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tigray</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: tigray"> <meta name="keywords" content="tigray"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="tigray"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 53</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: tigray</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">53</span> Cultural Heritage, War and Heritage Legislations: An Empirical Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gebrekiros%20Welegebriel%20Asfaw">Gebrekiros Welegebriel Asfaw</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The conservation of cultural heritage during times of war is a topic of significant importance and concern in the field of heritage studies. The destruction, looting, and illicit acts against cultural heritages have devastating consequences. International and national legislations have been put in place to address these issues and provide a legal framework for protecting cultural heritage during armed conflicts. Thus, the aim of this review is to examine the existing heritage legislations and evaluate their effectiveness in protecting cultural heritage during times of war with a special insight of the Tigray war. The review is based on a comprehensive empirical analysis of existing heritage legislations related to the protection of cultural heritage during war, with a special focus on the Tigray war. The review reveals that there are several international and national legislations in place to protect cultural heritage during times of war. However, the implementation of these legislations has been insufficient and ineffective in the case of the Tigray war. The priceless cultural heritages in Tigray, which were once the centers of investment and world pride were, have been subjected to destruction, looting, and other illicit acts, in violation of both international conventions such as the UNESCO Convention and national legislations. Therefore, there is a need for consistent intervention and enforcement of different legislations from the international community and organizations to rehabilitate, repatriate, and reinstitute the irreplaceable heritages of Tigray. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20heritage" title="cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heritage%20legislations" title=" heritage legislations"> heritage legislations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tigray" title=" tigray"> tigray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=war" title=" war"> war</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172874/cultural-heritage-war-and-heritage-legislations-an-empirical-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172874.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">52</span> Medicinal and Edible Plants in the Highlands of Tigray, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masho%20Mebrahtom%20Gebrehiwot">Masho Mebrahtom Gebrehiwot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gidey%20Yirga"> Gidey Yirga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tigray highlands in northern Ethiopia, is characterized by a wide range of ecological conditions and climate. The siege of Tigray is believed to cause the deaths of nearly 600,000 civilians mainly due to starvation and lack of medicine. In this study, the most important edible and medicinal plants used during the siege of Tigray were investigated. Semi-structured interviews, observation and guided field walks were used in 500 informants (300 males and 200 females) selected randomly from two districts. A total of 25 species of medicinal plants were collected and identified for treating 30 human ailments. Furthermore, a total of 21 edible plants were also collected and identified. Nearly 68.75% of these species were wild and harvested mainly for their leaves and the remedies were administered through dermal, nasal and oral routes. Oral and dermal applications were the highest and most used route of application. Famen foods significantly saved thousands of human lives during the siege of Tigray both in urban and rural communities. We suggest domestication of some of the wild medicinal plants for long term conservation of the species. Documentation of farmers’ knowledge, attitude and practices of ethnobotany would be very important before the indigenous knowledge is lost forever. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethnobotany" title="ethnobotany">ethnobotany</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tigray" title=" tigray"> tigray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=siege" title=" siege"> siege</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=application" title=" application"> application</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193294/medicinal-and-edible-plants-in-the-highlands-of-tigray-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193294.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">13</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">51</span> Urbanization Level and Tempo (Speed) in Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fikre%20Belay%20Tekulu">Fikre Belay Tekulu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and objective: The study attempts to determine the level and tempo or speed of urbanization in the Tigray regional state based on census data from 1994 to 2013 in Ethiopia. Methods: The study examined the level and tempo of urbanization based on the 1994 and 2007 censuses as well as the 2013 CSA projection data. Findings: The level of urbanization at the regional level was found in 1994, 2007, and 2020 at 14.9%, 21.7%, and 27.7 % respectively. Whereas the level of urbanization varies among the zones of the region, the higher level of urbanization was recorded in the Eastern zone, followed by the Western, Southern Zone and Central zone of Tigray. The tempo or speed of urbanization was determined to be 0.49 percent per year at the regional level, with the Eastern area of Tigray showing the greatest tempo or speed of urbanization. Conclusions: Unbalanced urbanization among the zones results in socio-economic challenges. The study recommended several policy interventions aimed at judicious urbanization suitable for sustainable development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urbanization" title="urbanization">urbanization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=census" title=" census"> census</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tempo%20or%20speed" title=" tempo or speed"> tempo or speed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urbanization%20level" title=" urbanization level"> urbanization level</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tigray" title=" Tigray"> Tigray</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187150/urbanization-level-and-tempo-speed-in-tigray-regional-state-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187150.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">35</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">50</span> The Impacts of Civil War on Import and Export in Ethiopia: A Case Study of the Tigray Region Conflict</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simegn%20Alemayehu%20Ayele">Simegn Alemayehu Ayele</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Abstract: On November 4, 2020, the Ethiopian government launched a military operation against the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) in Ethiopia's Tigray Province, sparking the beginning of the Tigray War. This study focuses on the most recent Tigray War as it explores the effects of the civil war on Ethiopia's import and export activity. This study examines the consequences of violence on Ethiopia's trade relations, including its trading partners, export volume, and import requirements, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative data. The research outcome showed that Ethiopia's trade activities have suffered significantly as a result of the Tigray conflict, with both imports and exports declining. Particularly, the violence has hampered logistics and transportation networks, which has reduced the number of products exported and imported. Furthermore, the conflict has weakened Ethiopia's trading relationships and reduced demand for Ethiopian commodities. The survey also reveals that some of Ethiopia's major trade routes have been closed as a result of the conflict, severely restricting trade activities. These findings underline the necessity for political stability and conflict resolution procedures to support the nation's import and export activity by indicating that civil war has substantial repercussions for Ethiopia's economic development and trade activities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=import%20demands" title="import demands">import demands</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=logistic%20networks" title=" logistic networks"> logistic networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trade%20partiners" title=" trade partiners"> trade partiners</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trade%20relatinships" title=" trade relatinships"> trade relatinships</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165577/the-impacts-of-civil-war-on-import-and-export-in-ethiopia-a-case-study-of-the-tigray-region-conflict" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165577.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">85</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">49</span> Seroprevalence and Associated Factors of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Viral Infections Among Prisoners in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Belaynesh%20Tsegay">Belaynesh Tsegay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Teklay%20Gebrecherkos"> Teklay Gebrecherkos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atsebaha%20Gebrekidan%20Kahsay"> Atsebaha Gebrekidan Kahsay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmud%20Abdulkader"> Mahmud Abdulkader</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Hepatitis B and C viruses are important health and socioeconomic problem across the globe, with a remarkable number of diseases and deaths in sub-Saharan African countries. The burden of hepatitis is unknown in the prison settings of Tigray. Therefore, we aimed to describe the seroprevalence and associated factors of hepatitis B and C viruses among prisoners in Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from February 2020 to May 2020 at the prison facilities of Tigray. Demographics and associated factors were collected from 315 prisoners prospectively. Five milliliters of blood were collected and tested using rapid tests kits of HBsAg (Zhejiang orient Gene Biotech Co., Ltd., China) and HCV antibodies (Volkan Kozmetik Sanayi Ve Ticaret Ltd. STI, Turkey). Positive samples were confirmed using ELISA (Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprise Co. Ltd). Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 20, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The overall seroprevalence of HBV and HCV were 25 (7.9%) and 1 (0.3%), respectively. The majority of hepatitis B viral infections were identified from the age groups of 18–25 years (10.7%) and unmarried prisoners (11.8%). Prisoners greater than 100 per cell (AOR=3.95, 95% CI=1.15–13.6, p=0.029) and with a history of alcohol consumption (AOR=3.01, 95% CI=1.17–7.74, p=0.022) were significantly associated with HBV infections. Conclusion: The seroprevalence of HBV among prisoners was nearly high or borderline, with a very low HCV prevalence. HBV was most prevalent among young adults, those housed with a large number of prisoners per cell, and those who had a history of alcohol consumption. This study recommends that there should be prison-focused intervention, including regular health education, with the emphasis on the mode of transmission and introducing HBV screening policy for prisoners, especially when they enter the prison. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seroprevalence" title="seroprevalence">seroprevalence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HBV" title=" HBV"> HBV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HCV" title=" HCV"> HCV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prisoners" title=" prisoners"> prisoners</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tigray" title=" tigray"> tigray</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168596/seroprevalence-and-associated-factors-of-hepatitis-b-and-hepatitis-c-viral-infections-among-prisoners-in-tigray-northern-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168596.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">48</span> Aten Years Rabies Data Exposure and Death Surveillance Data Analysis in Tigray Region, Ethiopia, 2023</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Woldegerima%20G.%20Medhin">Woldegerima G. Medhin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tadele%20Araya"> Tadele Araya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Rabies is acute viral encephalitis affecting mainly carnivores and insectivorous but can affect any mammal. Case fatality rate is 100% once clinical signs appear. Rabies has a worldwide distribution in continental regions of Asia and Africa. Globally, rabies is responsible for more than 61000 human deaths annually. An estimation of human mortality rabies in Asia and Africa annually exceed 35172 and 21476 respectively. Ethiopia approximately 2900 people were estimated to die of rabies annually, Tigary region approximately 98 people were estimated to die annually. The aim of this study is to analyze trends, describe, and evaluate the ten years rabies data in Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: We conducted descriptive epidemiological study from 15-30 February, 2023 of rabies exposure and death in humans by reviewing the health management information system report from Tigray Regional Health Bureau and vaccination coverage of dog population from 2013 to 2022. We used case definition, suspected cases are those bitten by the dogs displaying clinical signs consistent with rabies and confirmed cases were deaths from rabies at time of the exposure. Results: A total 21031 dog bites and 375 deaths report of rabies and 18222 post exposure treatments for humans in Tigray region were used. A suspected rabies patients had shown an increasing trend from 2013 to 2015 and 2018 to 2019. Overall mortality rate was 19/1000 in Tigray. Majority of suspected patients (45%) were age <15 years old. An estimated by Agriculture Bureau of Tigray Region about 12000 owned and 2500 stray dogs are available in the region, but yearly dog vaccination remains low (50%). Conclusion: Rabies is a public health problem in Tigray region. It is highly recommended to vaccinate individually owned dogs and concerned sectors should eliminate stray dogs. Surveillance system should strengthen for estimating the real magnitude, launch preventive and control measures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rabies" title="rabies">rabies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Virus" title=" Virus"> Virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmision" title=" transmision"> transmision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prevalence" title=" prevalence"> prevalence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170626/aten-years-rabies-data-exposure-and-death-surveillance-data-analysis-in-tigray-region-ethiopia-2023" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170626.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">72</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">47</span> Survival Analysis of Identifying the Risk Factors of Affecting the First Recurrence Time of Breast Cancer: The Case of Tigray, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Segen%20Asayehegn">Segen Asayehegn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: In Tigray, Ethiopia, next to cervical cancer, breast cancer is one of the most common cancer health problems for women. Objectives: This article is proposed to identify the prospective and potential risk factors affecting the time-to-first-recurrence of breast cancer patients in Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: The data were taken from the patient’s medical record that registered from January 2010 to January 2020. The study considered a sample size of 1842 breast cancer patients. Powerful non-parametric and parametric shared frailty survival regression models (FSRM) were applied, and model comparisons were performed. Results: Out of 1842 breast cancer patients, about 1290 (70.02%) recovered/cured the disease. The median cure time from breast cancer is found at 12.8 months. The model comparison suggested that the lognormal parametric shared a frailty survival regression model predicted that treatment, stage of breast cancer, smoking habit, and marital status significantly affects the first recurrence of breast cancer. Conclusion: Factors like treatment, stages of cancer, and marital status were improved while smoking habits worsened the time to cure breast cancer. Recommendation: Thus, the authors recommend reducing breast cancer health problems, the regional health sector facilities need to be improved. More importantly, concerned bodies and medical doctors should emphasize the identified factors during treatment. Furthermore, general awareness programs should be given to the community on the identified factors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acceleration%20factor" title="acceleration factor">acceleration factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breast%20cancer" title=" breast cancer"> breast cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shared%20frailty%20survival%20models" title=" shared frailty survival models"> shared frailty survival models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tigray" title=" Tigray"> Tigray</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135888/survival-analysis-of-identifying-the-risk-factors-of-affecting-the-first-recurrence-time-of-breast-cancer-the-case-of-tigray-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135888.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">46</span> Impact of Mass Rape on HIV Incidence and Prevalence in Conflict Situations: Mathematical Analysis of the War in Tigray, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelkadir%20Muzey%20Mohammed">Abdelkadir Muzey Mohammed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Habtu%20Alemayehu%20Atsbaha"> Habtu Alemayehu Atsbaha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yohannes%20Yirga%20Kefela"> Yohannes Yirga Kefela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Woldegebriel%20Assefa%20Woldegerima"> Woldegebriel Assefa Woldegerima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kiros%20Tedla%20Gebrehiwot"> Kiros Tedla Gebrehiwot</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The circumstances of war and conflict have long been associated with concerns about heightening HIV infection due to the use of sexual violence and rape as a weapon of war and lack of health services access to the patients with HIV as well as sexual violence and rape victims. This paper examines the impact of war related mass rape on HIV incidence and prevalence in the war ravaged Tigray, Ethiopia. Risk equation model and uncertainty analyses with sampled ranges of parameters were employed using data from WHO, Ethiopian Public Health Institute and Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency was used. Our analysis indicated that the mass rape committed in Tigray could cause an increase of incidence and prevalence by a median of 63.01% and 1.14% respectively. The significant increase in HIV incidence and prevalence due to mass rape demands a special attention including region wide improved surveillance and tracing of rape survivors. Furthermore, HIV prevention and treatment strategies such as delivery of emergency health service, providing pre and post exposure treatments on the basis of human rights should priority of governmental and nongovernmental organizations in a conflict situation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflict%20situation" title="conflict situation">conflict situation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20rape" title=" mass rape"> mass rape</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HIV" title=" HIV"> HIV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mathematical%20model" title=" mathematical model"> mathematical model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uncertainty%20analysis" title=" uncertainty analysis"> uncertainty analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194154/impact-of-mass-rape-on-hiv-incidence-and-prevalence-in-conflict-situations-mathematical-analysis-of-the-war-in-tigray-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194154.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">12</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">45</span> Exploring the Challenges of Post-conflict Peacebuilding in the Border Districts of Eastern Zone of Tigray Region</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gebreselassie%20Sebhatleab">Gebreselassie Sebhatleab</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> According to the Global Peace Index report (GPI, 2023), global peacefulness has deteriorated by more than 0.42%. Old and new conflicts, COVID-19, and political and cultural polarization are the main drivers of conflicts in the world. The 2022 was the deadliest year for armed conflict in the history of the GPI. In Ethiopia, over half a million people died in the Tigray war, which was the largest conflict death event since the 1994 Rwandan genocide. In total, 84 countries recorded an improvement, while 79 countries recorded a deterioration in peacefulness across the globe. The Russia-Ukraine war and its consequences were the main drivers of the deterioration in peacefulness globally. Both Russia and Ukraine are now ranked amongst the ten least peaceful countries, and Ukraine had the largest deterioration of any country in the 2023 GPI. In the same year, the global impact of violence on the economy was 17 percent, which was equivalent to 10.9% of global GDP. Besides, the brutal conflict in Tigray started in November. 2020 claimed more than half a million lives lost and displaced nearly 3 million people, along with widespread human rights violations and sexual violence has left deep damage on the population. The displaced people are still unable to return home because the western, southern and Eastern parts of Tigray are occupied by Eritrean and Amhara forces, despite the Pretoria Agreement. Currently, armed conflicts in Amhara in the Oromya regions are intensified, and human rights violations are being reported in both regions. Meanwhile, protests have been held by war-injured TDF members, IDPs and teachers in the Tigray region. Hence, the general objective of this project is to explore the challenges of peace-building processes in the border woredas of the Eastern Zone of the Tigray Region. Methodologically, the project will employ exploratory qualitative research designs to gather and analyze qualitative data. A purposive sampling technique will be applied to gather pertinent information from the key stakeholders. Open-ended interview questions will be prepared to gather relevant information about the challenges and perceptions of peacebuilding in the study area. Data will be analyzed using qualitative methods such as content analysis, narrative analysis and phenomenological analysis to deeply investigate the challenges of peace-building in the study woredas. Findings of this research project will be employed for program intervention to promote sustainable peace in the study area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peace%20building" title="peace building">peace building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflcit%20and%20violence" title=" conflcit and violence"> conflcit and violence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20instability" title=" political instability"> political instability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insecurity" title=" insecurity"> insecurity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185611/exploring-the-challenges-of-post-conflict-peacebuilding-in-the-border-districts-of-eastern-zone-of-tigray-region" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185611.