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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pirates_and_global_warming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Pirates and global warming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pirates_and_global_warming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holiday" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holiday"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Holiday </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holiday-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Books </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Books-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Books subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Loose_Canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Loose_Canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 The Loose Canon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Loose_Canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_New_Testament_of_The_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster;_Dinner_2.0:_The_New_and_Improved_Recipe!" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_New_Testament_of_The_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster;_Dinner_2.0:_The_New_and_Improved_Recipe!"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 The New Testament of The Flying Spaghetti Monster; Dinner 2.0: The New and Improved Recipe! </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_New_Testament_of_The_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster;_Dinner_2.0:_The_New_and_Improved_Recipe!-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_a_cultural_phenomenon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_cultural_phenomenon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 As a cultural phenomenon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_cultural_phenomenon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_religious_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_religious_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Use in religious disputes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_religious_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legal status </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal status subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Free speech </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Headgear_in_identity_photos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headgear_in_identity_photos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Headgear in identity photos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headgear_in_identity_photos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_and_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Origins and overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_of_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Commonwealth of Nations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_of_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Critical reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Flying Spaghetti Monster</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" > 57 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlie%C3%ABnde_Spaghettimonster" title="Vlieënde Spaghettimonster – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vlieënde Spaghettimonster" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fliegendes_Spaghettimonster" title="Fliegendes Spaghettimonster – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Fliegendes Spaghettimonster" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="وحش السباجيتي الطائر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وحش السباجيتي الطائر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%A7an_Spagetti_%C6%8Fjdahas%C4%B1" title="Uçan Spagetti Əjdahası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uçan Spagetti Əjdahası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fliagads_Spaghettimonsta" title="Fliagads Spaghettimonsta – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Fliagads Spaghettimonsta" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euzhvil_ar_Spaghetti-Nij" title="Euzhvil ar Spaghetti-Nij – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Euzhvil ar Spaghetti-Nij" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="Flying Spaghetti Monster – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Flying Spaghetti Monster" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9taj%C3%ADc%C3%AD_%C5%A1pagetov%C3%A9_monstrum" title="Létající špagetové monstrum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Létající špagetové monstrum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Spaghetti_Monsterism" title="Flying Spaghetti Monsterism – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Flying Spaghetti Monsterism" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Flyvende_Spaghettimonster" title="Det Flyvende Spaghettimonster – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Flyvende Spaghettimonster" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fliegendes_Spaghettimonster" title="Fliegendes Spaghettimonster – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fliegendes Spaghettimonster" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%80%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιπτάμενο Μακαρονοτέρας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιπτάμενο Μακαρονοτέρας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monstruo_de_Espagueti_Volador" title="Monstruo de Espagueti Volador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monstruo de Espagueti Volador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluganta_Spagetmonstro" title="Fluganta Spagetmonstro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fluganta Spagetmonstro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="هیولای اسپاگتی پرنده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیولای اسپاگتی پرنده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="Flying Spaghetti Monster – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Flying Spaghetti Monster" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A0%EC%95%84%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%88%EB%8A%94_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%8C%EA%B2%8C%ED%8B%B0_%EA%B4%B4%EB%AC%BC" title="날아다니는 스파게티 괴물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="날아다니는 스파게티 괴물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Պաստաֆարիանիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պաստաֆարիանիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5" title="उड़नेवाला स्पघेटी दानव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उड़नेवाला स्पघेटी दानव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lete%C4%87e_%C5%A0pagetno_%C4%8Cudovi%C5%A1te" title="Leteće Špagetno Čudovište – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Leteće Špagetno Čudovište" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_Spageti_Terbang" title="Monster Spageti Terbang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Monster Spageti Terbang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%98%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="מפלצת הספגטי המעופפת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפלצת הספגטי המעופפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_Spag%C3%A8ti_Mabur" title="Monster Spagèti Mabur – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Monster Spagèti Mabur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მფრინავი სპაგეტის მონსტრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მფრინავი სპაგეტის მონსტრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monstrum_vermiculatum_volatile" title="Monstrum vermiculatum volatile – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Monstrum vermiculatum volatile" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidojo%C5%A1ais_makaronu_monstrs" title="Lidojošais makaronu monstrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lidojošais makaronu monstrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaghettimonster,_dat_flitt" title="Spaghettimonster, dat flitt – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Spaghettimonster, dat flitt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrajojantis_Spageti_Monstras" title="Skrajojantis Spageti Monstras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skrajojantis Spageti Monstras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BCl%C5%91_Spagettisz%C3%B6rny" title="Repülő Spagettiszörny – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Repülő Spagettiszörny" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="ഫ്ലയിംഗ് സ്പഗെറ്റി മോൺസ്റ്റർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്ലയിംഗ് സ്പഗെറ്റി മോൺസ്റ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vliegend_Spaghettimonster_(god)" title="Vliegend Spaghettimonster (god) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vliegend Spaghettimonster (god)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%A3%9B%E3%81%B6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%91%E3%82%B2%E3%83%83%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E6%95%99" title="空飛ぶスパゲッティ・モンスター教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="空飛ぶスパゲッティ・モンスター教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flygende_spaghettimonster" title="Flygende spaghettimonster – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flygende spaghettimonster" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchar_lag%CA%BBmon_jonivori" title="Uchar lagʻmon jonivori – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uchar lagʻmon jonivori" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fliegendes_Spaghettimonster" title="Fliegendes Spaghettimonster – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Fliegendes Spaghettimonster" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lataj%C4%85cy_Potw%C3%B3r_Spaghetti" title="Latający Potwór Spaghetti – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Latający Potwór Spaghetti" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monstrul_Zbur%C4%83tor_de_Spaghete" title="Monstrul Zburător de Spaghete – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Monstrul Zburător de Spaghete" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80" title="Летающий макаронный монстр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Летающий макаронный монстр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABrbind%C3%ABshi_Shpaget-fluturues" title="Përbindëshi Shpaget-fluturues – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Përbindëshi Shpaget-fluturues" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B9%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="පියාඹන ස්පැගටි රාක්ෂයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පියාඹන ස්පැගටි රාක්ෂයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="Flying Spaghetti Monster – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flying Spaghetti Monster" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="Flying Spaghetti Monster – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Flying Spaghetti Monster" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lete%C4%8Da_%C5%A1pagetna_po%C5%A1ast" title="Leteča špagetna pošast – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Leteča špagetna pošast" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Летећи шпагети монструм – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Летећи шпагети монструм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lete%C4%87e_%C5%A0pagetno_%C4%8Cudovi%C5%A1te" title="Leteće Špagetno Čudovište – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Leteće Špagetno Čudovište" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent%C3%A4v%C3%A4_spagettihirvi%C3%B6" title="Lentävä spagettihirviö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lentävä spagettihirviö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_flygande_spaghettimonstret" title="Det flygande spaghettimonstret – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Det flygande spaghettimonstret" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பறக்கும் இடியாப்ப அரக்கன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பறக்கும் இடியாப்ப அரக்கன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%E1%BA%93iw_Amsafag_n_Spaghetti" title="Amẓiw Amsafag n Spaghetti – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amẓiw Amsafag n Spaghetti" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="ปีศาจสปาเกตตีลอยฟ้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปีศาจสปาเกตตีลอยฟ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Летюче локшинне чудовисько – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Летюче локшинне чудовисько" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%91%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="اڑن اسپیگٹی عفریت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اڑن اسپیگٹی عفریت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="Flying Spaghetti Monster – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Flying Spaghetti Monster" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E9%BA%B5%E7%A5%9E" title="飛麵神 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="飛麵神" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E5%A4%A9%E6%84%8F%E9%9D%A2%E7%A5%9E" title="飞天意面神 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="飞天意面神" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E5%A4%A9%E6%84%8F%E7%B2%89%E6%80%AA" title="飛天意粉怪 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="飛天意粉怪" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E8%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2%E6%9D%A1%E6%80%AA%E7%89%A9" title="飞行面条怪物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="飞行面条怪物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12044#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafarianism</a>. For the marine organism, see <a href="/wiki/Bathyphysa_conifera" title="Bathyphysa conifera">Bathyphysa conifera</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Flying Spaghetti Monster</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">Pastafarianism</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Touched_by_His_Noodly_Appendage_HD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oil painting in the style of "The Creation of Adam" by Michelangelo (which shows Adam reclining and reaching out to touch God), but instead of God there is the Flying Spaghetti Monster; two large meatballs wrapped in noodles, with eyes on stalks which are also noodles, all floating in mid-air." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Touched_by_His_Noodly_Appendage_HD.jpg/260px-Touched_by_His_Noodly_Appendage_HD.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Touched_by_His_Noodly_Appendage_HD.jpg/390px-Touched_by_His_Noodly_Appendage_HD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Touched_by_His_Noodly_Appendage_HD.jpg/520px-Touched_by_His_Noodly_Appendage_HD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5346" data-file-height="2583" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Touched by His Noodly Appendage, a parody of <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a>, is an iconic image of the Flying Spaghetti Monster<a href="#cite_note-Touched-1">[1]</a> by Arne Niklas Jansson.<a href="#cite_note-JanssonProfile-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spaghettimonster.org">spaghettimonster.org</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:FSM_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/FSM_Logo.svg/120px-FSM_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/FSM_Logo.svg/180px-FSM_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/FSM_Logo.svg/240px-FSM_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="273" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Texts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster">The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster</a>, The Loose Canon, the Holy Book of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Festivals</th><td class="infobox-data">"Holiday"</td></tr></tbody></table> The Flying Spaghetti Monster (FSM) is the <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, or Pastafarianism, a <a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">parodic</a> <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a> that promotes a light-hearted view of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It originated in opposition to the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a> in <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public schools</a> in the United States. According to adherents, Pastafarianism (a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafarianism</a>) is a "real, legitimate religion, as much as any other".<a href="#cite_note-About-4">[4]</a> It has received some limited recognition as such.<a href="#cite_note-NZcelebrant-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-NZPirateWedding-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-UVxKu-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-e1xlI-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Henley-9">[9]</a> The "Flying Spaghetti Monster" was first described in a <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical</a> <a href="/wiki/Open_letter" title="Open letter">open letter</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Henderson_(activist)" title="Bobby Henderson (activist)">Bobby Henderson</a> in 2005 to protest the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_evolution_hearings" title="Kansas evolution hearings">Kansas State Board of Education decision</a> to permit teaching <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Creation_and_evolution_in_public_education" title="Creation and evolution in public education">alternative to evolution in state school science classes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-10">[10]</a> In the letter, Henderson demanded equal time in science classrooms for "Flying Spaghetti Monsterism", alongside intelligent design and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-openletter-11">[11]</a> After Henderson published the letter on his website, the Flying Spaghetti Monster rapidly became an <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">Internet phenomenon</a> and a symbol of opposition to the teaching of intelligent design in state schools.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-12">[12]</a> Pastafarian tenets (generally satires of creationism) are presented on Henderson's Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster website (where he is described as "prophet"), and are also elucidated in <a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster">The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster</a>, written by Henderson in 2006, and in The Loose Canon, the Holy Book of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. The central <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myth</a> is that an invisible and undetectable Flying Spaghetti Monster created the universe after drinking heavily. <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Pirates</a> are revered as the original Pastafarians.<a href="#cite_note-alarabiya-13">[13]</a> The FSM community congregates at Henderson's website to share ideas about and sightings of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, and display crafts representing images of it.<a href="#cite_note-About-4">[4]</a> Because of its popularity and exposure, the Flying Spaghetti Monster is often used as a more modern version of <a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a>—an argument that the <a href="/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(philosophy)" title="Burden of proof (philosophy)">philosophic burden of proof</a> lies upon those who make <a href="/wiki/Unfalsifiable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfalsifiable">unfalsifiable</a> claims, not on those who reject them. Pastafarians have engaged in disputes with creationists, including in <a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Florida" title="Polk County, Florida">Polk County, Florida</a>, where they played a role in dissuading the local school board from adopting new rules on teaching evolution.<a href="#cite_note-Polk-14">[14]</a> Pastafarianism has received praise from the scientific community and criticism from proponents of intelligent design. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> In January 2005,<a href="#cite_note-openletterabout-15">[15]</a> Bobby Henderson, a 24-year-old<a href="#cite_note-Cusack2010-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University">Oregon State University</a> physics graduate, sent an open letter regarding the Flying Spaghetti Monster to the Kansas State Board of Education.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-wpost-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dallas_Morning_News-18">[18]</a> In that letter, Henderson satirized <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationism</a> by professing his belief that whenever a scientist <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">carbon-dates</a> an object, a supernatural creator that closely resembles <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_and_meatballs" title="Spaghetti and meatballs">spaghetti and meatballs</a> is there "changing the results with His Noodly Appendage". Henderson argued that his beliefs were just as valid as intelligent design, and called for equal time in science classrooms alongside intelligent design and evolution.<a href="#cite_note-openletter-11">[11]</a> The letter was sent prior to the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_evolution_hearings" title="Kansas evolution hearings">Kansas evolution hearings</a> as an argument against the teaching of intelligent design in biology classes.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-12">[12]</a> Henderson, describing himself as a "concerned citizen" representing more than ten million others, argued that intelligent design and his belief that "the universe was created by a Flying Spaghetti Monster" were equally valid.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-12">[12]</a> In his letter, he noted, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I think we can all look forward to the time when these three theories are given equal time in our science classrooms across the country, and eventually the world; one third time for Intelligent Design, one third time for Flying Spaghetti Monsterism, and one third time for logical conjecture based on overwhelming observable evidence.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bobby Henderson<a href="#cite_note-openletter-11">[11]</a></cite></div></blockquote> According to Henderson, since the intelligent design movement uses ambiguous references to a designer, any conceivable entity may fulfill that role, including a Flying Spaghetti Monster.<a href="#cite_note-usatoday-19">[19]</a> Henderson explained, "I don't have a problem with religion. What I have a problem with is religion posing as science. If there is a god and he's intelligent, then I would guess he has a sense of humor".<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Escapist-20">[20]</a> In May 2005, having received no reply from the Kansas State Board of Education, Henderson posted the letter on his website, gaining significant public interest.