CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Epistle to the Galatians - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e7cb5cb8-4045-4110-9f80-aa9ba7d5e7f5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Epistle_to_the_Galatians","wgTitle":"Epistle to the Galatians","wgCurRevisionId":1275763757,"wgRevisionId":1275763757,"wgArticleId":9949,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with numeric Bible version references","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages with broken anchors","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Easton's Bible Dictionary","Articles with LibriVox links","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links", "Articles with dead external links from July 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Epistle to the Galatians","1st-century Christian texts","Canonical epistles","New Testament books"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Epistle_to_the_Galatians","wgRelevantArticleId":9949,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q128620","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1449"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg/800px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="966"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg/640px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="773"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Epistle to the Galatians - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Epistle_to_the_Galatians rootpage-Epistle_to_the_Galatians skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Epistle+to+the+Galatians" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Epistle+to+the+Galatians" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Epistle+to+the+Galatians" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Epistle+to+the+Galatians" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surviving_early_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surviving_early_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Surviving early manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surviving_early_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorship_and_date" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship_and_date"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Authorship and date</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship_and_date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Date</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Audience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Galatian_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Galatian_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>North Galatian view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Galatian_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Galatian_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Galatian_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>South Galatian view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Galatian_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earliest_epistle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_epistle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Earliest epistle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_epistle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paul's_opponents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paul's_opponents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Paul's opponents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paul's_opponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Outline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Outline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introduction:_The_Cross_and_the_Preeminence_of_the_Gospel_(1:1–10)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction:_The_Cross_and_the_Preeminence_of_the_Gospel_(1:1–10)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Introduction: The Cross and the Preeminence of the Gospel (1:1–10)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction:_The_Cross_and_the_Preeminence_of_the_Gospel_(1:1–10)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Truth_of_the_Gospel_(1:11–2:21)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Truth_of_the_Gospel_(1:11–2:21)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Truth of the Gospel (1:11–2:21)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Truth_of_the_Gospel_(1:11–2:21)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Defense_of_the_Gospel_(3:1–5:12)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Defense_of_the_Gospel_(3:1–5:12)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The Defense of the Gospel (3:1–5:12)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Defense_of_the_Gospel_(3:1–5:12)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Life_of_the_Gospel_(5:13–6:10)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Life_of_the_Gospel_(5:13–6:10)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The Life of the Gospel (5:13–6:10)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Life_of_the_Gospel_(5:13–6:10)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closing:_Cross_and_New_Creation_(6:11–18)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closing:_Cross_and_New_Creation_(6:11–18)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Closing: Cross and New Creation (6:11–18)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closing:_Cross_and_New_Creation_(6:11–18)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Major issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paul_and_the_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paul_and_the_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Paul and the law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paul_and_the_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_law_and_works_of_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_law_and_works_of_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Under law and works of law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_law_and_works_of_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_of_Christ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_of_Christ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Law of Christ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_of_Christ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antioch_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antioch_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Antioch incident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antioch_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pistis_tou_Christou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pistis_tou_Christou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span><span><i>Pistis tou Christou</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pistis_tou_Christou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality_and_gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality_and_gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Sexuality and gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality_and_gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meaning_of_"Israel_of_God"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meaning_of_"Israel_of_God""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Meaning of "Israel of God"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meaning_of_"Israel_of_God"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_and_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_and_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Significance and reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Significance_and_reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Significance and reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Significance_and_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Luther's_theology_and_antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luther's_theology_and_antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Luther's theology and antisemitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luther's_theology_and_antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender,_sexuality,_and_modern_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender,_sexuality,_and_modern_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Gender, sexuality, and modern scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender,_sexuality,_and_modern_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cited works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Epistle to the Galatians</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galasi%C3%ABrs" title="Galasiërs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Galasiërs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الرسالة إلى أهل غلاطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الرسالة إلى أهل غلاطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A0%DC%98%DC%AC_%DC%93%DC%A0%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܠܘܬ ܓܠܛܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܠܘܬ ܓܠܛܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka-lia%CC%8Dp-th%C3%A0i-su" title="Ka-lia̍p-thài-su – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ka-lia̍p-thài-su" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ліст да Галатаў Святога Апостала Паўла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ліст да Галатаў Святога Апостала Паўла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Пасланьне да галятаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пасланьне да галятаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Послание на свети апостол Павла до галатяни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Послание на свети апостол Павла до галатяни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briaf_an_de_Galata" title="Briaf an de Galata – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Briaf an de Galata" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizher_d%27ar_C%27halated" title="Lizher d'ar C'halated – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizher d'ar C'halated" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta_als_G%C3%A0lates" title="Carta als Gàlates – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carta als Gàlates" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_Galatsk%C3%BDm" title="List Galatským – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="List Galatským" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llythyr_Paul_at_y_Galatiaid" title="Llythyr Paul at y Galatiaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llythyr Paul at y Galatiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus%27_Brev_til_Galaterne" title="Paulus' Brev til Galaterne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paulus' Brev til Galaterne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brief_des_Paulus_an_die_Galater" title="Brief des Paulus an die Galater – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brief des Paulus an die Galater" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauluse_kiri_galaatlastele" title="Pauluse kiri galaatlastele – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pauluse kiri galaatlastele" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Επιστολή προς Γαλάτες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιστολή προς Γαλάτες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%ADstola_a_los_g%C3%A1latas" title="Epístola a los gálatas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Epístola a los gálatas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistolo_al_la_galatoj" title="Epistolo al la galatoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Epistolo al la galatoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaziarrei_Gutuna" title="Galaziarrei Gutuna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Galaziarrei Gutuna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نامه به غلاطیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نامه به غلاطیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%AEtre_aux_Galates" title="Épître aux Galates – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Épître aux Galates" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brief_oan_de_Galati%C3%ABrs" title="Brief oan de Galatiërs – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Brief oan de Galatiërs" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letare_ai_Galazians" title="Letare ai Galazians – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Letare ai Galazians" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litir_Naomh_P%C3%B3l_chuig_na_Gal%C3%A1taigh" title="Litir Naomh Pól chuig na Galátaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Litir Naomh Pól chuig na Galátaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta_aos_g%C3%A1latas" title="Carta aos gálatas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carta aos gálatas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="गालासियेकारांक पावलुचें पत्र – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="गालासियेकारांक पावलुचें पत्र" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2-l%C3%A2-thai-s%C3%BB" title="Kâ-lâ-thai-sû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kâ-lâ-thai-sû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%9D%BC%EB%94%94%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EB%93%A4%EC%97%90%EA%B2%8C_%EB%B3%B4%EB%82%B8_%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%80" title="갈라디아인들에게 보낸 편지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갈라디아인들에게 보낸 편지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A9_%D5%A1%D5%BC_%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Թուղթ առ Գաղատացիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուղթ առ Գաղատացիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poslanica_Gala%C4%87anima" title="Poslanica Galaćanima – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poslanica Galaćanima" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Paulus_kepada_Jemaat_di_Galatia" title="Surat Paulus kepada Jemaat di Galatia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Surat Paulus kepada Jemaat di Galatia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistola_al_Galatas" title="Epistola al Galatas – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Epistola al Galatas" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galathiya" title="Galathiya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Galathiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettera_ai_Galati" title="Lettera ai Galati – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lettera ai Galati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="האיגרת אל הגלטים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האיגרת אל הגלטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layang_Paulus_Galatia" title="Layang Paulus Galatia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Layang Paulus Galatia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97" title="გალატელთა მიმართ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გალატელთა მიმართ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABst_do_Galatczik%C3%B3w" title="Lëst