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id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synopsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synopsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Synopsis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_dynastic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_dynastic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>As dynastic history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_dynastic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliability_as_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliability_as_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reliability as history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliability_as_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canonicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canonicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Canonicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canonicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liturgical_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgical_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Liturgical usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgical_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts_and_publication_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts_and_publication_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Manuscripts and publication history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts_and_publication_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1 Maccabees</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Makkabe%C3%ABrs" title="1 Makkabeërs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1 Makkabeërs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84" title="سفر المكابيين الأول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سفر المكابيين الأول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%9E" title="Першая кніга Макавеяў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Першая кніга Макавеяў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Първа книга Макавейска – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Първа книга Макавейска" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._Buach_der_Makkab%C3%A4a" title="1. Buach der Makkabäa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="1. Buach der Makkabäa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenta%C3%B1_Levr_ar_Vakabeed" title="Kentañ Levr ar Vakabeed – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kentañ Levr ar Vakabeed" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_llibre_dels_Macabeus" title="Primer llibre dels Macabeus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primer llibre dels Macabeus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._kniha_Makabejsk%C3%A1" title="1. kniha Makabejská – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1. kniha Makabejská" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_Makkab%C3%A6erbog" title="Første Makkabæerbog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Første Makkabæerbog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._Buch_der_Makkab%C3%A4er" title="1. Buch der Makkabäer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1. Buch der Makkabäer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%84_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Α΄ Μακκαβαίων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Α΄ Μακκαβαίων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_I_de_los_Macabeos" title="Libro I de los Macabeos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libro I de los Macabeos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makabearren_I._Liburua" title="Makabearren I. Liburua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Makabearren I. Liburua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="مکابیان اول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مکابیان اول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Livre_des_Maccab%C3%A9es" title="Premier Livre des Maccabées – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Premier Livre des Maccabées" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Makkabee%C3%ABrs" title="1 Makkabeeërs – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1 Makkabeeërs" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9ad_Leabhar_na_Macabaech" title="Céad Leabhar na Macabaech – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Céad Leabhar na Macabaech" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="माकाबेवस आचें पयलें पुस्तक – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="माकाबेवस आचें पयलें पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%B9%B4%EB%B2%A0%EC%98%A4%EC%83%81" title="마카베오상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마카베오상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prva_knjiga_o_Makabejcima" title="Prva knjiga o Makabejcima – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prva knjiga o Makabejcima" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Makabe_yang_Pertama" title="Kitab Makabe yang Pertama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kitab Makabe yang Pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primo_libro_dei_Maccabei" title="Primo libro dei Maccabei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Primo libro dei Maccabei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%27" title="ספר מקבים א' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספר מקבים א'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Makabe" title="I Makabe – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="I Makabe" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitabu_cha_Wamakabayo_I" title="Kitabu cha Wamakabayo I – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitabu cha Wamakabayo I" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_I_Maccabaeorum" title="Liber I Maccabaeorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liber I Maccabaeorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkabeusok_els%C5%91_k%C3%B6nyve" title="Makkabeusok első könyve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Makkabeusok első könyve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Прва книга Макавејска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прва книга Макавејска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boky_voalohan%27_ny_Makabeo" title="Boky voalohan' ny Makabeo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Boky voalohan' ny Makabeo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="سفر المكابيين الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سفر المكابيين الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_1_Makabe" title="Kitab 1 Makabe – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kitab 1 Makabe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Makkabee%C3%ABn" title="1 Makkabeeën – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1 Makkabeeën" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AB%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E8%A8%98" title="マカバイ記 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マカバイ記" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_Makkabeerbok" title="Første Makkabeerbok – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Første Makkabeerbok" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrste_makkabearbok" title="Fyrste makkabearbok – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fyrste makkabearbok" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Ksi%C4%99ga_Machabejska" title="1 Księga Machabejska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1 Księga Machabejska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Macabeus" title="I Macabeus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="I Macabeus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makabayop_huk_%C3%B1iqin_qillqasqan" title="Makabayop huk ñiqin qillqasqan – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Makabayop huk ñiqin qillqasqan" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Первая книга Маккавейская – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Первая книга Маккавейская" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1 Maccabees" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prv%C3%A1_kniha_Machabejcov" title="Prvá kniha Machabejcov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prvá kniha Machabejcov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prva_knjiga_o_Makabejcima" title="Prva knjiga o Makabejcima – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prva knjiga o Makabejcima" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensimm%C3%A4inen_makkabilaiskirja" title="Ensimmäinen makkabilaiskirja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ensimmäinen makkabilaiskirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rsta_Mackabeerboken" title="Första Mackabeerboken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Första Mackabeerboken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl 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href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1" title="หนังสือมัคคาบี ฉบับที่ 1 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนังสือมัคคาบี ฉบับที่ 1" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._Makabeler" title="1. 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Biblical text about the Maccabean Revolt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex"><img alt="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/220px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/330px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/440px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></i> <span class="nobold">(Judaism)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Torah</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Instruction)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:11.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bereshit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Wayiqra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bemidbar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Devarim</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Nevi'im</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Prophets)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yehoshua</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shofetim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Samuel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemuel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Melakhim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Latter_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Latter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yeshayahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yirmeyahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yekhezqel</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Ketuvim</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Writings)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Poetic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Tehillim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Mishlei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Iyov</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five <i>Megillot</i> <span class="nobold">(Scrolls)</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shir Hashirim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Rut</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Eikhah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Qohelet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ester</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Historical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Daniyyel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ezra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Divre Hayyamim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <span class="nobold">(Christianity)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Pentateuch#Contents" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Wisdom</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Orthodox only</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;font-size:105%;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tanakh_OT" title="Template talk:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>1 Maccabees</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the <b>First Book of Maccabees</b>, <b>First Maccabees</b>, and abbreviated as <b>1 Macc.