements to leave the incomplete work projects in the best possible state, the separation of about 1,800 appointed employees, the transfer of CCC property to the War and Navy Departments and other agencies, and the preparation of final accountability records. Liquidation of the CCC was ordered by Congress by the Labor-Federal Security Appropriation Act (56 Stat. 569) on July 2, 1942, and virtually completed on June 30, 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liquidation appropriations for the CCC continued through April 20, 1948. </p><p>Some former CCC sites in good condition were reactivated from 1941 to 1947 as <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Public_Service" title="Civilian Public Service">Civilian Public Service</a> camps where <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a> performed "work of national importance" as an alternative to military service. Other camps were used to hold <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_internment" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American internment">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_German_Americans" title="Internment of German Americans">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Italian_Americans" title="Internment of Italian Americans">Italian</a> Americans interned under the <a href="/wiki/Western_Defense_Command" title="Western Defense Command">Western Defense Command</a>'s Enemy Alien Control Program, as well as Axis <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Japanese American internment camps were built by the people held there. After the CCC disbanded, the federal agencies responsible for <a href="/wiki/Public_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Public lands">public lands</a> organized their own seasonal fire crews, modeled after the CCC. These have performed a firefighting function formerly done by the CCC and provided the same sort of outdoor work experience for young people. Approximately 47 young men have died while in this line of duty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ccc_pillow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ccc_pillow.jpg/220px-Ccc_pillow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ccc_pillow.jpg/330px-Ccc_pillow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Ccc_pillow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>A CCC <a href="/wiki/Pillowcase" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillowcase">pillowcase</a> on display at the CCC Museum in Michigan</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museums">Museums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DeSoto_State_Park" title="DeSoto State Park">Civilian Conservation Corps Museum at DeSoto State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Payne,_Alabama" title="Fort Payne, Alabama">Fort Payne, Alabama</a></li> <li>Civilian Conservation Corps Museum and Memorial,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Monte_Sano_State_Park" title="Monte Sano State Park">Monte Sano State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossal_Cave_(Arizona)" title="Colossal Cave (Arizona)">Colossal Cave Mountain Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vail,_Arizona" title="Vail, Arizona">Vail, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_San_Luis_Obispo#Conservation_Corps_State_Museum" title="Camp San Luis Obispo">Conservation Corps State Museum at Camp San Luis Obispo</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo,_California" title="San Luis Obispo, California">San Luis Obispo, California</a></li> <li>North East States Civilian Conservation Corps Museum,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camp Conner, <a href="/wiki/Stafford,_Connecticut" title="Stafford, Connecticut">Stafford, Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands_Hammock_State_Park" title="Highlands Hammock State Park">Florida Civilian Conservation Corps Museum at Highlands Hammock State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebring,_Florida" title="Sebring, Florida">Sebring, Florida</a></li> <li>Civilian Conservation Corps Museum, <a href="/wiki/Vogel_State_Park" title="Vogel State Park">Vogel State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blairsville,_Georgia" title="Blairsville, Georgia">Blairsville, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps_Camp_in_Koke%CA%BBe_State_Park" title="Civilian Conservation Corps Camp in Kokeʻe State Park">Civilian Conservation Corps Camp in Kokeʻe State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waimea,_Kauai_County,_Hawaii" title="Waimea, Kauai County, Hawaii">Waimea, Kauai County, Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starved_Rock_State_Park" title="Starved Rock State Park">Starved Rock State Park (CCC Section in the visitors' center) Oglesby, Illinois</a></li> <li>Black Hawk State Historic Site, Rock Island, Illinois (The Refectory, located in the east end of Watch Tower Lodge houses a permanent exhibit on the Civilian Conservation Corps.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backbone_State_Park" title="Backbone State Park">Iowa Civilian Conservation Corps Museum at Backbone State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Point,_Iowa" title="Strawberry Point, Iowa">Strawberry Point, Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houghton%27s_Pond" title="Houghton's Pond">Houghton's Pond</a>, Blue Hills Reservation, Milton, Massachusetts</li> <li>Michigan Civilian Conservation Corps Museum,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roscommon,_Michigan" title="Roscommon, Michigan">Roscommon, Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Brook_State_Park_Civilian_Conservation_Corps_(CCC)_Camp_Historic_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Brook State Park Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Camp Historic District">Bear Brook State Park Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Camp Historic District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allenstown,_New_Hampshire" title="Allenstown, New Hampshire">Allenstown, New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Lake_State_Park" title="Gilbert Lake State Park">New York State Civilian Conservation Corps Museum at Gilbert Lake State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Lisbon,_New_York" title="New Lisbon, New York">New Lisbon, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land_State_Park#Masker_Museum" title="Promised Land State Park">Masker Museum at Promised Land State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Greentown, Pennsylvania">Greentown, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li>Lou and Helen Adams Civilian Conservation Corps Museum, <a href="/wiki/Parker_Dam_State_Park" title="Parker Dam State Park">Parker Dam State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huston_Township,_Clearfield_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Huston Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania">Huston Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Greenwood_State_Recreation_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Greenwood State Recreation Area">Civilian Conservation Corps Museum at Lake Greenwood State Recreation Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninety_Six,_South_Carolina" title="Ninety Six, South Carolina">Ninety Six, South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_State_Park" title="Pocahontas State Park">Civilian Conservation Corps Museum at Pocahontas State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chesterfield,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesterfield, Virginia">Chesterfield, Virginia</a></li> <li>Civilian Conservation Corps Legacy,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edinburg,_Virginia" title="Edinburg, Virginia">Edinburg, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Park_Historical_Complex" title="Pioneer Park Historical Complex">Civilian Conservation Corps Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinelander,_Wisconsin" title="Rhinelander, Wisconsin">Rhinelander, Wisconsin</a></li> <li>West Virginia CCC Museum,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_West_Virginia" title="Harrison County, West Virginia">Harrison County, West Virginia</a></li> <li>Civilian Conservation Corps Museum, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_State_Park" title="Guernsey State Park">Guernsey State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey,_Wyoming" title="Guernsey, Wyoming">Guernsey, Wyoming</a></li> <li>James F. Justin Civilian Conservation Corps Museum<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Civilian Conservation Corps History Center at the Minnesota Discovery Center Museum in Chisholm Minnesota</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_alumni_and_administrators">Notable alumni and administrators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable alumni and administrators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_%22Stringbean%22_Akeman" title="David "Stringbean" Akeman">David "Stringbean" Akeman</a>, enrollee, country music singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a>, leader, agronomist, Nobel Peace Prize recipient</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Burr" title="Raymond Burr">Raymond Burr</a>, enrollee, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borden_Deal" title="Borden Deal">Borden Deal</a>, enrollee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutton_Gibson" title="Hutton Gibson">Hutton Gibson</a>, author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Green" title="Archie Green">Archie Green</a>, enrollee, folklorist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gurke" title="Henry Gurke">Henry Gurke</a>, enrollee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hauenstein" title="Ralph Hauenstein">Ralph Hauenstein</a>. Army officer in charge of camp</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubert_D._Humphreys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubert D. Humphreys (page does not exist)">Hubert D. Humphreys</a>, historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold">Aldo Leopold</a>, former technical