do Galatczików – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Lëst do Galatczików" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urwandiko_rw%E2%80%99Abagalatiya" title="Urwandiko rw’Abagalatiya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Urwandiko rw’Abagalatiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waraka_kwa_Wagalatia" title="Waraka kwa Wagalatia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waraka kwa Wagalatia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistula_ad_Galatas" title="Epistula ad Galatas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Epistula ad Galatas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81vila_v%C4%93stule_galatie%C5%A1iem" title="Pāvila vēstule galatiešiem – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pāvila vēstule galatiešiem" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai%C5%A1kas_galatams" title="Laiškas galatams – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Laiškas galatams" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letera_ai_Galata" title="Letera ai Galata – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Letera ai Galata" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_levele_a_galat%C3%A1khoz" title="Pál levele a galatákhoz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pál levele a galatákhoz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Послание до Галатјаните – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Послание до Галатјаните" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistily_ho_an%27_ny_Galatiana" title="Epistily ho an' ny Galatiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Epistily ho an' ny Galatiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ഗലാത്തിയാക്കാർക്ക് എഴുതിയ ലേഖനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗലാത്തിയാക്കാർക്ക് എഴുതിയ ലേഖനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الرساله الى اهل غلاطيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الرساله الى اهل غلاطيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%83-l%C4%83k-t%C3%A1i_C%E1%B9%B3%CC%86" title="Gă-lăk-tái Cṳ̆ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gă-lăk-tái Cṳ̆" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%A9%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC" title="ဂလာတိဩဝါဒစာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂလာတိဩဝါဒစာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brief_van_Paulus_aan_de_Galaten" title="Brief van Paulus aan de Galaten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brief van Paulus aan de Galaten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A4%E3%81%AE%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%92%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%89%8B%E7%B4%99" title="ガラテヤの信徒への手紙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガラテヤの信徒への手紙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus%E2%80%99_brev_til_galaterne" title="Paulus’ brev til galaterne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paulus’ brev til galaterne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_do_Galat%C3%B3w" title="List do Galatów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="List do Galatów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%ADstola_aos_G%C3%A1latas" title="Epístola aos Gálatas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Epístola aos Gálatas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistola_lui_Pavel_c%C4%83tre_galateni" title="Epistola lui Pavel către galateni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Epistola lui Pavel către galateni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatayuqkunapaq_qillqa" title="Galatayuqkunapaq qillqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Galatayuqkunapaq qillqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Послание к Галатам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Послание к Галатам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_le_tusi_a_Paulo_ia_Kalatia" title="O le tusi a Paulo ia Kalatia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="O le tusi a Paulo ia Kalatia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Epistle to the Galatians" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_Gala%C5%A5anom" title="List Galaťanom – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="List Galaťanom" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_Gala%C4%8Danom" title="Pismo Galačanom – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pismo Galačanom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Посланица Галатима – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Посланица Галатима" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poslanica_Galatima" title="Poslanica Galatima – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poslanica Galatima" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirje_galatalaisille" title="Kirje galatalaisille – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirje galatalaisille" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaterbrevet" title="Galaterbrevet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Galaterbrevet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulat_sa_mga_taga-Galacia" title="Sulat sa mga taga-Galacia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sulat sa mga taga-Galacia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கலாத்தியருக்கு எழுதிய திருமுகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலாத்தியருக்கு எழுதிய திருமுகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="จดหมายของนักบุญเปาโลถึงชาวกาลาเทีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จดหมายของนักบุญเปาโลถึงชาวกาลาเทีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatyal%C4%B1lara_Mektup" title="Galatyalılara Mektup – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Galatyalılara Mektup" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Послання до Галатів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Послання до Галатів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="گلتیوں کے نام خط – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گلتیوں کے نام خط" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7_%D9%8A%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%DB%95%D8%AA" title="گالاتىيلىقلارغا يېزىلغان خەت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گالاتىيلىقلارغا يېزىلغان خەت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0_g%E1%BB%ADi_t%C3%ADn_h%E1%BB%AFu_Gal%C3%A1t" title="Thư gửi tín hữu Galát – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thư gửi tín hữu Galát" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lete_sint_P%C3%A5_%C3%A5s_Galates" title="Lete sint På ås Galates – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lete sint På ås Galates" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur%C3%A1t_ngadto_han_mga_taga_Galacia" title="Surát ngadto han mga taga Galacia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Surát ngadto han mga taga Galacia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AA%E4%B9%A6" title="加拉太书 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加拉太书" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episteli_s%C3%AD_%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8Dn_ar%C3%A1_Gal%C3%A1t%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Episteli sí àwọn ará Galátíà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Episteli sí àwọn ará Galátíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AA%E6%9B%B8" title="加拉太書 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="加拉太書" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AA%E6%9B%B8" title="加拉太書 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加拉太書" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku_Galatia" title="Buku Galatia – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Buku Galatia" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q128620#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Epistle_to_the_Galatians" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&oldid=1275763757" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&id=1275763757&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEpistle_to_the_Galatians"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEpistle_to_the_Galatians"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Epistle_to_the_Galatians" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Galatians_(Bible)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q128620" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Book of the New Testament</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament" title="Category:New Testament">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;">Books of the<br /><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/120px-P46.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/180px-P46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/240px-P46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="819" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Papyrus 46, one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a>, showing 2 Cor 11:33–12:9</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">Acts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Lukan Acts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Galatians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic epistles</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Apocalypse</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorship of the New Testament">Authorship</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Luke-Acts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament manuscript">New Testament manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">epistles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral epistles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/16px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/24px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_New_Testament" title="Template:Books of the New Testament"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_New_Testament" title="Template talk:Books of the New Testament"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_New_Testament" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the New Testament"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Followers_of_Jesus" title="Category:Followers of Jesus">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> in the Bible</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg/220px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg/330px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg/440px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1445" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Authorship</a>)</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related literature</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles#Lost_Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Lost epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Apocalypse of Paul">Apocalypse of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Coptic Apocalypse of Paul">Coptic Apocalypse of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul_and_Thecla" title="Acts of Paul and Thecla">Paul and Thecla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_Paul" title="Acts of Peter and Paul">Peter and Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_the_Apostle_Paul" title="Prayer of the Apostle Paul">Prayer of Paul</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">See also</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline Christianity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paul" title="Template:Paul"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paul" title="Template talk:Paul"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paul" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paul"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Epistle to the Galatians</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the ninth book of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. It is a letter from <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> to a number of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">Early Christian</a> communities in <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>. Scholars have suggested that this is either the <a href="/wiki/Galatia_(Roman_province)" title="Galatia (Roman province)">Roman province of Galatia</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Anatolia</a>, or a large region defined by <i><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a>,</i> an ethnic group of Celtic people in central Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetz2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetz2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter was originally written in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> and later translated into other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this letter, Paul is principally concerned with the controversy surrounding <a href="/wiki/Gentile_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentile Christians">Gentile Christians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Mosaic Law</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a>. Paul argues that the Gentile Galatians do not need to adhere to the tenets of the Mosaic Law, particularly <a href="/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious male circumcision">religious male circumcision</a>, by contextualizing the role of the law in light of the revelation of Christ. The Epistle to the Galatians has exerted enormous influence on the history of Christianity, the development of Christian theology, and the study of the Apostle Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The central dispute in the letter concerns the question of how Gentiles could convert to Christianity, which shows that this letter was written at a very early stage in church history, when the vast majority of Christians were Jewish or Jewish <a href="/wiki/Proselytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytes">proselytes</a>, which historians refer to as the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a>. Another indicator that the letter is early is that there is no hint in the letter of a developed organization within the Christian community at large. This puts it during the lifetime of Paul himself.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surviving_early_manuscripts">Surviving early manuscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Surviving early manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Biblical manuscript</a></div> <p>The original of the letter (autograph) is not known to survive. <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_46" title="Papyrus 46">Papyrus 46</a>, the earliest reasonably complete version available to scholars today, dates to approximately AD 200, around 150 years after the original was drafted.