<a href="#cite_note-About-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-openletterabout-15">[15]</a> Shortly thereafter, Pastafarianism became an Internet phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-usatoday-19">[19]</a> Henderson published the responses he then received from board members.<a href="#cite_note-openletterrespond-21">[21]</a> Three board members, all of whom opposed the curriculum amendments, responded positively; a fourth board member responded with the comment "It is a serious offense to mock God".<a href="#cite_note-iDYMw-22">[22]</a> Henderson has also published the significant amount of hate mail, including death threats, that he has received.<a href="#cite_note-0vtvk-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-jj9GR-24">[24]</a> Within one year of sending the open letter, Henderson received thousands of emails on the Flying Spaghetti Monster, eventually totaling over 60,000,<a href="#cite_note-Comment-25">[25]</a> of which he has said that "about 95 percent have been supportive, while the other five percent have said I am going to hell".<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-10">[10]</a> During that time, his site garnered tens of millions of hits.<a href="#cite_note-Comment-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_phenomenon">Internet phenomenon</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_monochrome.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of the Flying Spaghetti Monster; crudely drawn with thick lines. Image shows a plain oval for the body, six noodles for the arms and two eye stalks." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_monochrome.svg/220px-Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_monochrome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_monochrome.svg/330px-Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_monochrome.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_monochrome.svg/440px-Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_monochrome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="142" /></a><figcaption>The FSM version of the "<a href="/wiki/Variations_of_the_ichthys_symbol" title="Variations of the ichthys symbol">Jesus fish</a>" emblem has become accepted as the symbol of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. The symbol was originally created by readers of the <a href="/wiki/Boing_Boing" title="Boing Boing">Boing Boing</a> web site in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-IGlPD-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-vAa70-27">[27]</a> </figcaption></figure> As word of Henderson's challenge to the board spread, his website and cause received more attention and support. The satirical nature of Henderson's argument made the Flying Spaghetti Monster popular with bloggers as well as humor and Internet culture websites.<a href="#cite_note-spiegel-28">[28]</a> The Flying Spaghetti Monster was featured on websites such as <a href="/wiki/Boing_Boing" title="Boing Boing">Boing Boing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Something_Awful" title="Something Awful">Something Awful</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uncyclopedia" title="Uncyclopedia">Uncyclopedia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fark" title="Fark">Fark</a>. Moreover, an International Society for Flying Spaghetti Monster Awareness and other fan sites emerged.<a href="#cite_note-Ha_Ha,_Only_Serious-29">[29]</a> As public awareness grew, the mainstream media picked up on the phenomenon. The Flying Spaghetti Monster became a symbol for the case against intelligent design in public education.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-vadqV-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-lnwL6-31">[31]</a> The open letter was printed in several major newspapers, including <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Comment-25">[25]</a> and received worldwide press attention.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph2-32">[32]</a> Henderson himself was surprised by its success, stating that he "wrote the letter for [his] own amusement as much as anything".<a href="#cite_note-usatoday-19">[19]</a> In August 2005, in response to a challenge from a reader, Boing Boing announced a $250,000 prize—later raised to $1,000,000—of "Intelligently Designed currency" payable to any individual who could produce empirical evidence proving that Jesus is not the son of the Flying Spaghetti Monster.<a href="#cite_note-prize-33">[33]</a> It was modeled as a parody of a <a href="/wiki/Kent_Hovind#$250,000_offer" title="Kent Hovind">similar</a> challenge issued by <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">young-earth</a> creationist <a href="/wiki/Kent_Hovind" title="Kent Hovind">Kent Hovind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usatoday-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-2MIrT-34">[34]</a> According to Henderson, newspaper articles on the Flying Spaghetti Monster attracted the attention of book publishers; he said that at one point, there were six publishers interested in the Flying Spaghetti Monster.<a href="#cite_note-Comment-25">[25]</a> In November 2005, Henderson received an advance from <a href="/wiki/Villard_(imprint)" title="Villard (imprint)">Villard</a> to write <a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster">The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-newyorkmag-35">[35]</a> In November 2005, the Kansas State Board of Education voted to allow criticisms of evolution, including language about intelligent design, as part of testing standards.<a href="#cite_note-washpost-36">[36]</a> On February 13, 2007, the board voted 6–4 to reject the amended science standards enacted in 2005. This was the fifth time in eight years that the board had rewritten the standards on evolution.<a href="#cite_note-msnbc2-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tenets">Tenets</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> With millions, if not thousands, of devout worshipers, the Church of the FSM is widely considered a legitimate religion, even by its opponents—mostly fundamentalist Christians, who have accepted that our God has larger balls than theirs. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Bobby Henderson<a href="#cite_note-About-4">[4]</a></cite> </div> Although Henderson has stated that "the only dogma allowed in the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster is the rejection of dogma", some general beliefs are held by Pastafarians.<a href="#cite_note-About-4">[4]</a> Henderson proposed many Pastafarian tenets in reaction to common arguments by proponents of intelligent design.<a href="#cite_note-gelf-38">[38]</a> These "<a href="/wiki/Canon_(basic_principle)" title="Canon (basic principle)">canonical</a> beliefs" are presented by Henderson in his letter to the Kansas State Board of Education,<a href="#cite_note-openletter-11">[11]</a> The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, and on Henderson's website, where he is described as a "prophet".<a href="#cite_note-flashguide-39">[39]</a> They tend to satirize creationism.<a href="#cite_note-usatoday-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Omphalos_hypothesis" title="Omphalos hypothesis">Omphalos hypothesis</a></div> The central creation myth is that an invisible and undetectable Flying Spaghetti Monster created the universe "after drinking heavily". According to these beliefs, the Monster's intoxication was the cause for a flawed Earth. Furthermore, according to Pastafarianism, all evidence for evolution was planted by the Flying Spaghetti Monster in an effort to test the faith of Pastafarians—parodying certain <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">biblical literalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GOLEM-40">[40]</a> When scientific measurements such as radiocarbon dating are taken, the Flying Spaghetti Monster "is there changing the results with His Noodly Appendage".<a href="#cite_note-openletter-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afterlife">Afterlife</h3></div> The Pastafarian conception of <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> includes a <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> volcano and a <a href="/wiki/Stripper" title="Stripper">stripper</a> (or sometimes <a href="/wiki/Prostitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitute">prostitute</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">paint stripper</a>) factory.<a href="#cite_note-flashguide-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The Pastafarian <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> is similar, except that the beer is stale and the strippers have <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted disease">sexually transmitted diseases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FSM_Gospel-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pirates_and_global_warming">Pirates and global warming</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PiratesVsTemp(en).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="chart showing that in 1820 there were 25,000 pirates and the global average temperature was 14.2 degrees C, while in 2000 there were 17 pirates and the global average temperature was 15.9 degrees C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/PiratesVsTemp%28en%29.svg/220px-PiratesVsTemp%28en%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/PiratesVsTemp%28en%29.svg/330px-PiratesVsTemp%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/PiratesVsTemp%28en%29.svg/440px-PiratesVsTemp%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Misleading_graph" title="Misleading graph">misleading graph</a> that is claimed to correlate the number of pirates with global temperature</figcaption></figure> According to Pastafarian beliefs, pirates are "absolute divine beings" and the original Pastafarians.<a href="#cite_note-openletter-11">[11]</a> Furthermore, Pastafarians believe that the concept of pirates as "thieves and outcasts" is misinformation spread by Christian theologians in the Middle Ages. Instead, Pastafarians believe that they were "peace-loving explorers and spreaders of good will" who distributed candy to small children, adding that modern pirates are in no way similar to "the fun-loving buccaneers from history". In addition, Pastafarians believe that ghost pirates are responsible for all of the mysteriously lost ships and planes of the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a>. Pastafarians are among those who celebrate <a href="/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day" title="International Talk Like a Pirate Day">International Talk Like a Pirate Day</a> on September 19.<a href="#cite_note-eF9ZN-43">[43]</a> The inclusion of pirates in Pastafarianism was part of Henderson's original letter to the Kansas State Board of Education, in an effort to illustrate that <a href="/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation" title="Correlation does not imply causation">correlation does not imply causation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Volcano-44">[44]</a> Henderson presented the argument that "<a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">global warming</a>, earthquakes, hurricanes, and other natural disasters are a direct effect of the shrinking numbers of pirates since the 1800s".<a href="#cite_note-openletter-11">[11]</a> A deliberately <a href="/wiki/Misleading_graph" title="Misleading graph">misleading graph</a> accompanying the letter (with numbers humorously disordered on the x-axis) shows that as the number of pirates decreased, global temperatures increased. This parodies the suggestion from some religious groups that the high numbers of disasters, famines, and wars in the world is due to the lack of respect and worship toward their deity. In 2008, Henderson interpreted the growing pirate activities at the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> as additional support, pointing out that <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> has "the highest number of pirates and the lowest <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a> of any country".<a href="#cite_note-FvkvM-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_Tree_Topper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_Tree_Topper.jpg/170px-Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_Tree_Topper.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_Tree_Topper.jpg/255px-Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_Tree_Topper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_Tree_Topper.jpg/340px-Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_Tree_Topper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>An alternative <a href="/wiki/Tree-topper" title="Tree-topper">tree-topper</a> for Pastafarians, handmade from pipe cleaners and pom poms</figcaption></figure> Pastafarian beliefs extend into lighthearted religious ceremony. Pastafarians celebrate every Friday as a holy day.<a href="#cite_note-usatoday-19">[19]</a> Prayers are concluded with a final declaration of affirmation, "R'amen" (or "rAmen"); the term is a parodic <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the terms "<a href="/wiki/Amen" title="Amen">Amen</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Ramen" title="Ramen">Ramen</a>", referring to a Japanese noodle dish and to the "noodly appendages" of their deity.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-10">[10]</a> The celebration of "Pastover" requires consuming large amounts of pasta, and during "Ramendan", only Ramen noodles are consumed; <a href="/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day" title="International Talk Like a Pirate Day">International Talk Like a Pirate Day</a> is observed as a holiday.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis2018-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-ie4hR-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Holiday">Holiday</h4></div> Around the time of <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a>, Pastafarians celebrate the vaguely defined "Holiday". Holiday does not take place on "a specific date so much as it is <a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">the Holiday season, itself</a>". According to Henderson, as Pastafarians "reject dogma and formalism", there are no specific requirements for Holiday. Pastafarians celebrate Holiday in any manner they please.<a href="#cite_note-holiday-48">[48]</a> Pastafarians interpret the increasing usage of language such as "have a happy Holiday Season", rather than more traditional <a href="/wiki/Greetings" class="mw-redirect" title="Greetings">greetings</a> (such as "Merry Christmas"), as support for Pastafarianism.<a href="#cite_note-holiday-48">[48]</a> In December 2005, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s White House Christmas greeting cards wished people a happy "holiday season",<a href="#cite_note-qxdoi-49">[49]</a> leading Henderson to write the President a note of thanks, including an adapted <a href="/wiki/Variations_of_the_ichthys_symbol" title="Variations of the ichthys symbol">"fish" emblem</a> depicting the Flying Spaghetti Monster for his limousine or plane.<a href="#cite_note-ylchs-50">[50]</a> Henderson also thanked <a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a> for its use of the phrase.<a href="#cite_note-PrIEL-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster">The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster">The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="image of the cover of a book, red cover, gold lettering, title, small crudely drawn logo, author. No picture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster.jpg/170px-The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster.jpg/255px-The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster">The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster</a></figcaption></figure> In December 2005 Bobby Henderson received a reported US$80,000 advance from <a href="/wiki/Villard_(imprint)" title="Villard (imprint)">Villard</a> to write The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Henderson said he planned to use proceeds from the book to build a pirate ship, with which he would spread the Pastafarian religion.<a href="#cite_note-newyorkmag-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-w3Vij-52">[52]</a> The book was released on March 28, 2006,<a href="#cite_note-lGhw4-53">[53]</a> and elaborates on Pastafarian beliefs established in the open letter.<a href="#cite_note-Austin-54">[54]</a> Henderson employs satire to present perceived flaws with <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a> and discusses history and lifestyle from a Pastafarian perspective. The gospel urges readers to try Pastafarianism for thirty days, saying, "If you don't like us, your old religion will most likely take you back".<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph2-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-2pnzC-55">[55]</a> Henderson states on his website that more than 100,000 copies of the book have been sold.<a href="#cite_note-FSM_Book-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> described the gospel as "an elaborate spoof on Intelligent Design" and "very funny". In 2006, it was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Quill_Award" title="Quill Award">Quill Award</a> in Humor, but was not selected as the winner.<a href="#cite_note-FSM_Book-56">[56]</a> Wayne Allen Brenner of <a href="/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle" title="The Austin Chronicle">The Austin Chronicle</a> characterized the book as "a necessary bit of comic relief in the overly serious battle between science and superstition".<a href="#cite_note-Austin-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Singh" title="Simon Singh">Simon Singh</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> wrote that the gospel "might be slightly repetitive...but overall it is a brilliant, provocative, witty and important gem of a book".<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph2-32">[32]</a> Casey Luskin of the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute" title="Discovery Institute">Discovery Institute</a>, which advocates intelligent design, labeled the gospel "a mockery of the Christian <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Luskin_FSM_and_Christmas-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Loose_Canon">The Loose Canon</h3></div> In September 2005, before Henderson had received an advance to write the Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, a Pastafarian member of the Venganza forums known as Solipsy announced the beginning of a project to collect texts from fellow Pastafarians to compile into The Loose Canon, the Holy Book of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, essentially analogous to the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-The_Big_Announcement-58">[58]</a> The book was completed in 2010 and was made available for download.<a href="#cite_note-The_Loose_Canon-59">[59]</a> Some excerpts from The Loose Canon include: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I am the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Thou shalt have no other monsters before Me (afterwards is OK; just use protection). The only Monster who deserves capitalization is Me! Other monsters are false monsters, undeserving of capitalization.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Suggestions 1:1</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Since you have done a half-ass job, you will receive half an ass!" The Great Pirate Solomon grabbed his ceremonial scimitar and struck his remaining donkey, cleaving it in two.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Slackers 1:51–52</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_New_Testament_of_The_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster;_Dinner_2.0:_The_New_and_Improved_Recipe!">The New Testament of The Flying Spaghetti Monster; Dinner 2.0: The New and Improved Recipe!</h3></div> The New Testament of The Flying Spaghetti Monster: Dinner 2.0 (also known as the New and Improved Recipe) was published on June 1, 2018. It is the Holy Book of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitarian_Church_of_Pasta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitarian Church of Pasta (page does not exist)">The Unitarian Church of Pasta</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_FSM_Revival_Church_of_Ziti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The FSM Revival Church of Ziti (page does not exist)">The FSM Revival Church of Ziti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Some excerpts from The New Testament of The Flying Spaghetti Monster: Dinner 2.0 include: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We need never doubt our Divine Carbohydrate, for even our DNA is shaped like a noodle so we know that pasta is holy<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Book One: The Holy Book of Lasagna</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It's Better If You Do's <ol><li>. It's Better If You Find A Thing You Are Good At</li> <li>. It's Better If You Live in Harmony With the World</li> <li>. It's Better If You Make Art</li> <li>. It's Better If You Lead An Untethered Life</li> <li>. It's Better If You Work Together</li></ol> It's Better If You Don't's <ol><li>. It's Better If You Don't Put People In Cages</li> <li>. It's Better If You Don't Work Too Much</li> <li>. It's Better If You Don't Value Possessions</li> <li>. It's Better If You Don't Hurt Others</li> <li>. It's Better If You Don't Censor Things<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Book Four: The Holy Book of Tortellini</cite></div></li></ol></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fremont_Fair_2009_pre-parade_28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="various people standing around a small Flying Spaghetti Monster Parade float." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fremont_Fair_2009_pre-parade_28.jpg/220px-Fremont_Fair_2009_pre-parade_28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fremont_Fair_2009_pre-parade_28.jpg/330px-Fremont_Fair_2009_pre-parade_28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fremont_Fair_2009_pre-parade_28.jpg/440px-Fremont_Fair_2009_pre-parade_28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Flying Spaghetti Monster contingent preparing for the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Summer_Solstice" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Solstice">Summer Solstice</a> Parade and Pageant in Fremont, Seattle, Washington</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_cultural_phenomenon">As a cultural phenomenon</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_Vino_Rosso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_Vino_Rosso.jpg/220px-Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_Vino_Rosso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_Vino_Rosso.jpg/330px-Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_Vino_Rosso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_Vino_Rosso.jpg/440px-Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_Vino_Rosso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A bottle of Flying Spaghetti Monster red wine</figcaption></figure> The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster consisted of thousands of followers,<a href="#cite_note-Volcano-44">[44]</a> primarily concentrated on college campuses in North America and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Academics-62">[62]</a> According to the Associated Press, Henderson's website has become "a kind of cyber-watercooler for opponents of intelligent design". On it, visitors track meetings of pirate-clad Pastafarians, sell trinkets and bumper stickers, and sample photographs that show "visions" of the Flying Spaghetti Monster.