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Mnogość utworów, które powstają spod pióra pisarzy ukazuje, iż istnieje wciąż wiele ważnych i nierzadko mało... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35394948" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Współczesna twórczość literacka w świecie arabskim stanowi dowód na ciągłe przemiany społeczne, polityczne, a także kulturowe. Mnogość utworów, które powstają spod pióra pisarzy ukazuje, iż istnieje wciąż wiele ważnych i nierzadko mało znanych problemów, które należy poruszyć. Istotna wydaje się również forma i sposób zapisu, stanowiący środek wyrazu myśli autora. Obecnie coraz częściej można zauważyć, iż pisarze sięgają po najróżniejsze techniki literackie, które podkreślają istotę poruszanego problemu, bądź odwołują się do nich w celu podjęcia polemiki lub krytyki funkcjonującego porządku społecznopolitycznego. Wśród metod do jakich się odwołują są elementy naturalizmu oraz surrealizmu. Mimo iż w dużej mierze stanowią one przeciwieństwo, mają podobny cel -dążą do ukazania rzeczywistości. W przypadku naturalizmu jest to obdzieranie postaci z intymności, wskazywanie wad i nierzadko przekraczanie powszechnie rozumianej przyzwoitości. Surrealizm ma większe możliwości, ponieważ nie zna ograniczeń, jest wyzwaniem zarówno dla twórcy jak i odbiorcy. Wśród pisarzy którzy chętnie wykorzystują oba te kierunki jest iracka pisarka Haifa Zangana. Potęga jej wyobraźni literackiej oraz nieustanne poruszanie przez nią tematów tabu stanową bogate źródło do analizy literackiej zarówno w tematyce społecznej, politycznej jak i religijnej. Haifa Zangana urodziła się w Bagdadzie w 1950 r. w rodzinie arabskokurdyjskiej.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35394948" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fdafd7bd45358be3e8a7aaae55c96aa2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55255174,"asset_id":35394948,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55255174/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2MTA5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31802441" href="https://amu.academia.edu/AgnieszkaGraczyk">Agnieszka Graczyk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31802441" type="text/json">{"id":31802441,"first_name":"Agnieszka","last_name":"Graczyk","domain_name":"amu","page_name":"AgnieszkaGraczyk","display_name":"Agnieszka Graczyk","profile_url":"https://amu.academia.edu/AgnieszkaGraczyk","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31802441/18575392/18542103/s65_agnieszka.graczyk.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35394948 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35394948"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35394948, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35394948", }); 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Mnogość utworów, które powstają spod pióra pisarzy ukazuje, iż istnieje wciąż wiele ważnych i nierzadko mało znanych problemów, które należy poruszyć. Istotna wydaje się również forma i sposób zapisu, stanowiący środek wyrazu myśli autora. Obecnie coraz częściej można zauważyć, iż pisarze sięgają po najróżniejsze techniki literackie, które podkreślają istotę poruszanego problemu, bądź odwołują się do nich w celu podjęcia polemiki lub krytyki funkcjonującego porządku społecznopolitycznego. Wśród metod do jakich się odwołują są elementy naturalizmu oraz surrealizmu. Mimo iż w dużej mierze stanowią one przeciwieństwo, mają podobny cel -dążą do ukazania rzeczywistości. W przypadku naturalizmu jest to obdzieranie postaci z intymności, wskazywanie wad i nierzadko przekraczanie powszechnie rozumianej przyzwoitości. Surrealizm ma większe możliwości, ponieważ nie zna ograniczeń, jest wyzwaniem zarówno dla twórcy jak i odbiorcy. Wśród pisarzy którzy chętnie wykorzystują oba te kierunki jest iracka pisarka Haifa Zangana. Potęga jej wyobraźni literackiej oraz nieustanne poruszanie przez nią tematów tabu stanową bogate źródło do analizy literackiej zarówno w tematyce społecznej, politycznej jak i religijnej. 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Od lat pięćdziesiątych XX wieku kraj ten... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35403217" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Jestem tym który widział wspomnienia więzienne irackich pisarzy w latach 1963 -1980 Współczesna historia Iraku jest przykładem burzliwych narodzin państwowości i tożsamości jego mieszkańców. Od lat pięćdziesiątych XX wieku kraj ten stanowił pole walki o władzę różnych ideologii politycznych i religijnych. Nieustannie wybuchające powstania, rewolucje oraz wojny, a także liczne zamachy stanu odcisnęły swoje piętno na relacjach Iraku na arenie międzynarodowej, a co ważniejsze na wewnętrznych relacjach społecznych. Wciąż zwalczające się opcje, grupy polityczne, etniczne czy religijne wykreowały napięcie i brak zaufania społecznego. Wszechobecny strach i lęk o życie stały się narzędziem nacisku i represji Irakijczyków. W celu utrzymania kontroli i władzy, aresztowania w trakcie których zatrzymani byli bici, obrażani, gwałceni i mordowani stały się powszechnym elementem życia codziennego. Wielu spośród współczesnych pisarzy irackich było aresztowanych, przesłuchiwanych i torturowanych. Nierzadko w swojej twórczości literackiej nawiązują do tych trudnych doświadczeń i wspomnień, które na trwałe wyryły się w ich pamięci. Wśród pisarzy, którzy doznali tego typu ucisku i zniewolenia możemy odnaleźć zasłużonych irackich poetów i pisarzy, zarówno kobiety jak i mężczyzn. Najbardziej znani to ᶜAbd Ar-Rahmān Munīf (ur.1933-zm.2004), Hayfā' Zangana (ur.1950), Maḥmūda Sa ῑda (ur.1939) i Fāḍil Al-ʿAzzāwī (ur.1940). Tematyka więzienia pojawia się również w utworach pisarzy, którzy nigdy nie byli zatrzymani, czego przykładem jest Sinān ʾAnṭūn (ur.1967) i jego powieść Iʿğām z 2003 roku. Iracka literatura więzienna jest nierzadko wzbogacona o wspomnienia osób, które doświadczyły okrucieństwa w trakcie aresztowania, ale wcześniej nigdy nie miały styczności z pisarstwem. Ujawniła się w nich potrzeba spisania swoich doświadczeń w wyniku gehenny jaką przeżyli. 