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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Religious beliefs of the Kushites</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Kushite religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mero%C3%AB,_the_City_of_the_Ethiopians_-_being_an_account_of_a_first_season%27s_excavations_on_the_site,_1909-1910_(1911)_(14578210660).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mero%C3%AB%2C_the_City_of_the_Ethiopians_-_being_an_account_of_a_first_season%27s_excavations_on_the_site%2C_1909-1910_%281911%29_%2814578210660%29.jpg/200px-Mero%C3%AB%2C_the_City_of_the_Ethiopians_-_being_an_account_of_a_first_season%27s_excavations_on_the_site%2C_1909-1910_%281911%29_%2814578210660%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mero%C3%AB%2C_the_City_of_the_Ethiopians_-_being_an_account_of_a_first_season%27s_excavations_on_the_site%2C_1909-1910_%281911%29_%2814578210660%29.jpg/300px-Mero%C3%AB%2C_the_City_of_the_Ethiopians_-_being_an_account_of_a_first_season%27s_excavations_on_the_site%2C_1909-1910_%281911%29_%2814578210660%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mero%C3%AB%2C_the_City_of_the_Ethiopians_-_being_an_account_of_a_first_season%27s_excavations_on_the_site%2C_1909-1910_%281911%29_%2814578210660%29.jpg/400px-Mero%C3%AB%2C_the_City_of_the_Ethiopians_-_being_an_account_of_a_first_season%27s_excavations_on_the_site%2C_1909-1910_%281911%29_%2814578210660%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="2402" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Votive Plaque of <a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Naqa" title="Naqa">Naqa</a> kiosk, Excavation by John Garstang, 1909-1910, in the Temple of Apedemak, <a href="/wiki/Meroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroe">Meroe</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Indigenous religion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data">Polytheistic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data">Nubia (present-day Sudan)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Kerma, later Meroe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Territory</th><td class="infobox-data">Nubia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">Mid-4th century AD</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kushite religion</b> is the traditional belief system and pantheon of deities associated with the Ancient Kushites, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a> in the land of <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> (also known as <b>Ta-Seti</b>) in present-day <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods, increased contact between Egypt and Nubia through Trade and military campaigns influenced Nubian culture. By the Middle Kingdom, Nubians had greater control over their territory and some integrated into Egyptian society. The founding of the Kingdom of Kush, with its capital at Kerma, marked a significant period where Nubians maintained their distinct religious practices, as seen in the elaborate burials of the Classic Kerma Period (ca. 1750-1450 BC). </p><p>In the New Kingdom Period, Nubia fell under Egyptian control, but later unified under leaders like King Alara and King Kashta, leading to the establishment of the "Second Kingdom of Kush." This era saw the integration of Nubian and Egyptian deities. After the fall of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, Nubian religious practices persisted through various foreign dominations. During the Meroitic Period, the capital moved to Meroe, and the focus shifted to indigenous deities like <a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a>. By the mid-4th century, the region's conversion to Christianity marked the end of traditional Kushite religion. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushite_religion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite their close proximity to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, a civilization that practiced what many historians consider one of the most extensive religious systems in the ancient world, Kushites possessed an intricate unique pantheon in their own right.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the lack of Nubian texts and artifacts prior to their interactions with Egyptians, much of early Nubian religion is still unclear. Fortunately, archeologists have uncovered many elements of their practices via the burials of A Group, <a href="/wiki/Napata" title="Napata">Napata</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-Group_culture" title="C-Group culture">C Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerma" title="Kerma">Kerma</a> and via writings after many Nubians adopted the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Napata#Napatan_period" title="Napata">Napatan Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Kush_culture">Pre-Kush culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushite_religion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Kush culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P1070019_Louvre_statue_deesse_Bastet_E3915_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/P1070019_Louvre_statue_deesse_Bastet_E3915_rwk.JPG/250px-P1070019_Louvre_statue_deesse_Bastet_E3915_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/P1070019_Louvre_statue_deesse_Bastet_E3915_rwk.JPG/376px-P1070019_Louvre_statue_deesse_Bastet_E3915_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/P1070019_Louvre_statue_deesse_Bastet_E3915_rwk.JPG/501px-P1070019_Louvre_statue_deesse_Bastet_E3915_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1928" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Bastet with a lion head</figcaption></figure><p> Excavations of early Nubian societies also uncovered hints as to how their daily lives greatly influenced their spiritual beliefs. The <a href="/wiki/A-Group_culture" title="A-Group culture">A Group Culture</a> (ca. 3700-2800 BC) revealed the domestication of animals, agricultural cultivation, elaborate pottery that was polished red and black, and fine amulets, figurines and necklaces made of ivory.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These goods were also found in burials at the Terminal A Group Cemetery L at <a href="/wiki/Qustul" title="Qustul">Qustul</a> and suggest that Nubians in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Nubia" title="Lower Nubia">Lower Nubia</a> also had ritualistic practices that were independent of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a>. The materials that comprised the burial goods also revealed that Nubians traded regularly with Egypt and peoples in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western Asia</a>, who saw Nubia as "a corridor to sub-Saharan Africa" and its exotic goods of ebony, giraffe tails, elephants, stones, ostrich eggs, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archeologist Bruce Williams concluded that much of early <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Pre-Dynastic culture</a> that's often attributed to Egypt is also Nubian in origin. He maintained that Nubia developed its own complex, Dynastic culture that was not an imitation of Egypt and that both emerging kingdoms "belonged to the 'great East African substratum'."