forester, ecologist, environmentalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Makowski" title="Stanley Makowski">Stanley Makowski</a>, enrollee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Matthau" title="Walter Matthau">Walter Matthau</a>, enrollee, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mitchum" title="Robert Mitchum">Robert Mitchum</a>, enrollee, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Moore" title="Archie Moore">Archie Moore</a>, enrollee, the Light Heavyweight Boxing Champion of the World</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Musial" title="Stan Musial">Stan Musial</a>, enrollee, professional baseball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Roybal" title="Edward R. Roybal">Edward R. Roybal</a>, enrollee, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Schoendienst" title="Red Schoendienst">Red Schoendienst</a>, enrollee, baseball player/manager</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_White_(actor)" title="Dan White (actor)">Dan White</a>, enrollee, American actor in vaudeville, theater, radio, film and television</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_L._Wirth" title="Conrad L. Wirth">Conrad L. Wirth</a>, U.S. administrator, <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> supervisor of CCC Program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Yeager" title="Chuck Yeager">Chuck Yeager</a>, enrollee, test pilot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_C._York" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvin C. York">Alvin C. York</a>, a project superintendent</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statues">Statues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Statues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CCCWorkerStatueSantaFeNM.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/CCCWorkerStatueSantaFeNM.JPG/170px-CCCWorkerStatueSantaFeNM.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/CCCWorkerStatueSantaFeNM.JPG/255px-CCCWorkerStatueSantaFeNM.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8c/CCCWorkerStatueSantaFeNM.JPG 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Statue of CCC worker in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe, New Mexico</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In several cities where CCC workers worked, statues were erected to commemorate them.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civilian_Conservation_Corps_Monument_in_Phalen_Park,_MN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Civilian_Conservation_Corps_Monument_in_Phalen_Park%2C_MN.jpg/170px-Civilian_Conservation_Corps_Monument_in_Phalen_Park%2C_MN.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Civilian_Conservation_Corps_Monument_in_Phalen_Park%2C_MN.jpg/255px-Civilian_Conservation_Corps_Monument_in_Phalen_Park%2C_MN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Civilian_Conservation_Corps_Monument_in_Phalen_Park%2C_MN.jpg/340px-Civilian_Conservation_Corps_Monument_in_Phalen_Park%2C_MN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Phalen_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalen Park">Phalen Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a> <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, the workers constructed a monument to commemorate their work on this site.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_The_C.C.C._Worker_Freetown_Fall_River_State_Forest_MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Statue_of_The_C.C.C._Worker_Freetown_Fall_River_State_Forest_MA.jpg/170px-Statue_of_The_C.C.C._Worker_Freetown_Fall_River_State_Forest_MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Statue_of_The_C.C.C._Worker_Freetown_Fall_River_State_Forest_MA.jpg/255px-Statue_of_The_C.C.C._Worker_Freetown_Fall_River_State_Forest_MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Statue_of_The_C.C.C._Worker_Freetown_Fall_River_State_Forest_MA.jpg/340px-Statue_of_The_C.C.C._Worker_Freetown_Fall_River_State_Forest_MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>Statue of CCC worker in <a href="/wiki/Freetown-Fall_River_State_Forest" title="Freetown-Fall River State Forest">Freetown-Fall River State Forest</a> Freetown, Massachusetts</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pride_of_the_Bowery" title="Pride of the Bowery">Pride of the Bowery</a></i> (1940), the fourth movie in the <a href="/wiki/East_Side_Kid" class="mw-redirect" title="East Side Kid">East Side Kid</a> series, is a movie about friendship, trouble, and boxing at a CCC camp.</li> <li><i>The <a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PBS series showcased documentaries on American history; it portrayed the life in Civilian Conservation Corps in 2009, in the first episode of Season 22.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jeanette Ingold's novel <i>Hitch</i> (2012) is a young adult book about a teenager in the CCC.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inspired_programs">Inspired programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Inspired programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CCC program was never officially terminated. Congress provided funding for closing the remaining camps in 1942 with the equipment being reallocated.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became a model for conservation programs that were implemented in the period after World War II. Present-day corps are national, state, and local programs that engage primarily youth and young adults (ages 16–25) in community service, training, and educational activities. The nation's approximately 113 corps programs operate in 41 of the 50 states and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> During 2004, they enrolled more than 23,000 young people. The Corps Network, known originally as the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Service_and_Conservation_Corps" title="National Association of Service and Conservation Corps">National Association of Service and Conservation Corps</a> (NASCC), works to expand and enhance corps-type programs throughout the country. The Corps Network began in 1985 when the nation's first 24 Corps directors banded together to secure an advocate at the federal level and a repository of information on how best to start and manage a corps. Early financial assistance from the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_and_Flora_Hewlett_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="William and Flora Hewlett Foundation">Hewlett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Mott_Foundation" title="Charles Stewart Mott Foundation">Mott Foundations</a> was critical to establishing the association. </p><p>Similar active programs in the United States are: the <a href="/wiki/National_Civilian_Community_Corps" title="National Civilian Community Corps">National Civilian Community Corps</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps" title="AmeriCorps">AmeriCorps</a> program, a team-based national service program in which young adults ages 18–26 spend 10 months working for non-profit and government organizations; and the Civilian Conservation Corps, USA, (CCCUSA) managed by its president, Thomas Hark, in 2016. Hark, his co-founder Mike Rama, currently the Deputy Director of the Corporate Eco Forum (CEF) founded by <a href="/wiki/M._R._Rangaswami" title="M. R. Rangaswami">M. R. Rangaswami</a>, and their team of strategic advisors have reimagined the federal Civilian Conservation Corps program of the 1930s as a private, locally governed, national social franchise. The goal of this recently established CCCUSA is to enroll a million young people annually, building a core set of values in each enrollee, who will then become the catalyst in their own communities and states to create a more civil society and stronger nation.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_Conservation_Association">Student Conservation Association</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Student Conservation Association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CCC program became a model for the creation of team-based national service youth conservation programs such as the <a href="/wiki/Student_Conservation_Association" title="Student Conservation Association">Student Conservation Association</a> (SCA). The SCA, founded in 1959, is a nonprofit organization that offers conservation internships and summer trail crew opportunities to more than 4,000 people each year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California_Conservation_Corps">California Conservation Corps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: California Conservation Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1976, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a> established the <a href="/wiki/California_Conservation_Corps" title="California Conservation Corps">California Conservation Corps</a>. This program had many similar characteristics - residential centers, high expectations for participation, and emphasis on hard work on public lands. Young adults from different backgrounds were recruited for a term of one year. Corps members attended a training session called the Corpsmember Orientation Motivation Education and Training (COMET) program before being assigned to one of the various centers. Project work is also similar to the original CCC of the 1930s - work on public forests, state and federal parks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nevada_Conservation_Corps">Nevada Conservation Corps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nevada Conservation Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nevada Conservation Corps is a non-profit organization that partners with public land management agencies such as the Bureau of Land Management, United States Forest Service, National Park Service, and Nevada State Parks to complete conservation and restoration projects throughout Nevada.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservation work includes fuel reductions through <a href="/wiki/Thinning" title="Thinning">thinning</a>, constructing and maintaining trails, invasive species removal, and performing biological surveys.