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Od lat pięćdziesiątych XX wieku kraj ten stanowił pole walki o władzę różnych ideologii politycznych i religijnych. Nieustannie wybuchające powstania, rewolucje oraz wojny, a także liczne zamachy stanu odcisnęły swoje piętno na relacjach Iraku na arenie międzynarodowej, a co ważniejsze na wewnętrznych relacjach społecznych. Wciąż zwalczające się opcje, grupy polityczne, etniczne czy religijne wykreowały napięcie i brak zaufania społecznego. Wszechobecny strach i lęk o życie stały się narzędziem nacisku i represji Irakijczyków. W celu utrzymania kontroli i władzy, aresztowania w trakcie których zatrzymani byli bici, obrażani, gwałceni i mordowani stały się powszechnym elementem życia codziennego. Wielu spośród współczesnych pisarzy irackich było aresztowanych, przesłuchiwanych i torturowanych. Nierzadko w swojej twórczości literackiej nawiązują do tych trudnych doświadczeń i wspomnień, które na trwałe wyryły się w ich pamięci. Wśród pisarzy, którzy doznali tego typu ucisku i zniewolenia możemy odnaleźć zasłużonych irackich poetów i pisarzy, zarówno kobiety jak i mężczyzn. Najbardziej znani to ᶜAbd Ar-Rahmān Munīf (ur.1933-zm.2004), Hayfā' Zangana (ur.1950), Maḥmūda Sa ῑda (ur.1939) i Fāḍil Al-ʿAzzāwī (ur.1940). Tematyka więzienia pojawia się również w utworach pisarzy, którzy nigdy nie byli zatrzymani, czego przykładem jest Sinān ʾAnṭūn (ur.1967) i jego powieść Iʿğām z 2003 roku. Iracka literatura więzienna jest nierzadko wzbogacona o wspomnienia osób, które doświadczyły okrucieństwa w trakcie aresztowania, ale wcześniej nigdy nie miały styczności z pisarstwem. Ujawniła się w nich potrzeba spisania swoich doświadczeń w wyniku gehenny jaką przeżyli. Wśród takich osób jest między innymi Rifʿat Al-Ǧādiriğī.","publication":"Miscellanea Arabica Posnaniensia ","publication_with_fallback":"Miscellanea Arabica Posnaniensia ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55263513,"asset_id":35403217,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55263513/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55263513/Jestem_tym_ktory_widzial_wspomnienia_wiezienne_irackich_pisarzy_w_latach_1963_-_1980-libre.pdf?1513022403=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DJestem_tym_ktory_widzial_wspomnienia_wi.pdf\u0026Expires=1740131455\u0026Signature=VkltL0aROYHrDgySL89aR4N2QwQBc82JRcgeRxbc3olAU7~Fo3TVq5iIoYqPTz1O9owWk7hmTRCICzJNConyEzBe0yWL6akVjZcEHHIbYL4uuNCGjujvvD3rDyAk-yq1SGXTePKffTU69oAyvOInoMdcxj4Bio2HFhSAu8Oef9tD5CV9vxlP9ecfvWcmD32QApAO7DRkb7HG9RPs7u5jcFamHVWpO6xYZRqkCJRL3juJl4u0zeFcjaA6blJp~y2lTfNy63xNIH9Ma9I3MfnMAE~5XHiHCJpPE7hFTit0Po0k7XVxh8eNKOd8Z7dz5X-qU0IcO-NTogy6l4rJeFccSA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55263513/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2MTA5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/55263513/mini_magick20190114-24584-6xjgmn.png?1547526655"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":55263513,"asset_id":35403217,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55263513/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55263513/Jestem_tym_ktory_widzial_wspomnienia_wiezienne_irackich_pisarzy_w_latach_1963_-_1980-libre.pdf?1513022403=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DJestem_tym_ktory_widzial_wspomnienia_wi.pdf\u0026Expires=1740131455\u0026Signature=VkltL0aROYHrDgySL89aR4N2QwQBc82JRcgeRxbc3olAU7~Fo3TVq5iIoYqPTz1O9owWk7hmTRCICzJNConyEzBe0yWL6akVjZcEHHIbYL4uuNCGjujvvD3rDyAk-yq1SGXTePKffTU69oAyvOInoMdcxj4Bio2HFhSAu8Oef9tD5CV9vxlP9ecfvWcmD32QApAO7DRkb7HG9RPs7u5jcFamHVWpO6xYZRqkCJRL3juJl4u0zeFcjaA6blJp~y2lTfNy63xNIH9Ma9I3MfnMAE~5XHiHCJpPE7hFTit0Po0k7XVxh8eNKOd8Z7dz5X-qU0IcO-NTogy6l4rJeFccSA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55263513/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2MTA5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/55263513/mini_magick20190114-24584-6xjgmn.png?1547526655"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":12,"ordered_authors":[{"id":31802441,"first_name":"Agnieszka","last_name":"Graczyk","domain_name":"amu","page_name":"AgnieszkaGraczyk","display_name":"Agnieszka Graczyk","profile_url":"https://amu.academia.edu/AgnieszkaGraczyk","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31802441/18575392/18542103/s65_agnieszka.graczyk.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":35396,"name":"Prison Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prison_Literature","nofollow":true},{"id":1415963,"name":"Authobiographies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authobiographies","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2016,"publication_year_with_fallback":2016,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":20,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38450067" data-work_id="38450067" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38450067/Trapped_within_the_law_Will_the_Kurdish_Jews_return_to_their_homeland_pdf">Trapped within the law. 