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{"work":{"id":124582576,"created_at":"2024-10-09T13:14:02.186-07:00","from_world_paper_id":260012721,"updated_at":"2024-10-14T16:46:01.732-07:00","_data":{"publication_date":"2018,2,26"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Revolutionizing a World: From Small States to Universalism in the Pre-Islamic Near East","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [31896297]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div 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data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="111551668" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/111551668/Revolutionizing_a_World">Revolutionizing a World</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41891855" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AltaweelMark">Mark Altaweel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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href="https://www.academia.edu/113932288/Religious_and_Secularistic_Concepts_of_Universalism">Religious and Secularistic Concepts of Universalism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="75687993" href="https://ifz-muenchen.academia.edu/SamuelMiner">Samuel Miner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">HSozKult, 2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Religious and Secularistic Concepts of Universalism","attachmentId":110764875,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113932288/Religious_and_Secularistic_Concepts_of_Universalism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113932288/Religious_and_Secularistic_Concepts_of_Universalism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="34020183" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34020183/Religion_as_the_Universalizing_Element_of_a_Civilization_The_Islamic_Case">Religion as the Universalizing Element of a Civilization: The Islamic Case</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6865596" href="https://boun.academia.edu/Tu%C4%9FbaT%C3%BCrko%C4%9Flu">Tuğba Türkoğlu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">" Civilization is a universal culture that embodied many other cultures and peoples within itself. " As we understand from the definition of the term, the concept of universalism is one of the building stones in the characterization of the civilizations. Surely, there are many elements of civilizations, but some of them are playing more crucial role than the others in the aspect of making the civilizations universal. I would argue that as far as Islam is concerned, religion is the most influential and distinguished one in transforming the people from their own localities to the universally shared cults without totally eliminating all the aspects of their local cultures. In this paper, I want to focus on the role of religion of Islam as an effective universalizing factor of the Islamic civilization through specifically examining the universal religious elements within. These elements simply can be gathered under the title of the sameness; the same leader, the same law, the same identity and the worldview which have been shared by the whole ummah for centuries.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Religion as the Universalizing Element of a Civilization: The Islamic Case","attachmentId":53963264,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34020183/Religion_as_the_Universalizing_Element_of_a_Civilization_The_Islamic_Case","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34020183/Religion_as_the_Universalizing_Element_of_a_Civilization_The_Islamic_Case"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="51593467" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/51593467/The_Ideology_of_Universalism">The Ideology of Universalism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16875789" href="https://liu-se.academia.edu/StefanJonsson">Stefan Jonsson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">New Left Review, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Universalism today is not just an ethical aspiration. Nor is it simply a religious conviction or an epistemological principle; it is, rather, the dominant ideology of our time. It has become an explicit political aim, implemented now by voting booths, now by trading agreements, in international courts of justice or so-called humanitarian interventions, or through the distribution of laptop computers to African schools. Why is this idea now of such paramount importance? Whence the urgency to affirm or deny, to support or question, the existence of universal truths, values or rights? The idea of universalism has become an apparently self-evident signifier, yet, as we shall see, there is another notion of universality that works against this ideology.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Ideology of Universalism","attachmentId":117647156,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/51593467/The_Ideology_of_Universalism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/51593467/The_Ideology_of_Universalism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="3116562" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3116562/World_Religions_and_Social_Evolution_of_the_Old_World_Oikumene_Civilizations_A_Cross_Cultural_Perspective">World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-Cultural Perspective</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1547747" href="https://hse-ru.academia.edu/AndreyKorotayev">Andrey Korotayev</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2004. </p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" 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class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="37780887" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37780887/Introduction_Universalism_in_Ancient_China_and_Rome">Introduction: Universalism in Ancient China and Rome</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2264609" href="https://uni-tuebingen.academia.edu/AchimMittag">Achim Mittag</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Introduction: Universalism in Ancient China and Rome","attachmentId":57777506,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37780887/Introduction_Universalism_in_Ancient_China_and_Rome","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37780887/Introduction_Universalism_in_Ancient_China_and_Rome"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="37305025" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37305025/World_Religions_and_Social_Evolution_of_the_Old_World_Oikumene_Civilizations_A_Cross_Cultural_Perspective_full_version_">World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (full version)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1547747" href="https://hse-ru.academia.edu/AndreyKorotayev">Andrey Korotayev</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (full version)","attachmentId":57260766,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37305025/World_Religions_and_Social_Evolution_of_the_Old_World_Oikumene_Civilizations_A_Cross_Cultural_Perspective_full_version_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37305025/World_Religions_and_Social_Evolution_of_the_Old_World_Oikumene_Civilizations_A_Cross_Cultural_Perspective_full_version_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="29329039" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29329039/World_Religions_and_Social_Evolution_of_the_Old_World_Oikumene_Civilizations_A_Cross_cultural_Perspective_Lewiston_NY_The_Edwin_Mellen_Press_2004">World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-cultural Perspective. Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2004.