<a href="#cite_note-Fox_2007-63">[63]</a> In August 2005,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] the Swedish concept designer Niklas Jansson created an adaptation of Michelangelo's <a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a>, superimposing the Flying Spaghetti Monster over God. This became and remains the Flying Spaghetti Monster's de facto brand image.<a href="#cite_note-Ha_Ha,_Only_Serious-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hunger_Artists_Theatre_Company" title="Hunger Artists Theatre Company">Hunger Artists Theatre Company</a> produced a comedy called The Flying Spaghetti Monster Holiday Pageant in December 2006, detailing the history of Pastafarianism.<a href="#cite_note-Hc2ag-64">[64]</a> The production has spawned a sequel called Flying Spaghetti Monster Holy Mug of Grog, performed in December 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Hwk1l-65">[65]</a> This communal activity attracted the attention of three <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> religious scholars, who assembled a panel at the 2007 <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Religion" title="American Academy of Religion">American Academy of Religion</a> meeting to discuss the Flying Spaghetti Monster.<a href="#cite_note-Academics-62">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_(yarncraft).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="small handmade knit Flying Spaghetti Monster sitting on a table with people dressed as pirates in background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_%28yarncraft%29.jpg/170px-Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_%28yarncraft%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_%28yarncraft%29.jpg/255px-Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_%28yarncraft%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_%28yarncraft%29.jpg/340px-Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_%28yarncraft%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>Handmade knitted and felted Flying Spaghetti Monster</figcaption></figure> In November 2007, four talks about the Flying Spaghetti Monster were delivered at the American Academy of Religion's annual meeting in San Diego.<a href="#cite_note-Wired-66">[66]</a> The talks, with titles such as Holy Pasta and Authentic Sauce: The Flying Spaghetti Monster's Messy Implications for Theorizing Religion, examined the elements necessary for a group to constitute a religion. Speakers inquired whether "an anti-religion like Flying Spaghetti Monsterism [is] actually a religion".<a href="#cite_note-Academics-62">[62]</a> The talks were based on the paper, Evolutionary Controversy and a Side of Pasta: The Flying Spaghetti Monster and the Subversive Function of Religious Parody,<a href="#cite_note-Escapist-20">[20]</a> published in the GOLEM Journal of Religion and Monsters.<a href="#cite_note-GOLEM-40">[40]</a> The panel garnered an audience of one hundred of the more than 9,000 conference attendees, and conference organizers received critical e-mails from Christians offended by it.<a href="#cite_note-ipXCS-67">[67]</a> Since October 2008, the local chapter of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster has sponsored an annual convention called <a href="/wiki/Skepticon" title="Skepticon">Skepticon</a> on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Missouri_State_University" title="Missouri State University">Missouri State University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bDtgV-68">[68]</a> Atheists and skeptics give speeches on various topics, and a debate with Christian experts is held. Organizers tout the event as the "largest gathering of atheists in the Midwest".<a href="#cite_note-QY5li-69">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldovan</a>-born poet, fiction writer, and culturologist <a href="/wiki/Igor_Ursenco" title="Igor Ursenco">Igor Ursenco</a> entitled his 2012 poetry book The Flying Spaghetti Monster (thriller poems). On the nonprofit <a href="/wiki/Microfinancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfinancing">microfinancing</a> site, <a href="/wiki/Kiva_(organization)" title="Kiva (organization)">Kiva</a>, the Flying Spaghetti Monster group is in an ongoing competition to top all other "religious congregations" in the number of loans issued via their team. The group's motto is "Thou shalt share, that none may seek without funding",<a href="#cite_note-3TSFq-70">[70]</a> an allusion to the Loose Canon which states "Thou shalt share, that none may seek without finding".<a href="#cite_note-OJZUs-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today_Kiva-72">[72]</a> As of October 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_Spaghetti_Monster&action=edit">[update]</a> it reported to have funded US$4,002,350 in loans.<a href="#cite_note-5OqFf-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bathyphysa_conifera" title="Bathyphysa conifera">Bathyphysa conifera</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Siphonophore" class="mw-redirect" title="Siphonophore">siphonophore</a>, has been called the "Flying Spaghetti Monster".<a href="#cite_note-cOZO8-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-vdt4y-75">[75]</a> The 2019 documentary <a href="/wiki/I,_Pastafari" title="I, Pastafari">I, Pastafari</a> examines the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster and its fight for legal recognition.<a href="#cite_note-Y9EEH-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-yoxjR-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPoMovie-78">[78]</a> In September 2019, the Pastafarian pastor Barrett Fletcher offered an opening prayer on behalf of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster at an Assembly meeting of the local government in <a href="/wiki/Kenai_Peninsula_Borough,_Alaska" title="Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska">Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6W1BN-79">[79]</a> In April 2023, a <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's Bible">Children's Bible</a> of the Flying Spaghetti Monster was published in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_religious_disputes">Use in religious disputes</h3></div> Owing to its popularity and media exposure, the Flying Spaghetti Monster is often used as a modern version of <a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Teapot-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-jrdnF-83">[83]</a> Proponents argue that, since the existence of the invisible and undetectable Flying Spaghetti Monster—similar to other proposed supernatural beings—cannot be <a href="/wiki/Falsified" class="mw-redirect" title="Falsified">falsified</a>, it demonstrates that the burden of proof rests on those who affirm the existence of such beings. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> explains, "The <a href="/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(law)" title="Burden of proof (law)">onus</a> is on somebody who says, I want to believe in God, Flying Spaghetti Monster, fairies, or whatever it is. It is not up to us to disprove it".<a href="#cite_note-Teapot-82">[82]</a> Furthermore, according to Lance Gharavi, an editor of The Journal of Religion and Theater, the Flying Spaghetti Monster is "ultimately...an argument about the arbitrariness of holding any one view of creation", since any one view is as plausible as the Flying Spaghetti Monster.<a href="#cite_note-usatoday-19">[19]</a> A similar argument was discussed in the books <a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a> and The Atheist Delusion.<a href="#cite_note-KTNNL-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-w3AaF-85">[85]</a> In December 2007 the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster was credited with spearheading successful efforts in <a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Florida" title="Polk County, Florida">Polk County, Florida</a>, to dissuade the <a href="/wiki/Polk_County_Public_Schools" title="Polk County Public Schools">Polk County School Board</a> from adopting new science standards on evolution. The issue was raised after five of the seven board members declared a personal belief in intelligent design. Opponents describing themselves as Pastafarians e-mailed members of the Polk County School Board demanding equal instruction time for the Flying Spaghetti Monster.<a href="#cite_note-8nsLv-86">[86]</a> Board member Margaret Lofton, who supported intelligent design, dismissed the e-mail as ridiculous and insulting, stating, "they've made us the laughing stock of the world". Lofton later stated that she had no interest in engaging with the Pastafarians or anyone else seeking to discredit intelligent design. As the controversy developed, scientists expressed opposition to intelligent design. In response to hopes for a new "applied science" campus at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">University of South Florida</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lakeland,_Florida" title="Lakeland, Florida">Lakeland</a>, university vice president Marshall Goodman expressed surprise, stating, "[intelligent design is] not science. You can't even call it pseudo-science". While unhappy with the outcome, Lofton chose not to resign over the issue. She and the other board members expressed a desire to return to the day-to-day work of running the school district.<a href="#cite_note-Polk-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2></div> National branches of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster have been striving in many countries to have Pastafarianism become an officially (legally) recognized religion, with varying degrees of success. In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, Pastafarian representatives have been authorized as marriage celebrants, as the movement satisfies criteria laid down for organisations that primarily promote religious, philosophical, or humanitarian convictions.<a href="#cite_note-NZcelebrant-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-NZPirateWedding-6">[6]</a> A federal court in the US state of Nebraska ruled that Flying Spaghetti Monster is a satirical <a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">parody religion</a>, rather than an actual religion, and as a result, Pastafarians are not entitled to religious accommodation under the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Land_Use_and_Institutionalized_Persons_Act" title="Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act">Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"This is not a question of theology", the ruling reads in part. "The FSM Gospel is plainly a work of satire, meant to entertain while making a pointed political statement. To read it as religious doctrine would be little different from grounding a 'religious exercise' on any other work of fiction."<a href="#cite_note-Cavanaugh-87">[87]</a></blockquote> Pastafarians have used their claimed faith as a <a href="/wiki/Test_case_(law)" title="Test case (law)">test case</a> to argue for <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, and to oppose government discrimination against people who do not follow a recognized religion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3></div> The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster operates an <a href="/wiki/Ordination_mill" title="Ordination mill">ordination mill</a> on their website which enables officiates in jurisdictions where credentials are needed to officiate weddings.<a href="#cite_note-PKfmB-88">[88]</a> Pastafarians say that in <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">jurisdictions where church and state are separated</a> the government is precluded from arbitrarily labelling one denomination religiously valid but another an ordination mill. In November 2014, Rodney Michael Rogers and <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>-based Atheists for Human Rights sued <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Minnesota" title="Washington County, Minnesota">Washington County, Minnesota</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> equal protection clause and the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment">First Amendment</a> free speech clause, with their attorney claiming <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">discrimination against atheists</a>: "When the statute clearly permits recognition of a marriage celebrant whose religious credentials consist of nothing more than a $20 'ordination' obtained from the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster... the requirement is absolutely meaningless in terms of ensuring the qualifications of a marriage celebrant".<a href="#cite_note-ig6Di-89">[89]</a> A few days before a hearing on the matter, Washington County changed its policy to authorize Rogers to officiate weddings. This action was done in an effort to deny the court jurisdiction on the underlying claim. On May 13, 2015, the Federal Court held that the issue had become <a href="/wiki/Mootness" title="Mootness">moot</a>, and dismissed the case.<a href="#cite_note-6dobE-90">[90]</a> The first legally recognized Pastafarian wedding was celebrated in New Zealand on April 16, 2016.<a href="#cite_note-NZPirateWedding-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_speech">Free speech</h3></div> In March 2007, Bryan Killian, a high school student in <a href="/wiki/Buncombe_County,_North_Carolina" title="Buncombe County, North Carolina">Buncombe County, North Carolina</a>, was suspended for wearing "pirate regalia" which he said was part of his Pastafarian faith. Killian protested the suspension, saying it violated his <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> rights to religious freedom and freedom of expression.<a href="#cite_note-z2qAI-91">[91]</a> "If this is what I believe in, no matter how stupid it might sound, I should be able to express myself however I want to", he said.<a href="#cite_note-Escapist-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-9A67P-92">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_and_Pirate_Dragon_Con_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man dressed in pirate regalia standing next to a person costumed as the Flying Spaghetti Monster." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_and_Pirate_Dragon_Con_2007.jpg/220px-Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_and_Pirate_Dragon_Con_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_and_Pirate_Dragon_Con_2007.jpg/330px-Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_and_Pirate_Dragon_Con_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_and_Pirate_Dragon_Con_2007.jpg/440px-Flying_Spaghetti_Monster_and_Pirate_Dragon_Con_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Two Pastafarians dressed as the Flying Spaghetti Monster and a pirate respectively</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nudelmesse_in_Templin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Nudelmesse_in_Templin.jpg/200px-Nudelmesse_in_Templin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Nudelmesse_in_Templin.jpg/300px-Nudelmesse_in_Templin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Nudelmesse_in_Templin.jpg/400px-Nudelmesse_in_Templin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Nudelmesse sign in <a href="/wiki/Templin" title="Templin">Templin</a></figcaption></figure> In March 2008, Pastafarians in <a href="/wiki/Crossville,_Tennessee" title="Crossville, Tennessee">Crossville, Tennessee</a>, were permitted to place a Flying Spaghetti Monster statue in a free speech zone on the courthouse lawn, and proceeded to do so.<a href="#cite_note-bXsGE-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-MpP7F-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-tihZF-95">[95]</a> The display gained national interest on blogs and online news sites and was even covered by <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a> magazine. It was later removed from the premises, along with all the other long-term statues, as a result of the controversy over the statue.<a href="#cite_note-gWa8P-96">[96]</a> In December 2011, Pastafarianism was one of the multiple denominations given equal access to placing holiday displays on the Loudoun County courthouse lawn, in <a href="/wiki/Leesburg,_Virginia" title="Leesburg, Virginia">Leesburg, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6wFBM-97">[97]</a> In 2012, Tracy McPherson of the Pennsylvanian Pastafarians petitioned the Chester County, Pennsylvania Commissioners to allow representation of the FSM at the county courthouse, equally with a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Hanukkah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Hanukkah)">menorah</a> and a Christian <a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">nativity scene</a>. One commissioner stated that either all religions should be allowed or no religion should be represented, but without support from the other commissioners the motion was rejected. Another commissioner stated that this petition garnered more attention than any he had seen before.<a href="#cite_note-aOxUV-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-upDKD-99">[99]</a> On September 21, 2012, Pastafarian Giorgos Loizos was arrested in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> on charges of malicious <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> and offense of religion for the creation of a satirical <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> page called "<a href="/wiki/Elder_Pastitsios" title="Elder Pastitsios">Elder Pastitsios</a>", based on a well-known deceased <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> monk, <a href="/wiki/Elder_Paisios_of_Mount_Athos" class="mw-redirect" title="Elder Paisios of Mount Athos">Elder Paisios</a>, where his name and face were substituted with <a href="/wiki/Pastitsio" title="Pastitsio">pastitsio</a> – a local pasta and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9chamel_sauce" title="Béchamel sauce">béchamel sauce</a> dish. The case, which started as a Facebook flame, reached the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Parliament">Greek Parliament</a> and created a strong political reaction to the arrest.<a href="#cite_note-police-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-cfi-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-DZX9B-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-BndHI-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-gicOD-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-twXye-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-D1nf5-106">[106]</a> In August 2013, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Christian Orthodox</a> religious activists from an unregistered group known as "God's Will" attacked a peaceful rally that Russian Pastafarians had organized. Activists as well as police knocked some rally participants to the ground. Police arrested and charged eight of the Pastafarians with attempting to hold an unsanctioned rally.<a href="#cite_note-i1QQN-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-tKItz-108">[108]</a> One of the Pastafarians later complained that they were arrested "just for walking".<a href="#cite_note-pK8pU-109">[109]</a> In February 2014, <a href="/wiki/Students%27_union" title="Students' union">student union</a> officials at <a href="/wiki/London_South_Bank_University" title="London South Bank University">London South Bank University</a> forbade an atheist group from displaying posters of the Flying Spaghetti Monster at a <a href="/wiki/Student_orientation" title="Student orientation">student orientation</a> conference, and later banned the group from the conference, leading to complaints about interference with <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-0sIfb-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-4939V-111">[111]</a> The students' union subsequently apologized.<a href="#cite_note-L6OPJ-112">[112]</a> In November 2014, the Church of the FSM obtained city signage in <a href="/wiki/Templin,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Templin, Germany">Templin, Germany</a>, announcing the time of Friday's weekly Nudelmesse ("pasta mass"), alongside signage for various Catholic and Protestant Sunday services.<a href="#cite_note-Uurxn-113">[113]</a> However, a decision by the regional court in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt (Oder)</a> forced the Pastafarians to take down their signs. The Church appealed unsuccessfully to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>. In October 2021, the Templin City Council took a majority decision that the Church of the FSM would be permanently authorized to install their signs.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headgear_in_identity_photos">Headgear in identity photos</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9414_-_Grande_mostro_di_spaghetti_volanti_al_Presidio_anticlericale,_Milano,_2_June_2012_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="smiling woman wearing a colander on her head being "blessed" by a brass Flying Spaghetti Monster in the style of a Roman Catholic scepter." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/9414_-_Grande_mostro_di_spaghetti_volanti_al_Presidio_anticlericale%2C_Milano%2C_2_June_2012_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto.jpg/220px-9414_-_Grande_mostro_di_spaghetti_volanti_al_Presidio_anticlericale%2C_Milano%2C_2_June_2012_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/9414_-_Grande_mostro_di_spaghetti_volanti_al_Presidio_anticlericale%2C_Milano%2C_2_June_2012_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto.jpg/330px-9414_-_Grande_mostro_di_spaghetti_volanti_al_Presidio_anticlericale%2C_Milano%2C_2_June_2012_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/9414_-_Grande_mostro_di_spaghetti_volanti_al_Presidio_anticlericale%2C_Milano%2C_2_June_2012_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto.jpg/440px-9414_-_Grande_mostro_di_spaghetti_volanti_al_Presidio_anticlericale%2C_Milano%2C_2_June_2012_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>A woman wearing a colander as Pastafarian headgear</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9378_-_Pastafariano_al_Presidio_anticlericale,_Milano,_2_June_2012_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/9378_-_Pastafariano_al_Presidio_anticlericale%2C_Milano%2C_2_June_2012_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto.jpg/220px-9378_-_Pastafariano_al_Presidio_anticlericale%2C_Milano%2C_2_June_2012_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/9378_-_Pastafariano_al_Presidio_anticlericale%2C_Milano%2C_2_June_2012_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto.jpg/330px-9378_-_Pastafariano_al_Presidio_anticlericale%2C_Milano%2C_2_June_2012_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/9378_-_Pastafariano_al_Presidio_anticlericale%2C_Milano%2C_2_June_2012_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto.jpg/440px-9378_-_Pastafariano_al_Presidio_anticlericale%2C_Milano%2C_2_June_2012_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Pastafarian protester wears a colander while showing an icon of the Flying Spaghetti Monster.