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Will the Kurdish Jews return to their homeland_.pdf","created_at":"2019-02-27T10:08:17.026-08:00","owner_id":31802441,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/38450067/Trapped_within_the_law_Will_the_Kurdish_Jews_return_to_their_homeland_pdf","slug":"Trapped_within_the_law_Will_the_Kurdish_Jews_return_to_their_homeland_pdf","dom_id":"work_38450067","summary":null,"publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58512914,"asset_id":38450067,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58512914/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58512914/_25439391_-_Review_of_Nationalities__Trapped_within_the_law._Will_the_Kurdish_Jews_return_to_their_homeland_-libre.pdf?1551293664=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTrapped_within_the_law_Will_the_Kurdish.pdf\u0026Expires=1739381938\u0026Signature=OimJx8ctXmdb-2Umhx~NZ3FH5DsgdtD4D~xj-8aDIii5fZKXXiPD~~75DcOyvIg6E5LKgmy8q6rMtCsGxzTGvHFucOVIy6KwvJhHcSLYrdAjOYU5mfe9Sp~qnwPdif5c~k99c2efx3gDmLc2qsCT~aRu5frX0ivbYsgiYSsgysCDHvL5hm3dFmVpcavONlo~-LlJ5gsue9Ks3FlCSkeEDiVgmfICbdUyYABNEzVhD5QKqk78Nu-Mz0RMzQRrXtLdU5dU1YMXOkJhvh~uxGv8E7YpqfRL92ApcImjkASHQa1aZsycRWci26xFGqa3R~LAvMuwlXXNw1BkL~sUNxZtmA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58512914/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2MTA5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58512914/mini_magick20190227-22349-1usjsez.png?1551293897"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":58512914,"asset_id":38450067,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58512914/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58512914/_25439391_-_Review_of_Nationalities__Trapped_within_the_law._Will_the_Kurdish_Jews_return_to_their_homeland_-libre.pdf?1551293664=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTrapped_within_the_law_Will_the_Kurdish.pdf\u0026Expires=1739381939\u0026Signature=dQFI~awsAXWc4JPhLwjzEPTOTfLTom5snY-qrqgM9UIOJA~fEHa51BitekrHbEAaQ5wbvGHBCUjTloD8f4Wq~NlhhX4bakN2YCX2GFrJQL-E0qesBbEWPwVnArmqgdnys6YW7mpkJeitKD~~EfaNqOn-L9Z~88GmG~yl4DCsyYt31mbvg7xe0Gmdjwgxdix377eKgUScECTR-ci35DxnGg1PUPeRcGAv5dSiJxEF3UlCSE~LgYlqdasRhWYgu35huYuJDxvz81J06VPZFYdPxA7Y0ccUZjBmLtrPsLfGadllhZ7nVSOaCVIxECIpK00AjxYY5bsA1zOV1k0~dNPTow__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58512914/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2MTA5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58512914/mini_magick20190227-22349-1usjsez.png?1551293897"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":10,"ordered_authors":[{"id":31802441,"first_name":"Agnieszka","last_name":"Graczyk","domain_name":"amu","page_name":"AgnieszkaGraczyk","display_name":"Agnieszka Graczyk","profile_url":"https://amu.academia.edu/AgnieszkaGraczyk","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31802441/18575392/18542103/s65_agnieszka.graczyk.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law","nofollow":true},{"id":5548,"name":"Kurdish Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kurdish_Studies","nofollow":true},{"id":487660,"name":"Kurdish Jews","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kurdish_Jews","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":240,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38481496" data-work_id="38481496" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38481496/Jezydyzm_i_jego_wyznawcy_w_obliczu_historii_2012_pdf">Jezydyzm i jego wyznawcy w obliczu historii 2012.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Jezydzi nale do mniejszo ci religijnej, kt rej liczba nie przekracza miliona wyznawc w na ca ym wiecie. Wi kszo z nich uwa a si za ludno pochodzenia kurdyjskiego. Istniej grupy jezydzkie, g wnie w Armenii i w irackich g rach Sin aru, kt... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38481496" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Jezydzi nale do mniejszo ci religijnej, kt rej liczba nie przekracza miliona wyznawc w na ca ym wiecie. Wi kszo z nich uwa a si za ludno pochodzenia kurdyjskiego. Istniej grupy jezydzkie, g wnie w Armenii i w irackich g rach Sin aru, kt re uznaj , i s wy cznie jezydami, osobn ga zi rodu ludzkiego. Wszyscy pos uguj si j zykiem kurdyjskim, dialektem kurmand i . Stanowi oni element mozaiki spo ecze stwa kurdyjskiego i irackiego. Wa ne jest, by tak niezwyk a i wyr niaj ca si kultura, nie tylko pod wzgl dem wyznania, r wnie zasad i tabu, znalaz a w a ciwy spos b zachowania swojej to samo ci. Jezydzi musieli przeby d ug drog przemian, maj cych za zadanie dostosowanie religii i obyczaj w do wsp czesnych reali w. Obecna sytuacja spo eczna, ekonomiczna oraz polityczna jezyd w jest wynikiem ich dzia a , ale r wnie w bardzo du ym stopniu czynnik w zewn trznych. Wa n rol odegra y warunki geograficzne, zale no ci mi dzy r nymi grupami spo ecznymi oraz brak wiarygodnych informacji na ich temat, poniewa zawsze byli grup yj c na uboczu spo ecze stwa, co przyczyni o si do powstania krzywdz cego obrazu jezyd w. * Doktorantka w Katedrze Studi w Azjatyckich UAM, Zak ad Arabistyki i Islamistyki, Pracownia Studi w Kurdologicznych (e-mail: <a href="mailto:agk@amu.edu.pl" rel="nofollow">agk@amu.edu.pl</a>). Interesuje si kwesti kurdyjsk , systemami politycznymi i mniejszo ciami w wiecie arabskim. Przygotowuje rozpraw doktorsk dotycz c literatury kurdyjskiej i emigracji.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38481496" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9243cf6fded48b3ad2bb656dcdc60142" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58547575,"asset_id":38481496,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58547575/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2MTA5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31802441" href="https://amu.academia.edu/AgnieszkaGraczyk">Agnieszka Graczyk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31802441" type="text/json">{"id":31802441,"first_name":"Agnieszka","last_name":"Graczyk","domain_name":"amu","page_name":"AgnieszkaGraczyk","display_name":"Agnieszka Graczyk","profile_url":"https://amu.academia.edu/AgnieszkaGraczyk","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31802441/18575392/18542103/s65_agnieszka.graczyk.