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">39</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">44</span> Critical Factors Boosting the Future Economy of Eritrea: An Empirical Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Biniam%20Tedros%20Kahsay">Biniam Tedros Kahsay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yohannes%20Yebabe%20Tesfay"> Yohannes Yebabe Tesfay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Eritrea is a country in the East of Africa. The country is a neighbor of Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Sudan and is bordered by the Red Sea. The country declared its independence from Ethiopia in 1993. Thus, Eritrea has a lot of commonalities with the Northern Part of Ethiopia's tradition, religion, and languages. Many economists suggested that Eritrea is in a very strategic position for world trade roots and has an impact on geopolitics. This study focused on identifying the most important factor in boosting the Eritrean Economy. The paper collected big secondary data from the World Bank, International Trade and Tariff Data (WTO), East African Community (EAC), Ethiopian Statistical Agency (ESA), and the National Statistics Office (Eritrea). Economists consider economic and population growth in determining trade belts in East Africa. One of the most important Trade Belt that will potentially boost the Eritrean economy is the root of Eritrea (Massawa)->Eritea, (Asmara)->Tigray, (Humora)->Tigray, (Dansha)-> Gondar-> Gojjam-> Benshangual Gumuz => {Oromia, South Sudan}->Uganda. The estimate showed that this is one of the biggest trade roots in East Africa and has a participation of more than 150 million people. We employed various econometric analyses to predict the GDP of Eritrea, considering the future trade belts in East Africa. The result showed that the economy of Eritrea from the Trade Belt will have an elasticity estimate of 65.87% of the GDP of Ethiopia, 3.32% of the GDP of South Sudan, and 0.09% of the GDP of Uganda. The result showed that the existence of war has an elasticity of -93% to the GDP of the country. Thus, if Eritrea wants to strengthen its economy from the East African Trade Belt, the country needs to permanently avoid war in the region. Essentially, the country needs to establish a collaborative platform with the Northern part of Ethiopia (Tigray). Thus, establishing a mutual relationship with Tigray will boost the Eritrean economy. In that regard, Eritrean scholars and policymakers need to work on establishing the East African Trade Belt to boost their economy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=east%20Africa%20trade%20belt" title=" east Africa trade belt"> east Africa trade belt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GDP" title=" GDP"> GDP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cointegration%20analysis" title=" cointegration analysis"> cointegration analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20path%20analysis" title=" critical path analysis"> critical path analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181869/critical-factors-boosting-the-future-economy-of-eritrea-an-empirical-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181869.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">58</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">43</span> A Cross-Sectional Study on Clinical Self-Efficacy of Final Year School of Nursing Students among Universities of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Awole%20Seid">Awole Seid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yosef%20Zenebe"> Yosef Zenebe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hadgu%20Gerensea"> Hadgu Gerensea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kebede%20Haile%20Misgina"> Kebede Haile Misgina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Clinical competence is one of the ultimate goals of nursing education. Clinical skills are more than successfully performing tasks; it incorporates client assessment, identification of deficits and the ability to critically think to provide solutions. Assessment of clinical competence, particularly identifying gaps that need improvement and determining the educational needs of nursing students have great importance in nursing education. Thus this study aims determining clinical self-efficacy of final year school of nursing students in three universities of Tigray Region. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 224 final year school of nursing students from department of nursing, psychiatric nursing, and midwifery on three universities of Tigray region. Anonymous self-administered questionnaire was administered to generate data collected on June, 2017. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. The result is described using tables and charts as required. Logistic regression was employed to test associations. Result: The mean age of students was 22.94 + 1.44. Generally, 21% of students have been graduated in the department in which they are not interested. The study demonstrated 28.6% had poor and 71.4% had good perceived clinical self-efficacy. Beside this, 43.8% of psychiatric nursing and 32.6% of comprehensive nursing students have poor clinical self-efficacy. Among the four domains, 39.3% and 37.9% have poor clinical self- efficacy with regard to ‘Professional development’ and ‘Management of care’. Place of the institution [AOR=3.480 (1.333 - 9.088), p=0.011], interest during department selection [AOR=2.202 (1.045 - 4.642), p=.038], and theory-practice gap [AOR=0.224 (0.110 - 0.457), p=0.000] were significantly associated with perceived clinical self-efficacy. Conclusion: The magnitude of students with poor clinically self efficacy was high. Place of institution, theory-practice gap, students interest to the discipline were the significant predictors of clinical self-efficacy. Students from youngest universities have good clinical self-efficacy. During department selection, student’s interest should be respected. The universities and other stakeholders should improve the capacity of surrounding affiliate teaching hospitals to set and improve care standards in order to narrow the theory-practice gap. School faculties should provide trainings to hospital staffs and monitor standards of clinical procedures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clinical%20self-efficacy" title="clinical self-efficacy">clinical self-efficacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nursing%20students" title=" nursing students"> nursing students</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tigray" title=" Tigray"> Tigray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=northern%20Ethiopia" title=" northern Ethiopia"> northern Ethiopia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90227/a-cross-sectional-study-on-clinical-self-efficacy-of-final-year-school-of-nursing-students-among-universities-of-tigray-region-northern-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90227.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">171</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">42</span> Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Associated Risk Factors in Selected Health Facilities of Tigray, Ethiopia: Cross-Sectional Study Design, 2023</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weldegerima%20Gebremedhin%20Hagos">Weldegerima Gebremedhin Hagos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a catastrophic emerging global health threat caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 has a wide range of complications and sequels. It is devastating in developing countries, causing serious health and socioeconomic crises as a result of the increasingly overburdened healthcare system. Ethiopia reported the first case of SARS-CoV-2 on 13th March 2020, with community transmission ensuing by mid-May. The aim of this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: Facility-based correctional study designs were used on a total of 380 study participants from March 2023 up to May 2023 in two general hospitals and one comprehensive specialized hospital in Tigray, Ethiopia. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to assess information regarding the socio-demographic, clinical data and other risk factors. A nasal swap was taken by trained health professionals, and the laboratory analysis was done by RT-PCR (quant studio 7-flex, applied biosystems) in Tigrai Health Research Institute and Mekelle University Medical Microbiology Research Laboratory. Result: The mean age of the study participants was 31 (SD+/-3.5) years, with 65% being male and 35% female. The overall seropositivity of sars-cov-2 among the study participants was 5.5%. The prevalence was higher in males (6.2%) than females which were (4.7%). Sars-cov-2 infection was significantly associated with a history of lack of vaccination (p-value 0.002). There was no significant association between seropositivity and demographic factors (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among the study participants is high. Those study participants with a previous history of vaccination have a low probability of developing COVID-19 infection. A low SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was recorded in those who frequently use masks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prevalence" title="prevalence">prevalence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SARS-CoV-2" title=" SARS-CoV-2"> SARS-CoV-2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infection" title=" infection"> infection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20factors" title=" risk factors"> risk factors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183230/prevalence-of-sars-cov-2-infection-and-associated-risk-factors-in-selected-health-facilities-of-tigray-ethiopia-cross-sectional-study-design-2023" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183230.