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></p><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#f0e4ae;;padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Nubia" title="Category:Nubia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#f0e4ae;;line-height:1.2em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="nowrap">Kushite</span> religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-S12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-S12.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="58" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="95" data-file-height="58" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f0e4ae;;border:1px solid #f0e4ae;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs" title="Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubia#Christian_Nubia" title="Nubia">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths" title="Ancient Egyptian creation myths">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">Flooding of the Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Neferti" title="Prophecy of Neferti">Prophecy of Neferti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_concept_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul">Soul</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f0e4ae;;border:1px solid #f0e4ae;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medjay#Pan-graves" title="Medjay">Burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execration_texts" title="Execration texts">Execration texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_temple" title="Mortuary temple">Mortuary temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_pyramids" title="Nubian pyramids">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_architecture" title="Nubian architecture">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f0e4ae;;border:1px solid #f0e4ae;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#f0e4ae;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elephantine#Elephantine_triad" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khenmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satis_(goddess)" title="Satis (goddess)">Satis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#f0e4ae;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amesemi#The_Temples_of_Naqa" title="Amesemi">Naqa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Aman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>A</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Aman</a></li> <li>Amanete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a></li> <li>Aqedise</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arensnuphis" title="Arensnuphis">Arensnuphis</a></li> <li>Ariten</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Atari</a></li> <li><b>B</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li>Breith</li> <li><b>D</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedun</a></li> <li><b>H</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heka_(god)" title="Heka (god)">Heka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemen" title="Hemen">Hemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a></li> <li><b>I</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><b>K</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khenmu</a></li> <li><b>M</b></li> <li>Makedeke</li> <li>Mash</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehit" title="Mehit">Mehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Merul</a></li> <li>Miket</li> <li><b>N</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_(mythology)" title="Nu (mythology)">Nu</a></li> <li><b>R</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><b>S</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satis_(goddess)" title="Satis (goddess)">Satis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiumeker" title="Sebiumeker">Sabomakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a></li> <li><b>T</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f0e4ae;;border:1px solid #f0e4ae;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush#History" title="Kingdom of Kush">Cultures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-Group_culture" title="A-Group culture">A-Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-Group_culture#Existence_of_the_B-Group" title="A-Group culture">B-Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blemmyes" title="Blemmyes">Blemmyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Group_culture" title="C-Group culture">C-Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerma_culture" title="Kerma culture">Kerma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjay" title="Medjay">Medja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napata" title="Napata">Napata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobatia" title="Nobatia">Nobatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Group_culture" title="X-Group culture">X-Group</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f0e4ae;;border:1px solid #f0e4ae;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Locations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniba_(Nubia)" title="Aniba (Nubia)">Aniba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballana" title="Ballana">Ballana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeh" title="Bigeh">Bigeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari" title="Deir el-Bahari">Deir el-Bahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triakontaschoinos" title="Triakontaschoinos">Dodekaschoinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotawo" title="Dotawo">Dotawo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Barkal" title="Jebel Barkal">Jebel Barkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawa,_Sudan" title="Kawa, Sudan">Kawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisht" title="Lisht">Lisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musawwarat_es-Sufra" title="Musawwarat es-Sufra">Musawwarat es-Sufra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philae_temple_complex" title="Philae temple complex">Philae temple complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_Ibrim" title="Qasr Ibrim">Qasr Ibrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qustul" title="Qustul">Qustul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semna_(Nubia)" title="Semna (Nubia)">Semna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Amun,_Jebel_Barkal" title="Temple of Amun, Jebel Barkal">Temple of Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Dendur" title="Temple of Dendur">Temple of Dendur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Mut,_Jebel_Barkal" title="Temple of Mut, Jebel Barkal">Temple of Mut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_Hall_of_Dongola" title="Throne Hall of Dongola">Throne Hall of Dongola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombos_(Nubia)" title="Tombos (Nubia)">Tombos</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f0e4ae;;border:1px solid #f0e4ae;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sacred animals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abtu" title="Abtu">Abtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_elephant#History" title="North African elephant">North African elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_lion" title="Barbary lion">Barbary