</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical book</a> which details the history of the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean kingdom">Hasmonean kingdom</a>. It describes the promulgation of decrees forbidding traditional Jewish practices by King <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> and the formation of a rebellion against him by <a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattathias</a> of the Hasmonean family and his five sons. Mattathias's son <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a> (Judah Maccabee) takes over the revolt and the rebels as a group are called the <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a>; the book chronicles in detail the successes and setbacks of the rebellion. While Judas is eventually killed in battle, the Maccabees eventually achieve autonomy and then independence for Judea under the leadership of the Hasmonean family. Judas's brother <a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> is declared High Priest by will of the Jewish people. The time period described is from around 170 BC to 134 BC. </p><p>The author is anonymous, but he probably wrote in the newly independent Hasmonean kingdom after the success of the Maccabean Revolt in the late <a href="/wiki/2nd_century_BC" title="2nd century BC">2nd century BC</a>. 1 Maccabees was probably written in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> originally. However, this original Hebrew has been lost, and the work only survives in translation in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> contained in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, the Greek version of the Jewish scriptures. The Septuagint was preserved by <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christians</a> as the basis for the Christian <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. It became part of the deuterocanon in early Christianity. The book is held as <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonical</a> scripture today in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> churches (except for the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a>). The book is not part of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> (Tanakh) and is not considered canonical by <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> denominations nor in any of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">major branches of Judaism</a>. Some Protestants include the book as <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">biblical apocrypha</a>, material useful for background and edification but that is not canonical. <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> generally disapproved of the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty, but the book is openly pro-Hasmonean, one of several factors for a lack of enthusiasm for the book within later Judaism. </p><p>1 Maccabees is best known for its account of the recapture of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> in the year 164 BC and rededication of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>: the origin behind the Jewish holiday of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship_and_date">Authorship and date</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Authorship and date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The author of 1 Maccabees is anonymous and unknown.  He wrote in the post-independence Hasmonean kingdom, probably during the reign of High Priest <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> (reigned ~134–104 BC), with a few scholars suggesting that early in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> (reigned 103–76 BC) is also a possibility.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  All agree that the book was written before 63 BC, as the author shows great admiration toward Rome and does not know of the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">conquering Jerusalem</a> and reducing the Hasmonean kingdom to a client state of the Roman Republic in that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein197662–63_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein197662–63-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Author,_Date,_and_Title_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Author,_Date,_and_Title-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was likely a <a href="/wiki/Court_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Court historian">court historian</a> or equivalent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001The_Author's_Views_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport2001The_Author's_Views-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Title,_Major_Theme,_and_Structure_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Title,_Major_Theme,_and_Structure-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author appears to be very familiar with Judea and its geography, but appears less well-informed about the wider Hellenistic world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Authorship_and_Date_of_Composition_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Authorship_and_Date_of_Composition-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire work is generally considered to be a unity composed by a single author on both <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philological</a> and thematic grounds, although there are occasional short passages sometimes contested as potentially being added at a later date.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendels2021The_Unity_of_1_Maccabees_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendels2021The_Unity_of_1_Maccabees-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Title">Title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_155.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_155.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_155.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_155.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_155.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_155.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_155.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Martyrs refusing to sacrifice to the Greek idol from <i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Die_Bibel_in_Bildern" class="extiw" title="commons:Die Bibel in Bildern">Die Bibel in Bildern</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The title "1 Maccabees" is not the original title of the work. Rather, it comes from the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, which gave it that title to distinguish it from the other <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">books of the Maccabees</a>. In the book itself, "Maccabee" is used solely as a personal title for Judah Maccabee (Latinized as <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a>). Judas's <i>Maccabee</i> title is generally tied to the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> word <i>maqqaba</i> ("makebet" in modern <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>), "hammer" or "sledgehammer". It is unknown how he got this <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a>; most presume it was in recognition of his prowess in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "Maccabees" in plural, however, does not appear to have been used until centuries after the Maccabean Revolt. At first, it was used to describe the martyrs described in <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>. It later became a title given to the rebels as a whole around the 3rd–5th century AD, hence the Septuagint naming the works as books of the Maccabees. This usage of "Maccabees" as a group-term may have originated in Greek, as no usage of it in Hebrew to refer to the rebels survives from any era earlier than the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Title,_Major_Theme,_and_Structure_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Title,_Major_Theme,_and_Structure-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Church History</a></i>, quotes <a href="/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</a> who says the title of the work was <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Sarbēth Sabanaiel</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an enigmatic Greek transliteration from a putative Hebrew original title.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that the most likely parts are the Aramaic <i>səpar</i> ("book"), <a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">bêt</a> ("house" or "dynasty"), and <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">'ēl</a> ("God").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Title,_Major_Theme,_and_Structure_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Title,_Major_Theme,_and_Structure-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various reconstructions have been proposed for the overall phrase: </p> <ul><li><i>Book of the Prince of the House of Israel</i>, from the Hebrew <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שַׂר בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Sar Beit-Yisra'el</i></span>, or "Book of the Prince of the House of God" <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שַׂר בֵּית אֵל</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Sar Beit-El</i></span>.</li> <li><i>Book of the House of the Princes of God</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Book of the Dynasty of God's Resisters</i> (in the sense of "those who resist on God's behalf"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1976414–415_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1976414–415-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps from <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סֵפֶר בֵּית סָרְבָנֵי אֵל</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Sefer Beit Sarevanei El</i></span> ("Book of the House who strive for God").</li> <li><i>The Book of the House of the Hasmoneans</i> (or simply <i>The Book of the Hasmoneans</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETedescheZeitlin195048–49_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETedescheZeitlin195048–49-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_style">Language and style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language and style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The book was probably originally written in Hebrew. Both <a href="/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> claim to have seen a Hebrew text of 1 Maccabees. The surviving Greek script has Hebraisms and Hebrew idioms. It also seems to have been written in Judea where knowledge of Hebrew was more widespread. If it really was originally written in Greek, then the author was intentionally imitating Hebrew style in Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendels2021Introduction_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendels2021Introduction-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is not written in colloquial "common" <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> of the 2nd century BC, but rather a more archaic style of Greek consciously imitative of the style of older scriptures. It frequently imitates biblical phraseology and directly cites biblical precedents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199819_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199819-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Historiography_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Historiography-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETedescheZeitlin195033–34_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETedescheZeitlin195033–34-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English equivalent would be writing new books in the style of the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> of the Bible. It also uses anachronistic terms at times to make explicit parallels between the exploits of the Hasmoneans and earlier Jewish heroes; for example, it refers to the coastal region of Palestine as the land of the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a>, although the Philistines were no longer a relevant cultural grouping in the era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Historiography_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Historiography-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book is generally classed as a <a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">historical book</a> of the Bible. While the main focus is a recounting of history, some consider the book to have merit as literary art as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1999137_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1999137-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narrative is primarily <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> text, but is interrupted by seven poetic sections, which imitate classical Hebrew poetry. These include four laments and three hymns of praise.