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">55</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">41</span> ‘Only Amharic or Leave Quick!’: Linguistic Genocide in the Western Tigray Region of Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Merih%20Welay%20Welesilassie">Merih Welay Welesilassie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Language is a potent instrument that does not only serve the purpose of communication but also plays a pivotal role in shaping our cultural practices and identities. The right to choose one's language is a fundamental human right that helps to safeguard the integrity of both personal and communal identities. Language holds immense significance in Ethiopia, a nation with a diverse linguistic landscape that extends beyond mere communication to delineate administrative boundaries. Consequently, depriving Ethiopians of their linguistic rights represents a multifaceted punishment, more complex than food embargoes. In the aftermath of the civil war that shook Ethiopia in November 2020, displacing millions and resulting in the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives, concerns have been raised about the preservation of the indigenous Tigrayan language and culture. This is particularly true following the annexation of western Tigray into the Amhara region and the implementation of an Amharic-only language and culture education policy. This scholarly inquiry explores the intricacies surrounding the Amhara regional state's prohibition of Tigrayans' indigenous language and culture and the subsequent adoption of a monolingual and monocultural Amhara language and culture in western Tigray. The study adopts the linguistic genocide conceptual framework as an analytical tool to gain a deeper insight into the factors that contributed to and facilitated this significant linguistic and cultural shift. The research was conducted by interviewing ten teachers selected through a snowball sampling. Additionally, document analysis was performed to support the findings. The findings revealed that the push for linguistic and cultural assimilation was driven by various political and economic factors and the desire to promote a single language and culture policy. This process, often referred to as ‘Amharanization,’ aimed to homogenize the culture and language of the society. The Amhara authorities have enacted several measures in pursuit of their objectives, including the outlawing of the Tigrigna language, punishment for speaking Tigrigna, imposition of the Amhara language and culture, mandatory relocation, and even committing heinous acts that have inflicted immense physical and emotional suffering upon members of the Tigrayan community. Upon conducting a comprehensive analysis of the contextual factors, actions, intentions, and consequences, it has been posited that there may be instances of linguistic genocide taking place in the Western Tigray region. The present study sheds light on the severe consequences that could arise because of implementing monolingual and monocultural policies in multilingual areas. Through thoroughly scrutinizing the implications of such policies, this study provides insightful recommendations and directions for future research in this critical area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linguistic%20genocide" title="linguistic genocide">linguistic genocide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linguistic%20human%20right" title=" linguistic human right"> linguistic human right</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mother%20tongue" title=" mother tongue"> mother tongue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Western%20Tigray" title=" Western Tigray"> Western Tigray</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183847/only-amharic-or-leave-quick-linguistic-genocide-in-the-western-tigray-region-of-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183847.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">65</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">40</span> Effect of Supplementing Ziziphus Spina-Christi Leaf Meal to Natural Pasture Hay on Feed Intake, Body Weight Gain, Digestibility, and Carcass Characteristics of Tigray Highland Sheep</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abrha%20Reta">Abrha Reta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajebu%20Nurfeta"> Ajebu Nurfeta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Genet%20Mengistu"> Genet Mengistu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Beyan"> Mohammed Beyan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fodder trees such as Ziziphus spina-christi have the potential to enhance the utilization of natural grazing resources and also to mitigate seasonal feed shortages. The experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating the effect of supplementing Ziziphus spina-christi leaf meal (ZSCLM) to natural pasture hay on feed intake, body weight gain, digestibility, and carcass characteristics of Tigray highland sheep. A randomized complete block design was employed with 5 blocks based on initial body weight, and sheep were randomly assigned to five treatments. Treatments were: 100g concentrate mix + ad libtum natural pasture hay (T1), T1+ 100g ZSCLM (T2), T1 + 200g ZSCLM (T3), T1 + 300g ZSCLM (T4), and T1 + 400g ZSCLM (T5) on dry matter (DM) basis. Dry matter intake was greater (P<0.05) in sheep on T5 compared to T3 and T1, while the total DM intake among T2, T4, and T5 were similar. Crude protein and metabolizable energy intake differed (P<0.05) among treatments with highest and lowest values in T5 and T1, respectively. Average daily gain was higher (P<0.05) in sheep kept on T2, T3, and T4 diets than T1. Higher (P<0.05) DM digestibility was found in T4 and T5 than T1. The highest (P<0.05) OM and CP digestibility was observed in sheep fed T3, T4, and T5 diets. Rib eye muscle area was higher (P<0.05) for T4 than T1 and T2. Dressing percentage was similar (P>0.05) among treatments. The current study indicated that supplementation of Tigray highland sheep with 200g air-dried Ziziphus spina-christi leaf meal leaves with 100g of concentrate mixture in their diet significantly increased feed intake and apparent digestibility, body weight gain, hot carcass weight, and rib eye muscle area by improving feed conversion efficiency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=body%20weight" title="body weight">body weight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carcass" title=" carcass"> carcass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digestibility" title=" digestibility"> digestibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=and%20ziziphus%20spina-christi%20leaf%20meal" title=" and ziziphus spina-christi leaf meal"> and ziziphus spina-christi leaf meal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149669/effect-of-supplementing-ziziphus-spina-christi-leaf-meal-to-natural-pasture-hay-on-feed-intake-body-weight-gain-digestibility-and-carcass-characteristics-of-tigray-highland-sheep" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149669.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">111</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">39</span> The Practices and Challenges of Secondary School Cluster Supervisors in Implementing School Improvement Program in Saesie Tsaeda Emba Woreda, Eastern Zone of Tigray Region</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haftom%20Teshale%20Gebre">Haftom Teshale Gebre</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> According to the ministry of education’s school improvement program blueprint document (2007), the timely and basic aim of the program is to improve students’ academic achievement through creating conducive teaching and learning environments and with the active involvement of parents in the teaching and learning process. The general objective of the research is to examine the practices of cluster school supervisors in implementing school improvement programs and the major factors affecting the study area. The study used both primary and secondary sources, and the sample size was 93. Twelve people are chosen from each of the two clusters (Edaga Hamus and Adi-kelebes). And cluster ferewyni are Tekli suwaat, Edaga robue, and Kiros Alemayo. In the analysis stage, several interrelated pieces of information were summarized and arranged to make the analysis easily manageable by using statistics and data (STATA). Study findings revealed that the major four domains impacted by school improvement programs through their mean, standard deviation, and variance were 2.688172, 1.052724, and 1.108228, respectively. And also, the researcher can conclude that the major factors of the school improvement program and mostly cluster supervisors were inadequate attention given to supervision service and no experience in the practice of supervision in the study area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cluster" title="cluster">cluster</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eastern%20Tigray" title=" eastern Tigray"> eastern Tigray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saesie%20Tsaeda%20Emba" title=" Saesie Tsaeda Emba"> Saesie Tsaeda Emba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SPI" title=" SPI"> SPI</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189558/the-practices-and-challenges-of-secondary-school-cluster-supervisors-in-implementing-school-improvement-program-in-saesie-tsaeda-emba-woreda-eastern-zone-of-tigray-region" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189558.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">32</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">38</span> Causes, Consequences, and Alternative Strategies of Illegal Migration in Ethiopia: The Case of Tigray Region</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muuz%20Abraha%20Meshesha">Muuz Abraha Meshesha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Illegal Migration, specifically Trafficking in person is one of the primary issues of the day affecting all states of the world with variation on the extent of the root causes and consequences that led people to migrate irregularly and the consequences it is costing on humanity. This paper intends to investigate the root causes and consequences of illegal migration in Ethiopia’s Tigray Regional state and come up with alternative intervening strategy. To come up with pertinent and robust research finding, this study employed mixed research approach involving qualitative and quantitative data in line with purposive and snow ball sampling selection technique. The study revealed that, though poverty is the most commonly sensed pushing factor for people to illegally migrate, the issue of psycho-social orientation and attitudinal immersion of the local community for illegal migration, both in thinking and action is the most pressing problem that urges serious intervention. Trafficking in persons and Illegal migration in general, is becoming the norm of the day in the study area that overtly reveal illegal migration is an issue beyond livelihood securing demand in practice. Basically, parties engaged in illegal migration and the accomplice with human traffickers these days in the study area are found to be more than urgency for food security and a need to escape from livelihood impoverishment. Therefore, this study come up with a new paradigm insight indicating that illegal migration is believed by the local community members as an optional path way of doing business in illegal way while the attitude of the community and officials authorized to regulate is being part of the channel or to the least tolerant of this grave global danger. The study also found that the effect of illegal migration is significantly manifested in long run than in short term periods. Therefore, a need for critical consideration on attitudinal based intervention and youth oriented and enforceable legal and policy framework accountability framework is required to face and control illegal migration by international, national, local stakeholders. Besides this, economy based development interventions that could engage and reorient the youth, as primary victims of trafficking, and expansion of large scale projects that can employ large number of youths at a time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20traficking" title="human traficking">human traficking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=illegal%20migration" title=" illegal migration"> illegal migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migration" title=" migration"> migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tigray%20region" title=" tigray region"> tigray region</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177861/causes-consequences-and-alternative-strategies-of-illegal-migration-in-ethiopia-the-case-of-tigray-region" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177861.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">66</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">37</span> Negotiated Peace in Africa: A Case Study on the Pretoria Peace Deal between Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and Tigray Peoples Liberation Front</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Gidey">Daniel Gidey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kunwar%20Siddarth%20Dadhwal"> Kunwar Siddarth Dadhwal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tagel%20Wondimu"> Tagel Wondimu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There are numerous ways for ending conflict; hitherto, most conflicts are resolved either through negotiated or victor's peace, this article is about the former. Negotiations entail concessions, consensus-building, and mutual trust in order to transform a belligerent situation into a settlement. In such a context, regional and sub-regional organizations play a critical role in mediating conflicting parties so as to prevent, manage, and resolve conflicts between and among conflicting parties. This article is about the AU-led negotiated peace deal on the bloody conflict between the Tigray Peoples Liberation Front (TPLF) and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) by undertaking the Pretoria Peace Accord as a case study. In terms of research method, the article is based on a critical evaluation of the literature and content analysis on the very research topic. Findings of the study revealed that the AU, through Olusegun Obasanjo and other dignitaries, played a critical role in nurturing compromise and mutual trust between the TPLF and the Ethiopian federal government so as to take along the Pretoria peace deal. Through critical literature review and content analysis of the Peace deal, the article has concluded that negotiated peace is likely, at least, to achieve negative peace. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regional%20organizations" title="regional organizations">regional organizations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peace%20promotion" title=" peace promotion"> peace promotion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=African%20Union" title=" African Union"> African Union</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negotiating%20conflicts" title=" negotiating conflicts"> negotiating conflicts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Northern%20Ethiopia" title=" Northern Ethiopia"> Northern Ethiopia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflict%20resolution" title=" conflict resolution"> conflict resolution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183816/negotiated-peace-in-africa-a-case-study-on-the-pretoria-peace-deal-between-federal-democratic-republic-of-ethiopia-and-tigray-peoples-liberation-front" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183816.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">36</span> Genetic Trait Analysis of RIL Barley Genotypes to Sort-out the Top Ranked Elites for Advanced Yield Breeding Across Multi Environments of Tigray, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hailekiros%20Tadesse%20Tekle">Hailekiros Tadesse Tekle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yemane%20Tsehaye"> Yemane Tsehaye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fetien%20Abay"> Fetien Abay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most important cereal crops in the world, grown for the poor farmers in Tigray with low yield production. The purpose of this research was to estimate the performance of 166 barley genotypes against the quantitative traits with detailed analysis of the variance component, heritability, genetic advance, and genetic usefulness parameters. The finding of ANOVA was highly significant variation (p ≤ 0:01) for all the genotypes. We found significant differences in coefficient of variance (CV of 15%) for 5 traits out of the 12 quantitative traits. The topmost broad sense heritability (H2) was recorded for seeds per spike (98.8%), followed by thousand seed weight (96.5%) with 79.16% and 56.25%, respectively, of GAM. The traits with H2 ≥ 60% and GA/GAM ≥ 20% suggested the least influenced by the environment, governed by the additive genes and direct selection for improvement of such beneficial traits for the studied genotypes. Hence, the 20 outstanding recombinant inbred lines (RIL) barley genotypes performing early maturity, high yield, and 1000 seed weight traits simultaneously were the top ranked group barley genotypes out of the 166 genotypes. These are; G5, G25, G33, G118, G36, G123, G28, G34, G14, G10, G3, G13, G11, G32, G8, G39, G23, G30, G37, and G26. They were early in maturity, high TSW and GYP (TSW ≥ 55 g, GYP ≥ 15.22 g/plant, and DTM below 106 days). In general, the 166 genotypes were classified as high (group 1), medium (group 2), and low yield production (group 3) genotypes in terms of yield and yield component trait analysis by clustering; and genotype parameter analysis such as the heritability, genetic advance, and genetic usefulness traits in this investigation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barley" title="barley">barley</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clustering" title=" clustering"> clustering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20advance" title=" genetic advance"> genetic advance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heritability" title=" heritability"> heritability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=usefulness" title=" usefulness"> usefulness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variability" title=" variability"> variability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=yield" title=" yield"> yield</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167264/genetic-trait-analysis-of-ril-barley-genotypes-to-sort-out-the-top-ranked-elites-for-advanced-yield-breeding-across-multi-environments-of-tigray-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167264.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">35</span> Assessment of Biochemical Marker Profiles and Their Impact on Morbidity and Mortality of COVID-19 Patients in Tigray, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Teklay%20Gebrecherkos">Teklay Gebrecherkos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmud%20Abdulkadir"> Mahmud Abdulkadir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Abstract: The emergence and subsequent rapid worldwide spread of the COVID-19 pandemic have posed a global crisis, with a tremendously increasing burden of infection, morbidity, and mortality risks. Recent studies have suggested that severe cases of COVID-19 are characterized by massive biochemical, hematological, and inflammatory alterations whose synergistic effect is estimated to progress to multiple organ damage and failure. In this regard, biochemical monitoring of COVID-19 patients, based on comprehensive laboratory assessments and findings, is expected to play a crucial role in effective clinical management and improving the survival rates of patients. However, biochemical markers that can be informative of COVID-19 patient risk stratification and predictor of clinical outcomes are currently scarcely available. The study aims to investigate the profiles of common biochemical markers and their influence on the severity of the COVID-19 infection in Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: A laboratory-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July to August 2020 at Quiha College of Engineering, Mekelle University COVID-19 isolation and treatment center. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Whole blood was collected from each study participant, and serum samples were separated after being delivered to the laboratory. Hematological biomarkers were analyzed using FACS count, while organ tests and serum electrolytes were analyzed using ion-selective electrode methods using a Cobas-6000 series machine. Data was analyzed using SPSS Vs 20. Results: A total of 120 SARS-CoV-2 patients were enrolled during the study. The participants ranged between 18 and 91 years, with a mean age of 52 (±108.8). The majority (40%) of participants were between the ages of 60 and above. Patients with multiple comorbidities developed severe COVID-19, though not statistically significant (p=0.34). Mann-Whitney U test analysis showed that biochemical tests such as neuropile count (p=0.003), AST levels (p=0.050), serum creatinine (p=0.000), and serum sodium (p=0.015) were significantly correlated with severe COVID-19 disease as compared to non-severe disease. Conclusion: The severity of COVID-19 was associated with higher age, organ tests AST and creatinine, serum Na+, and elevated total neutrophile count. Thus, further study needs to be conducted to evaluate the alterations of biochemical biomarkers and their impact on COVID-19. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomarkers" title=" biomarkers"> biomarkers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortality" title=" mortality"> mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tigray" title=" Tigray"> Tigray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187337/assessment-of-biochemical-marker-profiles-and-their-impact-on-morbidity-and-mortality-of-covid-19-patients-in-tigray-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187337.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">42</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">34</span> Determinants of Maternal Near-Miss among Women in Public Hospital Maternity Wards in Northern Ethiopia: A Facility Based Case-Control Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dejene%20Ermias%20Mekango">Dejene Ermias Mekango</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mussie%20Alemayehu"> Mussie Alemayehu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gebremedhin%20Berhe%20Gebregergs"> Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Araya%20Abrha%20Medhanye"> Araya Abrha Medhanye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gelila%20Goba"> Gelila Goba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Maternal near miss (MNM) can be used as a proxy indicator of maternal mortality ratio. There is a huge gap in life time risk between Sub-Saharan Africa and developed countries. In Ethiopia, a significant number of women die each year from complications during pregnancy, childbirth and the post-partum period. Besides, a few studies have been performed on MNM, and little is known regarding determinant factors. This study aims to identify determinants of MNM among women in Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. Methods: a case-control study in hospital found in Tigray region, Ethiopia was conducted from January 30 - March 30, 2016. The sample included 103 cases and 205 controls recruited from women seeking obstetric care at six public hospitals. Clients having a life-threatening obstetric complication including haemorrhage, hypertensive diseases of pregnancy, dystocia, infections, and anemia or clinical signs of severe anemia in women without haemorrhage were taken as cases and those with normal obstetric outcomes were considered as controls. Cases were selected based on proportional to size allocation while systematic sampling was employed for controls. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Binary and multiple variable logistic regression (odds ratio) analyses were calculated with 95% CI. Results: The largest proportion of cases and controls was among the ages of20–29 years, accounting for37.9 %( 39) of cases and 31.7 %( 65) of controls. Roughly 90% of cases and controls were married. About two-thirds of controls and 45.6 %( 47) of cases had gestational age between 37-41 weeks. History of chronic medical conditions was reported in 55.3 %(57) of cases and 33.2%(68) of controls. Women with no formal education [AOR=3.2;95%CI:1.24, 8.12],being less than 16 years old at first pregnancy [AOR=2.5; 95%CI:1.12,5.63],induced labor[AOR=3; 95%CI:1.44, 6.17], history of Cesarean section (C-section) [AOR=4.6; 95%CI: 1.98, 7.61] or chronic medical disorder[AOR=3.5;95%CI:1.78, 6.93], and women who traveled more than 60 minutes before reaching their final place of care[AOR=2.8;95% CI: 1.19,6.35] all had higher odds of experiencing MNM. Conclusions: The Government of Ethiopia should continue its effort to address the lack of road and health facility access as well as education, which will help reduce MNM. Work should also be continued to educate women and providers about common predictors of MNM like the history of C-section, chronic illness, and teenage pregnancy. These efforts should be carried out at the facility, community, and individual levels. The targeted follow-up to women with a history of chronic disease and C-section could also be a practical way to reduce MNM. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maternal%20near%20miss" title="maternal near miss">maternal near miss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=severe%20obstetric%20hemorrhage" title=" severe obstetric hemorrhage"> severe obstetric hemorrhage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypertensive%20disorder" title=" hypertensive disorder"> hypertensive disorder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=c-section" title=" c-section"> c-section</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tigray" title=" Tigray"> Tigray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62832/determinants-of-maternal-near-miss-among-women-in-public-hospital-maternity-wards-in-northern-ethiopia-a-facility-based-case-control-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62832.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">222</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">33</span> Socio-Economic and Environmental Impact of Urban Sprawl: A Case Study Adigrat City, Tigray, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fikre%20Belay%20Tekulu">Fikre Belay Tekulu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This thesis presents the socio-economic and environmental impacts of urban sprawl in the case of Adigrat city, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. The main objective of this research is to assess major causes, trends and socio-economic and environmental impacts of the urban sprawl of Adigrat city. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative methods as questionnaires, interviews and observation used for data collection. Simple random sampling has been used to select the participants. The land use and land cover change for agricultural land and forest and grassland resource analysis is done with the aid of GIS. Urban sprawl is mainly caused by the rapid population growth, increase in the living and property cost in the core of the city, land demand and land speculation and the growth of transport and an increase in income of people and demand of more living space. The study indicates 15726.24 hectares (515.49 per cent) of new land added to the city jurisdiction from its adjacent Gantafeshum Wereda between 1986 and 2018. The population of Adigrat city increased by 9.045 per cent per year, while the city expanded 16.01 per cent per annum and the LCR was 0.0233 hectares per person between 1986 and 2018.Built-up area increased by 35.27 per cent per annum, while agricultural land, forests and grassland cover decreased by 1.68 per cent and 1.26 per cent per annum respectively in the last thirty three years. This rapid growth of urban sprawl brought social-economic and environmental change in the city that has been observed by the city residents. Therefore, the city administration should need strong, integrated, effective and efficient work, with its neighbor rural area and also done timely preparation, implementation, supervision, and evaluation of the structural plan of the city to bring out sustainable development of the city. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cause" title="cause">cause</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=" title=""></a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trends" title=" trends"> trends</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20sprawl" title=" urban sprawl"> urban sprawl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=land%20use%20land%20cover" title=" land use land cover"> land use land cover</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS" title=" GIS"> GIS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161941/socio-economic-and-environmental-impact-of-urban-sprawl-a-case-study-adigrat-city-tigray-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161941.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">32</span> The Latest Salt Caravans: The Chinese Presence between Danakil and Tigray: Interdisciplinary Study to Integrate Chinese and African Relations in Ethiopia: Analyzing Road Evolution and Ethnographic Contexts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erika%20Mattio">Erika Mattio</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this project is to study the Chinese presence in Ethiopia, in the area between the Saba River and the Coptic areas of the Tigray, with detailed documentation of the Danakil region, from which the salt pickers caravans departed; the study was created to understand the relationships and consequences of the Chinese advance in these areas, inhabited by tribes linked to ancient, still practiced religious rituals, and home to unique landscapes and archaeological sites. Official estimates of the number of Chinese in Africa vary widely; on the continent, there are increasingly diverse groups of Chinese migrants in terms of language, dialect, class, education, and employment. Based on this and on a very general state of the art, it was decided to increase the studies on this phenomenon, focusing the attention on one of the most interesting countries for its diversity, cultural wealth, and for strong Chinese presence: Ethiopia. The study will be integrated with interdisciplinary investigation methods, such as landscape archeology, historiographic research, participatory anthropology, geopolitics, and cultural anthropology and ethnology. There are two main objectives of the research. The first is to predict what will happen to these populations and how the territory will be modified, trying to monitor the growth of infrastructure in the country and the effects it will have on the population. Risk analyzes will be carried out to understand what the foreign presence may entail, such as the absence of sustenance for local populations, the ghettoization of foreigners, unemployment of natives and the exodus of the population to the capital; the relationships between families and the local population will be analyzed, trying to understand the dynamics of socialization and interaction. Thanks to the use of GIS, the areas affected by the Chinese presence will be geo-referenced and mapped, delimiting the areas most affected and creating a risk analysis, both in desert areas and in archaeologically and historically relevant areas. The second point is to document the life and rituals of Ethiopian populations in order not to lose the aspects of uniqueness that risk being lost. Local interviews will collect impressions and criticisms from the local population to understand if the Chinese presence is perceived as a threat or as a solution. Furthermore, Afar leaders in the Logya area will be interviewed, in truly exclusive research, to understand their links with the foreign presence. From the north, along the Saba river, we will move to the northwest, in the Tigray region, to know the impressions in the Coptic area, currently less threatened by the Chinese presence but still affected by urbanization proposals. There will also be documented the Coptic rituals of Gennà and Timkat, unique expressions of a millennial tradition. This will allow the understanding of whether the Maoist presence could influence the religious rites and forms of belief present in the country, or the country will maintain its cultural independence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS" title=" GIS"> GIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20perceptions" title=" risk perceptions"> risk perceptions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salt%20caravans" title=" salt caravans"> salt caravans</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126301/the-latest-salt-caravans-the-chinese-presence-between-danakil-and-tigray-interdisciplinary-study-to-integrate-chinese-and-african-relations-in-ethiopia-analyzing-road-evolution-and-ethnographic-contexts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126301.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">31</span> Dairy Value Chain: Assessing the Inter Linkage of Dairy Farm and Small-Scale Dairy Processing in Tigray: Case Study of Mekelle City</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weldeabrha%20Kiros%20Kidanemaryam">Weldeabrha Kiros Kidanemaryam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DepaTesfay%20Kelali%20Gidey"> DepaTesfay Kelali Gidey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yikaalo%20Welu%20Kidanemariam"> Yikaalo Welu Kidanemariam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dairy services are considered as sources of income, employment, nutrition and health for smallholder rural and urban farmers. The main objective of this study is to assess the interlinkage of dairy farms and small-scale dairy processing in Mekelle, Tigray. To achieve the stated objective, a descriptive research approach was employed where data was collected from 45 dairy farmers and 40 small-scale processors and analyzed by calculating the mean values and percentages. Findings show that the dairy business in the study area is characterized by a shortage of feed and water for the farm. The dairy farm is dominated by breeds of hybrid type, followed by the so called ‘begait’. Though the farms have access to medication and vaccination for the cattle, they fell short of hygiene practices, reliable shade for the cattle and separate space for the claves. The value chain at the milk production stage is characterized by a low production rate, selling raw milk without adding value and a very meager traditional processing practice. Furthermore, small-scale milk processors are characterized by collecting milk from farmers and producing cheese, butter, ghee and sour milk. They do not engage in modern milk processing like pasteurized milk, yogurt and table butter. Most small-scale milk processors are engaged in traditional production systems. Additionally, the milk consumption and marketing part of the chain is dominated by the informal market (channel), where market problems, lack of skill and technology, shortage of loans and weak policy support are being faced as the main challenges. Based on the findings, recommendations and future research areas are forwarded. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=value-chain" title="value-chain">value-chain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy" title=" dairy"> dairy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk%20production" title=" milk production"> milk production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk%20processing" title=" milk processing"> milk processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189144/dairy-value-chain-assessing-the-inter-linkage-of-dairy-farm-and-small-scale-dairy-processing-in-tigray-case-study-of-mekelle-city" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189144.