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nevada Conservation Corps was created through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Basin_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Basin Institute (page does not exist)">Great Basin Institute</a> and is part of the <a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps" title="AmeriCorps">AmeriCorps</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minnesota_Conservation_Corps">Minnesota Conservation Corps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Minnesota Conservation Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conservation Corps Minnesota & Iowa provides environmental stewardship and service-learning opportunities to youth and young adults while accomplishing conservation, natural resource management projects and emergency response work through its Young Adult Program and the Summer Youth Program. These programs emphasize the development of job and life skills by conservation and community service work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montana_Conservation_Corps">Montana Conservation Corps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Montana Conservation Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Montana_Conservation_Corps" title="Montana Conservation Corps">Montana Conservation Corps</a> (MCC) is a non-profit organization with a mission to equip young people with the skills and values to be vigorous citizens who improve their communities and environment. Collectively, MCC crews contribute more than 90,000 work hours each year. The MCC was established in 1991 by <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>'s Human Resource Development Councils in <a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bozeman,_Montana" title="Bozeman, Montana">Bozeman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalispell,_Montana" title="Kalispell, Montana">Kalispell</a>. Originally, it was a summer program for disadvantaged youth, although it has grown into an AmeriCorps-sponsored non-profit organization with six regional offices that serve Montana, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>. All regions also offer Montana YES (Youth Engaged in Service) summer programs for teenagers who are 14 to 17 years old. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texas_Conservation_Corps">Texas Conservation Corps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Texas Conservation Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Established in 1995, Environmental Corps, now Texas Conservation Corps (TxCC), is an American YouthWorks program which allows youth, ages 17 to 28, to contribute to the restoration and preservation of parks and public lands in Texas. The only conservation corps in Texas, TxcC is a nonprofit corporation based in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>, which serves the entire state. Their work ranges from disaster relief to trail building to habitat restoration. TxCC has done projects in national, state, and city parks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Washington_Conservation_Corps">Washington Conservation Corps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Washington Conservation Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Conservation_Corps" title="Washington Conservation Corps">Washington Conservation Corps</a> (WCC) is a sub-agency of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> State Department of Ecology. It employs men and women 18 to 25 years old in a program to protect and enhance Washington's natural resources. WCC is a part of the <a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps" title="AmeriCorps">AmeriCorps</a> program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vermont_Youth_Conservation_Corps">Vermont Youth Conservation Corps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Vermont Youth Conservation Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vermont Youth Conservation Corps (VYCC) is a non-profit, youth service and education organization that hires Corps Members, aged 16–24, to work on high-priority conservation projects in Vermont. Through these work projects, Corps Members develop a strong work ethic, strengthen their leadership skills, and learn how to take personal responsibility for their actions. VYCC Crews work at VT State Parks, U.S. Forest Service Campgrounds, in local communities, and throughout the state's backcountry. The VYCC has also given aid to a similar program in North Carolina, which is currently in its infancy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth_Conservation_Corps">Youth Conservation Corps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Youth Conservation Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Youth Conservation Corps is a youth conservation program present in federal lands around the country. The program gives youth aged 13–17 the opportunity to participate in conservation projects in a team setting. YCC programs are available in land managed by the National Park Service, the Forest Service, and the Fish and Wildlife Service. Projects can last up to 10 weeks and typically run over the summer. Some YCC programs are residential, meaning the participants are given housing on the land they work on. Projects may necessitate youth to camp in backcountry settings in order to work on trails or campsites. Most require youth to commute daily or house youth for only a few days a week. Youth are typically paid for their work. YCC programs contribute to the maintenance of public lands and instill a value for hard work and the outdoors in those who participate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation_Legacy">Conservation Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Conservation Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conservation Legacy is a non-profit employment, job training, and education organization with locations across the United States including Arizona Conservation Corps in <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff, Arizona</a>; Conservation Corps New Mexico in <a href="/wiki/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico" title="Las Cruces, New Mexico">Las Cruces, New Mexico</a>; Southwest Conservation Corps in <a href="/wiki/Durango,_Colorado" title="Durango, Colorado">Durango</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salida,_Colorado" title="Salida, Colorado">Salida, Colorado</a>; and Southeast Conservation Corps in <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga, Tennessee</a>. Conservation Legacy also operates an <a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA">AmeriCorps VISTA</a> team serving to improve the environment and economies of historic mining communities in the American West and <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a>. Conservation Legacy also hosts the Environmental Stewards Program - providing internships with federal, state, municipal and NGO land management agencies nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservation Legacy formed as a merger of the Southwest Youth Corps, San Luis Valley Youth Corps, The Youth Corps of Southern Arizona, and Coconino Rural Environmental Corps. </p><p>Conservation Legacy engages young adults ages 14 to 26 and U.S. military veterans of all ages in personal and professional development experiences involving conservation projects on public lands. Corp members live, work, and learn in teams of six to eight for terms of service ranging from 3 months to 1 year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_Ranger_Service">Sea Ranger Service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sea Ranger Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sea_Ranger_Service" title="Sea Ranger Service">Sea Ranger Service</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">social enterprise</a>, based in Netherlands, that has taken its inspiration from the Civilian Conservation Corps in running a permanent youth training program, supported by <a href="/wiki/Veterans" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans">veterans</a>, to manage ocean areas and carry out underwater landscape restoration. Unemployed youths are trained up as Sea Rangers during a <a href="/wiki/Training_camp" title="Training camp">bootcamp</a> and subsequently offered full-time employment to manage and regenerate <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine Protected Areas</a> and aid <a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">ocean conservation</a>. The Sea Ranger Service works in close cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch government">Dutch government</a> and national maritime authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aina_Corps">Aina Corps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Aina Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Aina Corps performed environmental restoration work in Hawaii in 2020, funded by the <a href="/wiki/CARES_Act" title="CARES Act">CARES Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Climate_Corps">American Climate Corps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: American Climate Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Climate_Corps" title="American Climate Corps">American Climate Corps</a> is an organization created by the <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> administration. It was inspired by the Civilian Conservation Corps and aims to mobilize young people to stop climate change, while giving them a job at the same time. It is financed from the <a href="/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act" title="Inflation Reduction Act">Inflation Reduction Act</a> and the federal budget. It should have 9,000 members by the end of June 2024. Later, the number of participants should rise to 20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Climate_Corps" title="American Climate Corps">American Climate Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Petenwell" title="Camp Petenwell">Camp Petenwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_San_Luis_Obispo" title="Camp San Luis Obispo">Camp San Luis Obispo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabideau_CCC_Camp" title="Rabideau CCC Camp">Rabideau CCC Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She-She-She_Camps" title="She-She-She Camps">She-She-She Camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Rock_Civilian_Conservation_Corps_Camp_Site" title="Table Rock Civilian Conservation Corps Camp Site">Table Rock Civilian Conservation Corps Camp Site</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225041953/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/ccc/">"Timeline. The Civilian Conservation Corps"</a>. <i>American Experience</i>. WGBH - PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/ccc/">the original</a> on December 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Experience&rft.atitle=Timeline.