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This papyrus is fragmented in a few areas, causing some of the original text to be missing. The <a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Textual variants in the Epistle to the Galatians">text of surviving manuscripts varies</a>. Biblical scholar Bruce Metzger writes: "through careful research relating to paper construction, handwriting development, and the established principles of textual criticism, scholars can be rather certain about where these errors and changes appeared and what the original text probably said."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surviving early complete and partial manuscripts include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_46" title="Papyrus 46">Papyrus 46</a> (~AD 200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a> (325-350)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a> (330-360)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_51" title="Papyrus 51">Papyrus 51</a> (~400)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_99" title="Papyrus 99">Papyrus 99</a> (~400)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0176" title="Uncial 0176">Uncial 0176</a> (4th/5th century)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a> (400-440)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Ephraemi_Rescriptus" title="Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus">Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus</a> (~450)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Freerianus" title="Codex Freerianus">Codex Freerianus</a> (~450)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Claromontanus" title="Codex Claromontanus">Codex Claromontanus</a> (~550)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorship_and_date">Authorship and date</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Authorship and date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Authorship">Authorship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorship of the Pauline Epistles">Authorship of the Pauline Epistles</a></div> <p>Biblical scholars agree that Galatians is a true example of Paul's writing. The main arguments in favor of the authenticity of Galatians include its style and themes, which are common to the core letters of the Pauline corpus. George S. Duncan described its authenticity as "unquestioned. In every line it betrays its origin as a genuine letter of Paul."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date">Date</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul-epitre-galates-2-3es.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Paul-epitre-galates-2-3es.jpg/220px-Paul-epitre-galates-2-3es.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Paul-epitre-galates-2-3es.jpg/330px-Paul-epitre-galates-2-3es.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Paul-epitre-galates-2-3es.jpg/440px-Paul-epitre-galates-2-3es.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_46" title="Papyrus 46">Papyrus 46</a>, a manuscript of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 150–250</span> with the end of Ephesians and the beginning of Galatians (the text ΠΡΟϹ ΓⲀλⲀΤⲀϹ, <i>PROS GALATAS</i> is visible at centre)</figcaption></figure> <p>A majority of scholars agree that Galatians was written between the late 40s and early 50s,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some date the original composition to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50–60</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jon Jordan notes that an interesting point to be made in the search for the dating of Galatians concerns whether or not it is a response to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> or a factor leading up to the Council. He writes, "did Paul's argument in Galatians flow out of the Jerusalem Council's decision, or did it come before the Jerusalem Council and possibly help shape that very decision?"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would have been enormously helpful to Paul's argument if he could have mentioned the decision of the Council of Jerusalem that Gentiles should not be circumcised. The absence of this argument from Paul strongly implies Galatians was written prior to the council. Since the council took place in 48–49 AD, and Paul evangelized South Galatia in 47–48 AD, the most plausible date for the writing of Galatians is 48 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audience">Audience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Audience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paul's letter is addressed "to the churches of Galatia",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the location of these churches is a matter of debate. Most scholars agree that it is a geographical reference to the Roman province in central Asia Minor, which had been settled by immigrant Celts in the 270s BC and retained Gaulish features of culture and language in Paul's day. <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a> records Paul traveling to the "region of Galatia and <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>", which lies immediately west of Galatia.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have argued that "Galatia" is an ethnic reference to <i><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a>,</i> a <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic</a> people living in northern <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. </p><p>The New Testament indicates that Paul spent time personally in the cities of Galatia (<a href="/wiki/Antioch_of_Pisidia" title="Antioch of Pisidia">Antioch of Pisidia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconium">Iconium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a>) during his missionary journeys.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They seem to have been composed mainly of Gentile converts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Paul's departure, the churches were led astray from Paul's trust/faith-centered teachings by individuals proposing "another gospel" (which centered on salvation through the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a>, so-called <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(theology)" title="Legalism (theology)">legalism</a>), whom Paul saw as preaching a "different gospel" from what Paul had taught.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Galatians appear to have been receptive to the teaching of these newcomers, and the epistle is Paul's response to what he sees as their willingness to turn from his teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The identity of these "opponents" is disputed. However, the majority of modern scholars view them as Jewish Christians, who taught that in order for converts to belong to the <a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a>, they must be subject to some or all of the Jewish Law (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Judaizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaizer">Judaizers</a>). The letter indicates <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">controversy concerning circumcision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" title="Biblical Sabbath">Sabbath observance</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical law in Christianity">Mosaic Covenant</a>. It would appear, from Paul's response, that they cited the example of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious male circumcision">circumcised</a> as a mark of receiving the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)#Abrahamic_covenant" title="Covenant (biblical)">covenant blessings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They certainly appear to have questioned Paul's authority as an <a href="/wiki/Apostle" title="Apostle">apostle</a>, perhaps appealing to the greater authority of the <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Jerusalem church</a> governed by <a href="/wiki/James_(brother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="James (brother of Jesus)">James (brother of Jesus)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetz2007_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetz2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Galatian_view">North Galatian view</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: North Galatian view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The North Galatian view holds that the epistle was written very soon after Paul's second visit to Galatia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this view, the visit to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Galatians_2#Verses_1–10" title="Galatians 2">Galatians 2:1–10</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is identical with that of <a href="/wiki/Acts_15" title="Acts 15">Acts 15</a>, which is spoken of as a thing of the past. Consequently, the epistle seems to have been written after the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a>. The similarity between this epistle and the epistle to the Romans has led to the conclusion that they were both written at roughly the same time, during Paul's stay in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> in roughly 56–57.<sup id="cite_ref-evans_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This third date takes the word "quickly" in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Galatians#1:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Galatians">Gal. 1:6</a> literally.<sup id="cite_ref-evans_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier" title="John P. Meier">John P. Meier</a> suggests that Galatians was "written in the middle or late 50s, only a few years after the Antiochene incident he narrates".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eminent biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Koester" title="Helmut Koester">Helmut Koester</a> also subscribes to the "North Galatian Hypothesis". Koester points out that the cities of Galatia in the north consist of Ankyra, Pessinus, and Gordium (of the <a href="/wiki/Gordian_Knot" title="Gordian Knot">Gordian Knot</a> fame of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Galatian_view">South Galatian view</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: South Galatian view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South Galatian view holds that Paul wrote Galatians before the First Jerusalem Council, probably on his way to it, and that it was written to churches he had presumably planted during either his time in Tarsus (he would have traveled a short distance, since Tarsus is in Cilicia) after his first visit to Jerusalem as a Christian,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or during his first missionary journey, when he traveled throughout southern Galatia. If it was written to the believers in South Galatia, it would likely have been written in 49.<sup id="cite_ref-evans_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Earliest_epistle">Earliest epistle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Earliest epistle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A third theory<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFung1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTHYUsu7sLGECpgPA16_16–22]_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFung1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTHYUsu7sLGECpgPA16_16–22]-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is that Galatians 2:1–10 describes Paul and Barnabas' visit to Jerusalem described in Acts 11:30 and 12:25. This theory holds that the epistle was written before the Council was convened, possibly making it the earliest of Paul's epistles. According to this theory, the revelation mentioned (Gal. 2:2) corresponds with the prophecy of Agabus (Acts 11:27–28). This view holds that the private speaking about the gospel shared among the Gentiles precludes the Acts 15 visit, but fits perfectly with <a href="/wiki/Acts_11" title="Acts 11">Acts 11</a>. It further holds that continuing to remember the poor (Gal. 2:10) fits with the purpose of the Acts 11 visit, but not Acts 15.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFung1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTHYUsu7sLGECpgPA19_19]_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFung1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTHYUsu7sLGECpgPA19_19]-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the exclusion of any mention of the letter of <a href="/wiki/Acts_15" title="Acts 15">Acts 15</a> is seen to indicate that such a letter did not yet exist, since Paul would have been likely to use it against the legalism confronted in Galatians. Finally, this view doubts Paul's confrontation of Peter (Gal. 2:11) would have been necessary after the events described in Acts 15. If this view is correct, the epistle should be dated somewhere around 47, depending on other difficult-to-date events, such as Paul's conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFung1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTHYUsu7sLGECpgPA19_19]_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFung1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTHYUsu7sLGECpgPA19_19]-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kirsopp_Lake" title="Kirsopp Lake">Kirsopp Lake</a> found this view less likely and wondered why it would be necessary for the Jerusalem Council (Acts 15) to take place at all if the issue were settled in Acts 11:30/12:25, as this view holds.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defenders of the view do not think it unlikely an issue of such magnitude would need to be discussed more than once.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Testament scholar <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lightfoot">J.B. Lightfoot</a> also objected to this view since it "clearly implies that his [Paul's] Apostolic office and labours were well known and recognized before this conference."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFung1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTHYUsu7sLGECpgPA19_19]_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFung1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTHYUsu7sLGECpgPA19_19]-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Defenders of this view, such as <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fung" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Fung">Ronald Fung</a>, disagree with both parts of Lightfoot's statement, insisting Paul received his "Apostolic Office" at his conversion (Gal. 1:15–17; <a href="/wiki/Acts_9" title="Acts 9">Acts 9</a>). Fung holds, then, that Paul's apostolic mission began almost immediately in Damascus (Acts 9:20). While accepting that Paul's apostolic anointing was likely only recognized by the Apostles in Jerusalem during the events described in <a href="/wiki/Galatians_2" title="Galatians 2">Galatians 2</a>/Acts 11:30, Fung does not see this as a problem for this theory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFung1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTHYUsu7sLGECpgPA19_19]_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFung1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTHYUsu7sLGECpgPA19_19]-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paul's_opponents"><span id="Paul.27s_opponents"></span>Paul's opponents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Paul's opponents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars have debated whether it is possible to reconstruct the arguments against which Paul is arguing. Though these opponents have traditionally been designated as <a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a>, this classification has fallen out of favor in contemporary scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some instead refer to them as Agitators. While many scholars have claimed that Paul's opponents were circumcisionist Jewish followers of Jesus, the ability to make such determinations with a reasonable degree of certainty has been called into question.