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">32</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">30</span> Characterising Indigenous Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) Ecotypes of Tigray, Ethiopia: A Combined Approach Using Ecological Niche Modelling and Phenotypic Distribution Modelling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gebreslassie%20Gebru">Gebreslassie Gebru</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gurja%20Belay"> Gurja Belay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minister%20Birhanie"> Minister Birhanie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mulalem%20Zenebe"> Mulalem Zenebe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tadelle%20Dessie"> Tadelle Dessie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adriana%20Vallejo-Trujillo"> Adriana Vallejo-Trujillo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olivier%20Hanotte"> Olivier Hanotte</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Livestock must adapt to changing environmental conditions, which can result in either phenotypic plasticity or irreversible phenotypic change. In this study, we combine Ecological Niche Modelling (ENM) and Phenotypic Distribution Modelling (PDM) to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the ecological and phenotypic characteristics of indigenous chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) ecotypes. This approach helped us to classify these ecotypes, differentiate their phenotypic traits, and identify associations between environmental variables and adaptive traits. We measured 297 adult indigenous chickens from various agro-ecologies, including 208 females and 89 males. A subset of the 22 measured traits was selected using stepwise selection, resulting in seven traits for each sex. Using ENM, we identified four agro-ecologies potentially harbouring distinct phenotypes of indigenous Tigray chickens. However, PDM classified these chickens into three phenotypical ecotypes. Chickens grouped in ecotype-1 and ecotype-3 exhibited superior adaptive traits compared to those in ecotype-2, with significant variance observed. This high variance suggests a broader range of trait expression within these ecotypes, indicating greater adaptation capacity and potentially more diverse genetic characteristics. Several environmental variables, such as soil clay content, forest cover, and mean temperature of the wettest quarter, were strongly associated with most phenotypic traits. This suggests that these environmental factors play a role in shaping the observed phenotypic variations. By integrating ENM and PDM, this study enhances our understanding of indigenous chickens' ecological and phenotypic diversity. It also provides valuable insights into their conservation and management in response to environmental changes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20traits" title="adaptive traits">adaptive traits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agro-ecology" title=" agro-ecology"> agro-ecology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=appendage" title=" appendage"> appendage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate" title=" climate"> climate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=imagej" title=" imagej"> imagej</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphology" title=" morphology"> morphology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenotypic%20variation" title=" phenotypic variation"> phenotypic variation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190035/characterising-indigenous-chicken-gallus-gallus-domesticus-ecotypes-of-tigray-ethiopia-a-combined-approach-using-ecological-niche-modelling-and-phenotypic-distribution-modelling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190035.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">32</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">29</span> Determination of Community Based Reference Interval of Aspartate Aminotransferase to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI) among Healthy Populations in Mekelle City Tigray, Northern Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Getachew%20Belay%20Kassahun">Getachew Belay Kassahun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Aspartate aminotransferase to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI) currently becomes a biomarker for screening liver fibrosis since liver biopsy procedure is invasive and variation in pathological interpretation. Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute recommends establishing age, sex and environment specific reference interval for biomarkers in a homogenous population. The current study was aimed to derive community based reference interval of APRI aged between 12 and 60 years old in Mekelle city Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia. Method: Six hundred eighty eight study participants were collected from three districts in Mekelle city. The 3 districts were selected through random sampling technique and sample size to kebelles (small administration) were distributed proportional to household number in each district. Lottery method was used at household level if more than 2 study participants to each age partition were found. A community based cross sectional in a total of 534 study participants, 264 male and 270 females, were included in the final laboratory and data analysis but around 154 study participants were excluded through exclusion criteria. Aspartate aminotransferase was analyzed through Biosystem chemistry analyzer and Sysmix machine was used to analyze platelet. Man Whitney U test non parametric stastical tool was used to appreciate stastical difference among gender after excluding the outliers through Box and Whisker. Result: The study appreciated stastical difference among gender for APRI reference interval. The combined, male and female reference interval in the current study was 0.098-0.390, 0.133-0.428 and 0.090-0.319 respectively. The upper and lower reference interval of males was higher than females in all age partition and there was no stastical difference (p-value (<0.05)) between age partition. Conclusion: The current study showed using sex specific reference interval is significant to APRI biomarker in clinical practice for result interpretation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reference%20interval" title="reference interval">reference interval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aspartate%20aminotransferase%20to%20platelet%20ratio%20Index" title=" aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio Index"> aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio Index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tigray" title=" tigray"> tigray</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167950/determination-of-community-based-reference-interval-of-aspartate-aminotransferase-to-platelet-ratio-index-apri-among-healthy-populations-in-mekelle-city-tigray-northern-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167950.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28</span> Determinants of Post-Psychotic Depression in Schizophrenia Patients in ACSH and Mekellle Hospital Tigray, Ethiopia, 2019 </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashenafi%20Ayele">Ashenafi Ayele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shewit%20Haftu"> Shewit Haftu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tesfalem%20%20Araya"> Tesfalem Araya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: “Post-psychotic depression”, “post schizophrenic depression”, and “secondary depression” have been used to describe the occurrence of depressive symptoms during the chronic phase of schizophrenia. Post-psychotic depression is the most common cause of death due to suicide in schizophrenia patients. Overall lifetime risk for patients with schizophrenia is 50% for suicide attempts and 9-13% lifetime risk for completed suicide and also it is associated with poor prognosis and poor quality of life. Objective: To assess determinant of post psychotic depression in schizophrenia patients ACSH and Mekelle General Hospital, Tigray Ethiopia 2019. Methods: An institutional based unmatched case control study was conducted among 69 cases and 138 controls with the ratio of case to control 1 ratio 2. The sample is calculated using epi-info 3.1 to assess the determinant factors of post-psychotic depression in schizophrenia patients. The cases were schizophrenia patients who have been diagnosed at least for more than one-year stable for two months, and the controls are any patients who are diagnosed as schizophrenia patients. Study subjects were selected using a consecutive sampling technique. The Calgary depression scale for schizophrenia self-administered questionnaire was used. Before the interview, it was assessed the client’s capacity to give intended information using a scale called the University of California, San Diego Brief Assessment of Capacity to Consent (UBACC). Bivariant and multiple Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine between the independent and dependent variables. The significant independent predictor was declared at 95% confidence interval and P-value of less than 0.05. Result: Females were affected by post psychotic depression with the (AOR=2.01, 95%CI: 1.003- 4.012, P= 0.49).Patients who have mild form of positive symptom of schizophrenia affected by post psychotic depression with (AOR =4.05, 95%CI: 1.888- 8.7.8, P=0001).Patients who have minimal form of negative symptom of schizophrenia are affected by post psychotic depression with (AOR =4.23, 95%CI: 1.081-17.092, P=.038). Conclusion: In this study, sex (female) and presence of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia were significantly associated. It is recommended that the post psychotic depression should be assessed in every schizophrenia patient to decrease the severity of illness, and to improve patient’s quality of life. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=determinants" title="determinants">determinants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-psychotic%20depression" title=" post-psychotic depression"> post-psychotic depression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mekelle%20city" title=" Mekelle city"> Mekelle city</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119349/determinants-of-post-psychotic-depression-in-schizophrenia-patients-in-acsh-and-mekellle-hospital-tigray-ethiopia-2019" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119349.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">122</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Determinants of Repeated Abortion among Women of Reproductive Age Attending Health Facilities in Northern Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henok%20Yebyo%20Henok">Henok Yebyo Henok</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Araya%20Abrha%20Araya"> Araya Abrha Araya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alemayehu%20Bayray%20Alemayehu"> Alemayehu Bayray Alemayehu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gelila%20Goba%20Gelila"> Gelila Goba Gelila</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Every year, an estimated 19–20 million unsafe abortions take place, almost all in developing countries, leading to 68,000 deaths and millions more injured many permanently. Many women throughout the world, experience more than one abortion in their lifetimes. Repeat abortion is an indicator of the larger problem of unintended pregnancy. This study aimed to identify determinants of repeat abortion in Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Methods: Unmatched case-control study was conducted in hospitals in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia, from November 2014 to June 2015. The sample included 105 cases and 204 controls, recruited from among women seeking abortion care at public hospitals. Clients having two or more abortions (“repeat abortion”) were taken as cases, and those who had a total of one abortion were taken as controls (“single abortion”). Cases were selected consecutive based on proportional to size allocation while systematic sampling was employed for controls. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Binary and multiple variable logistic regression analyses were calculated with 95% CI. Results: Mean age of cases was 24 years (±6.85) and 22 years (±6.25) for controls. 79.0% of cases had their sexual debut in less than 18 years of age compared to 57% of controls. 42.2% of controls and 23.8% of cases cited rape as the reason for having an abortion. Study participants who did not understand their fertility cycle and when they were most likely to conceive after menstruation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-3.7), having a previous abortion using medication(AOR=3.3, CI: 1.83, 6.11), having multiple sexual partners in the preceding 12 months (AOR=4.4, CI: 2.39,8.45), perceiving that the abortion procedure is not painful (AOR=2.3, CI: 1.31,4.26), initiating sexual intercourse before the age of 18 years (AOR=2.7, CI: 1.49, 5.23) and disclosure to a third-party about terminating the pregnancy (AOR=2.1, CI: 1.2,3.83) were independent predictors of repeat abortion. Conclusion: This study identified several factors correlated with women having repeat abortions. It may be helpful for the Government of Ethiopia to encourage women to delay sexual debut and decrease their number of sexual partners, including by promoting discussion within families about sexuality, to decrease the occurrence of repeated abortion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abortion" title="abortion">abortion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repeated%20abortion" title=" repeated abortion"> repeated abortion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20abortion" title=" single abortion"> single abortion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62830/determinants-of-repeated-abortion-among-women-of-reproductive-age-attending-health-facilities-in-northern-ethiopia-a-case-control-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62830.