+The+Civilian+Conservation+Corps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Ftimeline%2Fccc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/02050ee5b4d543cf93821f56382367c2">"New Deal Resident Camps for Unemployed Women"</a>. <i>ArcGIS StoryMaps</i>. January 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArcGIS+StoryMaps&rft.atitle=New+Deal+Resident+Camps+for+Unemployed+Women&rft.date=2021-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstorymaps.arcgis.com%2Fstories%2F02050ee5b4d543cf93821f56382367c2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Salmond, <i>The Civilian Conservation Corps CCC 1933–1942: a New Deal case study</i> (1967)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry H. Merrill, <i>Roosevelt's Forest Army, A History of the Civilian Conservation Corps</i> (1981) p. 196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,771421,00.html">"CONSERVATION: Poor Young Men"</a>. <i>Time</i>. February 6, 1939 – via content.time.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=CONSERVATION%3A+Poor+Young+Men&rft.date=1939-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C771421%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Allen Ermentrout, "Forgotten Men: The Civilian Conservation Corps," (1982) p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosentreter,_Roger_L." class="citation web cs1">Rosentreter, Roger L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michigan.gov/images/mhc_mhm_scene_newberry_au-sable_46104_7.gif">"Roosevelt's Tree Army"</a>. <i>Michigan History Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michigan+History+Magazine&rft.atitle=Roosevelt%27s+Tree+Army&rft.au=Rosentreter%2C+Roger+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fimages%2Fmhc_mhm_scene_newberry_au-sable_46104_7.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICT-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICT_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandry2016" class="citation web cs1">Landry, Alysa (August 9, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812093243/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/08/09/franklin-delano-roosevelt-new-deal-indians-165393">"Franklin Delano Roosevelt: A New Deal for Indians"</a>. <i>Indian Country Today</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/08/09/franklin-delano-roosevelt-new-deal-indians-165393">the original</a> on August 12, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Country+Today&rft.atitle=Franklin+Delano+Roosevelt%3A+A+New+Deal+for+Indians&rft.date=2016-08-09&rft.aulast=Landry&rft.aufirst=Alysa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com%2F2016%2F08%2F09%2Ffranklin-delano-roosevelt-new-deal-indians-165393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wirth, pp. 105, 142-144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Gibbs, "Tree Planting Aids Unemployed", <i>American Forests</i> (April 1933) pp. 159–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmond2008" class="citation web cs1">Salmond, John A. (January 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629075038/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/ccc/salmond/chap1.htm">"The Civilian Conservation Corps 1933–1942: a New Deal case study"</a>. <i>nps.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/ccc/salmond/chap1.htm">the original</a> on June 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nps.gov&rft.atitle=The+Civilian+Conservation+Corps+1933%E2%80%931942%3A+a+New+Deal+case+study.&rft.date=2008-01-03&rft.aulast=Salmond&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fccc%2Fsalmond%2Fchap1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Message to Congress on Unemployment Relief. March 21," <i>The Presidential Papers of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933</i> (1938)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neil M. Meher, <i>Nature's New Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Roots of the American Environmental Movement</i> (2009), p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the CCC's formation see Frank Freidel, <i>Franklin D. Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal</i> (1973), pp. 255-266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darby, Jean Douglas. <i><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur</a></i>, Twenty-First Century Books, 1989, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Imparato, Edward T., editor. "Effect of the Civilian Conservation Corps Project upon Army Activity and Readiness for Emergency". <i>General MacArthur Speeches and Reports 1908–1964</i>. Turner Publishing Company, 2000, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200825-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts200825_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts2008">Roberts 2008</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles E. Heller, "The U.S. Army, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and Leadership for World War II, 1933–1942", <i>Armed Forces & Society</i> (2010) 36#3 pp. 439–453 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afs.sagepub.com/content/36/3/439">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClay2010" class="citation book cs1">Clay, Steven E. (2010). <i>U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 4. The Services: Quartermaster, Medical, Military Police, Signal Corps, Chemical Warfare, and Miscellaneous Organizations, 1919-41</i>. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. pp. 2752–2753.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Army+Order+of+Battle%2C+1919-1941%2C+Volume+4.+The+Services%3A+Quartermaster%2C+Medical%2C+Military+Police%2C+Signal+Corps%2C+Chemical+Warfare%2C+and+Miscellaneous+Organizations%2C+1919-41&rft.place=Fort+Leavenworth%2C+KS&rft.pages=2752-2753&rft.pub=Combat+Studies+Institute+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Clay&rft.aufirst=Steven+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Ryan Suzik, "'Building Better Men': The CCC Boy and the Changing Social Ideal of Manliness", <i>Men and Masculinities</i> 2.2 (1999): 152-179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201125643/http://www.ccclegacy.org/camp_roosevelt_history.htm">"Camp Roosevelt, NF-1"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccclegacy.org/camp_roosevelt_history.htm">the original</a> on December 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Camp+Roosevelt%2C+NF-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccclegacy.org%2Fcamp_roosevelt_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/dustbowl/">"Timeline. Surviving the Dust Bowl. American Experience . WGBH - PBS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Timeline.+Surviving+the+Dust+Bowl.+American+Experience+.+WGBH+-+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Ftimeline%2Fdustbowl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ermentrout, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fechner-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fechner_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fechner_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fechner_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFechner1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fechner" title="Robert Fechner">Fechner, Robert, Director</a> (1938). <i>Pamphlet: Objectives and Results of the Civilian Conservation Corps Program</i>. Washington, D.C.: Civilian Conservation Corps.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pamphlet%3A+Objectives+and+Results+of+the+Civilian+Conservation+Corps+Program&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Civilian+Conservation+Corps&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Fechner&rft.aufirst=Robert%2C+Director&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/wirth2/chap5b.htm">Parks, Politics, and the People</a>, Chapter 5: The Civilian Conservation Corps, <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> official website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirth1980" class="citation book cs1">Wirth, Conrad L. (1980). <i>Parks, Politics and the People</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 94–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-1605-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-1605-6"><bdi>0-8061-1605-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parks%2C+Politics+and+the+People&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=94-99&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8061-1605-6&rft.aulast=Wirth&rft.aufirst=Conrad+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ermentrout2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ermentrout2_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ermentrout2_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErmentrout1982" class="citation book cs1">Ermentrout, Robert Allen (1982). <i>Forgotten Men: The Civilian Conservation Corps</i>. Smithtown, NY: Exposition Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-682-49805-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-682-49805-X"><bdi>0-682-49805-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Men%3A+The+Civilian+Conservation+Corps&rft.place=Smithtown%2C+NY&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Exposition+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-682-49805-X&rft.aulast=Ermentrout&rft.aufirst=Robert+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Your CCC, A Handbook for Enrollees," Happy Days Pub. Co., Inc. (1940) pp. 8–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ermentrout, pp. 16, 76-77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"United States Army Civilian Conservation Corps. Company 114th," Francis P. Waversak, Stone Walls, Spring 1990 p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merrill, Perry H. (1981) <i>Roosevelt's Forest Army, A History of the Civilian Conservation Corps</i>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Your CCC, A Handbook for Enrollees", Happy Days Pub. Co., Inc. (1940) p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay_Rippelmeyer2015" class="citation book cs1">Kay Rippelmeyer (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffupBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98"><i>The Civilian Conservation Corps in Southern Illinois, 1933-1942</i></a>. Southern Illinois Press. pp. 98–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809333653" title="Special:BookSources/9780809333653"><bdi>9780809333653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilian+Conservation+Corps+in+Southern+Illinois%2C+1933-1942&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780809333653&rft.au=Kay+Rippelmeyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffupBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1586.html">"Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)"</a>. <i>www.u-s-history.