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has often been presumed that they traveled from Jerusalem, but some commentators have raised the question of whether they may have actually been insiders familiar with the dynamics of the community. Furthermore, some commentaries and articles pointed out the inherent problems in mirror-reading, emphasizing that there is not sufficient evidence to reconstruct the arguments of Paul's opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not enough to simply reverse his denials and assertions as it does not result in a coherent argument nor can it possibly reflect the thought processes of his opponents accurately. It is nearly impossible to reconstruct the opponents from Paul's text because their representation is necessarily polemical. All that can be said with any certainty is that they supported a different position of Gentile relations with Jews than Paul did.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outline">Outline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Outline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/300px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/450px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Valentin_de_Boulogne" title="Valentin de Boulogne">Valentin de Boulogne</a>'s depiction of "Saint Paul Writing His Epistles", 16th century (Blaffer Foundation Collection, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>). <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barber_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Barber Lightfoot">Lightfoot</a> notes with respect to verse 6:11 that at this point "the apostle takes the pen from his <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a>, and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction:_The_Cross_and_the_Preeminence_of_the_Gospel_(1:1–10)"><span id="Introduction:_The_Cross_and_the_Preeminence_of_the_Gospel_.281:1.E2.80.9310.29"></span>Introduction: The Cross and the Preeminence of the Gospel (1:1–10)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Introduction: The Cross and the Preeminence of the Gospel (1:1–10)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Prescript (<a href="/wiki/Galatians_1#Verses_1–5" title="Galatians 1">1:1–5</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title=" (2024-09-28)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup>)</li> <li>Rebuke: The Occasion of the Letter (1:6–10)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Truth_of_the_Gospel_(1:11–2:21)"><span id="The_Truth_of_the_Gospel_.281:11.E2.80.932:21.29"></span>The Truth of the Gospel (1:11–2:21)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Truth of the Gospel (1:11–2:21)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>How Paul Received and Defended the Gospel: Paul and the "Pillars" (1:11–2:14)</li> <li>The Truth of the Gospel Defined (2:15–21)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Defense_of_the_Gospel_(3:1–5:12)"><span id="The_Defense_of_the_Gospel_.283:1.E2.80.935:12.29"></span>The Defense of the Gospel (3:1–5:12)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Defense of the Gospel (3:1–5:12)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Rebuke and Reminder: Faith, Spirit, and Righteousness (3:1–6)</li> <li>Argument: Abraham's Children through Incorporation into Christ by Faith (3:7–4:7)</li> <li>Appeal (4:8–31)</li> <li>Exhortation and Warning: Faith, Spirit, and Righteousness (5:1–12)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Life_of_the_Gospel_(5:13–6:10)"><span id="The_Life_of_the_Gospel_.285:13.E2.80.936:10.29"></span>The Life of the Gospel (5:13–6:10)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Life of the Gospel (5:13–6:10)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>The Basic Pattern of the New Life: Serving One Another in Love (5:13–15)</li> <li>Implementing the New Life: Walking by the Spirit (5:16–24)</li> <li>Some Specific Parameters of the New Life (5:25–6:6)</li> <li>The Urgency of Living the New Life (6:7–10)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closing:_Cross_and_New_Creation_(6:11–18)"><span id="Closing:_Cross_and_New_Creation_.286:11.E2.80.9318.29"></span>Closing: Cross and New Creation (6:11–18)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Closing: Cross and New Creation (6:11–18)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This outline is provided by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_J._Moo" title="Douglas J. Moo">Douglas J. Moo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical law in Christianity">Biblical law in Christianity</a></div> <p>This epistle addresses the question of whether the Gentiles in Galatia were obligated to follow Mosaic Law to be part of the Christ community. After an introductory address,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the apostle discusses the subjects which had occasioned the epistle. </p><p>In the first two chapters, Paul discusses his life before Christ and his early ministry, including interactions with other apostles in Jerusalem. This is the most extended discussion of Paul's past that we find in the Pauline letters (cf. <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a> 3:1–7).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetz2007_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetz2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have read this autobiographical narrative as Paul's defense of his apostolic authority.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, however, see Paul's telling of the narrative as making an argument to the Galatians about the nature of the gospel and the Galatians' own situation.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two instances of the word "Judaism" in Galatians 1:13-14 are the only references to it in the whole New Testament; not until half a century later in the writings of Ignatius would "Judaism" and "Christianity" be considered two "religions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanton20071155_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton20071155-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galatians 2:11-14 describes the <a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Antioch" title="Incident at Antioch">incident at Antioch</a>, a reported dispute between the apostles Paul and Peter over whether to continue following the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a> on issues like circumcision. </p><p>Chapter 3 exhorts the Galatian believers to stand fast in the faith as it is in Jesus. Paul engages in an exegetical argument, drawing upon the figure of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> and the priority of his faith to the covenant of circumcision. Paul explains that the law was introduced as a temporary measure, one that is no longer efficacious now that the seed of Abraham, Christ, has come. Chapter 4 then concludes with a summary of the topics discussed and with the benediction, followed by 5:1–6:10<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> teaching about the right use of their Christian freedom. Chapter 5 also discusses circumcision. </p><p>In the conclusion of the epistle, Paul wrote, "See with what large letters I am writing to you with my own hand." (Galatians 6:11, <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">ESV</a>) Regarding this conclusion, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barber_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Barber Lightfoot">Lightfoot</a>, in his Commentary on the epistle, says: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> At this point the apostle takes the pen from his <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a>, and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand. From the time when letters began to be forged in his name<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting, as a precaution against such forgeries ... In the present case he writes a whole paragraph, summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse, eager, disjointed sentences. He writes it, too, in large, bold characters (Gr. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pelikois grammasin</i></span>), that his hand-writing may reflect the energy and determination of his soul.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some commentators have postulated that Paul's large letters are owed to his poor eyesight, his deformed hands, or to other physical, mental, or psychological afflictions. Other commentators have attributed Paul's large letters to his poor education, his attempt to assert his authority, or his effort to emphasize his final words. Classics scholar Steve Reece has compared similar autographic subscriptions in thousands of Greek, Roman, and Jewish letters of this period and observes that large letters are a normal feature when senders of letters, regardless of their education, take the pen from their amanuensis and add a few words of greeting in their own hands.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galatians 5:14 mentions the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a>. Galatians 5:22-23 describes the <a href="/wiki/Fruit_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Fruit of the Holy Spirit">Fruit of the Holy Spirit</a>, a list of attributes the author says indicate people living in accord with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>. Lists of <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtues</a> like this and also of <a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">vices</a> (such as those found immediately prior in Galatians 5:19-21) were a form of ethical instruction very common in the Greco-Roman world<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a popular formulation of ancient <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Probably the most famous single statement made in the Epistle, by Paul, is in <a href="/wiki/Galatians_3:28" title="Galatians 3:28">chapter 3, verse 28</a>: "There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus." The debate surrounding that verse is legend and the two schools of thought are (1) this only applies to the spiritual standing of people in the eyes of God, it does not implicate social distinctions and gender roles on earth; and (2) this is not just about our spiritual standing but is also about how we relate to each other and treat each other in the here and now.<sup id="cite_ref-rei_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rei-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Position (1) emphasises the immediate context of the verse and notes that it is embedded in a discussion about justification: our relationship with God. Position (2) reminds its critics that the "whole letter context" is very much about how people got on in the here and now together, and in fact the discussion about justification came out of an actual example of people treating other people differently (2:11ff).<sup id="cite_ref-rei_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rei-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_issues">Major issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Major issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paul_and_the_law">Paul and the law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Paul and the law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much variety exists in discussions of Paul's view of the Law in Galatians. Nicole Chibici-Revneanu noticed a difference in Paul's treatment of the Law in Galatians and Romans. In Galatians the law is described as the "oppressor" whereas in Romans Paul describes the Law as being just as much in need of the Spirit to set it free from sin as humans are. Peter Oakes argues that Galatians cannot be construed as depicting the law positively because the Law played the role it was meant to play in the scope of human history. Wolfgang Reinbold argues that, contrary to the popular reading of Paul, the Law was possible to keep.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_law_and_works_of_law">Under law and works of law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Under law and works of law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regarding "under the law" (Gal. 3:23; <a href="/wiki/Galatians_4:4" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatians 4:4">4:4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galatians_4:5" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatians 4:5">5</a>, 21; 5:18), Todd Wilson argues that "under the law" in Galatians was a "rhetorical abbreviation for 'under the curse of the law<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding "works of the law" (<a href="/wiki/Galatians_2:16" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatians 2:16">Gal. 2:16</a>), Robert Keith Rapa argues Paul is speaking of viewing Torah-observances as the means of salvation which he is seeking to combat in the Galatian congregation. Jacqueline de Roo noticed a similar phrase in the works <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">found at Qumran</a> and argues that "works of the law" is speaking of obedience to the Torah acting as a way of being atoned for. Michael Bachmann argues that this phrase is a mention of certain actions taken by Jewish people to distinguish themselves and perpetuate separation between themselves and Gentiles.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_of_Christ">Law of Christ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Law of Christ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much debate surrounds what Paul means by "law of Christ" in Galatians 6:2, a phrase that occurs only once in all of Paul's letters.<sup id="cite_ref-Unwritten_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unwritten-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Schreiner explains, some scholars think that the "law of Christ" is the sum of Jesus's words, functioning as a "new Torah for believers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010359_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010359-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others argue that the "genitive in the 'law of Christ' 'should be understood as explanatory, i.e. the law which is Christ<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-Unwritten_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unwritten-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some focus on the relationship between the law of Christ and the Old Testament Decalogue.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still other scholars argue that whereas the "Mosaic law is abolished", the new "law of Christ fits with the Zion Torah", which "hails from Zion ... and is eschatological".