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various historical documents are included as well, notably of negotiations and letters with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sparta#Roman_Sparta" title="History of Sparta">Hellenistic Sparta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendels2021Introduction_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendels2021Introduction-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vast majority of scholars and bible translations divide the book into four or five sections by the leader of the rebellion:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Chapters 1–2: Introduction<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>3:1 to 9:22: The leadership of Judas Maccabeus</li> <li>9:23 to 12:53: The leadership of Jonathan Apphus</li> <li>Chapters 13–16: The leadership of Simon Thassi</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></div> <p>The setting of the book is about a century and a half after the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> by the Greeks under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, after Alexander's empire had been divided so that Judea had become part of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>. It tells how the Greek ruler <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> attempted to suppress the practice of basic <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>, resulting in the Maccabean Revolt. The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 BC, highlighting how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through Mattathias' family, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan Apphus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a>, and Simon's son, <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a>. The doctrine expressed in the book reflects traditional Jewish teaching, without later doctrines found, for example, in <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>. The First Book of Maccabees also gives a list of Jewish colonies scattered elsewhere through the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers the territory of Judea, and is later succeeded by the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes. After successfully invading the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> of Egypt, Antiochus IV captures <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and removes the sacred objects from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>, slaughtering many Jews. He then imposes a tax and establishes a fortress in Jerusalem. </p><p>Antiochus then tries to suppress public observance of Jewish laws, in an attempt to secure control over the Jews. In 168 BC, he desecrates the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Temple</a> by setting up an "<a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">abomination of desolation</a>" (establishing rites of <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> observance in the Temple, or sacrificing an unclean animal on the altar in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a>). Antiochus forbids both <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcision in the Bible">circumcision</a> and possession of Jewish scriptures on pain of death. He forbids observance of the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">sabbath</a> and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. He also requires Jewish leaders to sacrifice to idols. While enforcement may be targeting only Jewish leaders, ordinary Jews were also killed as a warning to others. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> included the construction of <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasia</a> in Jerusalem. Among other effects, this discouraged the <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Jewish rite of circumcision</a> even further, which had already been officially forbidden; a man's state could not be concealed in the gymnasium, where men trained and socialized in the nude. However, 1 Maccabees also insists that there were many Jews who sought out or welcomed the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greek culture</a>. According to the text, some Jewish men even engaged in <a href="/wiki/Foreskin_restoration" title="Foreskin restoration">foreskin restoration</a> in order to pass as fully Greek. </p><p>The narrative reports that news of the desolation reaches Mattathias and his five sons, a <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">priestly</a> family who live in <a href="/wiki/Modi%27in-Maccabim-Re%27ut#Antiquity" title="Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut">Modein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mattathias calls upon people loyal to the traditions of Israel to oppose the invaders and the Jewish Hellenizers, and his sons begin a military campaign against them. There is one complete loss of a thousand Jews (men, women, and children) to Antiochus when the Jewish defenders refuse to fight on the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a>. The other Jews then reason that, when attacked, they must fight even on the holy day. In 165 BC the Temple is freed and reconsecrated, so that ritual sacrifices may begin again. The festival of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> is instituted by Judas Maccabeus and his brothers to celebrate this event (1 Maccabees 4:59). </p><p>More wars involving Judas and his brothers Simon and Jonathan are reported in chapters 5, 6 and 7. Chapter 6 reports the last days of Antiochus Epiphanes and the accession of his young son <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a> to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001More_Wars_of_Judas_(chs._6–7)_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport2001More_Wars_of_Judas_(chs._6–7)-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In chapter 8, Judas seeks an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, aiming to remove the Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verses 23–32 record an <a href="/wiki/Defense_pact" title="Defense pact">agreement</a> between Rome and the nation of the Jews, whereby each party would act as a willing ally of the other and refuse to supply their enemies in time of war, specific warning being given to <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a> that this pact would be activated against him if requested by the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Uriel_Rappaport" title="Uriel Rappaport">Uriel Rappaport</a> asserts that "the majority of scholars today accept the authenticity of this document".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Rome_and_the_Treaty_between_Rome_and_the_Jews_(ch._8)_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Rome_and_the_Treaty_between_Rome_and_the_Jews_(ch._8)-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of Judas and a period of lawlessness,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he is succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan Apphus</a>, whose battles with the Greek general <a href="/wiki/Bacchides_(general)" title="Bacchides (general)">Bacchides</a> are recounted in chapter 9. Jonathan becomes high priest (1 Maccabees 10:20). Demetrius' death is reported in 1 Maccabees 10:50, and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander Balas</a>, claimant to the Seleucid throne, enter into an agreement under which Alexander marries <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Thea" title="Cleopatra Thea">Cleopatra Thea</a>, Ptolemy's daughter (1 Maccabees 10:58). The relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius' son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a>, is covered in chapter 11: Jonathan provides military support to Demetrius at the latter's request (verse 44), and a successful engagement against a popular revolt at <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> enables the Jews to "gain glory in the sight of the king" (verse 51). Maccabees does not mention the involvement of the <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a> who are mentioned in other accounts, whereas other accounts do not mention the Jewish involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Jonathan,_High_Priest_and_Ruler_of_Judea_(10:18–12:53)_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Jonathan,_High_Priest_and_Ruler_of_Judea_(10:18–12:53)-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately the relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius breaks down: Maccabees' opinion is that Demetrius "broke his word about all that he had promised; he became estranged from Jonathan and did not repay the favors that Jonathan had done him, but treated him very harshly".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proposed alliances with Rome and with <a href="/wiki/Areus_I" title="Areus I">Areus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> are covered in 1 Maccabees 12:1–23. Jonathan's capture in 143 BC, having been <a href="/wiki/Double_cross_(betrayal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Double cross (betrayal)">double-crossed</a> by Diodotus Tryphon, is recorded in 1 Maccabees 12:48. Simon follows Jonathan as the next Jewish leader "in place of Judas and your brother Jonathan",<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taking on civil, military and liturgical roles: "great high priest, governor, and leader of the Jews".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simon fortifies Jerusalem (1 Maccabees 13:10) and secures the reoccupation of <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Joppa</a> (1 Maccabees 13:11), leading the people in peace and prosperity until he is murdered by agents of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_son_of_Abubus" title="Ptolemy son of Abubus">Ptolemy</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Abubus" class="mw-redirect" title="Abubus">Abubus</a>, who had been named governor of the region by the Macedonian Greeks. The period of peace and prosperity is celebrated in a biblical-style poetic passage, the "Eulogy of Simon",<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Rappaport considers to be "one of the most important poetic passages in 1 Maccabees".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Simon's_Rule_(13:1–16:24)_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Simon's_Rule_(13:1–16:24)-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simon is succeeded by his son, John, referred to by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> as <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_dynastic_history">As dynastic history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: As dynastic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The author propagates "Hasmonean propaganda" in the sense of upholding the righteousness of the Hasmoneans and their just claim to rule the Hasmonean kingdom. The Hasmoneans were not an obvious choice to be rulers; they did not descend from the priestly line of <a href="/wiki/Zadok" title="Zadok">Zadok</a> that had taken the office of High Priest for generations at the point of the Maccabean Revolt. The author seeks to promote the view that the Hasmoneans were indeed God's new chosen and would-be rulers in line with heroes of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington2012The_First_Book_of_Maccabees:_First_Maccabees_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington2012The_First_Book_of_Maccabees:_First_Maccabees-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various passages call back to Biblical passages such as <a href="/wiki/Joshua%27s_conquests" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua's conquests">Joshua's conquests</a> or the <a href="/wiki/David_and_Goliath" class="mw-redirect" title="David and Goliath">battle of David and Goliath</a> and equate the Hasmoneans' deeds with the earlier stories. Antipathy toward the Seleucid-friendly Hellenizing Jews is unsurprising, as they were enemies in war, but 1 Maccabees extends criticism to internal Jewish opponents of the Hasmoneans as well. In 1 Maccabees, those dissatisfied with the Hasmoneans "hated their nation"<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a whole; the Hasmoneans were equated with Judea itself.<sup id="cite_ref-bickerman_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bickerman-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews who complain about Judas's activities "bring to the king an accusation against the people".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book dismisses a defeat suffered by other commanders named Joseph and Azariah as because "they did not listen to Judas and his brothers. But they did not belong to the family of those men through whom deliverance was given to Israel."