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins_and_overview">Origins and overview</h4></div> In July 2011, Austrian pastafarian Niko Alm won the legal right to be shown in his driving license photo wearing a <a href="/wiki/Colander" title="Colander">pasta strainer</a> on his head, after three years spent pursuing permission and obtaining an examination certifying that he was psychologically fit to drive. He got the idea after reading that Austrian regulations allow headgear in official photos only when it is worn for religious reasons.<a href="#cite_note-alarabiya-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Alm-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-QoSk0-116">[116]</a> Some sources report that the colander in the form of pasta strainer was recognized by Austrian authorities as a religious <a href="/wiki/Headgear" title="Headgear">headgear</a> of Pastafarianism in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Alm-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-bp385-117">[117]</a> This was denied by Austrian authorities, saying that religious motives were not the reason to grant the permission of wearing the headgear in a passport.<a href="#cite_note-JhTi5-118">[118]</a> Alm's initiative has since been replicated in several (mostly Western) countries around the world, with mixed successes.<a href="#cite_note-Cusack-119">[119]</a> Many national or subnational authorities (such as <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a>) granted driver's licenses, <a href="/wiki/Identity_document" title="Identity document">identity cards</a> or <a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passports</a> featuring photos of citizens wearing a colander, while other authorities rejected applications on grounds that either Pastafarianism was "not a (real) religion" and reflected satire rather than sincerity or seriousness,<a href="#cite_note-Cusack-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patheos_Donald_Hoover-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post_Wilde-121">[121]</a> or that wearing a colander could not be demonstrated to be a religious obligation as other head-covering items were claimed to be in other religions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">kippah/yarmulke</a> in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Patheos_Donald_Hoover-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-CTV_Canuel-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post_Wilde-121">[121]</a> Applicants and their attorneys retorted by arguing – also with mixed successes – that Pastafarianism did constitute a real religion, or that it was not up to the government to decide what qualifies as a religion, nor whether certain religious beliefs are valid or invalid, nor whether certain practices within religions had the status of obligation, established doctrine, recommendation, or personal choice.<a href="#cite_note-Patheos_Donald_Hoover-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schumacher-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post_Wilde-121">[121]</a> Moreover, some Pastafarians argued, satire and parody themselves are or could be a religious practice or an integral part of a religion such as Pastafarianism, and the government has no right to decide which beliefs should be taken seriously and which should not, and that it is only up to the individual believers themselves to decide which elements of their religion to take seriously, and to what degree.<a href="#cite_note-Patheos_Donald_Hoover-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post_Wilde-121">[121]</a> <dl><dt>Europe</dt></dl> On August 9, 2011, the chairman of the church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster Germany, Rüdiger Weida, obtained a driver's license with a picture of him wearing a pirate bandana. In contrast with the reasons given by the Austrian officials in the case of Niko Alm, the German officials allowed the headgear as a religious exception.<a href="#cite_note-focus-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-jePe8-125">[125]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clerical</a> protesters wore colanders to Piazza XXIV Maggio square in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Italy, on June 2, 2012, in mock obedience to the Flying Spaghetti Monster.<a href="#cite_note-ughGT-126">[126]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In March 2013 a Belgian's <a href="/wiki/Belgian_national_identity_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian national identity card">identity photos</a> were refused by the local and national administrations because he wore a pasta strainer on his head.<a href="#cite_note-Limburger-127">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> recognized Pastafarian religious headgear in 2013. In July that year, Lukáš Nový, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Pirate_Party" title="Czech Pirate Party">Czech Pirate Party</a> from <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a> was given permission to wear a pasta strainer on his head for the photograph on his official Czech Republic ID card.<a href="#cite_note-Salon_Nový-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-WbwME-129">[129]</a> A man's <a href="/wiki/Driving_licence_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Driving licence in Ireland">Irish driving license</a> photograph including a colander was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Road_Safety_Authority" title="Road Safety Authority">Road Safety Authority</a> (RSA) in December 2013.<a href="#cite_note-workplacerelationsMulryan-130">[130]</a> In March 2016, an Equality Officer of the Workplace Relations Commission reviewed the RSA's decision under the Equal Rights Acts and upheld it, on the basis that the complaint did "not come within the definition of religion and/or religious belief".<a href="#cite_note-workplacerelationsMulryan-130">[130]</a> In January 2016 <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> Pastafarian Andrei Filin got a driver's license with his photo in a colander.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Filin-131">[131]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, Dirk Jan Dijkstra applied for a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_passport" title="Dutch passport">Dutch passport</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2015 using a colander on his identity photo, which was rejected by the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Emmen,_Netherlands" title="Emmen, Netherlands">Emmen</a>, after which Dijkstra successfully registered the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster as a church association (kerkgenootschap) at the – initially hesitant – Dutch Chamber of Commerce in January 2016.<a href="#cite_note-fMwv9-132">[132]</a> However, the municipality continued rejecting his application, arguing that registering as a church association did not mean that Pastafarianism was now a (recognized) religion, leading Dijkstra to sue the municipality for discrimination, and gathering dozens of colander-wearing FSM Church members and sympathizers at the trial in <a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a> on July 7, 2016.<a href="#cite_note-BdooV-133">[133]</a> Meanwhile, other Pastafarians succeeded in obtaining colander-featuring passports and driver's licenses from the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5r4mG-134">[134]</a> On August 1, 2016, the Groningen court ruled that, although Pastafarianism is a <a href="/wiki/Life_stance" title="Life stance">life stance</a>, it is not a religion, nor is there a duty in Pastafarianism to wear the colander, and therefore the religious exemption to the prohibition on wearing headgear in identity photos did not apply to Pastafarians.<a href="#cite_note-NOS_Dijkstra-135">[135]</a> In January 2017, <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> Pastafarian and law student Mienke de Wilde petitioned the Arnhem court to be allowed to wear a colander in her driver's license photo.<a href="#cite_note-I21PP-136">[136]</a> She lost the petition, both at first instance in February 2017<a href="#cite_note-TyzQb-137">[137]</a> and on appeal at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Netherlands)" title="Council of State (Netherlands)">Council of State</a> in August 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Henley-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post_Wilde-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> In February 2013, a Pastafarian was denied the right to wear a spaghetti strainer on his head for his driver's license photo by the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Motor_Vehicle_Commission" title="New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission">New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission</a>, which stated that a pasta strainer was not on a list of approved religious headwear.<a href="#cite_note-Knowles-138">[138]</a> In August 2013 Eddie Castillo, a student at <a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_University" title="Texas Tech University">Texas Tech University</a>, got approval to wear a pasta strainer on his head in his driver's license photo. He said, "You might think this is some sort of a gag or prank by a college student, but thousands, including myself, see it as a political and religious milestone for all atheists everywhere".<a href="#cite_note-Castillo-139">[139]</a> In January 2014 a member of the <a href="/wiki/Pomfret,_New_York" title="Pomfret, New York">Pomfret, New York</a> Town Council wore a colander while taking the oath of office.<a href="#cite_note-uMW83-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-pfHHJ-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-9e37y-142">[142]</a> In November 2014 former adult film star <a href="/wiki/Asia_Carrera" title="Asia Carrera">Asia Carrera</a> obtained an identity photo with the traditional Pastafarian headgear from a Department of Motor Vehicles office in <a href="/wiki/Hurricane,_Utah" title="Hurricane, Utah">Hurricane, Utah</a>. The director of Utah's Driver License Division says that about a dozen Pastafarians have had their state driver's license photos taken with a similar pasta strainer over the years.<a href="#cite_note-USA_Today_Carrera-143">[143]</a> In November 2015 Massachusetts resident Lindsay Miller was allowed to wear a colander on her head in her driver's license photo after she cited her religious beliefs. Miller (who resides in Lowell) said on Friday, November 13 that she "absolutely loves the history and the story" of Pastafarians, whose website says has existed in secrecy for hundreds of years and entered the mainstream in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-US_News_Miller-144">[144]</a> Ms. Miller was represented in her quest by The American Humanist Association's Appignani Humanist Legal Center.<a href="#cite_note-v40e0-145">[145]</a> In February 2016, a man from <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a> won a legal struggle against the state, which, reasoning that Pastafarianism was not a religion, had initially refused him a colander photo on his driver's license. The man's attorney successfully defended his request on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, arguing that it was 'not up to the government to decide what qualifies as a religion'.<a href="#cite_note-Schumacher-123">[123]</a> After the Drivers Services of <a href="/wiki/Schaumburg,_Illinois" title="Schaumburg, Illinois">Schaumburg, Illinois</a> initially granted Rachel Hoover, a student at <a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University" title="Northern Illinois University">Northern Illinois University</a>, a colander-featuring photo in her driver's license in June 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Secretary_of_State" title="Illinois Secretary of State">Illinois Secretary of State</a>'s office overturned the decision in July 2016, stating that such a photo was 'incorrect' and a new one had to be taken before her old license expired on July 29. The office did not recognize Pastafarianism as a religion, with a spokesperson saying 'If you look into their history, it's more of a mockery of religion than a practice itself'. Hoover lodged a religious discrimination complaint with the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>, but was unsure to pursue further legal action since it did not fit into her college budget.<a href="#cite_note-Hoover-146">[146]</a> Previously, Pastafarian David Hoover from <a href="/wiki/Pekin,_Illinois" title="Pekin, Illinois">Pekin, Illinois</a> had his request for a driving license featuring a colander picture rejected in May 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Patheos_Donald_Hoover-120">[120]</a> In June 2017, Sean Corbett from <a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler, Arizona</a> succeeded in obtaining a driver's license with a colander picture after trying several Arizona motor vehicle locations for two years.<a href="#cite_note-Corbett-147">[147]</a> In October 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Bureau_of_Motor_Vehicles" title="Ohio Bureau of Motor Vehicles">Ohio Bureau of Motor Vehicles</a> rejected a Cincinnati man's driver's license colander photo, saying its policy allows people to wear religious head coverings in driver's license photos only if they wear them in public in daily life.<a href="#cite_note-BCT_Moser-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commonwealth_of_Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</h4></div> In June 2014 a New Zealand man called Russell, an ordained minister obtained a driver's license with a photograph of himself wearing a blue spaghetti strainer on his head. This was granted under a law allowing the wearing of religious headgear in official photos.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patheos_Russell-150">[150]</a> In October 2014, Obi Canuel, an ordained minister in the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster residing in <a href="/wiki/Surrey,_British_Columbia" title="Surrey, British Columbia">Surrey, British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, effectively lost his right to drive. After initially refusing Canuel's request for a license renewal in autumn 2013 because he insisted on wearing a colander on the photo, the <a href="/wiki/Insurance_Corporation_of_British_Columbia" title="Insurance Corporation of British Columbia">Insurance Corporation of British Columbia</a> granted him temporary driving permits while it was considering whether to definitively reject or grant his request. ICBC claimed their October 2014 definitive refusal was based on the fact that it would only 'accommodate customers with head coverings where their faith prohibits them from removing it', and that 'Mr. Canuel was not able to provide us with any evidence that he cannot remove his head covering for his photo'.<a href="#cite_note-CTV_Canuel-122">[122]</a> The states of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> have differed in dealing with applications for official documents featuring colander photos. <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> science student Preshalin Moodley got a provisional driver's license from <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> in September 2014, while <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> tradesman Simon Leadbetter was denied a license renewal by <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transport_and_Main_Roads" title="Department of Transport and Main Roads">Department of Transport and Main Roads</a> the same month.<a href="#cite_note-Nine_News-151">[151]</a> Earlier in 2014, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> refused <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> resident Guy Ablon a gun license with a photo of him wearing a colander; the authorities even seized his legally obtained guns, questioned his religion and forced him to undergo a psychiatric evaluation before his weapons were returned.<a href="#cite_note-Nine_News-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">State of Victoria</a> issued the first strainer-featuring driver's license in November 2016.<a href="#cite_note-The_Age_Bowring-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2></div> With regard to Henderson's 2005 open letter, according to Justin Pope of the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Between the lines, the point of the letter was this: there's no more scientific basis for <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a> than there is for the idea an omniscient creature made of pasta created the universe. If intelligent design supporters could demand equal time in a science class, why not anyone else? The only reasonable solution is to put nothing into sciences classes but the best available science.<a href="#cite_note-Academics-62">[62]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dog_Tag_Atheist_FSM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two metal US Army dog tags with Atheist/FSM stamped on them" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Dog_Tag_Atheist_FSM.jpg/220px-Dog_Tag_Atheist_FSM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Dog_Tag_Atheist_FSM.jpg/330px-Dog_Tag_Atheist_FSM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Dog_Tag_Atheist_FSM.jpg/440px-Dog_Tag_Atheist_FSM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>US Army ID tag (<a href="/wiki/Dog_tag" title="Dog tag">dog tag</a>) listing "Atheist/FSM" as the religious/belief system preference</figcaption></figure> Pope praised the Flying Spaghetti Monster as "a clever and effective argument".<a href="#cite_note-Fox_2007-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Singh" title="Simon Singh">Simon Singh</a> reviewing The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster for <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> described the Flying Spaghetti Monster as "a masterstroke, which underlined the absurdity of Intelligent Design", and applauded Henderson for "galvanis[ing] a defence of science and rationality".<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph2-32">[32]</a> Sarah Boxer of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> said that Henderson "has wit on his side".<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-12">[12]</a> In addition, the Flying Spaghetti Monster was mentioned in an article footnote of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Civil_Rights-Civil_Liberties_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review">Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review</a> as an example of evolution "enter[ing] the fray in popular culture", which the author deemed necessary for evolution to prevail over intelligent design.<a href="#cite_note-oOURh-153">[153]</a> The abstract of the paper, Evolutionary Controversy and a Side of Pasta: The Flying Spaghetti Monster and the Subversive Function of Religious Parody, describes the Flying Spaghetti Monster as "a potent example of how monstrous humor can be used as a popular tool of carnivalesque subversion".<a href="#cite_note-GOLEM-40">[40]</a> Its author praised Pastafarianism for its "<a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> humility".<a href="#cite_note-Escapist-20">[20]</a> Moreover, Henderson's website contains numerous endorsements from the scientific community.<a href="#cite_note-b5zCI-154">[154]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Jack_Schofield_(journalist)" title="Jack Schofield (journalist)">Jack Schofield</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> noted, "The joke, of course, is that it's arguably more rational than Intelligent Design".<a href="#cite_note-WbEl3-155">[155]</a> Conservative columnist <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Jacoby_(columnist)" title="Jeff Jacoby (columnist)">Jeff Jacoby</a> wrote in The Boston Globe that intelligent design "isn't primitivism or Bible-thumping or flying spaghetti. It's science".<a href="#cite_note-R0EcX-156">[156]</a> This characterization as science, however, was rejected by the United States National Academy of Sciences.<a href="#cite_note-O8InA-157">[157]</a> Peter Gallings of <a href="/wiki/Answers_in_Genesis" title="Answers in Genesis">Answers in Genesis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_Creationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Earth Creationist">Young Earth Creationist</a> ministry said, "Ironically enough, Pastafarians, in addition to mocking God himself, are lampooning the Intelligent Design Movement for not identifying a specific deity—that is, leaving open the possibility that a spaghetti monster could be the intelligent designer... Thus, the satire is possible because the Intelligent Design Movement hasn't affiliated with a particular religion, exactly the opposite of what its other critics claim!"<a href="#cite_note-AiG-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:SMirC-laugh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SMirC-laugh.svg/28px-SMirC-laugh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SMirC-laugh.svg/42px-SMirC-laugh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SMirC-laugh.svg/56px-SMirC-laugh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Comedy" title="Portal:Comedy">Comedy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/48px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Bokononism">Bokononism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_SubGenius" title="Church of the SubGenius">Church of the SubGenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_and_evolution_in_public_education" title="Creation and evolution in public education">Creation and evolution in public education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinkoism" title="Dinkoism">Dinkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudeism" title="Dudeism">Dudeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_as_fact_and_theory" title="Evolution as fact and theory">Evolution as fact and theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_falling" title="Intelligent falling">Intelligent falling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Pink_Unicorn" title="Invisible Pink Unicorn">Invisible Pink Unicorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Church_of_Kopimism" title="Missionary Church of Kopimism">Missionary Church of Kopimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum" title="Reductio ad absurdum">Reductio ad absurdum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Touched-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Touched_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJansson,_Arne_Niklas" class="citation web cs1">Jansson, Arne Niklas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.androidarts.com/fsm/index.htm">"Touched by His Noodly Appendage"</a>. Android Arts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225003727/http://www.androidarts.com/fsm/index.htm%20">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Android+Arts&rft.atitle=Touched+by+His+Noodly+Appendage&rft.au=Jansson%2C+Arne+Niklas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.androidarts.com%2Ffsm%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JanssonProfile-2"><a href="#cite_ref-JanssonProfile_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.androidarts.com/ProfileFAQ.htm">"Profile of Arne Niklas Jansson"</a>. Android Arts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225003728/http://www.androidarts.com/ProfileFAQ.htm%20">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Android+Arts&rft.atitle=Profile+of+Arne+Niklas+Jansson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.androidarts.com%2FProfileFAQ.