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">286</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> Geochemical and Petrological Survey in Northern Ethiopia Basement Rocks for Investigation of Gold and Base Metal Mineral Potential in Finarwa, Southeast Tigray, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siraj%20Beyan%20Mohamed">Siraj Beyan Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Woldia%20University"> Woldia University</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study is accompanied in northern Ethiopian basement rocks, Finarwa area, and its surrounding areas, south eastern Tigray. From the field observations, the geology of the area haven been described and mapped based on mineral composition, texture, structure, and colour of both fresh and weather rocks. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) have conducted to analysis gold and base metal mineralization. The ore mineral under microscope are commonly base metal sulphides pyrrhotite, Chalcopyrite, pentilanditeoccurring in variable proportions. Galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and gold mineral are hosted in quartz vein. Pyrite occurs both in quartz vein and enclosing rocks as a primary mineral. The base metal sulfides occur as disseminated, vein filling, and replacement. Geochemical analyses result determination of the threshold of geochemical anomalies is directly related to the identification of mineralization information. From samples, stream sediment samples and the soil samples indicated that the most promising mineralization occur in the prospect area are gold(Au), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). This is also supported by the abundance of chalcopyrite and sphalerite in some highly altered samples. The stream sediment geochemical survey data shows relatively higher values for zinc compared to Pb and Cu. The moderate concentration of the base metals in some of the samples indicates availability base metal mineralization in the study area requiring further investigation. The rock and soil geochemistry shows the significant concentration of gold with maximum value of 0.33ppm and 0.97 ppm in the south western part of the study area. In Finarwa, artisanal gold mining has become an increasingly widespread economic activity of the local people undertaken by socially differentiated groups with a wide range of education levels and economic backgrounds incorporating a wide variety of ‘labour intensive activities without mechanisation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gold" title="gold">gold</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=base%20metal" title=" base metal"> base metal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anomaly" title=" anomaly"> anomaly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=threshold" title=" threshold"> threshold</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150608/geochemical-and-petrological-survey-in-northern-ethiopia-basement-rocks-for-investigation-of-gold-and-base-metal-mineral-potential-in-finarwa-southeast-tigray-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150608.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> Calibration and Validation of the Aquacrop Model for Simulating Growth and Yield of Rain-fed Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Under Different Soil Fertility Levels in the Semi-arid Areas of Tigray</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abadi%20Berhane">Abadi Berhane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Walelign%20Worku"> Walelign Worku</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Berhanu%20Abrha"> Berhanu Abrha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gebre%20Hadgu"> Gebre Hadgu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tigray"> Tigray</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sesame is an important oilseed crop in Ethiopia; which is the second most exported agricultural commodity next to coffee. However, there is poor soil fertility management and a research-led farming system for the crop. The AquaCrop model was applied as a decision-support tool; which performs a semi-quantitative approach to simulate the yield of crops under different soil fertility levels. The objective of this experiment was to calibrate and validated the AquaCrop model for simulating the growth and yield of sesame under different nitrogen fertilizer levels and to test the performance of the model as a decision-support tool for improved sesame cultivation in the study area. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a factorial arrangement in the 2016, 2017, and 2018 main cropping seasons. In this experiment, four nitrogen fertilizer rates; 0, 23, 46, and 69 Kg/ha nitrogen, and three improved varieties (Setit-1, Setit-2, and Humera-1). In the meantime, growth, yield, and yield components of sesame were collected from each treatment. Coefficient of determination (R2), Root mean square error (RMSE), Normalized root mean square error (N-RMSE), Model efficiency (E), and Degree of agreement (D) were used to test the performance of the model. The results indicated that the AquaCrop model successfully simulated soil water content with R2 varying from 0.92 to 0.98, RMSE 6.5 to 13.9 mm, E 0.78 to 0.94, and D 0.95 to 0.99; and the corresponding values for AB also varied from 0.92 to 0.98, 0.33 to 0.54 tons/ha, 0.74 to 0.93, and 0.9 to 0.98, respectively. The results on the canopy cover of sesame also showed that the model acceptably simulated canopy cover with R2 varying from 0.95 to 0.99, and a RMSE of 5.3 to 8.6%. The AquaCrop model was appropriately calibrated to simulate soil water content, canopy cover, aboveground biomass, and sesame yield; the results indicated that the model adequately simulated the growth and yield of sesame under the different nitrogen fertilizer levels. The AquaCrop model might be an important tool for improved soil fertility management and yield enhancement strategies of sesame. Hence, the model might be applied as a decision-support tool in soil fertility management in sesame production. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aquacrop%20model" title="aquacrop model">aquacrop model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sesame" title=" sesame"> sesame</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=normalized%20water%20productivity" title=" normalized water productivity"> normalized water productivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrogen%20fertilizer" title=" nitrogen fertilizer"> nitrogen fertilizer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170301/calibration-and-validation-of-the-aquacrop-model-for-simulating-growth-and-yield-of-rain-fed-sesame-sesamum-indicum-l-under-different-soil-fertility-levels-in-the-semi-arid-areas-of-tigray" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170301.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> Opportunities for Reducing Post-Harvest Losses of Cactus Pear (Opuntia Ficus-Indica) to Improve Small-Holder Farmers Income in Eastern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: Value Chain Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meron%20Zenaselase%20Rata">Meron Zenaselase Rata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Euridice%20Leyequien%20Abarca"> Euridice Leyequien Abarca</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The production of major crops in Northern Ethiopia, especially the Tigray Region, is at subsistence level due to drought, erratic rainfall, and poor soil fertility. Since cactus pear is a drought-resistant plant, it is considered as a lifesaver fruit and a strategy for poverty reduction in a drought-affected area of the region. Despite its contribution to household income and food security in the area, the cactus pear sub-sector is experiencing many constraints with limited attention given to its post-harvest loss management. Therefore, this research was carried out to identify opportunities for reducing post-harvest losses and recommend possible strategies to reduce post-harvest losses, thereby improving production and smallholder’s income. Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques were employed to collect the data. Ganta Afeshum district was selected from Eastern Tigray, and two peasant associations (Buket and Golea) were also selected from the district purposively for being potential in cactus pear production. Simple random sampling techniques were employed to survey 30 households from each of the two peasant associations, and a semi-structured questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. Moreover, in this research 2 collectors, 2 wholesalers, 1 processor, 3 retailers, 2 consumers were interviewed; and two focus group discussion was also done with 14 key farmers using semi-structured checklist; and key informant interview with governmental and non-governmental organizations were interviewed to gather more information about the cactus pear production, post-harvest losses, the strategies used to reduce the post-harvest losses and suggestions to improve the post-harvest management. To enter and analyze the quantitative data, SPSS version 20 was used, whereas MS-word were used to transcribe the qualitative data. The data were presented using frequency and descriptive tables and graphs. The data analysis was also done using a chain map, correlations, stakeholder matrix, and gross margin. Mean comparisons like ANOVA and t-test between variables were used. The analysis result shows that the present cactus pear value chain involves main actors and supporters. However, there is inadequate information flow and informal market linkages among actors in the cactus pear value chain. The farmer's gross margin is higher when they sell to the processor than sell to collectors. The significant postharvest loss in the cactus pear value chain is at the producer level, followed by wholesalers and retailers. The maximum and minimum volume of post-harvest losses at the producer level is 4212 and 240 kgs per season. The post-harvest loss was caused by limited farmers skill on-farm management and harvesting, low market price, limited market information, absence of producer organization, poor post-harvest handling, absence of cold storage, absence of collection centers, poor infrastructure, inadequate credit access, using traditional transportation system, absence of quality control, illegal traders, inadequate research and extension services and using inappropriate packaging material. Therefore, some of the recommendations were providing adequate practical training, forming producer organizations, and constructing collection centers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cactus%20pear" title="cactus pear">cactus pear</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-harvest%20losses" title=" post-harvest losses"> post-harvest losses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=profit%20margin" title=" profit margin"> profit margin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=value-chain" title=" value-chain"> value-chain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130337/opportunities-for-reducing-post-harvest-losses-of-cactus-pear-opuntia-ficus-indica-to-improve-small-holder-farmers-income-in-eastern-tigray-northern-ethiopia-value-chain-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130337.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">130</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tigray&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tigray&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a 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