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Great+Basin+Institute&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegreatbasininstitute.org%2Fabout-gbi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conservationlegacy.org">"Home - Conservation Legacy"</a>. July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+-+Conservation+Legacy&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationlegacy.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apolitical.co/solution_article/unemployed-dutch-veterans-become-sea-rangers-protect-marine-life/">"Unemployed Dutch youth become sea rangers to protect marine life"</a>. <i>Apolitical</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apolitical&rft.atitle=Unemployed+Dutch+youth+become+sea+rangers+to+protect+marine+life&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapolitical.co%2Fsolution_article%2Funemployed-dutch-veterans-become-sea-rangers-protect-marine-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan_Finnerty" class="citation news cs1">Ryan Finnerty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/12/22/948826751/hawaii-reboots-depression-era-conservation-corps-using-pandemic-assistance-funds">"Hawaii Reboots Depression-Era Conservation Corps Using Pandemic Assistance Funds"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Hawaii+Reboots+Depression-Era+Conservation+Corps+Using+Pandemic+Assistance+Funds&rft.au=Ryan+Finnerty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F12%2F22%2F948826751%2Fhawaii-reboots-depression-era-conservation-corps-using-pandemic-assistance-funds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonWeil2024" class="citation news cs1">Thompson, Lucas; Weil, Ariel (June 18, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/white-house-swears-first-class-american-climate-corps-rcna157562">"White House swears in first class of American Climate Corps"</a>. NBC news<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=White+House+swears+in+first+class+of+American+Climate+Corps&rft.date=2024-06-18&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft.au=Weil%2C+Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fscience%2Fenvironment%2Fwhite-house-swears-first-class-american-climate-corps-rcna157562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2018" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Benjamin F. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eh.net/book_reviews/the-new-deals-forest-army-how-the-civilian-conservation-corps-worked/"><i>The New Deal's Forest Army: How the Civilian Conservation Corps Worked</i></a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-2456-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-2456-9"><bdi>978-1-4214-2456-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Deal%27s+Forest+Army%3A+How+the+Civilian+Conservation+Corps+Worked&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-2456-9&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feh.net%2Fbook_reviews%2Fthe-new-deals-forest-army-how-the-civilian-conservation-corps-worked%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Youth_Commission1942" class="citation report cs1">American Youth Commission (1942). Youth and the Future: The General Report of the American Youth Commission (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Youth+and+the+Future%3A+The+General+Report+of+the+American+Youth+Commission&rft.date=1942&rft.au=American+Youth+Commission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBass2013" class="citation book cs1">Bass, Melissa (2013). <i>The Politics and Civics of National Service: Lessons from the Civilian Conservation Corps, Vista, and AmeriCorps</i>. Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815723806" title="Special:BookSources/9780815723806"><bdi>9780815723806</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+and+Civics+of+National+Service%3A+Lessons+from+the+Civilian+Conservation+Corps%2C+Vista%2C+and+AmeriCorps&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780815723806&rft.aulast=Bass&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandimarteReed2013" class="citation book cs1">Brandimarte, Cynthia; Reed, Angela S. (2013). <i>Texas State Parks and the CCC: The Legacy of the Civilian Conservation Corps</i>. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62349-296-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62349-296-0"><bdi>978-1-62349-296-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texas+State+Parks+and+the+CCC%3A+The+Legacy+of+the+Civilian+Conservation+Corps&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62349-296-0&rft.aulast=Brandimarte&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft.au=Reed%2C+Angela+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancy1997" class="citation journal cs1">Clancy, Patrick (Autumn 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/195935452">"Conserving the Youth: the Civilian Conservation Corps Experience in the Shenandoah National Park"</a>. <i>The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i>. <b>105</b> (4): 439–470. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/195935452">195935452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virginia+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=Conserving+the+Youth%3A+the+Civilian+Conservation+Corps+Experience+in+the+Shenandoah+National+Park&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=439-470&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F195935452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColen1999" class="citation book cs1">Colen, Olen Jr. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ytIQlRZGpy0C"><i>The African-American Experience in the Civilian Conservation Corps</i></a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813016606" title="Special:BookSources/0813016606"><bdi>0813016606</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98043058">98043058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African-American+Experience+in+the+Civilian+Conservation+Corps&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98043058&rft.isbn=0813016606&rft.aulast=Colen&rft.aufirst=Olen+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DytIQlRZGpy0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2010" class="citation journal cs1">Heller, Charles E. (2010). "The US Army, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and Leadership for World War II, 1933–1942". <i>Armed Forces & Society</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 439–453. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327X09333944">10.1177/0095327X09333944</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146300863">146300863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armed+Forces+%26+Society&rft.atitle=The+US+Army%2C+the+Civilian+Conservation+Corps%2C+and+Leadership+for+World+War+II%2C+1933%E2%80%931942&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=439-453&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0095327X09333944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146300863%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelms1985" class="citation journal cs1">Helms, Douglas (March–April 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111034626/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/about/history/articles/ccc.html">"The Civilian Conservation Corps: Demonstrating the Value of Soil Conservation"</a>. <i>Journal of Soil and Water Conservation</i>. <b>40</b>: 184–188. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/about/history/articles/ccc.html">the original</a> on January 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Soil+and+Water+Conservation&rft.atitle=The+Civilian+Conservation+Corps%3A+Demonstrating+the+Value+of+Soil+Conservation&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=184-188&rft.date=1985-03%2F1985-04&rft.aulast=Helms&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrcs.usda.gov%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Farticles%2Fccc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrickson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hendrickson, Kenneth E. Jr. (2003). "Replenishing the Soil and the Soul of Texas: The Civilian Conservation Corps in the Lone Star State as an Example of State-Federal Work Relief during the Great Depression". <i>The Historian</i>. <b>65</b> (4): 801–816. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1540-6563.00038">10.1111/1540-6563.00038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145757159">145757159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=Replenishing+the+Soil+and+the+Soul+of+Texas%3A+The+Civilian+Conservation+Corps+in+the+Lone+Star+State+as+an+Example+of+State-Federal+Work+Relief+during+the+Great+Depression&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=801-816&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1540-6563.00038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145757159%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hendrickson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1990" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Edwin G. (1990). <i>In the Shadow of the Mountain: The Spirit of the CCC</i>. Pullman, WA: Washington State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87422-073-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87422-073-5"><bdi>978-0-87422-073-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Mountain%3A+The+Spirit+of+the+CCC&rft.place=Pullman%2C+WA&rft.pub=Washington+State+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87422-073-5&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Edwin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollandHill1938" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Kenneth; Hill, Frank Ernest (1938). <i>Youth in the CCC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Youth+in+the+CCC&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Hill%2C+Frank+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span> — detailed description of all major activities</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolley2007" class="citation book cs1">Jolley, Harley E. (2007). <i>"That Magnificent Army of Youth and Peace": The Civilian Conservation Corps in North Carolina, 1933-1942</i>. Raleigh: Office of Archives and History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22That+Magnificent+Army+of+Youth+and+Peace%22%3A+The+Civilian+Conservation+Corps+in+North+Carolina%2C+1933-1942&rft.place=Raleigh&rft.pub=Office+of+Archives+and+History&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Jolley&rft.aufirst=Harley+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeighninger2007" class="citation book cs1">Leighninger, Robert D. Jr. (2007). <i>Long-Range Public Investment: The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal</i>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-663-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-663-7"><bdi>978-1-57003-663-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long-Range+Public+Investment%3A+The+Forgotten+Legacy+of+the+New+Deal&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-663-7&rft.aulast=Leighninger&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span> — providing a context for American public works programs, and detailing major agencies of the New Deal: CCC, PWA, CWA, WPA, and TVA</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaher2008" class="citation book cs1">Maher, Neil M. (2008). <i>Nature's New Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Roots of the American Environmental Movement</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+New+Deal%3A+The+Civilian+Conservation+Corps+and+the+Roots+of+the+American+Environmental+Movement&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Maher&rft.aufirst=Neil+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6AiHWz4MZfgC">excerpt and text search</a>; also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://er.uwpress.org/content/26/4/375.extract">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMielnik2011" class="citation book cs1">Mielnik, Tara Mitchell (2011). <i>New Deal, New Landscape: The Civilian Conservation Corps and South Carolina's State Parks</i>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-984-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-984-3"><bdi>978-1-57003-984-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Deal%2C+New+Landscape%3A+The+Civilian+Conservation+Corps+and+South+Carolina%27s+State+Parks&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-984-3&rft.aulast=Mielnik&rft.aufirst=Tara+Mitchell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span> — CCC built 16 state parks in SC between 1933 and 1942</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtisHoneyHoggLakin1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Otis, Alison T.; Honey, William D.; Hogg, Thomas C.; Lakin, Kimberly K. (August 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140205010302/http://www.nps.gov:80/history/history/online_books/ccc/ccc/index.htm"><i>The Forest Service and The Civilian Conservation Corps: 1933–42</i></a>. United States Forest Service. Vol. FS-395. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/ccc/ccc/index.htm">the original</a> on February 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forest+Service+and+The+Civilian+Conservation+Corps%3A+1933%E2%80%9342&rft.series=United+States+Forest+Service&rft.date=1986-08&rft.aulast=Otis&rft.aufirst=Alison+T.&rft.au=Honey%2C+William+D.&rft.au=Hogg%2C+Thomas+C.&rft.au=Lakin%2C+Kimberly+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fccc%2Fccc%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaige1985" class="citation book cs1">Paige, John C. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilianconserva00paig"><i>The Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Park Service, 1933–1942: An Administrative History</i></a>. National Park Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilian+Conservation+Corps+and+the+National+Park+Service%2C+1933%E2%80%931942%3A+An+Administrative+History&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Paige&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilianconserva00paig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasquill2008" class="citation book cs1">Pasquill, Robert Jr. (2008). <i>The Civilian Conservation Corps in Alabama, 1933-1942: A Great and Lasting Good</i>. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1621-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1621-1"><bdi>978-0-8173-1621-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilian+Conservation+Corps+in+Alabama%2C+1933-1942%3A+A+Great+and+Lasting+Good&rft.place=Tuscaloosa&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1621-1&rft.aulast=Pasquill&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span> — with CD of oral interviews</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatel2005" class="citation book cs1">Patel, Kiran Klaus (2005). <i>Soldiers of Labor: Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America, 1933–1945</i>. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas. Washington, D.C.: German Historical Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-83416-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-83416-3"><bdi>0-521-83416-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers+of+Labor%3A+Labor+Service+in+Nazi+Germany+and+New+Deal+America%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=German+Historical+Institute&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-83416-3&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Kiran+Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=11996">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2008" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Andrew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masterscommander00andr"><i>Masters and Commanders: How Roosevelt, Churchill, Marshall and Alanbrooke won the war in the west</i></a>. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9969-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9969-3"><bdi>978-0-7139-9969-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+and+Commanders%3A+How+Roosevelt%2C+Churchill%2C+Marshall+and+Alanbrooke+won+the+war+in+the+west&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9969-3&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmasterscommander00andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmond1967" class="citation book cs1">Salmond, John A. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020093045/http://www.nps.gov:80/history/history/online_books/ccc/salmond/index.htm"><i>The Civilian Conservation Corps 1933–1942: a New Deal case study</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/ccc/salmond/index.htm">the original</a> on October 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilian+Conservation+Corps+1933%E2%80%931942%3A+a+New+Deal+case+study&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Salmond&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fccc%2Fsalmond%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span> — the scholarly history of the entire CCC</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmond1965" class="citation journal cs1">Salmond, John A. (June 1965). "The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Negro". <i>The Journal of American History</i>. <b>52</b> (1): 75–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1901125">10.2307/1901125</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1901125">1901125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=The+Civilian+Conservation+Corps+and+the+Negro&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-88&rft.date=1965-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1901125&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1901125%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Salmond&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherraden1981" class="citation journal cs1">Sherraden, Michael W. (April 1981). "Military Participation in a Youth Employment Program: The Civilian Conservation Corps". <i>Armed Forces and Society</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 227–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327X8100700205">10.1177/0095327X8100700205</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45346225">45346225</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144285752">144285752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armed+Forces+and+Society&rft.atitle=Military+Participation+in+a+Youth+Employment+Program%3A+The+Civilian+Conservation+Corps&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-245&rft.date=1981-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144285752%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45346225%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0095327X8100700205&rft.aulast=Sherraden&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommer2008" class="citation book cs1">Sommer, Barbara W. (2008). <i>Hard Work and a Good Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota</i>. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-612-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-612-9"><bdi>978-0-87351-612-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hard+Work+and+a+Good+Deal%3A+The+Civilian+Conservation+Corps+in+Minnesota&rft.place=St.