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schreiner himself believes that the law of Christ is equivalent to Galatians 5:13–14's "law of love".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010360_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010360-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Schreiner, when believers love others, "they behave as Christ did and fulfill his law".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010360_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010360-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antioch_incident">Antioch incident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Antioch incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Thomas Schreiner explains, there is significant debate over the meaning of Peter's eating with the Gentiles—specifically, why might the eating have been considered wrong?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010141_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010141-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E. P. Sanders argues that though Jews could eat in the same location with Gentiles, Jews did not want to consume food from the same vessels used by Gentiles.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Sanders explains, Galatia's Jews and Gentiles might have had to share the same cup and loaf (i.e. food from the same vessels).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars such as James Dunn argue that Cephas was "already observing the basic food laws of the Torah" and then "men from James advocated an even stricter observance".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schreiner himself argues that Peter "actually ate unclean food—food prohibited by the OT law—before the men from James came".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010141_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010141-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on how one construes "eating with the Gentiles" in Galatians 2:12, one may reach different conclusions as to why Paul was so angry with Peter in Antioch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pistis_tou_Christou"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Pistis tou Christou</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pistis tou Christou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is debate about the meaning of the phrase <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δια πιστεος Χριστου</span></span> in Galatians 2:16. Grammatically, this phrase can be interpreted either as an objective genitive "through faith in Jesus Christ" or as a subjective genitive "through the faith of Jesus Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-FrankJ_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrankJ-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are theological ramifications to each position, but given the corpus of the Pauline literature, the majority of scholars have treated as an objective genitive, translating it as "faith in Jesus Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-FrankJ_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrankJ-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daniel Harrington writes, "the subjective genitive does not oppose or do away with the concept of faith in Christ. Rather, it reestablishes priorities. One is justified by the faith of Jesus Christ manifested in his obedience to God by his death upon the cross. It is on the basis of that faith that one believes in Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality_and_gender">Sexuality and gender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sexuality and gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Galatians_3:28" title="Galatians 3:28">Galatians 3:28</a> says, "There is no longer Jew or Greek, there is no longer slave or free, there is no longer male and female; for all of you are one in Christ Jesus."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Norbert Baumert, Galatians 3:28 is Paul's declaration that one can be in relationship with Jesus no matter their gender. Judith Gundry-Volf argues for a more general approach, stating that one's gender does not provide any benefit or burden. Pamela Eisenbaum argues that Paul was exhorting his readers to be mindful in changing conduct in relationships that involved people of different status. Ben Witherington argues that Paul is combatting the position espoused by opponents who were attempting to influence Paul's community to return to the patriarchal standards held by the majority culture.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two different interpretations within the modern scholarship regarding the meaning and function of Paul's statement that "there is no longer male and female". The first interpretation states that Paul's words eliminate the biological differences between males and females and thus calls gender roles into question. Nancy Bedford says that this does not mean that there is no distinction between males and females; instead, it means that there is no room for gender hierarchy in the gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second interpretation, outlined by Jeremy Punt, argues that "there is no longer [...] male or female; for all of you are one in Christ Jesus" refers only to the universality of salvation through Christ—which does not discriminate ethnicity, social status or gender—but is not intended to communicate any ideology of gender equality.<sup id="cite_ref-PostColonial_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PostColonial-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punt contends that here, Paul's intention was to fix social conflicts rather than to alter gender norms; by stating the importance of becoming one in Christ, Paul tries to give his society a new identity (i.e., the identity "in Christ"), thereby putatively encouraging concord between believers—without thence advocating any substantive changes to the rôle or rights of women.<sup id="cite_ref-PostColonial_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PostColonial-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meaning_of_"Israel_of_God""><span id="Meaning_of_.22Israel_of_God.22"></span>Meaning of "Israel of God"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Meaning of "Israel of God""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many scholars debate the meaning of the phrase "Israel of God" in Galatians 6:16, wherein Paul wishes for "peace and mercy" to be "even upon the Israel of God".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010381_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010381-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Schreiner explains, scholars debate whether "Israel of God" refers to ethnically Jewish believers "within the church of Jesus Christ", or to the church of Christ as a whole (Jewish and Gentiles all included).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010381_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010381-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who believe that "Israel of God" only refers to ethnically Jewish believers, argue that had Paul meant the entire church, he would use the word "mercy" before "peace", because Paul "sees peace as the petition for the church, while mercy is the request for unredeemed Jews".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars, such as G. K. Beale, argue that the Old Testament backdrop of Galatians 6:16—e.g. a verse such as Isaiah 54:10 wherein God promises mercy and peace to Israel—suggests that "the Israel of God" refers to a portion of the new, eschatological Israel "composed of Jews and Gentiles".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_and_reception">Significance and reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Significance and reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luther's_theology_and_antisemitism"><span id="Luther.27s_theology_and_antisemitism"></span>Luther's theology and antisemitism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Luther's theology and antisemitism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther’s</a> fundamental belief in <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">justification by faith</a> was formed in large part by his interpretation of Galatians. Masaki claims <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At the heart of Luther's Lectures on Galatians is the doctrine of the proper distinction between law and gospel. While Luther's contemporary opponents failed to see this—whether they were the papists, enthusiasts, Anabaptists, Sacramentarians, or antinomians—law/gospel articulation defined Luther's legacy in the thinking of his colleagues, students, and generations after him.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This distinction of law and gospel has been imperative to Luther's understanding of Paul's Judaism as well, but modern scholarship has formed a new perspective of the Judaism of Paul's time. "Luther's treatment of Galatians has affected most interpretations of the letter, at least among Protestants, up to the present time... Problems with Luther's interpretations and perspectives have become evident in modern times, particularly in his understanding and treatment of Judaism in Paul's day.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This development led to some schools of thought, such as Canadian religious historian <a href="/wiki/Barrie_Wilson" title="Barrie Wilson">Barrie Wilson</a> who points out in <i><a href="/wiki/How_Jesus_Became_Christian" title="How Jesus Became Christian">How Jesus Became Christian</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> how Paul's Letter to the Galatians represents a sweeping rejection of Jewish Law (Torah). In so doing, Paul clearly takes his Christ movement out of the orbit of Judaism and into an entirely different milieu. Paul's stance constitutes a major contrast to the position of <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a>, whose group in Jerusalem adhered to the observance of Torah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender,_sexuality,_and_modern_scholarship"><span id="Gender.2C_sexuality.2C_and_modern_scholarship"></span>Gender, sexuality, and modern scholarship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Gender, sexuality, and modern scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galatians 3:28 is one of the most controversial and influential verses in Galatians. There are three different pairs that Paul uses to elaborate his ideology. The first one is "Jew or Greek", the second one is "slave or free", and the third one is "male and female",<sup id="cite_ref-:7_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul states that in Jesus Christ there is no longer a distinction between them. However, the meaning of this verse is not expounded upon further by Paul. In modern politics, the debate about the meaning of Galatians 3:28 is significant, as it is used by different people and scholars in order to make normative claims about sexuality, gender, and even marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ongoing nature of this debate reveals that scholars still have not come to a unified conclusion regarding Paul's theology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the Apostle and Judaism">Paul the Apostle and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_St._John_Gabriel_Perboyre_to_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of St. John Gabriel Perboyre to Jesus">Prayer of St. John Gabriel Perboyre to Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_New_Testament#Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Textual variants in the New Testament">Textual variants in the Epistle to the Galatians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The book is sometimes called the <b>Letter of Paul to the Galatians</b>, or simply <b>Galatians</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most commonly abbreviated as "Gal."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HiPouAEACAAJ"><i>ESV Pew Bible</i></a>. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway. 2018. p. 972. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-6343-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-6343-0"><bdi>978-1-4335-6343-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603093159/https://www.google.com/books/edition/ESV_Pew_Bible_Black/HiPouAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ESV+Pew+Bible&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=972&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-6343-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHiPouAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logos.com/bible-book-abbreviations">"Bible Book Abbreviations"</a>. <i>Logos Bible Software</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421100743/https://www.logos.com/bible-book-abbreviations">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Logos+Bible+Software&rft.atitle=Bible+Book+Abbreviations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.logos.com%2Fbible-book-abbreviations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetz2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetz2007_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetz2007_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetz2007_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBetz2007">Betz 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texansforjesus.org/Galatians/">"Galatians"</a>. <q>The Epistle to the Galatians was composed in Koine Greek.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Galatians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texansforjesus.org%2FGalatians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiches2007" class="citation book cs1">Riches, John (2007). <i>Galatians Through the Centuries</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-63123084-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-63123084-7"><bdi>978-0-63123084-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galatians+Through+the+Centuries&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-63123084-7&rft.aulast=Riches&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolladay2005" class="citation book cs1">Holladay, Carl R. (2005). <i>A Critical Introduction to the New Testament</i>. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">463–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-68708569-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-68708569-9"><bdi>978-0-68708569-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E463-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-68708569-9&rft.aulast=Holladay&rft.aufirst=Carl+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/misquotingjesuss00ehrm"><i>Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why</i></a></span>. San Francisco: Harper. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/misquotingjesuss00ehrm/page/60">60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-073817-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-073817-0"><bdi>0-06-073817-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misquoting+Jesus%3A+The+Story+Behind+Who+Changed+the+Bible+and+Why&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-073817-0&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmisquotingjesuss00ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1994" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce M. (1994). <i>A Textual Commentary on the New Testament</i> (2nd ed.). United Bible Societies. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-438-06010-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-438-06010-8"><bdi>3-438-06010-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textual+Commentary+on+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=United+Bible+Societies&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=3-438-06010-8&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlandAland1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Aland" title="Kurt Aland">Aland, Kurt</a>; <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Aland" title="Barbara Aland">Aland, Barbara</a> (1995). <i>The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism</i>. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4098-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4098-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-4098-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Text+of+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Critical+Editions+and+to+the+Theory+and+Practice+of+Modern+Textual+Criticism&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4098-1&rft.aulast=Aland&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Aland%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan1934" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, George S. (1934). <i>The Epistle of Paul to the Galatians</i>. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. xviii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epistle+of+Paul+to+the+Galatians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xviii&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=George+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Coogan, ed. <i>The New Oxford Annotated Bible</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: New York, 2001), 309 NT.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/galatians.html">"Galatians"</a>. <i>Early Christian Writings</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Early+Christian+Writings&rft.atitle=Galatians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Fgalatians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordanStill2016" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, Jon R.; Still, Todd D. (2016). <i>From Law to Logos : reading St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians</i>. Eugene, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">ON</a>: Wipf & Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-8971-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-8971-9"><bdi>978-1-4982-8971-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/975120128">975120128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Law+to+Logos+%3A+reading+St.+Paul%27s+Epistle+to+the+Galatians&rft.place=Eugene%2C+ON&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F975120128&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-8971-9&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Jon+R.&rft.au=Still%2C+Todd+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Introduction to the Book of Galatians". <i>ESV Study Bible</i>. Crossway. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1433502415" title="Special:BookSources/978-1433502415"><bdi>978-1433502415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Book+of+Galatians&rft.btitle=ESV+Study+Bible&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1433502415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Galatians#1:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Galatians">Galatians 1:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2016:6&version=nrsv">Acts 16:6</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2018:23&version=nrsv">Acts 18:23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+13:13;+14:1;+14:8&version=NRSV">Acts 13:13; 14:1; 14:8</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%201:6&version=nrsv">9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Galatians#4:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Galatians">Galatians 4:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Galatians#1:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Galatians">Galatians 1:1–9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#17:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">Genesis 17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#18:23" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 18:23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Galatians#2:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Galatians">Galatians 2:1–10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evans-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-evans_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evans_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evans_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2004" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Lee Martin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oP3k4TNiDWMC&pg=PA462">"Introduction to Galatians"</a>. In Evans, Craig (ed.). <i>Acts–Philemon</i>. The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary. Vol. 2. Colorado Springs, Colorado: Victor. p. 462. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-78144006-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-78144006-6"><bdi>978-0-78144006-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Galatians&rft.btitle=Acts%E2%80%93Philemon&rft.place=Colorado+Springs%2C+Colorado&rft.series=The+Bible+Knowledge+Background+Commentary&rft.pages=462&rft.pub=Victor&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-78144006-6&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Lee+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoP3k4TNiDWMC%26pg%3DPA462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#20:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 20:2–3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownMeier1983" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond E.; Meier, John P. (1983). <i>Antioch & Rome: New Testament Cradles of Catholic Christianity</i>. New York: Paulist Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80912532-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80912532-6"><bdi>978-0-80912532-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antioch+%26+Rome%3A+New+Testament+Cradles+of+Catholic+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-80912532-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft.au=Meier%2C+John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoester2000" class="citation book cs1">Koester, Helmut (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=thXUHM5udTcC&pg=PA114"><i>Introduction to the New Testament</i></a>. Vol. 2. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-014693-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-014693-2"><bdi>3-11-014693-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-11-014693-2&rft.aulast=Koester&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DthXUHM5udTcC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%209:30&version=nrsv">Acts 9:30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFung1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTHYUsu7sLGECpgPA16_16–22]-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFung1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTHYUsu7sLGECpgPA16_16–22]_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFung1988">Fung 1988</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=THYUsu7sLGEC&pg=PA16">16–22</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928170851/http://www.theologywebsite.com/nt/galatians.shtml">"New Testament Study Helps: Galatians"</a>. <i>Theology WebSite</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theologywebsite.com/nt/galatians.shtml">the original</a> on 2007-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theology+WebSite&rft.atitle=New+Testament+Study+Helps%3A+Galatians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theologywebsite.com%2Fnt%2Fgalatians.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFung1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTHYUsu7sLGECpgPA19_19]-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFung1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTHYUsu7sLGECpgPA19_19]_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFung1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTHYUsu7sLGECpgPA19_19]_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFung1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTHYUsu7sLGECpgPA19_19]_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFung1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTHYUsu7sLGECpgPA19_19]_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFung1988">Fung 1988</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=THYUsu7sLGEC&pg=PA19">19</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLake1933" class="citation book cs1">Lake, Kirsopp (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thebeginningsofc05unknuoft/page/200">"The Apostolic Council of Jerusalem"</a>. In Foakes Jackson, F. J.; Lake, Kirsopp (eds.). <i>The Beginnings of Christianity</i>. Vol. 5. London: Macmillan. p. 201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Apostolic+Council+of+Jerusalem&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+Christianity&rft.place=London&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=Kirsopp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthebeginningsofc05unknuoft%2Fpage%2F200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1980" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, I. H. (1980). <i>The Acts of the Apostles</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_New_Testament_Commentaries" title="Tyndale New Testament Commentaries">Tyndale New Testament Commentaries</a>. Grand Rapids: William. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 205.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+the+Apostles&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.series=Tyndale+New+Testament+Commentaries&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=William.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=I.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2012" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, George (2012). <i>Galatians: a commentary in the Wesleyan tradition</i>. Kansas City, Missouri: Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8341-2402-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8341-2402-8"><bdi>978-0-8341-2402-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/436028350">436028350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galatians%3A+a+commentary+in+the+Wesleyan+tradition&rft.place=Kansas+City%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Beacon+Hill+Press+of+Kansas+City&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F436028350&rft.isbn=978-0-8341-2402-8&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartyn1997" class="citation book cs1">Martyn, James Louis (1997). <i>Galatians: a new translation with introduction and commentary</i> (1st ed.). New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-08838-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-08838-8"><bdi>0-385-08838-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36001181">36001181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galatians%3A+a+new+translation+with+introduction+and+commentary&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36001181&rft.isbn=0-385-08838-8&rft.aulast=Martyn&rft.aufirst=James+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeener2018" class="citation book cs1">Keener, Craig S. (2018). <i>Galatians</i>. Cambridge, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42681-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42681-7"><bdi>978-1-108-42681-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004849095">1004849095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galatians&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004849095&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42681-7&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=Craig+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lightfoot continues, "From the time when letters began to be forged in his name (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Thessalonians%202:2&version=nrsv">2 Thessalonians 2:2</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Thessalonians%203:17&version=nrsv">2 Thessalonians 3:17</a>) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting, as a precaution against such forgeries... In the present case he writes a whole paragraph, summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse, eager, disjointed sentences. He writes it, too, in large, bold characters (Gr. <i>pelikois grammasin</i>), that his handwriting may reflect the energy and determination of his soul." <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barber_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Barber Lightfoot">Joseph Barber Lightfoot</a>, <i>Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoo2013" class="citation book cs1">Moo, Douglas (2013). <i>Galatians</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2754-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2754-3"><bdi>978-0-8010-2754-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galatians&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2754-3&rft.aulast=Moo&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Galatians#1:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Galatians">Galatians 1:1–10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Galatians#1:11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Galatians">1:11–19</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Galatians#2:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Galatians">2:1–14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolladay2005" class="citation book cs1">Holladay, Carl R. (2005). <i>A Critical Introduction to the New Testament</i>. Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">466–</span>67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E466-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Holladay&rft.aufirst=Carl+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarclay2002" class="citation book cs1">Barclay, John M. G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FPH9j2f6Wa4C&pg=PA133">"Paul's Story: Theology as Testimony"</a>. In Longenecker, Bruce W. (ed.). <i>Narrative Dynamics in Paul</i>. Louisville, London: Westminster John Knox. pp. <span class="nowrap">133–</span>156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22277-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22277-3"><bdi>0-664-22277-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul%27s+Story%3A+Theology+as+Testimony&rft.btitle=Narrative+Dynamics+in+Paul&rft.place=Louisville%2C+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-664-22277-3&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=John+M.