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/11/16/church-flying-spaghetti-monster-massachusetts-religion/75862946/">"Pastafarian can wear strainer on head in license photo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331170756/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/11/16/church-flying-spaghetti-monster-massachusetts-religion/75862946/">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Pastafarian+can+wear+strainer+on+head+in+license+photo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation-now%2F2015%2F11%2F16%2Fchurch-flying-spaghetti-monster-massachusetts-religion%2F75862946%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-About-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_4-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson" class="citation web cs1">Henderson, Bobby. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.venganza.org/?page_id=2">"About"</a>. The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211045609/https://www.spaghettimonster.org/about/">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+the+Flying+Spaghetti+Monster&rft.atitle=About&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Bobby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.venganza.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZcelebrant-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NZcelebrant_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NZcelebrant_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2016" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Nicholas (February 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11595894">"First Pastafarian celebrant can help couples get noodley knotted"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Herald">New Zealand Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801220849/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11595894">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=First+Pastafarian+celebrant+can+help+couples+get+noodley+knotted&rft.date=2016-02-26&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D11595894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZPirateWedding-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NZPirateWedding_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NZPirateWedding_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NZPirateWedding_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-35112484">"NZ approves Pastafarian marriages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. December 16, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818011326/http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-35112484">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved June 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NZ+approves+Pastafarian+marriages&rft.date=2015-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs-news-from-elsewhere-35112484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UVxKu-7"><a href="#cite_ref-UVxKu_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36062126">"New Zealand stages first Pastafarian wedding on pirate boat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. April 16, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417020106/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36062126">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+stages+first+Pastafarian+wedding+on+pirate+boat&rft.date=2016-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-36062126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-e1xlI-8"><a href="#cite_ref-e1xlI_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWofford2016" class="citation web cs1">Wofford, Taylor (April 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/flying-spaghetti-monster-parody-religion-447535">"Flying Spaghetti Monster Not Divine, Says Court"</a>. Newsweek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503015714/https://www.newsweek.com/flying-spaghetti-monster-parody-religion-447535">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Flying+Spaghetti+Monster+Not+Divine%2C+Says+Court&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft.aulast=Wofford&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fflying-spaghetti-monster-parody-religion-447535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henley-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henley_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henley_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenley2018" class="citation news cs1">Henley, Jon (August 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/16/pastafarianism-is-not-a-religion-dutch-court-rules">"Spaghetti injunction: Pastafarianism is not a religion, Dutch court rules"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190919214250/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/16/pastafarianism-is-not-a-religion-dutch-court-rules">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Spaghetti+injunction%3A+Pastafarianism+is+not+a+religion%2C+Dutch+court+rules&rft.date=2018-08-16&rft.aulast=Henley&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Faug%2F16%2Fpastafarianism-is-not-a-religion-dutch-court-rules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraph-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_10-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1498162/In-the-beginning-there-was-the-Flying-Spaghetti-Monster.html">"In the beginning there was the Flying Spaghetti Monster"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. September 11, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1498162/In-the-beginning-there-was-the-Flying-Spaghetti-Monster.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2022. 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Retrieved December 10, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somalia+%E2%80%94+Lots+of+pirates%2C+low+carbon+emissions&rft.pub=Venganza&rft.date=2008-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.venganza.org%2F2008%2F04%2F14%2Fsomalia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis2018-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Ellis2018_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2018" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Iain (August 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kxnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA207">Humorists vs. Religion: Critical Voices from Mark Twain to Neil DeGrasse Tyson</a>. McFarland. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-3401-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-3401-2"><bdi>978-1-4766-3401-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humorists+vs.+Religion%3A+Critical+Voices+from+Mark+Twain+to+Neil+DeGrasse+Tyson&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2018-08-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-3401-2&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kxnDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ie4hR-47"><a href="#cite_ref-ie4hR_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religiondispatches.org/archive/atheologies/4876/austrian_court_oks_head-colander_in_driver%E2%80%99s_license%3A_is_pastafarianism_becoming_a_religion">"RD Magazine"</a>. July 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RD+Magazine&rft.date=2011-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religiondispatches.org%2Farchive%2Fatheologies%2F4876%2Faustrian_court_oks_head-colander_in_driver%25E2%2580%2599s_license%253A_is_pastafarianism_becoming_a_religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-holiday-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holiday_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-holiday_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2006" class="citation web cs1">Henderson, Bobby (December 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.venganza.org/2006/12/01/happy-holiday-season-everyone/">"Happy Holiday Season Everyone"</a>. Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100427161852/http://www.venganza.org/2006/12/01/happy-holiday-season-everyone/">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2010. Retrieved November 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+of+the+Flying+Spaghetti+Monster&rft.atitle=Happy+Holiday+Season+Everyone&rft.date=2006-12-01&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Bobby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.venganza.org%2F2006%2F12%2F01%2Fhappy-holiday-season-everyone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qxdoi-49"><a href="#cite_ref-qxdoi_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperman2005" class="citation news cs1">Cooperman, Alan (December 7, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/06/AR2005120601900.html">"'Holiday' Cards Ring Hollow for Some on Bushes' List"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406183307/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/06/AR2005120601900.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Holiday%27+Cards+Ring+Hollow+for+Some+on+Bushes%27+List&rft.date=2005-12-07&rft.aulast=Cooperman&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F12%2F06%2FAR2005120601900.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ylchs-50"><a href="#cite_ref-ylchs_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2006" class="citation web cs1">Henderson, Bobby (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.venganza.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/12/fsm_card_for_bush.jpg">"FSM Card for Bush"</a>. Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190626080817/http://www.venganza.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/12/fsm_card_for_bush.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+of+the+Flying+Spaghetti+Monster&rft.atitle=FSM+Card+for+Bush&rft.date=2006-12&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Bobby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.venganza.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2006%2F12%2Ffsm_card_for_bush.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrIEL-51"><a href="#cite_ref-PrIEL_51-0">^</a> The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, p.125. </li> <li id="cite_note-w3Vij-52"><a href="#cite_ref-w3Vij_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Craig, Katleen (December 22, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2005/12/69905">"Passion of the Spaghetti Monster"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131223175108/http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2005/12/69905">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2013. Retrieved March 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Passion+of+the+Spaghetti+Monster&rft.date=2005-12-22&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Katleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fpolitics%2Flaw%2Fnews%2F2005%2F12%2F69905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lGhw4-53"><a href="#cite_ref-lGhw4_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120723054624/http://www.randomhouse.ca/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780812976564">"The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. 2009. 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Retrieved October 18, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Austin+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+Gospel+of+the+Flying+Spaghetti+Monster&rft.date=2006-04-14&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austinchronicle.com%2Fgyrobase%2FIssue%2Freview%3Foid%3Doid%253A356663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2pnzC-55"><a href="#cite_ref-2pnzC_55-0">^</a> The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, p.xiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FSM_Book-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FSM_Book_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FSM_Book_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Henderson_(activist)" title="Bobby Henderson (activist)">Henderson, Bobby</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100427153020/http://www.venganza.org/about/fsm-book/">"The FSM Book"</a>. Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Venganza.org. 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Evolution News & Views. <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute" title="Discovery Institute">Discovery Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091217010736/http://www.evolutionnews.org/2006/12/celebrating_christmas_at_the_c.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2009. 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Evangelical Pastafarian Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140125015916/http://www.loose-canon.info/Loose-Canon-1st-Ed.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 25, 2014. 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November 16, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190104034605/https://www.foxnews.com/story/religious-scholars-to-discuss-flying-spaghetti-monster">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2019. 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San Diego. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/culture/education/news/2007/11/flying_spaghetti_monster">the original</a> on December 2, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Flying+Spaghetti+Monster+Inspires+Wonky+Religious+Debate&rft.date=2007-11-20&rft.aulast=Dotinga&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fculture%2Feducation%2Fnews%2F2007%2F11%2Fflying_spaghetti_monster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bDtgV-68"><a href="#cite_ref-bDtgV_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318015817/http://broadcast44.com/FSM/about.htm">"About the Event"</a>. Skepticon Productions. Springfield, MO: Missouri State Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. 2009. 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November 19, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news-leader.com/article/20091119/BREAKING07/91119022/Atheists-to-gather-at-MSU-for-Scepticon-this-weekend">the original</a> on August 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+News-Leader&rft.atitle=Atheists+to+gather+at+MSU+for+Skepticon+this+weekend&rft.date=2009-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-leader.com%2Farticle%2F20091119%2FBREAKING07%2F91119022%2FAtheists-to-gather-at-MSU-for-Scepticon-this-weekend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3TSFq-70"><a href="#cite_ref-3TSFq_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiva.org/team/fsm">"Kiva - Kiva Lending Team: Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster"</a>. Kiva. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415115825/https://www.kiva.org/team/fsm">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kiva&rft.atitle=Kiva+-+Kiva+Lending+Team%3A+Church+of+the+Flying+Spaghetti+Monster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kiva.org%2Fteam%2Ffsm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OJZUs-71"><a href="#cite_ref-OJZUs_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loose-canon.info/page17.htm">"The Random Number of Not Commandments, Suggestions"</a>. Loose-canon.info. 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Retrieved December 27, 2009. <q>Sort by 'Religious Congregations' to find that, topping Kiva Mormons ($57,425) and Kiva Catholics ($59,625) is the squadron devoted to The Flying Spaghetti Monster ($81,725) who sign on to give because 'Thou shalt share, that none may seek without finding.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Atheists%2C+%27Monster%27+fans+say+No+to+God%2C+Yes+to+giving&rft.date=2009-07-31&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Brent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.usatoday.com%2Fcommunities%2Freligion%2Fpost%2F2009%2F07%2F68495858%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5OqFf-73"><a href="#cite_ref-5OqFf_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kiva.org/team/fsm">"Kiva Lending Team: Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster"</a>. Kiva. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415115825/https://www.kiva.org/team/fsm">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kiva&rft.atitle=Kiva+Lending+Team%3A+Church+of+the+Flying+Spaghetti+Monster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kiva.org%2Fteam%2Ffsm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> Loans, updated hourly. </li> <li id="cite_note-cOZO8-74"><a href="#cite_ref-cOZO8_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170817075223/http://www.viralthread.com/fcking-strange-creature-discovered-researchers-dub-it-the-flying-spaghetti-monster/?ts_pid=2">"F*cking Strange Creature Discovered, Researchers Dub It 'The Flying Spaghetti Monster'"</a>. Viralthread.com. August 17, 2015. 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Retrieved August 28, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Flying+Spaghetti+Monster%27+Caught+on+Camera+off+Coast+of+Angola+%26%23124%3B+Biology&rft.pub=Sci-News.com&rft.date=2015-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sci-news.com%2Fbiology%2Fscience-bathyphysa-conifera-angola-03132.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Y9EEH-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Y9EEH_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kottke.org/19/05/i-pastafari-a-documentary-film-about-the-church-of-the-flying-spaghetti-monster">"'"I, Pastafari", a Documentary Film About the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster"</a>. kottke.org. 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Retrieved July 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27%22I%2C+Pastafari%22%2C+a+Documentary+Film+About+the+Church+of+the+Flying+Spaghetti+Monster&rft.pub=kottke.org&rft.date=2019-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkottke.org%2F19%2F05%2Fi-pastafari-a-documentary-film-about-the-church-of-the-flying-spaghetti-monster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yoxjR-77"><a href="#cite_ref-yoxjR_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/18/documentary-follows-pastafarians-strain-for-recognition">"'"Documentary follows Pastafarians as they strain for recognition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. September 18, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918055331/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/18/documentary-follows-pastafarians-strain-for-recognition">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27%22Documentary+follows+Pastafarians+as+they+strain+for+recognition&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fsep%2F18%2Fdocumentary-follows-pastafarians-strain-for-recognition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPoMovie-78"><a href="#cite_ref-WaPoMovie_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan2020" class="citation news cs1">O'Sullivan, Michael (July 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/new-movies-to-stream-this-week-the-tobacconist-i-pastafari-and-more/2020/07/08/b641dc7e-be25-11ea-80b9-40ece9a701dc_story.html">"New movies to stream this week: 'The Tobacconist,' 'I, Pastafari' and more"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710191112/https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/new-movies-to-stream-this-week-the-tobacconist-i-pastafari-and-more/2020/07/08/b641dc7e-be25-11ea-80b9-40ece9a701dc_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2020. 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May 26, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601191519/https://hpd.de/artikel/spaghettimonster-kinderbibel-21308">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2023. 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Retrieved June 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alibri.de&rft.atitle=Das+Fliegende+Spaghettimonster%3A+Die+Kinderbibel&rft.aulast=Wakonigg&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alibri.de%2FShop%2FProduktdetail%2FProductID%2F2515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teapot-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teapot_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teapot_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Wolf, Gary (November 14, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.11/atheism.html">"The Church of the Non-Believers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091210072318/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.11/atheism.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2009. Retrieved March 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+the+Non-Believers&rft.date=2006-11-14&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwired%2Farchive%2F14.11%2Fatheism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jrdnF-83"><a href="#cite_ref-jrdnF_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKenzie2008" class="citation journal cs1">MacKenzie, Richard (2008). "Is Faith the Enemy of Science?". Physics in Canada. 64 (103): 103. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0807.3670">0807.3670</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008arXiv0807.3670M">2008arXiv0807.3670M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+in+Canada&rft.atitle=Is+Faith+the+Enemy+of+Science%3F&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=103&rft.pages=103&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0807.3670&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008arXiv0807.3670M&rft.aulast=MacKenzie&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KTNNL-84"><a href="#cite_ref-KTNNL_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2006" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins, Richard (2006). "The God Hypothesis". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yq1xDpicghkC">The God delusion</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-68000-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-68000-9"><bdi>978-0-618-68000-9</bdi></a>. <q>I have found it an amusing strategy, when asked whether I am an atheist, to point out that the questioner is also an atheist when considering Zeus, Apollo, Amon Ra, Mithras, Baal, Thor, Wotan, the Golden Calf and the Flying Spaghetti Monster. I just go one god further.