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1547747" href="https://hse-ru.academia.edu/AndreyKorotayev">Andrey Korotayev</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Review by Douglas White: This "is a book of startling simplicity and depth that suggests an empirical solution to viewing the subjectivist/objectivist dilemmas in the social sciences and history. It will have a profound effect on how comparison is done in the future in anthropology, and suggests an answer to why some anthropologists, starting with Geertz, are reluctant to suggest comparison as an adequate method. The Murdockian comparative approach, up to Korotayev, had developed to the point where the nonindependence of cultures was well-recognized, and ways of taking the larger configurations of cultural systems into account had been reckoned to lie, in the latest iteration, along lines of high-order proto-linguistic communities. Korotayev demonstrates the effects of breaking what might be seen as a ritual taboo of Murdockian comparison: Thou Shalt Not Code World Religion. By doing so, Korotayev releases the Murdockian spell that lingers over the comparative approach in anthropology, and goes on to demonstrate the powerful effects of world religious communities - dating from what Jaspers calls the 'Axial Age' (400-600BC) - on the preservation and differentiation of distinctive social and political structures in Eurasia. His introduction and conclusion suggest that an objectivist natural history approach to human history, in which subjective factors are of local importance but fade out in terms of lasting effects over generations, is a valid approach to the 'pre-Axial' condition of human societies, while a subjectivist history of consciousness is a necessary complement to the 'post-Axial' condition. Korotayev succeeds in placing these two complementary approaches in context and showing their linkages in terms of how subjective and religious factors play out in human history alongside objective factors such as demography and ecology, each informing the other. He shows how it is impossible to arrive at valid inferential results from comparative approaches without an integration of the two, a situation he aptly calls 'Galton's opportunity' for those are of century-old critiques of the comparative method. The reader will be surprised at the depth of empirical comparative findings in this short book. Following Murray Leaf's Man, Mind and Science (1974) this work is a major contribution to repair of the material/ideational rift in anthropology."</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-cultural Perspective. Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2004.","attachmentId":49768217,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29329039/World_Religions_and_Social_Evolution_of_the_Old_World_Oikumene_Civilizations_A_Cross_cultural_Perspective_Lewiston_NY_The_Edwin_Mellen_Press_2004","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29329039/World_Religions_and_Social_Evolution_of_the_Old_World_Oikumene_Civilizations_A_Cross_cultural_Perspective_Lewiston_NY_The_Edwin_Mellen_Press_2004"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="105618525" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/105618525/Minor_Universality_Rethinking_Humanity_After_Western_Universalism">Minor Universality. Rethinking Humanity After Western Universalism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="142267" href="https://uni-saarland.academia.edu/JonasTinius">Jonas Tinius</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">de Gruyter, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">How can universality be addressed after the necessary epistemic and ethical critique of Western universalism? Building on such concepts as materiality and reparation, narration and translation, the series Beyond Universalism seeks to understand how contemporary cultural and social practices are producing a new consciousness of universality-experiences, refl ections, and agencies of a shared humanity. | Comment aborder l'universel après la nécessaire critique épistémique et éthique de l'universalisme occidental ? En s'appuyant sur des concepts tels que la matérialité et la réparation, la narration et la traduction, la collection Partager l'universel cherche à comprendre comment les pratiques culturelles et sociales contemporaines produisent des expériences, réfl exions et agentivités qui contribuent à faire émerger une humanité partagée.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Minor Universality. Rethinking Humanity After Western Universalism","attachmentId":105022765,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105618525/Minor_Universality_Rethinking_Humanity_After_Western_Universalism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/105618525/Minor_Universality_Rethinking_Humanity_After_Western_Universalism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="38634767" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38634767/Universalism">Universalism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15448659" href="https://asser.academia.edu/GeoffGordon">Geoff Gordon</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Concepts for International Law, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Universality has occupied a consistently central but also historically contingent role in conceptions, operations and mobilizations of international law over time. It has taken on a variety of characters as a matter of doctrine, ideology and historical materiality. Universalism has served in international law as a wellspring for both dominant ideologies and modes of resistance: it has underwritten colonial oppression, but has also been adopted for successful resistance to colonialism; and it has reappeared both in imperialist and counter-hegemonic projects in post-colonial legal relations today. Universalism can be doctrinally described as underlying principle, or abstract tenet, classically related in international law to ends of harmony, equality or autonomy. Understood in terms of dominant ideologies, however, universalism at once obscures and legitimizes the particular interests that drive the operation of international law. This has the effect of naturalizing the interests of the few that are made to apply globally. But universalism can be comprehended in still more quotidian ways. This essay focuses on an ideological meeting point of universalism between doctrine and daily practice. That meeting point has been a site associated with empire, but it might arguably still be reclaimed and repurposed as a site in support of a different sort of political solidarity under law.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Universalism","attachmentId":58712354,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38634767/Universalism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38634767/Universalism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":118781229,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":118781229,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_118781229" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/103184581/The_effect_of_inter_ethnic_cultural_relationships_on_universalism_in_Iran"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="100489126" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100489126/NATION_AND_CIVILIZATION_IN_THE_GLOBAL_AGE">NATION AND CIVILIZATION IN THE GLOBAL AGE</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16426867" href="https://exparch.academia.edu/HKoechler">Hans Koechler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation, 2020</p><div 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