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington200936–56_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington200936–56-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1999102_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1999102-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of this makes clear that God has specifically chosen a new dynasty to rule Judea, the Hasmoneans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington200936–56_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington200936–56-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the book holds all the Hasmoneans in high regard, it praises <a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> in particular, the person who would pass the High Priesthood to his sons and establish the dynasty. In Chapter 2, there is a line from a dying Mattathias who tells his sons to always listen to Simon and that "he shall be your father", seemingly praising him even over Judas. Chapter 14 also features a long <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a> praising Simon as a worthy leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Title,_Major_Theme,_and_Structure_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Title,_Major_Theme,_and_Structure-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The school of philosophy seen in 1 Maccabees is often thought to be a predecessor to the philosophy of the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a> in later eras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199831–33_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199831–33-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dentan_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dentan-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, the author makes no reference to the idea of a bodily <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>, which the Sadducees opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199831–33_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199831–33-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That said, our knowledge of the Sadducees is scant, so it is difficult to know for sure. The book also comes across as dismissive of <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a> and passive approaches to resistance, seeing such gestures as futile and pointless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199831–33_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199831–33-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars go even farther than dismissive; Jonathan Goldstein writes that the author has "considerable contempt for martyrs".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1976226_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1976226-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the author, bold military action while living is the proper response to oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022The_Rebels_Overcome_Religious_Restraints_(2:29-41)_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022The_Rebels_Overcome_Religious_Restraints_(2:29-41)-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The author sees the revolt as divinely ordained, but downplays direct divine intervention such as miracles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington200936–56_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington200936–56-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, the author interprets events as God using the military genius of Judas Maccabeus and his brothers as the instrument to achieve the liberation of Judea. One of the most notable and unusual aspects of the book of 1 Maccabees by absence is the lack of any direct mention of God. Rather, the book refers to "heaven" (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%9F%E1%BD%90%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Οὐρανός">ouranós</a></i>) instead, such as Judas saying in a speech that "It is not on the size of the army that victory in battle depends, but strength comes from Heaven."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199830_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199830-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if "heaven" is merely shorthand for "God in heaven", 1 Maccabees is remarkably secular in its depiction of the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendels2021The_Perception_of_God_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendels2021The_Perception_of_God-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No angels or miracles come to save the Jews; rather, it is the divinely-approved firm leadership of the Hasmoneans that leads to victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001The_Author's_Views_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport2001The_Author's_Views-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>, preserved right next to 1 Maccabees in the Septuagint, provides a striking contrast in theology, and the works are often compared.<sup id="cite_ref-dentan_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dentan-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2 Maccabees interprets the misfortunes of the Jews as God's punishment for their own sins; the author of 1 Maccabees depicts the problems as due to the external evil of Antiochus IV and his generals, not as a cleansing ordeal that was in some sense divine will. </p><p>The book draws a sharp contrast between Jews and Gentiles, similar to the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a>. The persecution of Antiochus IV presumably radicalized the Jews. That said, the author is still proud of forging alliances with others, citing negotiations with the Roman Republic and Sparta. Uriel Rappaport calls it emblematic of Hasmonean politics in general: that the Hasmonean state was an explicitly Jewish one that sought to separate itself from polytheism, yet was pragmatic and sought allies where they could be found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001The_Author's_Views_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport2001The_Author's_Views-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reliability_as_history">Reliability as history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reliability as history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1 Maccabees is the most extensive source of information on events in Judea from 175 to 135 BC. It has traditionally been considered highly trustworthy, although it is to some extent the "official" version of history according to the Hasmoneans and from the Maccabean point of view.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe202080–83_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe202080–83-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Bar-Kochva" title="Bezalel Bar-Kochva">Bezalel Bar-Kochva</a> praises it as among the better military historiography of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989153_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989153-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that the author was likely an eyewitness to at least some of the battles described given his great accuracy and plausibility in describing terrain and troop movements, and was able to obtain firsthand accounts from others in interviews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989158–162_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989158–162-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also cites the fact that it makes various "admissions against interest" such as openly describing rebel military defeats, unlike 2 Maccabees which obscures or omits such matters. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_A._Goldstein" title="Jonathan A. Goldstein">Jonathan A. Goldstein</a> argues that the book was not imitative of older scriptures merely in linguistic style, but also in content; that is, the author adjusted or invented events to make them fit Biblical parallels better.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein19766–8,_73,_268_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein19766–8,_73,_268-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canonicity">Canonicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Canonicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a> in 382, if the <a href="/wiki/Gelasian_Decree" title="Gelasian Decree">Gelasian Decree</a> is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical with the list given at Trent including the two books of Maccabees. <a href="/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</a> (253),<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 397 AD</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Pope Innocent I</a> (405),<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a> (393),<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Carthage" title="Councils of Carthage">Council of Carthage (397)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Council of Carthage (419),<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Canons" title="Apostolic Canons">Apostolic Canons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Florence" class="mw-redirect" title="The Council of Florence">the Council of Florence</a> (1442)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1546)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> listed the first two books of Maccabees as canonical. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, the book (along with other books in the Catholic deuterocanon) was classed as <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">biblical apocrypha</a> in Protestantism, material useful for background but not canonical. The 1643 <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession</a> says that the books "are of no authority in the Church of God, not to be any otherwise approved", for example.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199814_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199814-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book was never included in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> or Tanakh and is not canonical in Judaism. Later Jewish leaders thought poorly of the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty for several reasons, and a document so openly celebratory of them was problematic. Even in stories set during the Maccabean period, references to Judas by name were explicitly removed to avoid hero-worship of the Hasmonean line.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Initial_A_with_the_Battle_of_the_Maccabees_MET_DP164982.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Initial_A_with_the_Battle_of_the_Maccabees_MET_DP164982.jpg/220px-Initial_A_with_the_Battle_of_the_Maccabees_MET_DP164982.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Initial_A_with_the_Battle_of_the_Maccabees_MET_DP164982.jpg/330px-Initial_A_with_the_Battle_of_the_Maccabees_MET_DP164982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Initial_A_with_the_Battle_of_the_Maccabees_MET_DP164982.jpg/440px-Initial_A_with_the_Battle_of_the_Maccabees_MET_DP164982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2631" data-file-height="3380" /></a><figcaption>An illustration from a 14th-century Italian worship book depicting the Maccabees as mail-clad medieval knights.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> of the 1st century AD almost certainly read 1 Maccabees in Greek. He extensively uses the first thirteen chapters of it in Books 12 and 13 of his work <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Antiquities">Jewish Antiquities</a></i>, paraphrasing it directly in parts, although supplementing it with other Greek histories such as <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus of Damascus</a>. He may also have consulted it for Book 1 of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i>. It is not known whether Josephus's copy of 1 Maccabees was missing the final three chapters, or he simply found a better source for that era of history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendels2021Introduction_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendels2021Introduction-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1 Maccabees is only very rarely quoted or referenced by the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> in the era of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>. When Christians of the Roman Empire discussed the Maccabees, it was usually in reference to the "<a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Maccabean martyrs</a>" described in <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees_6" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Maccabees 6">2 Maccabees 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees_7" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Maccabees 7">2 Maccabees 7</a>, as they were seen as models and precursors to <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Christian martyrs</a>. As 1 Maccabees has very little to say about the martyrs, it correspondingly was not cited or read.