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+God+Hypothesis&rft.btitle=The+God+delusion&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-618-68000-9&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyq1xDpicghkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-w3AaF-85"><a href="#cite_ref-w3AaF_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandes2009" class="citation book cs1">Fernandes, Phil (2009). "The New, Militant Atheism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jz8NgPuMBLIC">The Atheist Delusion</a>. Xulon Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60791-582-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60791-582-9"><bdi>978-1-60791-582-9</bdi></a>. <q>The new atheists have made their choice—apparently, no amount of evidence for God will change their minds. They claim that the existence of God is as ridiculous as the existence of a flying spaghetti monster.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+New%2C+Militant+Atheism&rft.btitle=The+Atheist+Delusion&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Xulon+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60791-582-9&rft.aulast=Fernandes&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJz8NgPuMBLIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8nsLv-86"><a href="#cite_ref-8nsLv_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambliss2007" class="citation news cs1">Chambliss, John (December 11, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160831110351/http://www.theledger.com/article/20071211/NEWS/712110392/0/FRONTPAGE">"Satirical Monsters More Competition for Darwin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Ledger" title="The Ledger">The Ledger</a>. 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April 12, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160524034712/https://www.scribd.com/doc/308299698/Cavanaugh-v-Bartelt">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metro.co.uk/weird/43272-student-punished-for-spaghetti-beliefs">the original</a> on January 6, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metro&rft.atitle=Student+punished+for+spaghetti+beliefs&rft.date=2007-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metro.co.uk%2Fweird%2F43272-student-punished-for-spaghetti-beliefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bXsGE-93"><a href="#cite_ref-bXsGE_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerdiman2008" class="citation web cs1">Terdiman, Daniel (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120907224304/http://www.news.com/8301-13772_3-9906870-52.html?tag=nefd.only">"Flying Spaghetti Monster statue at Tennessee courthouse"</a>. CNET. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crossville-chronicle.com/local/x960637460/Flying-Spaghetti-Monster-takes-up-residence-at-county-courthouse/print">the original</a> on April 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flying+Spaghetti+Monster+takes+up+residence+at+county+courthouse+%22+Crossville+Chronicle%2C+Crossville%2C+TN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrossville-chronicle.com%2Flocal%2Fx960637460%2FFlying-Spaghetti-Monster-takes-up-residence-at-county-courthouse%2Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tihZF-95"><a href="#cite_ref-tihZF_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2008/04/flying-spaghett/">"Flying Spaghetti Monster Lands Outside Tennessee Courthouse"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>. April 1, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910130755/http://www.wired.com/2008/04/flying-spaghett">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Flying+Spaghetti+Monster+Lands+Outside+Tennessee+Courthouse&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2008%2F04%2Fflying-spaghett%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gWa8P-96"><a href="#cite_ref-gWa8P_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2008" class="citation news cs1">Nelson, Gary (April 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415033557/http://www.crossville-chronicle.com/cnhi/crossvillechronicle/homepage/local_story_106193650.html?keyword=leadpicturestory">"Courthouse No Longer Hosting Free Speech Displays"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crossville_Chronicle" title="Crossville Chronicle">The Crossville Chronicle</a>. 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Retrieved August 28, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Virginia+Holiday+Battle+Includes+Church+of+the+Flying+Spaghetti+Monster&rft.date=2011-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2Fblogs%2Fheadlines%2F2011%2F12%2Fvirginia-holiday-battle-includes-church-of-the-flying-spaghetti-monster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aOxUV-98"><a href="#cite_ref-aOxUV_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.venganza.org/2012/11/pennsylvanianholida">"Pennsylvanian Pastafarians fight for Holiday Display"</a>. November 30, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408160449/https://www.venganza.org/2012/11/pennsylvanianholida/">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pennsylvanian+Pastafarians+fight+for+Holiday+Display&rft.date=2012-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.venganza.org%2F2012%2F11%2Fpennsylvanianholida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-upDKD-99"><a href="#cite_ref-upDKD_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202011544/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Pasta-loving-church-tests-Pa-holiday-display-4073601.php">"Pasta-loving 'church' tests Pa. holiday display"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Pasta-loving-church-tests-Pa-holiday-display-4073601.php">the original</a> on December 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Pasta-loving+%27church%27+tests+Pa.+holiday+display&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FPasta-loving-church-tests-Pa-holiday-display-4073601.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-police-100"><a href="#cite_ref-police_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006010944/http://www.astynomia.gr/index.php?option=ozo_content&lang=%27..%27&perform=view&id=20338&Itemid=965&lang=">"24-09-2012:H Δίωξη Ηλεκτρονικού Εγκλήματος συνέλαβε 27χρονο ημεδαπό για κακόβουλη βλασφημία και καθύβριση θρησκευμάτων, μέσω του Facebook"</a> [Cyber Crimes Division arrested 27-year-old local for malicious blasphemy and offense of religion, via Facebook] (in Greek). Greek Police. September 24, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astynomia.gr/index.php?option=ozo_content&lang=%27..%27&perform=view&id=20338&Itemid=965&lang=">the original</a> on October 6, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=24-09-2012%3AH+%CE%94%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BE%CE%B7+%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82+%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B5+27%CF%87%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF+%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C+%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B7+%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B8%CF%8D%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7+%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD%2C+%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%83%CF%89+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+Facebook&rft.pub=Greek+Police&rft.date=2012-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astynomia.gr%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dozo_content%26lang%3D%2527..%2527%26perform%3Dview%26id%3D20338%26Itemid%3D965%26lang%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cfi-101"><a href="#cite_ref-cfi_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFidalgo2012" class="citation web cs1">Fidalgo, Paul (September 28, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centerforinquiry.net/blogs/entry/elder_pastitios_arrest_rekindles_debate_on_blasphemy_laws_in_greece/">""Elder Pastitsios" Arrest Rekindles Debate on Blasphemy Laws in Greece"</a>. Center For Inquiry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930025708/http://www.centerforinquiry.net/blogs/entry/elder_pastitios_arrest_rekindles_debate_on_blasphemy_laws_in_greece/">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Elder+Pastitsios%22+Arrest+Rekindles+Debate+on+Blasphemy+Laws+in+Greece&rft.pub=Center+For+Inquiry&rft.date=2012-09-28&rft.aulast=Fidalgo&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centerforinquiry.net%2Fblogs%2Fentry%2Felder_pastitios_arrest_rekindles_debate_on_blasphemy_laws_in_greece%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DZX9B-102"><a href="#cite_ref-DZX9B_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iefimerida.gr/news/69211/%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%81-%CE%BC%CE%B5-%CF%84%CE%B7-%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%88%CE%B7-%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85-%C2%AB%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1-%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%C2%BB-%CF%84%CE%BF-%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%AF-%CF%84%CE%B7-%CF%87%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AE-%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%AE"><bdi lang="el">ΔΗΜΑΡ: Με τη σύλληψη του "Παστίτσιου" το κράτος ακολουθεί τη Χρυσή Αυγή</bdi></a> [Democratic Left: With the arrest of "Pastitsios" the State follows Golden Dawn] (in Greek). iefimerida. September 24, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928011645/http://www.iefimerida.gr/news/69211/%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%81-%CE%BC%CE%B5-%CF%84%CE%B7-%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%88%CE%B7-%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85-%C2%AB%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1-%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%C2%BB-%CF%84%CE%BF-%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%AF-%CF%84%CE%B7-%CF%87%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AE-%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%AE">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%94%CE%97%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%A1%3A+%CE%9C%CE%B5+%CF%84%CE%B7+%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%88%CE%B7+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%22%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%22+%CF%84%CE%BF+%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%AF+%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AE+%CE%91%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%AE&rft.pub=iefimerida&rft.date=2012-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iefimerida.gr%2Fnews%2F69211%2F%25CE%25B4%25CE%25B7%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581-%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B5-%25CF%2584%25CE%25B7-%25CF%2583%25CF%258D%25CE%25BB%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B7%25CF%2588%25CE%25B7-%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585-%25C2%25AB%25CE%25B3%25CE%25AD%25CF%2581%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BD%25CF%2584%25CE%25B1-%25CF%2580%25CE%25B1%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25AF%25CF%2584%25CF%2583%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585%25C2%25BB-%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF-%25CE%25BA%25CF%2581%25CE%25AC%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582-%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BA%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BB%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585%25CE%25B8%25CE%25B5%25CE%25AF-%25CF%2584%25CE%25B7-%25CF%2587%25CF%2581%25CF%2585%25CF%2583%25CE%25AE-%25CE%25B1%25CF%2585%25CE%25B3%25CE%25AE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BndHI-103"><a href="#cite_ref-BndHI_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsbomb.gr/politikh/story/237811/erotisi-syriza-sti-voyli-gia-ton-geronta-pastitsio"><bdi lang="el">Ερώτηση ΣΥΡΙΖΑ στη Βουλή για τον "Γέροντα Παστίτσιο"</bdi></a> [SYRIZA Questions Parliament on "Geron Pastitsios"] (in Greek). newsbomb.gr. September 26, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928180213/http://www.newsbomb.gr/politikh/story/237811/erotisi-syriza-sti-voyli-gia-ton-geronta-pastitsio">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%95%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7+%CE%A3%CE%A5%CE%A1%CE%99%CE%96%CE%91+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AE+%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD+%22%CE%93%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1+%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%22&rft.pub=newsbomb.gr&rft.date=2012-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsbomb.gr%2Fpolitikh%2Fstory%2F237811%2Ferotisi-syriza-sti-voyli-gia-ton-geronta-pastitsio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gicOD-104"><a href="#cite_ref-gicOD_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsit.gr/politikh/sti-voyli-to-thema-toy-geronta-pastitsioy/1813749/"><bdi lang="el">Στη Βουλή το θέμα του Γέροντα Παστίτσιου</bdi></a> ["Geron Pastitsios" discussed in Greek Parliament] (in Greek). newsit.gr. September 26, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521072338/https://www.newsit.gr/politikh/sti-voyli-to-thema-toy-geronta-pastitsioy/1813749/">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AE+%CF%84%CE%BF+%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%93%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1+%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85&rft.pub=newsit.gr&rft.date=2012-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsit.gr%2Fpolitikh%2Fsti-voyli-to-thema-toy-geronta-pastitsioy%2F1813749%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twXye-105"><a href="#cite_ref-twXye_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/RXSTsbUgg6c">Blogger supporters angry at blasphemy arrest in Greece</a>. Athens, Greece: athensnewsweb. September 28, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXSTsbUgg6c">the original</a> on October 28, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blogger+supporters+angry+at+blasphemy+arrest+in+Greece&rft.place=Athens%2C+Greece&rft.pub=athensnewsweb&rft.date=2012-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DRXSTsbUgg6c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-D1nf5-106"><a href="#cite_ref-D1nf5_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/m7UgWsWlHq4">Περιφορά Ιερού Σκηνώματος (τάβλα) Γέροντος Παστίτσιου στη χριστεπώνυμη συνοικία των Εξαρχείων (Procession of the Holy Relic (stiff) of Elder Pastitsios in the christian named Athenian neighborhood of Exarchia)</a>. Athens, Greece: risinggalaxy. September 28, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m7UgWsWlHq4">the original</a> on October 28, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC+%CE%99%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%B7%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82+%28%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B1%29+%CE%93%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7+%CF%87%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%8E%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B7+%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD+%28Procession+of+the+Holy+Relic+%28stiff%29+of+Elder+Pastitsios+in+the+christian+named+Athenian+neighborhood+of+Exarchia%29&rft.place=Athens%2C+Greece&rft.pub=risinggalaxy&rft.date=2012-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dm7UgWsWlHq4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-i1QQN-107"><a href="#cite_ref-i1QQN_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/humor-failure-russia-crackdown-pastafarians-shows-kremlin-church-ties-f8C10995408">"Humor failure in Russia: Crackdown on 'Pastafarians' shows Kremlin-church ties"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. August 24, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031072814/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/humor-failure-russia-crackdown-pastafarians-shows-kremlin-church-ties-f8C10995408">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Humor+failure+in+Russia%3A+Crackdown+on+%27Pastafarians%27+shows+Kremlin-church+ties&rft.date=2013-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fother%2Fhumor-failure-russia-crackdown-pastafarians-shows-kremlin-church-ties-f8C10995408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tKItz-108"><a href="#cite_ref-tKItz_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/26/russia-pastafarian-_n_3816805.html">"Russia Pastafarian Rally Of Church Of The Flying Spaghetti Monster Attacked By Police"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>. August 26, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073016/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/26/russia-pastafarian-_n_3816805.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Russia+Pastafarian+Rally+Of+Church+Of+The+Flying+Spaghetti+Monster+Attacked+By+Police&rft.date=2013-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F08%2F26%2Frussia-pastafarian-_n_3816805.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pK8pU-109"><a href="#cite_ref-pK8pU_109-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freethinker.co.uk/2013/08/19/first-they-began-gunning-for-the-gays-now-religious-russian-zealots-are-attacking-pastafarians/">First they began gunning for The Gays, now religious Russian zealots are attacking ... Pastafarians.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704015319/http://freethinker.co.uk/2013/08/19/first-they-began-gunning-for-the-gays-now-religious-russian-zealots-are-attacking-pastafarians/">Archived</a> July 4, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Freethinker </li> <li id="cite_note-0sIfb-110"><a href="#cite_ref-0sIfb_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanism.org.uk/2014/02/10/satirical-spaghetti-monster-image-banned-london-south-bank-university-religiously-offensive/">"Satirical spaghetti monster image banned by London South Bank University as 'religiously offensive'"</a>. February 10, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322162548/https://humanism.org.uk/2014/02/10/satirical-spaghetti-monster-image-banned-london-south-bank-university-religiously-offensive/">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satirical+spaghetti+monster+image+banned+by+London+South+Bank+University+as+%27religiously+offensive%27&rft.date=2014-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanism.org.uk%2F2014%2F02%2F10%2Fsatirical-spaghetti-monster-image-banned-london-south-bank-university-religiously-offensive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4939V-111"><a href="#cite_ref-4939V_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/02/10/atheist-poster-removed-london-university_n_4759711.html">"Flying Spaghetti Monster Poster Removed From London South Bank University Atheist Society Stall"</a>. The Huffington Post UK. February 10, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308205800/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/02/10/atheist-poster-removed-london-university_n_4759711.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post+UK&rft.atitle=Flying+Spaghetti+Monster+Poster+Removed+From+London+South+Bank+University+Atheist+Society+Stall&rft.date=2014-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2F2014%2F02%2F10%2Fatheist-poster-removed-london-university_n_4759711.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-L6OPJ-112"><a href="#cite_ref-L6OPJ_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Dunt" class="citation web cs1">Ian Dunt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302070646/http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2014/02/12/university-apologises-for-censoring-atheist-spaghetti-monste">"Union apologises for censoring atheist 'Spaghetti Monster' poster"</a>. politics.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2014/02/12/university-apologises-for-censoring-atheist-spaghetti-monste">the original</a> on March 2, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=politics.co.uk&rft.atitle=Union+apologises+for+censoring+atheist+%27Spaghetti+Monster%27+poster&rft.au=Ian+Dunt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politics.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2014%2F02%2F12%2Funiversity-apologises-for-censoring-atheist-spaghetti-monste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uurxn-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Uurxn_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF11/29/14_6:43am2014" class="citation web cs1">11/29/14 6:43am (November 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128131817/http://observationdeck.io9.com/the-worlds-first-official-church-of-the-flying-spaghett-1664537823">"The world's First Official Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster"</a>. Observationdeck.io9.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observationdeck.io9.com/the-worlds-first-official-church-of-the-flying-spaghett-1664537823">the original</a> on January 28, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+world%27s+First+Official+Church+of+the+Flying+Spaghetti+Monster&rft.pub=Observationdeck.io9.com&rft.date=2014-11-28&rft.au=11%2F29%2F14+6%3A43am&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobservationdeck.io9.com%2Fthe-worlds-first-official-church-of-the-flying-spaghett-1664537823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berger, Annette (November 5, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stern.de/panorama/weltgeschehen/templin---fliegendes-spaghettimonster--besiegt-kirchen-in-brandenburg-30898280.html">""Fliegendes Spaghettimonster" gewinnt gegen Kirchen in Brandenburg"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stern_(magazine)" title="Stern (magazine)">Stern</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602153311/https://www.stern.de/panorama/weltgeschehen/templin---fliegendes-spaghettimonster--besiegt-kirchen-in-brandenburg-30898280.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved June 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stern&rft.atitle=%22Fliegendes+Spaghettimonster%22+gewinnt+gegen+Kirchen+in+Brandenburg&rft.date=2021-11-05&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stern.de%2Fpanorama%2Fweltgeschehen%2Ftemplin---fliegendes-spaghettimonster--besiegt-kirchen-in-brandenburg-30898280.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Alm-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Alm_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Alm_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14135523">"Austrian driver allowed 'pastafarian' headgear photo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. July 14, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110802022528/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14135523">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Austrian+driver+allowed+%27pastafarian%27+headgear+photo&rft.date=2011-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-14135523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-QoSk0-116"><a href="#cite_ref-QoSk0_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlm2011" class="citation web cs1">Alm, N. (July 12, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812135331/http://blog.alm.at/">"Heiliger Führerschein (transl: Holy License)"</a>. Niko Alm. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.alm.at">the original</a> on August 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Niko+Alm&rft.atitle=Heiliger+F%C3%BChrerschein+%28transl%3A+Holy+License%29&rft.date=2011-07-12&rft.aulast=Alm&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.alm.at&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bp385-117"><a href="#cite_ref-bp385_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna43758303">"Holy headgear! 