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFPH9j2f6Wa4C%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton20071155-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanton20071155_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStanton2007">Stanton 2007</a>, p. 1155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Galatians#5:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Galatians">Galatians 5:1–6:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Thessalonians#2:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Thessalonians">2Thessalonians 2:2</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Thessalonians#3:17" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Thessalonians">2Thessalonians 3:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLightfoot1865" class="citation book cs1">Lightfoot, J. B. (1865). <i>St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians</i>. Cambridge: Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">211–</span>12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Paul%27s+Epistle+to+the+Galatians&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Lightfoot&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReece2017" class="citation book cs1">Reece, Steve (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/30640330"><i>Paul's Large Letters: Paul's Autographic Subscription in the Light of Ancient Epistolary Conventions</i></a>. T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-56766906-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-56766906-3"><bdi>978-0-56766906-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul%27s+Large+Letters%3A+Paul%27s+Autographic+Subscription+in+the+Light+of+Ancient+Epistolary+Conventions&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-56766906-3&rft.aulast=Reece&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F30640330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2007" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ"><i>The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48</i></a> (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195288810" title="Special:BookSources/9780195288810"><bdi>9780195288810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible+with+the+Apocryphal%2FDeuterocanonical+Books%3A+New+Revised+Standard+Version%2C+Issue+48&rft.pages=318&rft.edition=Augmented+3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780195288810&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHmpMPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPate2000" class="citation book cs1">Pate, C. Marvin (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zohGqVoPG7sC&pg=PA181"><i>The Reverse of the Curse: Paul, Wisdom, and the Law</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-316147286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-316147286-2"><bdi>978-316147286-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reverse+of+the+Curse%3A+Paul%2C+Wisdom%2C+and+the+Law&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-316147286-2&rft.aulast=Pate&rft.aufirst=C.+Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzohGqVoPG7sC%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rei-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rei_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rei_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiher2012" class="citation journal cs1">Reiher, Jim (March 2012). "Galatians 3: 28 – Liberating for women's ministry? Or of limited application?". <i>The Expository Times</i>. <b>123</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">272–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0014524611431773">10.1177/0014524611431773</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145291940">145291940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Expository+Times&rft.atitle=Galatians+3%3A+28+%E2%80%93+Liberating+for+women%27s+ministry%3F+Or+of+limited+application%3F&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E272-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0014524611431773&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145291940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Reiher&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span> Reiher comes down on the side of position (2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolmie2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tolmie, Francois D. (July 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Factat.v32i1.7">"Research on the Letter to the Galatians 2000–2010"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Theologica" title="Acta Theologica">Acta Theologica</a></i>. <b>32</b>: 136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Factat.v32i1.7">10.4314/actat.v32i1.7</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Theologica&rft.atitle=Research+on+the+Letter+to+the+Galatians+2000%E2%80%932010&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=136&rft.date=2012-07-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4314%2Factat.v32i1.7&rft.aulast=Tolmie&rft.aufirst=Francois+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4314%252Factat.v32i1.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Todd A. (2005-10-01). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Under Law' in Galatians: A Pauline Theological Abbreviation". <i>The Journal of Theological Studies</i>. <b>56</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">362–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2Ffli108">10.1093/jts/fli108</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-4607">1477-4607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Under+Law%27+in+Galatians%3A+A+Pauline+Theological+Abbreviation&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E362-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2005-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2Ffli108&rft.issn=1477-4607&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Todd+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unwritten-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unwritten_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unwritten_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy-O'Connor2012" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome (April 2, 2012). "The Unwritten Law of Christ (Gal 6:2)". <i>Revue Biblique</i>. <b>119</b>: 213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Biblique&rft.atitle=The+Unwritten+Law+of+Christ+%28Gal+6%3A2%29&rft.volume=119&rft.pages=213&rft.date=2012-04-02&rft.aulast=Murphy-O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010359-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010359_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchreiner2010">Schreiner 2010</a>, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeilaender2018" class="citation journal cs1">Meilaender, Glibert (2018). "The Decalogue as the Law of Christ". <i>Pro Ecclesia</i>. <b>27</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">338–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F106385121802700312">10.1177/106385121802700312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171508461">171508461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pro+Ecclesia&rft.atitle=The+Decalogue+as+the+Law+of+Christ&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E338-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F106385121802700312&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171508461%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Meilaender&rft.aufirst=Glibert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGese1981" class="citation book cs1">Gese, Hartmut (1981). <i>Essays on Biblical Theology</i>. Minneapolis: Augsburg. p. 360.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Biblical+Theology&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Augsburg&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Gese&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010360-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010360_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010360_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchreiner2010">Schreiner 2010</a>, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010141-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010141_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010141_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchreiner2010">Schreiner 2010</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1990" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, E. P. (1990). "Jewish Association with Gentiles and Galatians 2:11–14". <i>The Conversation Continues: Studies in Paul & John in Honor of J. Louis Martyn</i>. Abingdon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">170–</span>88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Association+with+Gentiles+and+Galatians+2%3A11%E2%80%9314&rft.btitle=The+Conversation+Continues%3A+Studies+in+Paul+%26+John+in+Honor+of+J.+Louis+Martyn&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1983" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, James D. G. (May 1983). "The Incident at Antioch (Galatians 2:11–18)". <i>Journal for the Study of the New Testament</i>. <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">12–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0142064X8300501801">10.1177/0142064X8300501801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170991327">170991327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+New+Testament&rft.atitle=The+Incident+at+Antioch+%28Galatians+2%3A11%E2%80%9318%29&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=1983-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0142064X8300501801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170991327%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FrankJ-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FrankJ_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrankJ_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMateraHarrington2007" class="citation book cs1">Matera, Frank J.; Harrington, Daniel J. (2007). <i>Galatians</i>. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5972-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5972-4"><bdi>978-0-8146-5972-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/145747570">145747570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galatians&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F145747570&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5972-4&rft.aulast=Matera&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rft.au=Harrington%2C+Daniel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gal. 3:28 NRSV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolmie2014" class="citation journal cs1">Tolmie, D. F. (2014-07-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Factat.v33i2s.6">"Tendencies in the interpretation of Galatians 3:28 since 1990"</a>. <i>Acta Theologica</i>. <b>33</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">108–</span>09. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Factat.v33i2s.6">10.4314/actat.v33i2s.6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1015-8758">1015-8758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Theologica&rft.atitle=Tendencies+in+the+interpretation+of+Galatians+3%3A28+since+1990&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E09&rft.date=2014-07-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4314%2Factat.v33i2s.6&rft.issn=1015-8758&rft.aulast=Tolmie&rft.aufirst=D.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4314%252Factat.v33i2s.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedford2016" class="citation book cs1">Bedford, Nancy Elizabeth (2016). <i>Galatians</i>. Presbyterian Publishing Corporation. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23271-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23271-9"><bdi>978-0-664-23271-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937059676">937059676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galatians&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F937059676&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23271-9&rft.aulast=Bedford&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PostColonial-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PostColonial_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PostColonial_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPunt2010" class="citation journal cs1">Punt, Jeremy (2010). "Power and Liminality, Sex and Gender, and Gal 3:28: A Postcolonial, Queer Reading of an Influential Text". <i>Neotestamentica</i>. <b>44</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">161–</span>62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neotestamentica&rft.atitle=Power+and+Liminality%2C+Sex+and+Gender%2C+and+Gal+3%3A28%3A+A+Postcolonial%2C+Queer+Reading+of+an+Influential+Text&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Punt&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010381-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010381_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiner2010381_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchreiner2010">Schreiner 2010</a>, p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1969" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Peter (1969). <i>Israel in the Apostolic Church</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">76–</span>80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+in+the+Apostolic+Church&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1920" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Ernest De Witt (1920). <i>A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians</i>. Scribner's. p. 358.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+and+Exegetical+Commentary+on+the+Epistle+to+the+Galatians&rft.pages=358&rft.pub=Scribner%27s&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Ernest+De+Witt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeale1999" class="citation book cs1">Beale, G. K. (1999). <i>Peace and Mercy Upon the Israel of God: The Old Testament Background of Galatians 6:16b</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+and+Mercy+Upon+the+Israel+of+God%3A+The+Old+Testament+Background+of+Galatians+6%3A16b&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Beale&rft.aufirst=G.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasaki2017" class="citation journal cs1">Masaki, Naomichi (July 2017). "In Search of Celebrating the Reformation Rightly: Luther's Lectures on Galatians (1531/1535) as the Banner of the Reformation". <i>Concordia Theological Quarterly</i>. <b>81</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): 222.