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022First_Maccabees_and_the_Bible_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022First_Maccabees_and_the_Bible-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a> and other church leaders used 1 Maccabees to justify the concept of <a href="/wiki/Holy_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy war">holy war</a> against the Muslim kingdoms controlling the holy city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admired crusaders such as <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin I of Jerusalem">Baldwin I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a> were explicitly compared to Judas Maccabeus, and material from 1 Maccabees was quoted in regards to their deeds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022First_Maccabees_and_the_Bible_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022First_Maccabees_and_the_Bible-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1 Maccabees was also cited during the 11th–12th century <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a> concerning whether monarchs had the authority to appoint bishops, or only the Pope. 1 Maccabees includes passages describing the appointment of Jonathan and Simon by Seleucid authorities, so it was generally cited by the side of those who favored royal appointment of bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022First_Maccabees_and_the_Bible_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022First_Maccabees_and_the_Bible-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liturgical_usage">Liturgical usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Liturgical usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">Lectionary</a> makes use of texts from 1 Maccabees 1 to 6, along with texts from <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> 6 and 7, in the weekday readings for the 33rd week in <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a>, in year 1 of the two-year cycle of readings, always in November, and as one of the options available for readings for the <a href="/wiki/Dedication_(ritual)" title="Dedication (ritual)">dedication of an altar</a> and as one of the suggested readings at a <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> celebrated to honour <a href="/wiki/Persecuted_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecuted Christians">persecuted Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">lectionary</a> of 1922 in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i>, 1st Maccabees is appointed annually to be read in late summer/early autumn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts_and_publication_history">Manuscripts and publication history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Manuscripts and publication history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As noted above, if ancient manuscripts of the hypothesized original Hebrew version existed, they have been lost. The Greek text is extant in two of the three oldest codices of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a>. It is not in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a>. Pre-modern translations of the work were made in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>. The Latin translation is sometimes useful to identify certain changes made by <a href="/wiki/Lucian_of_Antioch" title="Lucian of Antioch">Lucian of Antioch</a> to the Greek text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199815–16_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199815–16-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kappler_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kappler-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> that obviated the need for scribes to manually and repeatedly copy such works, 1 Maccabees became more widely available. It was included in standard printed Christian Bibles in the deuterocanon section. A Greek version of the text was printed for the first time in 1514–1517 in the <a href="/wiki/Complutensian_Polyglot_Bible" title="Complutensian Polyglot Bible">Complutensian Polyglot Bible</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Kappler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Kappler (page does not exist)">Werner Kappler</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Kappler" class="extiw" title="de:Werner Kappler">de</a>]</span> published a <a href="/wiki/Critical_edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical edition">critical edition</a> of the Greek text in 1936, an eclectic compilation of the various surviving manuscripts and the best construction of the original text.<sup id="cite_ref-kappler_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kappler-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recent English language versions of the Bible which contain 1 Maccabees include the <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a> (NRSV), <a href="/wiki/Good_News_Translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Good News Translation">Good News Translation</a> (GNT), <a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible,_Revised_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="New American Bible, Revised Edition">New American Bible, Revised Edition</a> (NABRE),<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Knox_Bible" title="Knox Bible">Knox Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Μακκαβαίων Αʹ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Makkabaíōn 1</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholarly estimates for the date of authorship include:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Schwartz" title="Seth Schwartz">Seth Schwartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Momigliano" title="Arnaldo Momigliano">Arnaldo Momigliano</a> argue for "early" dates prior to 129 BC.  Reasons include a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Kingdom of Pergamon</a> being promised vast territory by Rome that would be obviously false in retrospect after Rome's annexation of Pergamon in 129, as well as insular attitudes suggesting a smaller kingdom with fewer Gentiles than later in Hyrcanus's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Bar-Kochva" title="Bezalel Bar-Kochva">Bezalel Bar-Kochva</a> also argues for an early date, and suggests before 125 BC, given the first-hand knowledge he sees of the Revolt in the work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989162–164_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989162–164-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uriel_Rappaport" title="Uriel Rappaport">Uriel Rappaport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_R._Schwartz" title="Daniel R. Schwartz">Daniel R. Schwartz</a> argue for the later years of Hyrcanus's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Author,_Date,_and_Title_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Author,_Date,_and_Title-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schwartz notes that the author condemns the "taking of crowns", suggesting the book was written before <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> declared himself king in 104–103 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Authorship_and_Date_of_Composition_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Authorship_and_Date_of_Composition-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>John R. Bartlett argues for somewhere between 110–90 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199834_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199834-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_A._Goldstein" title="Jonathan A. Goldstein">Jonathan A. Goldstein</a> believes 1 Maccabees was published during Alexander Jannaeus's reign (103–76 BC), but argues that the first half of it was heavily based on a lost "Common Source" that was written in the 150s BC while the Revolt was fresh in memory and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan Apphus</a> was the leader of the Maccabees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein197662–63_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein197662–63-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Σαρβηθσαβαναιελ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Sarbēthsabanaiel</i></span>. Variants include <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Σαρβηθ Σα[ρ]βαναι ελ</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Sarbēth Sa[r]banai El</i></span>, and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Σαρβηθ Σα[ρ]βανέελ</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Sarbēth Sa[r]baneel</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Introduction is sometimes split into Chapter 1, Introduction, and Chapter 2, Mattathias.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Title,_Major_Theme,_and_Structure_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Title,_Major_Theme,_and_Structure-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilad, E., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/the-revolt-of-the-maccabees-the-true-story-behind-hanukkah-1.5343197">The Revolt of the Maccabees: The True Story Behind Hanukkah</a>, published 27 December 2019, accessed 9 December 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMomigliano1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Momigliano" title="Arnaldo Momigliano">Momigliano, Arnaldo</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1976_ant_27_1_1828">"The date of the first Book of Maccabees"</a>. <i>L'Italie préromaine et la Rome républicaine. I. Mélanges offerts à Jacques Heurgon</i>. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_de_Rome" title="École française de Rome">École française de Rome</a>. pp. 657–661. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7283-0438-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-7283-0438-6"><bdi>2-7283-0438-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+date+of+the+first+Book+of+Maccabees&rft.btitle=L%27Italie+pr%C3%A9romaine+et+la+Rome+r%C3%A9publicaine.+I.+M%C3%A9langes+offerts+%C3%A0+Jacques+Heurgon&rft.pages=657-661&rft.pub=%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+de+Rome&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=2-7283-0438-6&rft.aulast=Momigliano&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fefr_0000-0000_1976_ant_27_1_1828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1991" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz, Seth (1991). "Israel and the Nations Roundabout: 1 Maccabees and the Hasmonean Expansion". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Jewish_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Jewish Studies">Journal of Jewish Studies</a></i>. <b>42</b> (1): 16–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18647%2F1577%2FJJS-1991">10.18647/1577/JJS-1991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=Israel+and+the+Nations+Roundabout%3A+1+Maccabees+and+the+Hasmonean+Expansion&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-38&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18647%2F1577%2FJJS-1991&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989162–164-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989162–164_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-Kochva1989">Bar-Kochva 1989</a>, pp. 162–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Author,_Date,_and_Title-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Author,_Date,_and_Title_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Author,_Date,_and_Title_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappaport2001">Rappaport 2001</a>, Author, Date, and Title.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Authorship_and_Date_of_Composition-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Authorship_and_Date_of_Composition_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Authorship_and_Date_of_Composition_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2022">Schwartz 2022</a>, Authorship and Date of Composition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199834-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199834_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1998">Bartlett 1998</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein197662–63-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein197662–63_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein197662–63_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein1976">Goldstein 1976</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_A._Goldstein" title="Jonathan A. Goldstein">Goldstein, Jonathan A.</a> (1983). <i>II Maccabees</i>. The Anchor Bible Series. Vol. 41A. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. pp. 37–41, 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-04864-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-04864-5"><bdi>0-385-04864-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=II+Maccabees&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.series=The+Anchor+Bible+Series&rft.pages=37-41%2C+48&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-385-04864-5&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport2001The_Author's_Views-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001The_Author's_Views_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001The_Author's_Views_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001The_Author's_Views_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappaport2001">Rappaport 2001</a>, The Author's Views.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Title,_Major_Theme,_and_Structure-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Title,_Major_Theme,_and_Structure_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Title,_Major_Theme,_and_Structure_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Title,_Major_Theme,_and_Structure_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Title,_Major_Theme,_and_Structure_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022Title,_Major_Theme,_and_Structure_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2022">Schwartz 2022</a>, Title, Major Theme, and Structure.