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38481496 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38481496"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38481496, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38481496", }); 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Wa n rol odegra y warunki geograficzne, zale no ci mi dzy r nymi grupami spo ecznymi oraz brak wiarygodnych informacji na ich temat, poniewa zawsze byli grup yj c na uboczu spo ecze stwa, co przyczyni o si do powstania krzywdz cego obrazu jezyd w. * Doktorantka w Katedrze Studi w Azjatyckich UAM, Zak ad Arabistyki i Islamistyki, Pracownia Studi w Kurdologicznych (e-mail: agk@amu.edu.pl). Interesuje si kwesti kurdyjsk , systemami politycznymi i mniejszo ciami w wiecie arabskim. 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Nierzadko iraccy pisarze, którzy byli prześladowani, aresztowani lub byli świadkami śmierci swoich bliskich,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38765176" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zilustrowanie różnorodności postaw i poglądów współczesnych emigrantów w powieściach irackich. Nierzadko iraccy pisarze, którzy byli prześladowani, aresztowani lub byli świadkami śmierci swoich bliskich, wyemigrowali wspominając Irak, jako miejsce kaźni. W przytoczonych powieściach ukazane zostały losy bohaterów, których życie nierzadko było wypełnione dramatycznymi wspomnieniami o utraconej ojczyźnie, bliskich oraz pozbawionych nadziei na powrót do domu. Historie tych postaci potwierdzają, że decyzja o emigracji jest trudna, gdyż wymaga dostosowania kultury, obyczajów i języka, co często prowadzi do hybrydyzacji tożsamości. Brak wiedzy o nowej rzeczywistości, która często towarzyszy emigrantom w nowym kraju, spycha ich na margines życia społecznego, w którym starają się przetrwać. W tym artykule zostały przedstawione wybrane dzieła irackich pisarzy, takich jak Mhamud Sa'id, Mhusin ar-Ramlī, Nuhà ar-Rādī i Haifā'a Zangana, którzy doświadczyli tego samego losu, co ich bohaterowie.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38765176" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3bab30a930094d8709af75708beff41b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58853907,"asset_id":38765176,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58853907/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2MTA5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31802441" href="https://amu.academia.edu/AgnieszkaGraczyk">Agnieszka Graczyk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31802441" type="text/json">{"id":31802441,"first_name":"Agnieszka","last_name":"Graczyk","domain_name":"amu","page_name":"AgnieszkaGraczyk","display_name":"Agnieszka Graczyk","profile_url":"https://amu.academia.edu/AgnieszkaGraczyk","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31802441/18575392/18542103/s65_agnieszka.graczyk.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38765176 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38765176"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38765176, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38765176", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38765176]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38765176").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38765176").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38765176"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20985" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memoir_and_Autobiography">Memoir and Autobiography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="20985" type="text/json">{"id":20985,"name":"Memoir and Autobiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memoir_and_Autobiography","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1748400" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraqi_Literature">Iraqi Literature</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1748400" type="text/json">{"id":1748400,"name":"Iraqi Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraqi_Literature","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38765176]'), work: {"id":38765176,"title":"Emigracja, adaptacja, wspomnienia -losy bohaterów współczesnej powieści irackiej / Emigration, Adaptation, Memories – The Fate of the Heroes of Contemporary Iraqi Novels","created_at":"2019-04-10T09:21:26.740-07:00","owner_id":31802441,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/38765176/Emigracja_adaptacja_wspomnienia_losy_bohater%C3%B3w_wsp%C3%B3%C5%82czesnej_powie%C5%9Bci_irackiej_Emigration_Adaptation_Memories_The_Fate_of_the_Heroes_of_Contemporary_Iraqi_Novels","slug":"Emigracja_adaptacja_wspomnienia_losy_bohaterów_współczesnej_powieści_irackiej_Emigration_Adaptation_Memories_The_Fate_of_the_Heroes_of_Contemporary_Iraqi_Novels","dom_id":"work_38765176","summary":" Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zilustrowanie różnorodności postaw i poglądów współczesnych emigrantów w powieściach irackich. Nierzadko iraccy pisarze, którzy byli prześladowani, aresztowani lub byli świadkami śmierci swoich bliskich, wyemigrowali wspominając Irak, jako miejsce kaźni. W przytoczonych powieściach ukazane zostały losy bohaterów, których życie nierzadko było wypełnione dramatycznymi wspomnieniami o utraconej ojczyźnie, bliskich oraz pozbawionych nadziei na powrót do domu. Historie tych postaci potwierdzają, że decyzja o emigracji jest trudna, gdyż wymaga dostosowania kultury, obyczajów i języka, co często prowadzi do hybrydyzacji tożsamości. Brak wiedzy o nowej rzeczywistości, która często towarzyszy emigrantom w nowym kraju, spycha ich na margines życia społecznego, w którym starają się przetrwać. W tym artykule zostały przedstawione wybrane dzieła irackich pisarzy, takich jak Mhamud Sa'id, Mhusin ar-Ramlī, Nuhà ar-Rādī i Haifā'a