+Paul&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-612-9&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Barbara+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommer2010" class="citation book cs1">Sommer, Barbara W. (2010). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>' We Had This Opportunity': African Americans and the Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota". In Atkins, Annette; Millers, Deborah L. (eds.). <i>The State We're In: Reflections on Minnesota History</i>. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 134–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-773-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-773-7"><bdi>978-0-87351-773-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27+We+Had+This+Opportunity%27%3A+African+Americans+and+the+Civilian+Conservation+Corps+in+Minnesota&rft.btitle=The+State+We%27re+In%3A+Reflections+on+Minnesota+History&rft.place=St.+Paul&rft.pages=134-157&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-773-7&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Barbara+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteely1999" class="citation book cs1">Steely, James W. (1999). <i>Parks for Texas: Enduring Landscapes of the New Deal</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77734-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77734-7"><bdi>978-0-292-77734-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parks+for+Texas%3A+Enduring+Landscapes+of+the+New+Deal&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77734-7&rft.aulast=Steely&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span> — detailing the interaction of local, state and federal agencies in organizing and guiding CCC work</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaller2003" class="citation journal cs1">Waller, Robert A. (April 2003). "The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Emergence of South Carolina's State Park System, 1933–1942". <i>South Carolina Historical Magazine</i>. <b>104</b> (2): 101–125. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27570624">27570624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Carolina+Historical+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Civilian+Conservation+Corps+and+the+Emergence+of+South+Carolina%27s+State+Park+System%2C+1933%E2%80%931942&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-125&rft.date=2003-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27570624%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, James (2003). "Community, Civility, and Citizenship: Theatre and Indoctrination in the Civilian Conservation Corps of the 1930s". <i>Theatre History Studies</i>. <b>23</b>: 77–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theatre+History+Studies&rft.atitle=Community%2C+Civility%2C+and+Citizenship%3A+Theatre+and+Indoctrination+in+the+Civilian+Conservation+Corps+of+the+1930s&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=77-92&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Division_2">Indian Division</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Indian Division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGower1972" class="citation journal cs1">Gower, Calvin W. (Spring 1972). "The CCC Indian Division: Aid for Depressed Americans, 1933–1942". <i>Minnesota History</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 7–12. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20178178">20178178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+History&rft.atitle=The+CCC+Indian+Division%3A+Aid+for+Depressed+Americans%2C+1933%E2%80%931942&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-12&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20178178%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gower&rft.aufirst=Calvin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParman1969" class="citation book cs1">Parman, Donald L. (1969). <i>The Navajos and the New Deal</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01832-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01832-5"><bdi>978-0-300-01832-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Navajos+and+the+New+Deal&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-300-01832-5&rft.aulast=Parman&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParman1971" class="citation journal cs1">Parman, Donald L. (February 1971). "The Indian and the CCC". <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 39–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3637828">10.2307/3637828</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3637828">3637828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Indian+and+the+CCC&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-56&rft.date=1971-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3637828&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3637828%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Parman&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>CCC, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digilab.browardlibrary.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ccc&CISOPTR=740&REC=1">"The Civilian Conservation Corps, What It Is and What It Does"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200421104141/http://digilab.browardlibrary.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fccc&CISOPTR=740&REC=1">Archived</a> April 21, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (June 1940)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Civilian_Conservation_Corps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccclegacy.org/">Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Legacy</a> A merged non-profit foundation of the former National Association of CCC Alumni (NACCCA) and the Camp Roosevelt CCC Legacy Foundation</li> <li>National Archives & Records Administration: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/035.html#35.4">Records of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corpsnetwork.org/">The Corps Network (formerly known as NASCC)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wecantakeit.org">Wecantakeit.org</a>, grassroots non-profit to reestablish the USCCC, based in St Petersburg, Florida</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/band/learn/photosmultimedia/virtualtour.htm">Bandelier National Monument Virtual Museum Exhibit and Lesson Plans</a>, from <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.texashistory.unt.edu/lessons/psa/Life_CCC/">Life in the Civilian Conservation Corps</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506001817/https://education.texashistory.unt.edu/lessons/psa/Life_CCC/">Archived</a> May 6, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Primary Source Adventure, a lesson plan hosted by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/civilian-conservation-corps">CCC in Texas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/top-new-deal-programs-104687">Top 10 New Deal Programs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justinmuseum.com/famjustin/ccchis.html">James F Justin Civilian Conservation Corps Museum, Online CCC Biographies Stories Photographs, and Documents</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/leroy-congerville-sites-of-ccc-camps/article_38653e4c-f1ac-11e2-92df-0019bb2963f4.html">LeRoy, Congerville sites of CCC camps - Pantagraph</a> (Bloomington, Illinois newspaper)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.sos.ri.gov/repositories/2/archival_objects/2087">Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): The Arcadia Veteran bulletins</a> from the Rhode Island State Archives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807170035/http://www.qmmuseum.lee.army.mil/ccc_forest.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20070807170035/http://www.qmmuseum.lee.army.mil/ccc_forest.htm</a> Army Quartermaster support to the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_Conservation_Corps_by_state">Civilian Conservation Corps by state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Civilian Conservation Corps by state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://video.idahoptv.org/video/outdoor-idaho-ccc-in-idaho/">CCC in Idaho</a> Video produced by <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Public_Television" title="Idaho Public Television">Idaho Public Television</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/dcr/get-involved/civilian-conservation-corps-ccc/the-history-of-ccc.html">CCC History Archives in Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michigan.gov/mhc/0,9075,7-361-85147_87219_87222-472998--,00.html">Rosentreter, Roger L. "Roosevelt's Tree Army: Michigan's Civilian Conservation Corps"</a>, with photographs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103121018/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CI012.html">Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, "Civilian Conservation Corps"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/spdest/findadest/historic_sites/ccc/new_deal_texas_main/">A New Deal for Texas Parks</a> - interactive web album of CCC activities in Texas</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/depress/map_CCC.shtml">CCC camps map</a>, a guide to projects in Washington State, with rare photographs. <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Washington_State_Project" title="Great Depression in Washington State Project">Great Depression in Washington State Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.sos.ri.gov/repositories/2/resources/1319">Webster M. Pidgeon Papers: Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) photographs and memorabilia</a> from the Rhode Island State Archives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxsy0_mWtO4">Built To Last: The Legacy of the Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_camps">Individual camps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Individual camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130112143034/http://pelmarpublishing.webhop.net/">PelMar Publishing</a> Henderson, James D. <i>Lost in the Woods–The Legacy of CCC Camp Pelican],</i> (2009).