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2022">Schwartz 2022</a>, Sources and Chronology. Schwartz is citing Ettelson, Harry W. (1925). <i>The Integrity Of I Maccabees</i>, p. 257-260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendels2021The_Unity_of_1_Maccabees-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendels2021The_Unity_of_1_Maccabees_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMendels2021">Mendels 2021</a>, The Unity of 1 Maccabees.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTedescheZeitlin1950">Tedesche & Zeitlin 1950</a>, pp. 250–251. Zeitlin suggests it could also have been a physical characteristic, i.e. "Judah the Hammer-Headed."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10236-maccabees-the">"MACCABEES, THE"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=MACCABEES%2C+THE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F10236-maccabees-the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> (1955) [4th century]. "Book 6, Chapter 25". <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Ecclesiastical History</a></i>. The Fathers of the Church. Vol. 29. Translated by Deferrari, Roy J. New York: Fathers of the Church, Inc. p. 48. <q>And besides these [books] there are the Maccabees, which are entitled <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Sarbēth Sabanaiel</i></span>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+6%2C+Chapter+25&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+Fathers+of+the+Church&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Fathers+of+the+Church%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1955&rft.au=Eusebius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Darshan, Guy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40447785/The_Original_Language_of_1_Maccabees_A_Reexamination_BN_NF_182_2019_91_110">"The Original Language of 1 Maccabees: A Reexamination,"</a> Biblische Notizen (Neue Folge) 182 (2019), 91–110, esp. 92–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Interpreter's dictionary of the Bible</i>, by William H. Brownlee (New York: Abingdon Press, 1962), III, 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1976414–415-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1976414–415_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein1976">Goldstein 1976</a>, pp. 414–415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dalman" title="Gustaf Dalman">Gustaf Dalman</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammatikdesjd00dalmuoft"><i>Grammatik des Jüdisch-Palästinischen Aramäisch</i></a>, section 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETedescheZeitlin195048–49-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETedescheZeitlin195048–49_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTedescheZeitlin1950">Tedesche & Zeitlin 1950</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendels2021Introduction-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendels2021Introduction_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendels2021Introduction_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendels2021Introduction_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMendels2021">Mendels 2021</a>, Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199819-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199819_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1998">Bartlett 1998</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Historiography-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Historiography_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Historiography_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappaport2001">Rappaport 2001</a>, Historiography.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETedescheZeitlin195033–34-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETedescheZeitlin195033–34_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTedescheZeitlin1950">Tedesche & Zeitlin 1950</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1999137-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1999137_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1999">Williams 1999</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/1maccabees/0">"1 Maccabees, the first book of Maccabees"</a>. <i>bible.usccb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bible.usccb.org&rft.atitle=1+Maccabees%2C+the+first+book+of+Maccabees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbible.usccb.org%2Fbible%2F1maccabees%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1999">Williams 1999</a>, pp. 3–4, 128 Williams himself suggests a different structure, but he acknowledges that sectioning by the leader of the Maccabees is the consensus view.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerusalem Bible (1966), <i>The First Book of Maccabees</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson, P.</a>, <i>A History of the Jews</i>, pp. 170–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Maccabees+2:1–6&version=nabre">1 Maccabees 2:1–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport2001More_Wars_of_Judas_(chs._6–7)-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001More_Wars_of_Judas_(chs._6–7)_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappaport2001">Rappaport 2001</a>, More Wars of Judas (chs. 6–7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%208:17–18&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 8:17–18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%208:23–32&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 8:23–32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Rome_and_the_Treaty_between_Rome_and_the_Jews_(ch._8)-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Rome_and_the_Treaty_between_Rome_and_the_Jews_(ch._8)_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappaport2001">Rappaport 2001</a>, Rome and the Treaty between Rome and the Jews (ch. 8).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%209:23–27&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 9:23–27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Jonathan,_High_Priest_and_Ruler_of_Judea_(10:18–12:53)-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Jonathan,_High_Priest_and_Ruler_of_Judea_(10:18–12:53)_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappaport2001">Rappaport 2001</a>, Jonathan, High Priest and Ruler of Judea (10:18–12:53).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Maccabees+11:53&version=nrvs">1 Maccabees 11:53</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%2013:8&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 13:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Maccabees+13:42&version=nabre">1 Maccabees 13:42</a>: NABRE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%2014:4–15&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 14:4–15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Simon's_Rule_(13:1–16:24)-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappaport2001Simon's_Rule_(13:1–16:24)_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRappaport2001">Rappaport 2001</a>, Simon's Rule (13:1–16:24).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington2012The_First_Book_of_Maccabees:_First_Maccabees-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington2012The_First_Book_of_Maccabees:_First_Maccabees_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington2012">Harrington 2012</a>, The First Book of Maccabees: First Maccabees.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%2011:21&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 11:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bickerman-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bickerman_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickerman1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elias_Joseph_Bickerman" title="Elias Joseph Bickerman">Bickerman, Elias</a> (1979) [1937]. <i>The God of the Maccabees: Studies on the Meaning and Origin of the Maccabean Revolt</i>. Translated by Moehring, Horst R. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 16–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-05947-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-05947-4"><bdi>90-04-05947-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+God+of+the+Maccabees%3A+Studies+on+the+Meaning+and+Origin+of+the+Maccabean+Revolt&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=16-21&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=90-04-05947-4&rft.aulast=Bickerman&rft.aufirst=Elias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%207:6&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 7:6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%205:60–62&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 5:60–5:62</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington200936–56-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington200936–56_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington200936–56_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington200936–56_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington2009">Harrington 2009</a>, pp. 36–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1999102-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1999102_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1999">Williams 1999</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199831–33-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199831–33_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199831–33_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199831–33_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1998">Bartlett 1998</a>, pp. 31–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dentan-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dentan_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dentan_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDentan1954" class="citation book cs1">Dentan, Robert C. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coptics.info/Books/Robert_C._Dentan_The_Apocrypha,_Bridge_of_the_Testaments.PDF"><i>The Apocrypha, Bridge of the Testaments</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 28–32. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1043967734">1043967734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apocrypha%2C+Bridge+of+the+Testaments&rft.pages=28-32&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1043967734&rft.aulast=Dentan&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coptics.info%2FBooks%2FRobert_C._Dentan_The_Apocrypha%2C_Bridge_of_the_Testaments.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1976226-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1976226_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein1976">Goldstein 1976</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022The_Rebels_Overcome_Religious_Restraints_(2:29-41)-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022The_Rebels_Overcome_Religious_Restraints_(2:29-41)_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2022">Schwartz 2022</a>, The Rebels Overcome Religious Restraints (2:29-41).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%203:18&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 3:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199830-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199830_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1998">Bartlett 1998</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendels2021The_Perception_of_God-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendels2021The_Perception_of_God_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMendels2021">Mendels 2021</a>, The Perception of God.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe202080–83-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe202080–83_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2020">Grabbe 2020</a>, pp. 80–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989153-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989153_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-Kochva1989">Bar-Kochva 1989</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989158–162-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989158–162_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-Kochva1989">Bar-Kochva 1989</a>, pp. 158–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein19766–8,_73,_268-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein19766–8,_73,_268_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein1976">Goldstein 1976</a>, pp. 6–8, 73, 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius" class="citation book cs1">Eusebius, of Caesarea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250106.htm"><i>Ecclesiastical History Book 6 Chapter 25:1–2</i></a>. newadvent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+History+Book+6+Chapter+25%3A1%E2%80%932&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.aulast=Eusebius&rft.aufirst=of+Caesarea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250106.