Zangana, którzy doświadczyli tego samego losu, co ich bohaterowie. \n","publication":"Litteraria Copernicana","publication_with_fallback":"Litteraria Copernicana","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58853907,"asset_id":38765176,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58853907/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58853907/Emigracja__adaptacja__wspomnienia_-_losy_bohaterow_wspolczesnej_powiesci_irackiej_AG-libre.pdf?1554931687=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEmigracja_adaptacja_wspomnienia_losy_boh.pdf\u0026Expires=1740117735\u0026Signature=SgSs-nQhnCjTUEB~H~5g9Y2nPLB3D0Lt6~V2lQUEAlzRUh7g9rEZ5Y1163yLfWz7NyoJkn1nDxGLNpVXJlaAEJF5JoCnEdWHWKMImXnXyHzcCT~18rSWJRBZaO1cxQjnAgPSWflB2CGjriq2c43O4Xm6EsT42hkvp8DTjnTKZ7-yoeCugL89~a8MCqG57Hpnx1cOm7nSJ08-kjk83AUPwTbOoXLNIOkPBJbAI8N74wI857B3Ol0RisJOcbh2hk89szGySKPK7IuUl~URMlOG6BoHjRX2bR~GA0FYd2F42d1MpGU1OWIxp7Ky4bI6yCqDZgc6nHVs3sAEPi7sNiesLQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58853907/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2MTA5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58853907/mini_magick20190410-18909-1phsg4h.png?1554932812"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":58853907,"asset_id":38765176,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58853907/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58853907/Emigracja__adaptacja__wspomnienia_-_losy_bohaterow_wspolczesnej_powiesci_irackiej_AG-libre.pdf?1554931687=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEmigracja_adaptacja_wspomnienia_losy_boh.pdf\u0026Expires=1740117735\u0026Signature=SgSs-nQhnCjTUEB~H~5g9Y2nPLB3D0Lt6~V2lQUEAlzRUh7g9rEZ5Y1163yLfWz7NyoJkn1nDxGLNpVXJlaAEJF5JoCnEdWHWKMImXnXyHzcCT~18rSWJRBZaO1cxQjnAgPSWflB2CGjriq2c43O4Xm6EsT42hkvp8DTjnTKZ7-yoeCugL89~a8MCqG57Hpnx1cOm7nSJ08-kjk83AUPwTbOoXLNIOkPBJbAI8N74wI857B3Ol0RisJOcbh2hk89szGySKPK7IuUl~URMlOG6BoHjRX2bR~GA0FYd2F42d1MpGU1OWIxp7Ky4bI6yCqDZgc6nHVs3sAEPi7sNiesLQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58853907/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2MTA5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58853907/mini_magick20190410-18909-1phsg4h.png?1554932812"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":11,"ordered_authors":[{"id":31802441,"first_name":"Agnieszka","last_name":"Graczyk","domain_name":"amu","page_name":"AgnieszkaGraczyk","display_name":"Agnieszka Graczyk","profile_url":"https://amu.academia.edu/AgnieszkaGraczyk","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31802441/18575392/18542103/s65_agnieszka.graczyk.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":20985,"name":"Memoir and Autobiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memoir_and_Autobiography","nofollow":true},{"id":1748400,"name":"Iraqi Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraqi_Literature","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2019,"publication_year_with_fallback":2019,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":55,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49080450" data-work_id="49080450" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49080450/Atheism_and_the_changing_image_of_Islam_in_Iraq">Atheism and the changing image of Islam in Iraq</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">e purpose of this article is to present the situation of atheists and apostates in Iraq, as the tendency to abandon religion is increasing in this country. With the fall of the regime of Saddam Hussein and his party,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49080450" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">e purpose of this article is to present the situation of atheists and apostates in Iraq, as the tendency  to  abandon  religion  is  increasing  in  this  country.  With  the  fall  of  the  regime  of  Saddam  Hussein and his party, Shiites took power in the country, who, guided by religious doctrine, often limit the freedoms and rights of citizens. In addition, the authorities in the country still maintain a policy of ethnic and religious divisions towards citizens, which leads to social conflicts. Another dangerous factor is the emergence of religious terrorist organizations and private militias that persecute dissenters. Although atheism is not punished by state law, many people who deny God’s existence are arrested or killed. The only safe places for them are secret meetings or a virtual space where they can discuss and seek answers to their doubts.Keywords: Iraq, atheism, apostate, Islam, religion, law</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49080450" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a7605b7d00c6ec62ae9c90cef4a2461d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67475221,"asset_id":49080450,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67475221/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2MTA5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31802441" href="https://amu.academia.edu/AgnieszkaGraczyk">Agnieszka Graczyk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31802441" type="text/json">{"id":31802441,"first_name":"Agnieszka","last_name":"Graczyk","domain_name":"amu","page_name":"AgnieszkaGraczyk","display_name":"Agnieszka Graczyk","profile_url":"https://amu.academia.edu/AgnieszkaGraczyk","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31802441/18575392/18542103/s65_agnieszka.graczyk.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49080450 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49080450"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49080450, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49080450", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49080450]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49080450").