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Concordia+Theological+Quarterly&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+Celebrating+the+Reformation+Rightly%3A+Luther%27s+Lectures+on+Galatians+%281531%2F1535%29+as+the+Banner+of+the+Reformation&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=222&rft.date=2017-07&rft.aulast=Masaki&rft.aufirst=Naomichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaltgren2000" class="citation journal cs1">Haltgren, Arland (Summer 2000). "Luther on Galatians". <i>Word & World</i>. <b>20</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">237–</span>38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Word+%26+World&rft.atitle=Luther+on+Galatians&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Haltgren&rft.aufirst=Arland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2008" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Barrie (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howjesusbecamech00barr"><i>How Jesus Became Christian</i></a></span>. New York: St. Martin's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Jesus+Became+Christian&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Barrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowjesusbecamech00barr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_works">Cited works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cited works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetz2007" class="citation cs2">Betz, H. D. (2007), "Galatians, Epistle to the", <i>Yale Anchor Bible Dictionary</i>, Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30014081-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30014081-1"><bdi>978-0-30014081-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Anchor+Bible+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Galatians%2C+Epistle+to+the&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-30014081-1&rft.aulast=Betz&rft.aufirst=H.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFung1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Y._K._Fung" title="Ronald Y. K. Fung">Fung, Ronald Y. K.</a> (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=THYUsu7sLGEC"><i>The Epistle to the Galatians</i></a>, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdman's Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2509-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2509-5"><bdi>0-8028-2509-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epistle+to+the+Galatians&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Eerdman%27s+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8028-2509-5&rft.aulast=Fung&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Y.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTHYUsu7sLGEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreiner2010" class="citation cs2">Schreiner, Thomas R. (2010), <i>Galatians</i>, Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-24372-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-24372-4"><bdi>978-0-310-24372-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/613993871">613993871</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galatians&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F613993871&rft.isbn=978-0-310-24372-4&rft.aulast=Schreiner&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2007" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, G. N. (2007). "67. Galatians". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ"><i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a> (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1152–</span>1165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199277186" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199277186"><bdi>978-0199277186</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=67.+Galatians&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1152-%3C%2Fspan%3E1165&rft.edition=first+%28paperback%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0199277186&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=G.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZJdVkgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston1897" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_George_Easton" title="Matthew George Easton">Easton, Matthew George</a> (1897). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Easton%27s_Bible_Dictionary_(1897)/Galatians,_Epistle_to_the" class="extiw" title="s:Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Galatians, Epistle to the">Galatians, Epistle to the</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Easton%27s_Bible_Dictionary" title="Easton's Bible Dictionary">Easton's Bible Dictionary</a></i> (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Galatians%2C+Epistle+to+the&rft.btitle=Easton%27s+Bible+Dictionary&rft.edition=New+and+revised&rft.pub=T.+Nelson+and+Sons&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=Matthew+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Galatians_(Bible)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Galatians (Bible)">Galatians</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p>Online translations of the Epistle to Galatians: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com"><i>Bible Gateway 35 languages/50 versions</i> at GospelCom.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unbound.biola.edu"><i>Unbound Bible 100+ languages/versions</i> at Biola University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018145558/http://bible.daresler.net/Galatians-1/">Galatians – King James Bible</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=Galatians+1"><i>Online Bible</i> at GospelHall.org</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Galatians&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Galatians</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> Various versions</li></ul> <p>Related articles: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vts.edu/ftpimages/95/download/download_group10628_id314970.pdf">A Brief Introduction to Galatians</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085109/http://www.vts.edu/ftpimages/95/download/download_group10628_id314970.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galatians-paul-the-torah-law-legalism.info">Galatians, Paul, The Torah-Law & Legalism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613102610/http://www.galatians-paul-the-torah-law-legalism.info/">Archived</a> 2006-06-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/john-chrysostom-on-galatians">John Chrysostom's Commentary on Galatians</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eliyah.com/galatians.html">An alternative commentary on Galatians</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112221356/http://www.galloturca.com/galatians.htm">A Secular Site on Galatians</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://store.netivyah.org/samples/galatians.pdf">Jewish messianic Commentary on Galatians (Jerusalem)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Galatians, Epistle to the"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Galatians,_Epistle_to_the">"Galatians, Epistle to the" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">394–</span>396.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Galatians%2C+Epistle+to+the&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E394-%3C%2Fspan%3E396&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+to+the+Galatians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Epistle_to_the_Galatians50" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Template:Epistle to the Galatians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Template talk:Epistle to the Galatians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epistle to the Galatians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epistle_to_the_Galatians50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Epistle to the Galatians</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chapters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_1" title="Galatians 1">One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_2" title="Galatians 2">Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_3" title="Galatians 3">Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_4" title="Galatians 4">Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_5" title="Galatians 5">Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_6" title="Galatians 6">Six</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Fruit of the Holy Spirit">Fruit of the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Antioch" title="Incident at Antioch">Incident at Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_3:28" title="Galatians 3:28">There is neither Jew nor Greek...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Textual variants in the Epistle to the Galatians">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible242" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible242" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128620#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1523" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128620#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1523" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128620#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/183875648">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316751370">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075945-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79089204">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120476207">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120476207">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90096506">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000058984">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/tr57bbpc222t2t1">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810688438605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007265940905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512462806706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028692519">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&oldid=1275763757">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&oldid=1275763757</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Category:Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_Christian_texts" title="Category:1st-century Christian texts">1st-century Christian texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canonical_epistles" title="Category:Canonical epistles">Canonical epistles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_books" title="Category:New Testament books">New Testament books</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_numeric_Bible_version_references" title="Category:Pages with numeric Bible version references">Pages with numeric Bible version references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_broken_anchors" title="Category:Pages with broken anchors">Pages with broken anchors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_Easton%27s_Bible_Dictionary" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Easton's Bible Dictionary">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Easton's Bible Dictionary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2018">Articles with dead external links from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 February 2025, at 23:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Epistle to the Galatians</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>82 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-5p2x4","wgBackendResponseTime":122,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.030","walltime":"1.219","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5985,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":205134,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6532,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":295773,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1063.964 1 -total"," 31.65% 336.746 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.67% 209.294 33 Template:Cite_book"," 14.27% 151.873 1 Template:Books_of_the_New_Testament"," 14.12% 150.186 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 10.27% 109.295 3 Template:Blockquote"," 9.88% 105.158 3 Template:Lang"," 8.41% 89.465 16 Template:Sfn"," 6.03% 64.151 13 Template:Hlist"," 5.93% 63.123 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.670","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17293399,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlandAland1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarclay2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeale1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBedford2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownMeier1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoogan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncan1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFung1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGese1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaltgren2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolladay2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJordanStill2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeener2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoester2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLake1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLightfoot1865\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyons2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartyn1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasaki2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMateraHarrington2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeilaender2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetzger1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy-O\u0026#039;Connor2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPate2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPunt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReece2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReiher2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiches2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreiner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolmie2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolmie2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleref\"] = 9,\n [\"Bibleref2\"] = 5,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 7,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Books of the Bible\"] = 1,\n [\"Books of the New Testament\"] = 1,\n [\"Broken anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Epistle to the Galatians\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"EBD\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Epistle to the Galatians\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Librivox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Paul\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 16,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-mmqlj","timestamp":"20250214231433","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Epistle to the Galatians","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epistle_to_the_Galatians","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q128620","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q128620","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-19T05:10:58Z","dateModified":"2025-02-14T23:14:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/32\/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg","headline":"New Testament epistle attributed to Paul"}</script> </body> </html>