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiuslaw_National_ForestHistory_DepartmentPortland_State_University" class="citation web cs1">Siuslaw National Forest; History Department; Portland State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604230023/http://www.ccrh.org/oral/co.pdf">"Camp 56: An Oral History Project: World War II Conscientious Objectors and the Waldport, Oregon Civilian Public Service Camp"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Center for Columbia River History</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccrh.org/oral/co.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Columbia+River+History&rft.atitle=Camp+56%3A+An+Oral+History+Project%3A+World+War+II+Conscientious+Objectors+and+the+Waldport%2C+Oregon+Civilian+Public+Service+Camp&rft.au=Siuslaw+National+Forest&rft.au=History+Department&rft.au=Portland+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccrh.org%2Foral%2Fco.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilian+Conservation+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Images">Images</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Images of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/osucommons/sets/72157613061881243/">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University">Oregon State University</a> Archives <a href="/wiki/Flickr_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Flickr Commons">Flickr Commons</a> page.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725183403/http://www.cnyheritage.org/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=%2Ffayfre01&CISOSTART=1%2C21">CNY Heritage Digital Library</a>, featuring images of Civilian Conservation Corps members constructing Green Lakes State Park in Central New York (1929–1948).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentary,_feature_and_TV_movies"><span id="Documentary.2C_feature_and_TV_movies"></span>Documentary, feature and TV movies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Documentary, feature and TV movies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jvbTwxdbvE">"The Great Depression, Displaced Mountaineers in Shenandoah National Park, and the Civilian Conservation Corps (C.C.C.)"</a>, on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qolPqXNGW3I"><i>Youth Jobs Program (CCC) During Great Depression</i></a>, <i>The March of Time</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SdvYOHKyU4">President Visits Foresters (CCC), Roosevelt 1933/08/14</a>, newsreel</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02sY4XYqKgw">Recreation Resources, 1935</a>, West Virginia, available through NARA (National Archives and Records Administration)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lI9YcPahmUg">A Nationwide System of Parks 1939</a>, NARA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ArpLe_A0zk&feature=PlayList&p=6C92411EB3B3D76B&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=11">Alabama Highlands 1937</a> Alabama State Parks, NARA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N23Vpy6VTmw">Down Mobile Way, 1935</a> Alabama State Parks, NARA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJDQlblui3A&feature=PlayList&p=6C92411EB3B3D76B&index=13"><i>The Cradle of the Father of Waters, 1938</i></a> Minnesota State Parks, Lake Itasca State Park, NARA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kx3OoN0dIfY">Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 1936</a>, NARA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkIkCjwlRL0"><i>Land of the Giants, 1935</i></a> California, NARA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_East_Side_Kids" class="mw-redirect" title="The East Side Kids">The East Side Kids</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pride_of_the_Bowery" title="Pride of the Bowery">Pride of the Bowery</a>,</i> 1941), <a href="/wiki/Leo_Gorcey" title="Leo Gorcey">Leo Gorcey</a> - Bobby Jordan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/civilian-conservation-corps/">American Experience: <i>The Civilian Conservation Corps</i></a>, PBS <a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a>, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texasarchive.org/2018_00999">Parks Under the Lone Star</a>, 1933 film detailing Texas CCC projects, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Archive_of_the_Moving_Image" title="Texas Archive of the Moving Image">Texas Archive of the Moving Image</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain Trust">Brain Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_critics_of_the_New_Deal" title="List of critics of the New Deal">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Deal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy Act">Economy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_6102" title="Executive Order 6102">Executive Order 6102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeowners_Refinancing_Act" title="Homeowners Refinancing Act">Homeowners Refinancing Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Credit_Administration" title="Farm Credit Administration">Farm Credit Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier%E2%80%93Lemke_Farm_Bankruptcy_Act" title="Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act">Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_legislation" title="Glass–Steagall legislation">Glass–Steagall Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Industrial Recovery Act">National Industrial Recovery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Housing_Act_of_1934" title="National Housing Act of 1934">National Housing Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration (PWA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_of_Art_Project" title="Public Works of Art Project">Public Works of Art Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_Tariff_Act" title="Reciprocal Tariff Act">Reciprocal Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Retirement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad Retirement Act">Railroad Retirement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second New Deal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration (WPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Project_Number_One" title="Federal Project Number One">Federal Project Number One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration">Farm Security Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">Judicial Procedures Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guffey_Coal_Act" title="Guffey Coal Act">National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935" title="National Labor Relations Act of 1935">Act</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Electrification_Act" title="Rural Electrification Act">Rural Electrification Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Utilities_Service" title="Rural Utilities Service">Rural Electrification Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Housing_Authority" title="United States Housing Authority">United States Housing Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Labor Standards Act">Fair Labor Standards Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Robert F. Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Deal" title="Category:New Deal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:New_Deal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:New Deal">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1094508#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1094508#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1094508#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121555636">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128994499">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/536299/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="USA. Civilian Conservation Corps"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/253639-0">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="USA. Civilian Conservation Corps / USA. Emergency Conservation Work (Früherer Name 1933 - 1.7.1937)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4530742-8">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79099497">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11724294m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11724294m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/756263">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/56886">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259596905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States. Federal Security Agency. Civilian Conservation Corps"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500250512">ULAN</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/083542876">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qz62p2">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&oldid=1256200088">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&oldid=1256200088</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Category:Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Deal_agencies" title="Category:New Deal agencies">New Deal agencies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_conservation_organizations_based_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Nature conservation organizations based in the United States">Nature conservation organizations based in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1933_establishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1933 establishments in the United States">1933 establishments in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1942_disestablishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1942 disestablishments in the United States">1942 disestablishments in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:73rd_United_States_Congress" title="Category:73rd United States Congress">73rd United States Congress</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_December_2018" title="Category:Use mdy dates from December 2018">Use mdy dates from December 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2024, at 19:12<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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