'Pastafarian' wins legal fight"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. July 14, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301115452/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/43758303/ns/world_news-weird_news/t/holy-headgear-pastafarian-tests-austrian-law-wins-fight/">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Holy+headgear%21+%27Pastafarian%27+wins+legal+fight&rft.date=2011-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna43758303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JhTi5-118"><a href="#cite_ref-JhTi5_118-0">^</a> Der Standard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://derstandard.at/1310511326788/Skurriles-Fuehrerscheinfoto-Innenministerium-zu-Nudelsieb-am-Kopf-Fall-Alm-bei-Reisepaessen-moeglich">Innenministerium zu Nudelsieb am Kopf: Fall "Alm" bei Reisepässen möglich</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624230437/http://derstandard.at/1310511326788/Skurriles-Fuehrerscheinfoto-Innenministerium-zu-Nudelsieb-am-Kopf-Fall-Alm-bei-Reisepaessen-moeglich">Archived</a> June 24, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, July 15, 2011 (in German) </li> <li id="cite_note-Cusack-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cusack_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cusack_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCusack2016" class="citation book cs1">Cusack, Carmen M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9czbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Hair and Justice: Sociolegal Significance of Hair in Criminal Justice, Constitutional Law, and Public Policy</a>. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publisher. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780398090968" title="Special:BookSources/9780398090968"><bdi>9780398090968</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113023600/https://books.google.com/books?id=9czbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2023. 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Patheos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521103719/https://friendlyatheist.patheos.com/2013/06/22/illinois-pastafarian-wants-to-wear-a-colander-on-his-head-for-his-drivers-license-picture-but-gets-rejected/">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patheos&rft.atitle=Illinois+Pastafarian+Wants+to+Wear+a+Colander+on+his+Head+for+His+Driver%27s+License+Picture%2C+but+Gets+Rejected&rft.date=2013-06-22&rft.au=Hemant+Mehta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffriendlyatheist.patheos.com%2F2013%2F06%2F22%2Fillinois-pastafarian-wants-to-wear-a-colander-on-his-head-for-his-drivers-license-picture-but-gets-rejected%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington_Post_Wilde-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_Wilde_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_Wilde_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_Wilde_121-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_Wilde_121-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_Wilde_121-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiobhán_O'Grady2018" class="citation news cs1">Siobhán O'Grady (August 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2018/08/17/sorry-dutch-pastafarians-you-still-cant-wear-colander-your-government-id-yet/">"Sorry, Dutch Pastafarians, but you still can't wear a colander on your government ID ... yet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521062723/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2018/08/17/sorry-dutch-pastafarians-you-still-cant-wear-colander-your-government-id-yet/">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sorry%2C+Dutch+Pastafarians%2C+but+you+still+can%27t+wear+a+colander+on+your+government+ID+...+yet&rft.date=2018-08-17&rft.au=Siobh%C3%A1n+O%27Grady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2F08%2F17%2Fsorry-dutch-pastafarians-you-still-cant-wear-colander-your-government-id-yet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTV_Canuel-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CTV_Canuel_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CTV_Canuel_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Lawrence2014" class="citation news cs1">Jeff Lawrence (October 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/b-c-pastafarian-officially-loses-driver-s-licence-over-holy-colander-1.2041499">"B.C. Pastafarian officially loses driver's licence over holy colander"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CTV_News" title="CTV News">CTV News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811191310/https://www.ctvnews.ca/b-c-pastafarian-officially-loses-driver-s-licence-over-holy-colander-1.2041499">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=B.C.+Pastafarian+officially+loses+driver%27s+licence+over+holy+colander&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft.au=Jeff+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fb-c-pastafarian-officially-loses-driver-s-licence-over-holy-colander-1.2041499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schumacher-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schumacher_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schumacher_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2016/02/18/wis-man-can-wear-pasta-strainer-in-license-pic/">"Wis. Man Can Wear Pasta Strainer In License Pic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WCCO-TV" title="WCCO-TV">WCCO-TV</a>. February 18, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200308062344/https://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2016/02/18/wis-man-can-wear-pasta-strainer-in-license-pic/">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wis.+Man+Can+Wear+Pasta+Strainer+In+License+Pic&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminnesota.cbslocal.com%2F2016%2F02%2F18%2Fwis-man-can-wear-pasta-strainer-in-license-pic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-focus-124"><a href="#cite_ref-focus_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuass2011" class="citation news cs1">Quass, Ursula (August 29, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.focus.de/panorama/welt/fuehrerscheinfoto-mit-piratentuch-satire-religion-schlaegt-behoerden-ein-schnippchen_aid_660026.html">"Satire-Religion schlägt Behörden ein Schnippchen"</a>. Focus Online. Focus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170206030607/http://www.focus.de/panorama/welt/fuehrerscheinfoto-mit-piratentuch-satire-religion-schlaegt-behoerden-ein-schnippchen_aid_660026.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Satire-Religion+schl%C3%A4gt+Beh%C3%B6rden+ein+Schnippchen&rft.date=2011-08-29&rft.aulast=Quass&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.focus.de%2Fpanorama%2Fwelt%2Ffuehrerscheinfoto-mit-piratentuch-satire-religion-schlaegt-behoerden-ein-schnippchen_aid_660026.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jePe8-125"><a href="#cite_ref-jePe8_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeida2011" class="citation web cs1">Weida, Rüdiger (August 28, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fsm-uckermark.blogspot.de/2011/08/done.html">"Done"</a>. Kirche des fliegenden Spaghettimonsters Deutschland - Der Blog. 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Retrieved January 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kirche+des+fliegenden+Spaghettimonsters+Deutschland+-+Der+Blog&rft.atitle=Done&rft.date=2011-08-28&rft.aulast=Weida&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffsm-uckermark.blogspot.de%2F2011%2F08%2Fdone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ughGT-126"><a href="#cite_ref-ughGT_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:9378_-_Pastafariano_al_Presidio_anticlericale,_Milano,_2_June_2012_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto.jpg">"Pastafarian protester carries an icon of the Flying Spaghetti Monster at Piazza XXIV Maggio square in Milan, Italy, on June 2 2012"</a>. Wikimedia Commons. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/994/opmerkelijk/article/detail/1602888/2013/03/25/Limburger-mag-geen-pastavergiet-op-zijn-hoofd-dragen-voor-pasfoto.dhtml">the original</a> on April 10, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Morgen&rft.atitle=Limburger+mag+geen+pastavergiet+op+zijn+hoofd+dragen+voor+pasfoto&rft.au=Tom+Windey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demorgen.be%2Fdm%2Fnl%2F994%2Fopmerkelijk%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1602888%2F2013%2F03%2F25%2FLimburger-mag-geen-pastavergiet-op-zijn-hoofd-dragen-voor-pasfoto.dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salon_Nový-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Salon_Nový_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiz_Fields2013" class="citation news cs1">Liz Fields (August 2, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2013/08/02/pastafarian_wins_right_to_wear_strainer_on_government_id/">""Pastafarian" wins right to wear strainer on government ID"</a>. 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Retrieved March 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=%22Pastafarian%22+wins+right+to+wear+strainer+on+government+ID&rft.date=2013-08-02&rft.au=Liz+Fields&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2013%2F08%2F02%2Fpastafarian_wins_right_to_wear_strainer_on_government_id%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WbwME-129"><a href="#cite_ref-WbwME_129-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110421053756/http://wiki.pp-international.net/Pirate_Party_of_the_Czech_Republic">Pirate Party of the Czech Republic website</a>, accessed August 9, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-workplacerelationsMulryan-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-workplacerelationsMulryan_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-workplacerelationsMulryan_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.workplacerelations.ie/en/Cases/2016/March/DEC-S2016-018.html">"Equal Status Acts Decision No. DEC-S2016-018; Parties Noel Mulryan And Road Safety Authority"</a>. 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Retrieved April 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Home+%2F+Cases+%2F+2016+%2F+March&rft.atitle=Equal+Status+Acts+Decision+No.+DEC-S2016-018%3B+Parties+Noel+Mulryan+And+Road+Safety+Authority&rft.date=2016-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.workplacerelations.ie%2Fen%2FCases%2F2016%2FMarch%2FDEC-S2016-018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Filin-131"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Filin_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35305899">"'Pastafarian' wins right to wear colander in driving licence photo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 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January 27, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207104207/https://www.rtvdrenthe.nl/nieuws/104966/Kerk-Vliegend-Spaghettimonster-uit-Emmen-erkend-als-religie">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2020. 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Retrieved March 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dagblad+van+het+Noorden&rft.atitle=Paspoortpasfoto+met+vergiet+op+hoofd%3A+in+Leiden+kan+het+gewoon&rft.date=2016-07-19&rft.au=Bas+van+Sluis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dvhn.nl%2Fdrenthe%2FPaspoortpasfoto-met-vergiet-op-hoofd-in-Leiden-kan-het-gewoon-21507037.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOS_Dijkstra-135"><a href="#cite_ref-NOS_Dijkstra_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nos.nl/op3/artikel/2122606-pastafarians-mogen-nog-niet-met-vergiet-op-id-kaart.html">"Pastafarians mogen nog niet met vergiet op ID-kaart"</a>. NOS op 3 (in Dutch). 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Retrieved March 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NOS+op+3&rft.atitle=Pastafarians+mogen+nog+niet+met+vergiet+op+ID-kaart&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnos.nl%2Fop3%2Fartikel%2F2122606-pastafarians-mogen-nog-niet-met-vergiet-op-id-kaart.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-I21PP-136"><a href="#cite_ref-I21PP_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voxweb.nl/nieuws/student-wil-met-vergiet-op-rijbewijs">"Student wil mét vergiet op rijbewijs - Vox magazine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a> (in Dutch). 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Retrieved January 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Student+wil+m%C3%A9t+vergiet+op+rijbewijs+-+Vox+magazine&rft.date=2017-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoxweb.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fstudent-wil-met-vergiet-op-rijbewijs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TyzQb-137"><a href="#cite_ref-TyzQb_137-0">^</a> Rechtbank Oost-Brabant February 15, 2017, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deeplink.rechtspraak.nl/uitspraak?id=ECLI:NL:RBOBR:2017:762">ECLI:NL:RBOBR:2017:762</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knowles-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Knowles_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles2013" class="citation news cs1">Knowles, David (February 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102015144/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/colander-religious-headwear-police-article-1.1271134#ixzz2LqE7PjRf">"New Jersey 'Pastafarian' denied right to wear spaghetti strainer on his head for drivers' license photo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/colander-religious-headwear-police-article-1.1271134#ixzz2LqE7PjRf">the original</a> on November 2, 2014. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kltv.com/story/23248235/texas-tech-student-allowed-to-wear-pasta-strainer-in-official-dps-photo">the original</a> on August 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Texas+Tech+student+allowed+to+wear+pasta+strainer+in+driver%27s+license+photo&rft.date=2013-08-26&rft.aulast=Langston&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kltv.com%2Fstory%2F23248235%2Ftexas-tech-student-allowed-to-wear-pasta-strainer-in-official-dps-photo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uMW83-140"><a href="#cite_ref-uMW83_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2014" class="citation news cs1">Fox, Greg (January 3, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.observertoday.com/page/content.detail/id/592593/-Strainer--things-have-happened.html">"'Strainer' things have happened"</a>. The Observer, Dunkirk, NY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108011232/http://www.observertoday.com/page/content.detail/id/592593/-Strainer--things-have-happened.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer%2C+Dunkirk%2C+NY&rft.atitle=%27Strainer%27+things+have+happened&rft.date=2014-01-03&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.observertoday.com%2Fpage%2Fcontent.detail%2Fid%2F592593%2F-Strainer--things-have-happened.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pfHHJ-141"><a href="#cite_ref-pfHHJ_141-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/pastafarian-politician-takes-oath-office-wearing-colander-head-article-1.1568877">Pastafarian politician takes oath of office wearing colander on his head</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170602201846/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/pastafarian-politician-takes-oath-office-wearing-colander-head-article-1.1568877">Archived</a> June 2, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Daily News, January 7, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-9e37y-142"><a href="#cite_ref-9e37y_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaul2014" class="citation news cs1">Saul, Heather (January 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/pastafarian-minister-christopher-schaeffer-is-sworn-into-new-york-town-council-9044607.html">"Pastafarian minister Christopher Schaeffer is sworn into New York Town Council"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730013313/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/pastafarian-minister-christopher-schaeffer-is-sworn-into-new-york-town-council-9044607.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Pastafarian+minister+Christopher+Schaeffer+is+sworn+into+New+York+Town+Council&rft.date=2014-01-07&rft.aulast=Saul&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fpastafarian-minister-christopher-schaeffer-is-sworn-into-new-york-town-council-9044607.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USA_Today_Carrera-143"><a href="#cite_ref-USA_Today_Carrera_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadlier2014" class="citation news cs1">Sadlier, Samantha (November 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/11/17/pastafarian-drivers-license/19200447/">"Ex-porn star OK'd to wear colander in DMV photo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Spectrum_(Utah)" title="The Spectrum (Utah)">The Spectrum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141118122317/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/11/17/pastafarian-drivers-license/19200447/">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2014 – via <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectrum&rft.atitle=Ex-porn+star+OK%27d+to+wear+colander+in+DMV+photo&rft.date=2014-11-18&rft.aulast=Sadlier&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2014%2F11%2F17%2Fpastafarian-drivers-license%2F19200447%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_News_Miller-144"><a href="#cite_ref-US_News_Miller_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/offbeat/articles/2015/11/13/pastafarian-gets-to-wear-strainer-on-head-in-license-photo">"Pastafarian Wins License Battle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. November 13, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305170748/http://www.usnews.com/news/offbeat/articles/2015/11/13/pastafarian-gets-to-wear-strainer-on-head-in-license-photo">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Pastafarian+Wins+License+Battle&rft.date=2015-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Foffbeat%2Farticles%2F2015%2F11%2F13%2Fpastafarian-gets-to-wear-strainer-on-head-in-license-photo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-v40e0-145"><a href="#cite_ref-v40e0_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhumanist.org/news/details/2015-11-massachusetts-pastafarian-wins-right-to-wear-a-colan">"Massachusetts Pastafarian Wins Right to Wear a Colander in Driver's License Photo, Thanks to Humanist Group"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a>. November 13, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151230132120/http://americanhumanist.org/news/details/2015-11-massachusetts-pastafarian-wins-right-to-wear-a-colan">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Massachusetts+Pastafarian+Wins+Right+to+Wear+a+Colander+in+Driver%27s+License+Photo%2C+Thanks+to+Humanist+Group&rft.pub=American+Humanist+Association&rft.date=2015-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanhumanist.org%2Fnews%2Fdetails%2F2015-11-massachusetts-pastafarian-wins-right-to-wear-a-colan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoover-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoover_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngela_Stewart2016" class="citation news cs1">Angela Stewart (July 10, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicago.suntimes.com/2016/7/10/18353165/pastafarian-fights-to-wear-pasta-strainer-in-license-photo">"'Pastafarian' fights to wear pasta strainer in license photo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521103718/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2016/7/10/18353165/pastafarian-fights-to-wear-pasta-strainer-in-license-photo">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=%27Pastafarian%27+fights+to+wear+pasta+strainer+in+license+photo&rft.date=2016-07-10&rft.au=Angela+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicago.suntimes.com%2F2016%2F7%2F10%2F18353165%2Fpastafarian-fights-to-wear-pasta-strainer-in-license-photo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corbett-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Corbett_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoug_Criss2017" class="citation news cs1">Doug Criss (June 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/01/us/pasta-strainer-license-photo-trnd/index.html">"Man wears strainer on his head in driver's license photo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220100437/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/01/us/pasta-strainer-license-photo-trnd/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Man+wears+strainer+on+his+head+in+driver%27s+license+photo&rft.date=2017-06-02&rft.au=Doug+Criss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2017%2F06%2F01%2Fus%2Fpasta-strainer-license-photo-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BCT_Moser-148"><a href="#cite_ref-BCT_Moser_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanae_King2020" class="citation news cs1">Danae King (October 31, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.burlingtoncountytimes.com/news/20191031/colander-wearing-pastafarian-claims-religious-discrimination-over-ohio-drivers-license-photo">"Colander-wearing 'Pastafarian' claims religious discrimination over Ohio driver's license photo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Burlington_County_Times" title="Burlington County Times">Burlington County Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521001201/https://www.burlingtoncountytimes.com/news/20191031/colander-wearing-pastafarian-claims-religious-discrimination-over-ohio-drivers-license-photo">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Burlington+County+Times&rft.atitle=Colander-wearing+%27Pastafarian%27+claims+religious+discrimination+over+Ohio+driver%27s+license+photo&rft.date=2020-10-31&rft.au=Danae+King&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.burlingtoncountytimes.com%2Fnews%2F20191031%2Fcolander-wearing-pastafarian-claims-religious-discrimination-over-ohio-drivers-license-photo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/weddings/75107725/church-of-flying-spaghetti-monster-approved-to-perform-marriages">"Church of Flying Spaghetti Monster approved to perform marriages"</a>. Stuff. December 14, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220203142902/https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/weddings/75107725/church-of-flying-spaghetti-monster-approved-to-perform-marriages">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=Church+of+Flying+Spaghetti+Monster+approved+to+perform+marriages&rft.date=2015-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Flife-style%2Fweddings%2F75107725%2Fchurch-of-flying-spaghetti-monster-approved-to-perform-marriages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patheos_Russell-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Patheos_Russell_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtheist2014" class="citation web cs1">Atheist, Friendly (June 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2014/06/19/new-zealand-pastafarian-wears-colander-in-drivers-license-picture-much-to-the-delight-of-everyone/">"New Zealand Pastafarian Wears Colander in Driver's License Picture, Much to the Delight of Everyone"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827235809/http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2014/06/19/new-zealand-pastafarian-wears-colander-in-drivers-license-picture-much-to-the-delight-of-everyone/">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Pastafarian+Wears+Colander+in+Driver%27s+License+Picture%2C+Much+to+the+Delight+of+Everyone&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft.aulast=Atheist&rft.aufirst=Friendly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patheos.com%2Fblogs%2Ffriendlyatheist%2F2014%2F06%2F19%2Fnew-zealand-pastafarian-wears-colander-in-drivers-license-picture-much-to-the-delight-of-everyone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nine_News-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nine_News_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nine_News_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.9news.com.au/9stories/tradie-refused-religious-right-to-wear-pasta-strainer-on-head-in-licence-photo/176815d8-f9fd-422e-b772-15d92ffe2f63">"Tradie refused 'religious right' to wear pasta strainer on head in licence photo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nine_News" title="Nine News">Nine News</a>. October 3, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521113318/https://www.9news.com.au/9stories/tradie-refused-religious-right-to-wear-pasta-strainer-on-head-in-licence-photo/176815d8-f9fd-422e-b772-15d92ffe2f63">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nine+News&rft.atitle=Tradie+refused+%27religious+right%27+to+wear+pasta+strainer+on+head+in+licence+photo&rft.date=2014-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.9news.com.au%2F9stories%2Ftradie-refused-religious-right-to-wear-pasta-strainer-on-head-in-licence-photo%2F176815d8-f9fd-422e-b772-15d92ffe2f63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Age_Bowring-152"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Age_Bowring_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Cowie2016" class="citation news cs1">Tom Cowie (November 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/this-guy-got-a-victorian-drivers-licence-with-a-pasta-strainer-on-his-head-20161129-gszuu7.html">"This guy got a Victorian driver's licence with a pasta strainer on his head"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521054454/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/this-guy-got-a-victorian-drivers-licence-with-a-pasta-strainer-on-his-head-20161129-gszuu7.