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49080450").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49080450"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11150" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies">Islamic Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11150" type="text/json">{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="54319" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minorities">Minorities</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="54319" type="text/json">{"id":54319,"name":"Minorities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minorities","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49080450]'), work: {"id":49080450,"title":"Atheism and the changing image of Islam in Iraq","created_at":"2021-05-31T09:14:22.338-07:00","owner_id":31802441,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/49080450/Atheism_and_the_changing_image_of_Islam_in_Iraq","slug":"Atheism_and_the_changing_image_of_Islam_in_Iraq","dom_id":"work_49080450","summary":"e purpose of this article is to present the situation of atheists and apostates in Iraq, as the tendency to abandon religion is increasing in this country. With the fall of the regime of Saddam Hussein and his party, Shiites took power in the country, who, guided by religious doctrine, often limit the freedoms and rights of citizens. In addition, the authorities in the country still maintain a policy of ethnic and religious divisions towards citizens, which leads to social conflicts. Another dangerous factor is the emergence of religious terrorist organizations and private militias that persecute dissenters. Although atheism is not punished by state law, many people who deny God’s existence are arrested or killed. 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Nierzadko iraccy pisarze, którzy byli prześladowani, aresztowani lub byli świadkami śmierci swoich bliskich,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_78698375" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zilustrowanie różnorodności postaw i poglądów współczesnych emigrantów w powieściach irackich. Nierzadko iraccy pisarze, którzy byli prześladowani, aresztowani lub byli świadkami śmierci swoich bliskich, wyemigrowali wspominając Irak, jako miejsce kaźni. W przytoczonych powieściach ukazane zostały losy bohaterów, których życie nierzadko było wypełnione dramatycznymi wspomnieniami o utraconej ojczyźnie, bliskich oraz pozbawionych nadziei na powrót do domu. Historie tych postaci potwierdzają, że decyzja o emigracji jest trudna, gdyż wymaga dostosowania kultury, obyczajów i języka, co często prowadzi do hybrydyzacji tożsamości. Brak wiedzy o nowej rzeczywistości, która często towarzyszy emigrantom w nowym kraju, spycha ich na margines życia społecznego, w którym starają się przetrwać. W tym artykule zostały przedstawione wybrane dzieła irackich pisarzy, takich jak Ma mud Sa'id, Mu sin ar-Ramlī, Nuhà ar-Rā ī i Haifā'a Zangana, którzy doświadczyli tego samego losu, co ich bohaterowie. Słowa kluczowe: emigracja, Irak, autobiografia, wspomnienia, wygnanie * Dr nauk humanistycznych w zakresie literaturoznawstwa, absolwentka arabistyki i politologii na Uniwersytecie im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Zajmuje się współczesną literaturą iracką, głównie o tematyce autobiograficznej.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78698375" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="75a8d43c4702a5b9dbbbd0915ae641e7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85654717,"asset_id":78698375,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85654717/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2MTA5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31802441" href="https://amu.academia.edu/AgnieszkaGraczyk">Agnieszka Graczyk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31802441" type="text/json">{"id":31802441,"first_name":"Agnieszka","last_name":"Graczyk","domain_name":"amu","page_name":"AgnieszkaGraczyk","display_name":"Agnieszka Graczyk","profile_url":"https://amu.academia.edu/AgnieszkaGraczyk","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31802441/18575392/18542103/s65_agnieszka.graczyk.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78698375 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78698375"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78698375, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78698375", }); 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Nierzadko iraccy pisarze, którzy byli prześladowani, aresztowani lub byli świadkami śmierci swoich bliskich, wyemigrowali wspominając Irak, jako miejsce kaźni. W przytoczonych powieściach ukazane zostały losy bohaterów, których życie nierzadko było wypełnione dramatycznymi wspomnieniami o utraconej ojczyźnie, bliskich oraz pozbawionych nadziei na powrót do domu. Historie tych postaci potwierdzają, że decyzja o emigracji jest trudna, gdyż wymaga dostosowania kultury, obyczajów i języka, co często prowadzi do hybrydyzacji tożsamości. Brak wiedzy o nowej rzeczywistości, która często towarzyszy emigrantom w nowym kraju, spycha ich na margines życia społecznego, w którym starają się przetrwać. W tym artykule zostały przedstawione wybrane dzieła irackich pisarzy, takich jak Ma mud Sa'id, Mu sin ar-Ramlī, Nuhà ar-Rā ī i Haifā'a Zangana, którzy doświadczyli tego samego losu, co ich bohaterowie. Słowa kluczowe: emigracja, Irak, autobiografia, wspomnienia, wygnanie * Dr nauk humanistycznych w zakresie literaturoznawstwa, absolwentka arabistyki i politologii na Uniwersytecie im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. 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Will the Kurdish Jews return to their homeland?