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo" class="citation book cs1">Augustine of Hippo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/12022.htm"><i>On Christian Doctrine Book II Chapter 8:2</i></a>. newadvent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Christian+Doctrine+Book+II+Chapter+8%3A2&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.au=Augustine+of+Hippo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F12022.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestcott2005" class="citation book cs1">Westcott, Brooke Foss (2005). <i>A general survey of the history of the canon of the New Testament</i> (6th ed.). Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock. p. 570. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1597522392" title="Special:BookSources/1597522392"><bdi>1597522392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+general+survey+of+the+history+of+the+canon+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pages=570&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1597522392&rft.aulast=Westcott&rft.aufirst=Brooke+Foss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/innocent.html"><i>Letter from Innocent I to Exsuperius, bishop of Toulouse</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+from+Innocent+I+to+Exsuperius%2C+bishop+of+Toulouse.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Finnocent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xv.iv.iv.xxv.html">"Canon XXIV. (Greek xxvii.)"</a>, <i>The Canons of the 217 Blessed Fathers who assembled at Carthage</i>, Christian Classics Ethereal Library</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon+XXIV.+%28Greek+xxvii.%29&rft.btitle=The+Canons+of+the+217+Blessed+Fathers+who+assembled+at+Carthage&rft.pub=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf214.xv.iv.iv.xxv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. F. Westcott, <i>A General Survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament</i> (5th ed. Edinburgh, 1881), pp. 440, 541–542.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3816.htm">Council of Carthage (419) Canon 24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFin_Trullo" class="citation book cs1">in Trullo, Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3820.htm"><i>The Apostolic Canons. Canon 85</i></a>. newadvent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apostolic+Canons.+Canon+85&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.aulast=in+Trullo&rft.aufirst=Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F3820.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Council of Florence, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/FLORENCE.HTM">Session 11–4 February 1442</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160220115924/https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/FLORENCE.HTM">Archived</a> 20 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Council of Trent, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/TRENT4.htm">Session IV Celebrated on the eighth day of April, 1546 under Pope Paul III</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323195835/http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/TRENT4.htm">Archived</a> 2015-03-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199814-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199814_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1998">Bartlett 1998</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoam2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vered_Noam" title="Vered Noam">Noam, Vered</a> (2018). <i>Shifting Images of the Hasmoneans: Second Temple Legends and Their Reception in Josephus and Rabbinic literature</i>. Translated by Ordan, Dena. Oxford University Press. p. 219–221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-881138-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-881138-1"><bdi>978-0-19-881138-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shifting+Images+of+the+Hasmoneans%3A+Second+Temple+Legends+and+Their+Reception+in+Josephus+and+Rabbinic+literature&rft.pages=219-221&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-881138-1&rft.aulast=Noam&rft.aufirst=Vered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/32832">"Initial A with the Battle of the Maccabees"</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Initial+A+with+the+Battle+of+the+Maccabees&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F32832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span>. See audio for details.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022First_Maccabees_and_the_Bible-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022First_Maccabees_and_the_Bible_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022First_Maccabees_and_the_Bible_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2022First_Maccabees_and_the_Bible_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2022">Schwartz 2022</a>, First Maccabees and the Bible.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaimark2017" class="citation book cs1">Naimark, Norman M. (2017). <i>Genocide: A World History</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063771-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063771-2"><bdi>978-0-19-063771-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/960210099">960210099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+World+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F960210099&rft.isbn=978-0-19-063771-2&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roman Missal, Lectionary, Revised Edition approved for use in the dioceses of England and Wales, Scotland, Ireland, published by Collins, Geoffrey Chapman and Veritas, 1981, 1982, volumes 2 and 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199815–16-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199815–16_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1998">Bartlett 1998</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kappler-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kappler_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kappler_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKappler1936" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Kappler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Kappler (page does not exist)">Kappler, Werner</a> (1936). <i>Septuaginta: Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Maccabaeorum liber I</i> (in German). Vol. 9, fasc. 1. Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Septuaginta%3A+Vetus+Testamentum+Graecum.+Maccabaeorum+liber+I&rft.place=Goettingen&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Kappler&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/verse/en/1%20Maccabees%201%3A1">"1 Maccabees 1:1 – Bible Gateway"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BibleGateway.com" class="mw-redirect" title="BibleGateway.com">BibleGateway.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BibleGateway.com&rft.atitle=1+Maccabees+1%3A1+%E2%80%93+Bible+Gateway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fverse%2Fen%2F1%2520Maccabees%25201%253A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catholic Bible Online, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicbible.online/side_by_side/OT/1_Mac">The First Book of Machabees — Liber I Machabæorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baronius_Press" title="Baronius Press">Baronius Press</a>, published 2016, accessed 26 December 2020</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-Kochva1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Bar-Kochva" title="Bezalel Bar-Kochva">Bar-Kochva, Bezalel</a> (1989). <i>Judas Maccabaeus: The Jewish Struggle Against the Seleucids</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521323525" title="Special:BookSources/0521323525"><bdi>0521323525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judas+Maccabaeus%3A+The+Jewish+Struggle+Against+the+Seleucids&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0521323525&rft.aulast=Bar-Kochva&rft.aufirst=Bezalel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett1998" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, John R. (1998). <i>1 Maccabees</i>. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1+Maccabees&rft.place=Sheffield%2C+UK&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_A._Goldstein" title="Jonathan A. Goldstein">Goldstein, Jonathan A.</a> (1976). <i>I Maccabees: A New Translation, with Introduction and Commentary</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Anchor_Bible_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="The Anchor Bible Series">The Anchor Bible Series</a>. Vol. 41. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-08533-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-08533-8"><bdi>0-385-08533-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Maccabees%3A+A+New+Translation%2C+with+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.series=The+Anchor+Bible+Series&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-385-08533-8&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Grabbe, Lester L.</a> (2020). <i>A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: The Maccabean Revolt, Hasmonaean Rule, and Herod the Great (174–4 BCE)</i>. Library of Second Temple Studies. Vol. 95. T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5676-9294-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5676-9294-8"><bdi>978-0-5676-9294-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews+and+Judaism+in+the+Second+Temple+Period%3A+The+Maccabean+Revolt%2C+Hasmonaean+Rule%2C+and+Herod+the+Great+%28174%26ndash%3B4+BCE%29&rft.series=Library+of+Second+Temple+Studies&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-5676-9294-8&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Harrington" title="Daniel J. Harrington">Harrington, Daniel J.</a> (2009) [1988]. <i>The Maccabean Revolt: Anatomy of a Biblical Revolution</i>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-113-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-113-6"><bdi>978-1-60899-113-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maccabean+Revolt%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Biblical+Revolution&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60899-113-6&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Harrington" title="Daniel J. Harrington">Harrington, Daniel J.</a> (2012). <i>First and Second Maccabees</i>. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2846-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2846-1"><bdi>978-0-8146-2846-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+and+Second+Maccabees&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-2846-1&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendels2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doron_Mendels" title="Doron Mendels">Mendels, Doron</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/33426/chapter/290245320">"1 Maccabees"</a>. In Oegema, Gerbern S. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Apocrypha</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 150–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190689643.013.9">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190689643.013.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190689667" title="Special:BookSources/9780190689667"><bdi>9780190689667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1+Maccabees&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Apocrypha&rft.pages=150-168&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190689643.013.9&rft.isbn=9780190689667&rft.aulast=Mendels&rft.aufirst=Doron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fedited-volume%2F33426%2Fchapter%2F290245320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappaport2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Uriel_Rappaport" title="Uriel Rappaport">Rappaport, Uriel</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198755005.001.0001/acref-9780198755005-chapter-51">"1 Maccabees"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Barton_(theologian)" title="John Barton (theologian)">Barton, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Muddiman" title="John Muddiman">Muddiman, John</a> (eds.). <i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i> (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191979897" title="Special:BookSources/9780191979897"><bdi>9780191979897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1+Maccabees&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780191979897&rft.aulast=Rappaport&rft.aufirst=Uriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198755005.001.0001%2Facref-9780198755005-chapter-51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_R._Schwartz" title="Daniel R. Schwartz">Schwartz, Daniel R.</a> (2022). <i>1 Maccabees: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">Anchor Yale Bible</a>. Vol. 41B. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv2t5xh30">10.2307/j.ctv2t5xh30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15993-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15993-6"><bdi>978-0-300-15993-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1+Maccabees%3A+A+New+Translation+with+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.place=New+Haven+%26+London&rft.series=The+Anchor+Yale+Bible&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv2t5xh30&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15993-6&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTedescheZeitlin1950" class="citation book cs1">Tedesche, Sidney; <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Zeitlin" title="Solomon Zeitlin">Zeitlin, Solomon</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89070989181"><i>The First Book of Maccabees</i></a>. New York: Harper & Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Book+of+Maccabees&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Tedesche&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft.au=Zeitlin%2C+Solomon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dwu.89070989181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1999" class="citation book cs1">Williams, David S. (1999). <i>The Structure of 1 Maccabees</i>. The Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series 31. Washington, DC: Catholic Biblical Association of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915170-30-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-915170-30-2"><bdi>0-915170-30-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+1+Maccabees&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=The+Catholic+Biblical+Quarterly+Monograph+Series+31&rft.pub=Catholic+Biblical+Association+of+America&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-915170-30-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/1_Maccabees" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>NRSV text of 1 Maccabees: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%201:1–6:63&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 1:1–6:63</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%207:1–12:53&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 7:1–12:53</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%2013:1–16:24&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 13:1–16:24</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/1maccabees.html">Links & information on 1 Maccabees</a> at Early Jewish Writings</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=1+Maccabees&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>1 Maccabees</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>1 Maccabees </div><div><b> <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> Old Testament </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> Old Testament </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_Apocrypha" title="Template:Jewish Apocrypha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_Apocrypha" title="Template talk:Jewish Apocrypha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_Apocrypha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish Apocrypha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_apocrypha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish apocrypha</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apocrypha in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Genesis Apocryphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="Life of Adam and Eve">Life of Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Qahat" title="Testament of Qahat">Testament of Qahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Amram" title="Visions of Amram">Visions of Amram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Enoch" title="2 Enoch">2 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Enoch" title="3 Enoch">3 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Twelve_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs">Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Testament of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Abraham" title="Apocalypse of Abraham">Apocalypse of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Moses" title="Assumption of Moses">Assumption of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_and_Aseneth" title="Joseph and Aseneth">Joseph and Aseneth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apocrypha in <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Isaiah" title="Ascension of Isaiah">Ascension of Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Baruch" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Baruch">1 Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Baruch" title="3 Baruch">3 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apocrypha in <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Book of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalms of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Job" title="Testament of Job">Testament of Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_the_Book_of_Esther" class="mw-redirect" title="Additions to the Book of Esther">Additions to the Book of Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other apocrypha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Book of Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Book of Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Aristeas" title="Letter of Aristeas">Letter of Aristeas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Oracles" title="Sibylline Oracles">Sibylline Oracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Philo" title="Pseudo-Philo"> Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hanukkahחֲנֻכָּה" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanukkah" title="Template:Hanukkah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanukkah" title="Template talk:Hanukkah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanukkah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanukkah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hanukkahחֲנֻכָּה" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Hanukkah</li><li>חֲנֻכָּה</li></ul></div></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hanukkah_traditions" title="Category:Hanukkah traditions">Traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Hanukkah menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel">Dreidel (Sevivon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_gelt" title="Hanukkah gelt">Gelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_menorah" title="Public menorah">Public menorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biscochos" title="Biscochos">Biscochos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrniki" title="Syrniki">Syrniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritas_de_prasa" title="Fritas de prasa">Fritas de prasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke">Latke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noodle_latkes" title="Noodle latkes">Noodle latkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfenj" title="Sfenj">Sfenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufganiyah" title="Sufganiyah">Sufganiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B1uelo" title="Buñuelo">Buñuelos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_music" title="Hanukkah music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ma%27oz_Tzur" title="Ma'oz Tzur">Ma'oz Tzur</a> (Rock of Ages)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haneirot_Halalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haneirot Halalu (page does not exist)">Haneirot Halalu</a> (These lights)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Odecha_Ki_Tovot_Gamalta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta (page does not exist)">Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta</a> (I will Thank You)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ichlu_Mashmanim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ichlu Mashmanim (page does not exist)">Ichlu Mashmanim</a> (Eat Fattened Animals)"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Little_Dreidel" title="I Have a Little Dreidel">I Have a Little Dreidel</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Oh_Chanukah" title="Oh Chanukah">Oh Chanukah</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Chanukah_Song" title="The Chanukah Song">The Chanukah Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Erran_Baron_Cohen_Presents:_Songs_in_the_Key_of_Hanukkah" title="Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah">Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Light_One_Candle" title="Light One Candle">Light One Candle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Puppy_for_Hanukkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppy for Hanukkah">Puppy for Hanukkah</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hanukkah_Sessions" title="The Hanukkah Sessions">The Hanukkah Sessions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_film" title="Hanukkah film">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Crazy_Nights" title="Eight Crazy Nights">Eight Crazy Nights</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Full-Court_Miracle" title="Full-Court Miracle">Full-Court Miracle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_Hammer_(film)" title="The Hebrew Hammer (film)">The Hebrew Hammer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_in_television" title="Hanukkah in television">In television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_One_with_the_Holiday_Armadillo" class="mw-redirect" title="The One with the Holiday Armadillo">The One with the Holiday Armadillo</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Rugrats_Chanukah" title="A Rugrats Chanukah">A Rugrats Chanukah</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festigal" title="Festigal">Festigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke%E2%80%93Hamantash_Debate" title="Latke–Hamantash Debate">Latke–Hamantash Debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgivukkah" title="Thanksgivukkah">Thanksgivukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_bush" title="Hanukkah bush">Hanukkah bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_Harry" title="Hanukkah Harry">Hanukkah Harry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elf_on_the_Shelf#Mensch_on_a_Bench" title="The Elf on the Shelf">Mensch on a Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrismukkah" title="Chrismukkah">Chrismukkah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chanukia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanukkah"><img alt="Hanukkah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/100px-Chanukia.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/150px-Chanukia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/200px-Chanukia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean <br />Revolt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of Maccabees">Books of Maccabees</a> (1 and 2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The War of the Jews">The War of the Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_cruse_of_oil" title="Miracle of the cruse of oil">Miracle of the cruse of oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattathias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gaddi" title="John Gaddi">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Avaran" title="Eleazar Avaran">Eleazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ma%27aleh_Levona" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ma'aleh Levona">Ma'aleh Levona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(166_BC)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (166 BC)">Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmaus" title="Battle of Emmaus">Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zur" title="Battle of Beth Zur">Beth Zur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabee_campaigns_of_163_BC" title="Maccabee campaigns of 163 BC">Campaigns of 163 BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zechariah" title="Battle of Beth Zechariah">Beth Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adasa" title="Battle of Adasa">Adasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elasa" title="Battle of Elasa">Elasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161985#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161985#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161985#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bible. Maccabees, 1st"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/177806129">VIAF</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bibel Makkabäer 1."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/192733858">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/308700241">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316751396">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/292846481">5</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bibel. Makkabäer, 1."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037164-5">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bible. 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