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=This+guy+got+a+Victorian+driver%27s+licence+with+a+pasta+strainer+on+his+head&rft.date=2016-11-29&rft.au=Tom+Cowie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Fvictoria%2Fthis-guy-got-a-victorian-drivers-licence-with-a-pasta-strainer-on-his-head-20161129-gszuu7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oOURh-153"><a href="#cite_ref-oOURh_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Brendan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090611192131/http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/crcl/vol41_2/lee.pdf">"Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District: Teaching Intelligent Design in Public Schools"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Civil_Rights%E2%80%93Civil_Liberties_Law_Review" title="Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review">Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review</a>. 41. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>: 10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/crcl/vol41_2/lee.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Civil+Rights%E2%80%93Civil+Liberties+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Kitzmiller+v.+Dover+Area+School+District%3A+Teaching+Intelligent+Design+in+Public+Schools&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.harvard.edu%2Fstudents%2Forgs%2Fcrcl%2Fvol41_2%2Flee.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-b5zCI-154"><a href="#cite_ref-b5zCI_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2005/sep/01/schoolsworldwide.world">"Pass notes No 2,637 The Flying Spaghetti Monster"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. September 1, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130829172650/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2005/sep/01/schoolsworldwide.world">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pass+notes+No+2%2C637+The+Flying+Spaghetti+Monster&rft.date=2005-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2005%2Fsep%2F01%2Fschoolsworldwide.world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WbEl3-155"><a href="#cite_ref-WbEl3_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2005" class="citation news cs1">Schofield, Jack (August 20, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2005/aug/20/intelligentdes">"'Intelligent Design' and Pastafarianism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104190726/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2005/aug/20/intelligentdes">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Intelligent+Design%27+and+Pastafarianism&rft.date=2005-08-20&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2Fblog%2F2005%2Faug%2F20%2Fintelligentdes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-R0EcX-156"><a href="#cite_ref-R0EcX_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacoby2005" class="citation news cs1">Jacoby, Jeff (October 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/10/02/the_timeless_truth_of_creation/">"The timeless truth of creation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043627/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/10/02/the_timeless_truth_of_creation/">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=The+timeless+truth+of+creation&rft.date=2005-10-02&rft.aulast=Jacoby&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Feditorial_opinion%2Foped%2Farticles%2F2005%2F10%2F02%2Fthe_timeless_truth_of_creation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O8InA-157"><a href="#cite_ref-O8InA_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Academy_of_Sciences_(US)1999" class="citation cs2">National Academy of Sciences (US) (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309064066&page=25">Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences</a> (2nd ed.), National Academy of Sciences, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F6024">10.17226/6024</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-06406-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-06406-4"><bdi>978-0-309-06406-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25101403">25101403</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150811053728/http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309064066&page=25">archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2015, retrieved November 27, 2009, <q>Creationism, intelligent design, and other claims of supernatural intervention in the origin of life or of species are not science because they are not testable by the methods of science.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Creationism%3A+A+View+from+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25101403&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F6024&rft.isbn=978-0-309-06406-4&rft.au=National+Academy+of+Sciences+%28US%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fopenbook.php%3Fisbn%3D0309064066%26page%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AiG-158"><a href="#cite_ref-AiG_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallings2008" class="citation web cs1">Gallings, Peter (January 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://answersingenesis.org/intelligent-design/the-flying-spaghetti-monster/">"The Flying Spaghetti Monster: A harmless joke, a substantial misunderstanding, or a sacrilegious quasi-caricature of the one true God?"</a>. Answers in Genesis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614220818/https://answersingenesis.org/intelligent-design/the-flying-spaghetti-monster/">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Answers+in+Genesis&rft.atitle=The+Flying+Spaghetti+Monster%3A+A+harmless+joke%2C+a+substantial+misunderstanding%2C+or+a+sacrilegious+quasi-caricature+of+the+one+true+God%3F&rft.date=2008-01-22&rft.aulast=Gallings&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanswersingenesis.org%2Fintelligent-design%2Fthe-flying-spaghetti-monster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2006" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, Bobby (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gospelofflyingsp0000hend">The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster</a>. Villard Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-7656-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-7656-8"><bdi>0-8129-7656-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+the+Flying+Spaghetti+Monster&rft.pub=Villard+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8129-7656-8&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Bobby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgospelofflyingsp0000hend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+Spaghetti+Monster" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Flying Spaghetti Monster at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Flying Spaghetti Monster">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Flying Spaghetti Monster">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Flying Spaghetti Monster">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spaghettimonster.org">Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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<li><a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">Parody religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_atheism" title="Demographics of atheism">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_and_religion" title="Atheism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_atheism" title="History of atheism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Discrimination/Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">Implicit and explicit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_atheism" title="Negative and positive atheism">Negative and positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strong_agnosticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong agnosticism">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_agnosticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak agnosticism">Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnostic_atheism" title="Agnostic atheism">Agnostic atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_atheists" title="Lists of atheists">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agnostics" title="List of agnostics">Agnostics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secular_humanists" title="List of secular humanists">Humanists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_atheism" title="Category:Books about atheism">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_the_Spell:_Religion_as_a_Natural_Phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon">Breaking the Spell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_System_of_Nature" title="The System of Nature">The System of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Muslim" title="Why I Am Not a Muslim">Why I Am Not a Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_an_Atheist" title="Why I Am an Atheist">Why I Am an Atheist</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secularist_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of secularist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Atheists" title="American Atheists">American Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Alliance_International" title="Atheist Alliance International">Atheist Alliance International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" title="Center for Inquiry">Center for Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Freedom From Religion Foundation">Freedom From Religion Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_International" title="Humanists International">Humanists International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_Response_Squad" title="Rational Response Squad">Rational Response Squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovering_from_Religion" title="Recovering from Religion">Recovering from Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Association_of_Atheists_and_Agnostics" title="Brazilian Association of Atheists and Agnostics">Brazilian Association of Atheists and Agnostics</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irreligion" title="List of countries by irreligion">Countries by irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Criticism_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criticism_of_religion" title="Template:Criticism of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criticism_of_religion" title="Template talk:Criticism of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Criticism_of_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Bahá'í Faith">Baháˈí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Criticism of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_movement#Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification movement">Unification movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Unification_Church_in_Japan" title="Criticism of Unification Church in Japan">Unification Church in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church#Criticisms" title="Westboro Baptist Church">Westboro Baptist Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Swaminarayan_sect" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Swaminarayan sect">Swaminarayan sect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shia_Islam" title="Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam">Twelver Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jainism" title="Criticism of Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement#Opposition" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_modern_paganism" title="Criticism of modern paganism">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism#Criticism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Mormon sacred texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud#Criticism" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Aisha" title="Shia view of Aisha">Aisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell#Controversies" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Ellen_G._White" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Ellen G. White">Ellen White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses#Criticism_of_Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad#Legacy" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul#Biblical_criticism" title="Saul">Saul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious discrimination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Bahá'ís">Bahá'i Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_Neopagans" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious discrimination against Neopagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Copts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sikhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Sikhs">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunni Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zorostianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_violence" title="Judaism and violence">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Christian thought on persecution and tolerance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_warfare" title="Judaism and warfare">In Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li>By country <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Christians_in_India" title="Violence against Christians in India">Anti-Christian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Odisha" title="Religious violence in Odisha">In Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_critical_of_religion" title="Category:Books critical of religion">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Manifesto:_The_Case_Against_Christianity,_Judaism,_and_Islam" title="Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam">Atheist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_the_Spell:_Religion_as_a_Natural_Phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon">Breaking the Spell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Unveiled" title="Christianity Unveiled">Christianity Unveiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Age_of_Science%3F" title="God in the Age of Science?">God in the Age of Science?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God:_The_Failed_Hypothesis" title="God: The Failed Hypothesis">God: The Failed Hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Watchmaker" title="The Blind Watchmaker">The Blind Watchmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caged_Virgin" title="The Caged Virgin">The Caged Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster">The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Muslim" title="Why I Am Not a Muslim">Why I Am Not a Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Christianity" title="Bibliography of books critical of Christianity">Books critical of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Islam" title="Bibliography of books critical of Islam">Books critical of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Judaism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Judaism">Books critical of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Mormonism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism">Books critical of Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Scientology" title="Bibliography of books critical of Scientology">Books critical of Scientology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religion" title="Nontheistic religion">Nontheistic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">Parody religion</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism of atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Criticism of monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions">Superstitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Judaism" title="Superstition in Judaism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Belief_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belief_systems" title="Template:Belief systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belief_systems" title="Template talk:Belief systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belief_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belief systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Belief_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">Immanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Shramanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Atheism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Atheism" title="Template:New Atheism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:New_Atheism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:New Atheism (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Atheism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Atheism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Atheism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Barker" title="Dan Barker">Dan Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Boghossian" title="Peter Boghossian">Peter Boghossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Christina" title="Greta Christina">Greta Christina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Coyne" title="Jerry Coyne">Jerry Coyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Goldstein" title="Rebecca Goldstein">Rebecca Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TJ_Kirk" title="TJ Kirk">TJ Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Onfray" title="Michel Onfray">Michel Onfray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Victor J. Stenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schmidt-Salomon" title="Michael Schmidt-Salomon">Michael Schmidt-Salomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former New Atheists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PZ_Myers" title="PZ Myers">PZ Myers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Manifesto:_The_Case_Against_Christianity,_Judaism,_and_Islam" title="Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam">Atheist Manifesto</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Evolutionary_Humanism" title="Manifesto of Evolutionary Humanism">Manifesto of Evolutionary Humanism</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_the_Spell_(Dennett_book)" title="Breaking the Spell (Dennett book)">Breaking the Spell</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Root_of_All_Evil%3F" title="The Root of All Evil?">The Root of All Evil?</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God:_The_Failed_Hypothesis" title="God: The Failed Hypothesis">God: The Failed Hypothesis</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Portable_Atheist" title="The Portable Atheist">The Portable Atheist</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godless_(Barker_book)" title="Godless (Barker book)">Godless</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Clergy_Project" title="The Clergy Project">The Clergy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitchstone_Publishing" title="Pitchstone Publishing">Pitchstone Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_Foundation_for_Reason_and_Science" title="Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science">Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Go_God_Go" title="Go God Go">Go God Go</a>" (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_Angel" title="Darwin's Angel">Darwin's Angel</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dawkins_Delusion%3F" title="The Dawkins Delusion?">The Dawkins Delusion?</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Irrational_Atheist" title="The Irrational Atheist">The Irrational Atheist</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Delusions" title="Atheist Delusions">Atheist Delusions</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_God" title="The Case for God">The Case for God</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unscientific_America" title="Unscientific America">Unscientific America</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Atheism" title="The Evolution of Atheism">The Evolution of Atheism</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_Day" title="Blasphemy Day">Blasphemy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flying Spaghetti Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_Campaign" title="Out Campaign">Out Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki" title="RationalWiki">RationalWiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Rally" title="Reason Rally">Reason Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_left" title="Regressive left">Regressive left</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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