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Jews have lived in Iraq and Kurdistan for thousands of years. The vision of the founding of the State of Israel and the emergence of the Nazi ideology in Europe caused that the participation of Jews in social and cultural life and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_78698380" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Jews have lived in Iraq and Kurdistan for thousands of years. The vision of the founding of the State of Israel and the emergence of the Nazi ideology in Europe caused that the participation of Jews in social and cultural life and contribution to the development of education and the economy in Iraq ceased to have meaning. The strong influence of Nazi and anti-Zionist ideology led to discrimination and persecution of the Jewish minority in this country. The effect of this was the establishment of laws in the 1950s, which in exchange for permission to travel to Israel deprived Jews of Iraqi citizenship. Nowadays, the legal situation in Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan has changed aTher the overthrow of Saddam Hussein’s regime. Currently, Kurdish law allows the appointment of representatives of ethnic and religious minorities, the creation of a cultural centres and the reconstruction of important places of worship, as well as obtaining compensation for lost property as a result of repression o...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78698380" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e61d2e7ba48480c2930563a94ec21e11" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85654827,"asset_id":78698380,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85654827/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2MTA5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31802441" href="https://amu.academia.edu/AgnieszkaGraczyk">Agnieszka Graczyk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31802441" type="text/json">{"id":31802441,"first_name":"Agnieszka","last_name":"Graczyk","domain_name":"amu","page_name":"AgnieszkaGraczyk","display_name":"Agnieszka Graczyk","profile_url":"https://amu.academia.edu/AgnieszkaGraczyk","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31802441/18575392/18542103/s65_agnieszka.graczyk.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78698380 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78698380"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78698380, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78698380", }); 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Will the Kurdish Jews return to their homeland?","created_at":"2022-05-07T12:46:02.944-07:00","owner_id":31802441,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/78698380/Trapped_within_the_law_Will_the_Kurdish_Jews_return_to_their_homeland","slug":"Trapped_within_the_law_Will_the_Kurdish_Jews_return_to_their_homeland","dom_id":"work_78698380","summary":"Jews have lived in Iraq and Kurdistan for thousands of years. The vision of the founding of the State of Israel and the emergence of the Nazi ideology in Europe caused that the participation of Jews in social and cultural life and contribution to the development of education and the economy in Iraq ceased to have meaning. The strong influence of Nazi and anti-Zionist ideology led to discrimination and persecution of the Jewish minority in this country. The effect of this was the establishment of laws in the 1950s, which in exchange for permission to travel to Israel deprived Jews of Iraqi citizenship. Nowadays, the legal situation in Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan has changed aTher the overthrow of Saddam Hussein’s regime. Currently, Kurdish law allows the appointment of representatives of ethnic and religious minorities, the creation of a cultural centres and the reconstruction of important places of worship, as well as obtaining compensation for lost property as a result of repression o...","publication":"Review of Nationalities","publication_with_fallback":"Review of Nationalities","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85654827,"asset_id":78698380,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85654827/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/85654827/article-p157-libre.pdf?1651954176=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTrapped_within_the_law_Will_the_Kurdish.pdf\u0026Expires=1740164691\u0026Signature=FxGLdGwGZXEmmjL8vN8~TQ-uFKQapGfTuFX6MaRiyXtXxTbf92f1IsW1JTsZ~xrRxw8f6wl29ilRL~etdkDNgw1FW3kQMdYUPddcP91lIiYNuxUIZGRqELCzUsrRRLpDH5dglwd~WCje8wNiPejW0SRuNpjPPh1VtHPfHFquAMtal5DKwi5t6rtBgPJh9UCdJw1zOpqj1iZ-8ypxFyKw5zmPbwET8H5EAXWyJRxMQYpaWyD4rsiinn0ez9lF-Sux3CR6zSOoXIOrgVzM4y-rU2z7rDEK7HH1q48~8~UGuonB0hLUiEYYQzcua4nIbN55dEK6WbPbv5WfIi9fsrdBCA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85654827/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2MTA5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/85654827/mini_magick20220524-28754-rwvjel.png?1653390503"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":85654827,"asset_id":78698380,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85654827/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/85654827/article-p157-libre.pdf?1651954176=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTrapped_within_the_law_Will_the_Kurdish.pdf\u0026Expires=1740164691\u0026Signature=FxGLdGwGZXEmmjL8vN8~TQ-uFKQapGfTuFX6MaRiyXtXxTbf92f1IsW1JTsZ~xrRxw8f6wl29ilRL~etdkDNgw1FW3kQMdYUPddcP91lIiYNuxUIZGRqELCzUsrRRLpDH5dglwd~WCje8wNiPejW0SRuNpjPPh1VtHPfHFquAMtal5DKwi5t6rtBgPJh9UCdJw1zOpqj1iZ-8ypxFyKw5zmPbwET8H5EAXWyJRxMQYpaWyD4rsiinn0ez9lF-Sux3CR6zSOoXIOrgVzM4y-rU2z7rDEK7HH1q48~8~UGuonB0hLUiEYYQzcua4nIbN55dEK6WbPbv5WfIi9fsrdBCA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85654827/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2MTA5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/85654827/mini_magick20220524-28754-rwvjel.png?1653390503"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":10,"ordered_authors":[{"id":31802441,"first_name":"Agnieszka","last_name":"Graczyk","domain_name":"amu","page_name":"AgnieszkaGraczyk","display_name":"Agnieszka Graczyk","profile_url":"https://amu.academia.edu/AgnieszkaGraczyk","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31802441/18575392/18542103/s65_agnieszka.graczyk.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies","nofollow":true},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science","nofollow":true},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies","nofollow":true},{"id":54319,"name":"Minorities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minorities","nofollow":true},{"id":464017,"name":"Homeland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homeland"},{"id":3166002,"name":"nationalities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/nationalities"}],"publication_year":2018,"publication_year_with_fallback":2018,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":3,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78698382" data-work_id="78698382" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78698382/Atheism_and_the_changing_image_of_Islam_in_Iraq">Atheism and the changing image of Islam in Iraq</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The purpose of this article is to present the situation of atheists and apostates in Iraq, as the tendency to abandon religion is increasing in this country. With the fall of the regime of Saddam Hussein and his party, Shiites took power... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_78698382" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The purpose of this article is to present the situation of atheists and apostates in Iraq, as the tendency to abandon religion is increasing in this country. With the fall of the regime of Saddam Hussein and his party, Shiites took power in the country who, guided by religious doctrine, often limit the freedoms and rights of citizens. In addition, the authorities in the country still maintain a policy of ethnic and religious divisions towards citizens, which leads to social conflicts. Another dangerous factor is the emergence of religious terrorist organizations and private militias that persecute dissenters. Although atheism is not punished by state law, many people who deny God’s existence are arrested or killed, The only safe places for them are secret meetings or a virtual space where they can discuss and seek answers to their doubts.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78698382" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="668211aafaf985e944fda8f2d2e61c61" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85654727,"asset_id":78698382,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85654727/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2MTA5MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31802441" href="https://amu.academia.edu/AgnieszkaGraczyk">Agnieszka Graczyk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31802441" type="text/json">{"id":31802441,"first_name":"Agnieszka","last_name":"Graczyk","domain_name":"amu","page_name":"AgnieszkaGraczyk","display_name":"Agnieszka Graczyk","profile_url":"https://amu.academia.edu/AgnieszkaGraczyk","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31802441/18575392/18542103/s65_agnieszka.graczyk.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78698382 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78698382"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78698382, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78698382", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78698382]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_78698382").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_78698382").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="78698382"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1052" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atheism">Atheism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1052" type="text/json">{"id":1052,"name":"Atheism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atheism","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11150" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies">Islamic Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11150" type="text/json">{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15866" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam">Islam</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15866" type="text/json">{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=78698382]'), work: {"id":78698382,"title":"Atheism and the changing image of Islam in Iraq","created_at":"2022-05-07T12:46:03.102-07:00","owner_id":31802441,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/78698382/Atheism_and_the_changing_image_of_Islam_in_Iraq","slug":"Atheism_and_the_changing_image_of_Islam_in_Iraq","dom_id":"work_78698382","summary":"The purpose of this article is to present the situation of atheists and apostates in Iraq, as the tendency to abandon religion is increasing in this country. With the fall of the regime of Saddam Hussein and his party, Shiites took power in the country who, guided by religious doctrine, often limit the freedoms and rights of citizens. In addition, the authorities in the country still maintain a policy of ethnic and religious divisions towards citizens, which leads to social conflicts. Another dangerous factor is the emergence of religious terrorist organizations and private militias that persecute dissenters. 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