lion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology#Nubia" title="Cattle in religion and mythology">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">Falcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieracosphinx" title="Hieracosphinx">Hieracosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed_(fish)" title="Medjed (fish)">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_crocodile" title="Nile crocodile">Nile crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_ibex" title="Nubian ibex">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpopard" title="Serpopard">Serpopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">Uraeus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f0e4ae;;border:1px solid #f0e4ae;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Symbols and objects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atef" title="Atef">Atef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(hieroglyph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartouche (hieroglyph)">Cartouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_and_flail" title="Crook and flail">Crook and flail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_justification" title="Crown of justification">Crown of justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">Deshret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djed" title="Djed">Djed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian obelisk">Egyptian obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pool" title="Egyptian pool">Egyptian pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold#History" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafir" title="Hafir">Hafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemhem_crown" title="Hemhem crown">Hemhem crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennu" title="Hennu">Hennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_on_the_Crocodiles" title="Horus on the Crocodiles">Horus on the Crocodiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocephalus" title="Hypocephalus">Hypocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiut_fetish" title="Imiut fetish">Imiut fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepresh" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menat" title="Menat">Menat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebu" title="Nebu">Nebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pschent" title="Pschent">Pschent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">Serekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_ring" title="Shen ring">Shen ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_barque" title="Solar barque">Solar barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyet" title="Tyet">Tyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">Ushabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulture_crown" title="Vulture crown">Vulture crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was-sceptre" title="Was-sceptre">Was-sceptre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f0e4ae;;border:1px solid #f0e4ae;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nubian_languages" title="Nubian languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blemmyes#Language" title="Blemmyes">Blemmyes language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_language" title="Meroitic language">Meroitic language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meroitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroitic alphabet">Meroitic alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian" title="Old Nubian"> Nubian language</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Category:Kingdom of Kush">Category</a></b></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kushite_religion" title="Template:Kushite religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Kushite_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Kushite religion (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kushite_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kushite religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a> (ca. 3050-2685 BC) and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom Period</a> (ca. 2685-2150 BC), Egypt's hunger to control Nubia and its lucrative trade routes and gold mines led to a military campaign into Nubia, increasing contact between the nations.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The C Group Culture emerged circa 2300 BC. Archaeological digs revealed stone, circular graves "with the deceased in a flexed position surrounded by grave goods" in the early phase of the culture. By the next phase, burials had undergone a rapid "Egyptianization" with rectangular graves and Egyptian grave goods. Outside of C Group, the tomb biography about <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepy I</a> by <a href="/wiki/Autobiography_of_Weni" title="Autobiography of Weni">Weni the Elder</a> revealed the names of six other Nubian kingdoms: Medja, Wawat, Yam, Irtjet and Setju.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> (ca 2150-2008 BC) and early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom Period</a> (ca 2009-1760 BC), Nubia had full control of its land and peace with Egypt. Nubians also lived and work in the lands of their neighbor. Some scholars believe there is even evidence that Nubians married and birthed their way into the Egyptian monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Pharaoh Mentuhotep II</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queen consort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemsit" title="Kemsit">Kemsit</a>, are said to have been of Nubian origin, due to his appointment of Nubian archers into the Egyptian army and depictions of her with a black or pink face. But it was Mentuhotep II who renewed Egypt's interest to control all of Nubia. At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty</a>, this is finally accomplished by <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a>, who also may have been of Nubian ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_founding_of_Kush">The founding of Kush</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushite_religion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The founding of Kush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan-Grave-Necklace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pan-Grave-Necklace.jpg/251px-Pan-Grave-Necklace.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pan-Grave-Necklace.jpg/377px-Pan-Grave-Necklace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pan-Grave-Necklace.jpg/502px-Pan-Grave-Necklace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Shallow, round graves with concave bottoms were discovered in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia. These so-called pan-graves often contain simple jewelry such as the necklaces displayed here, non-Egyptian pottery, and large numbers of weapons. The people buried in "pan graves" were probably the Medjayu, nomads from the eastern Nubian desert.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerma_city.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kerma_city.JPG/251px-Kerma_city.JPG" decoding="async" width="251" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kerma_city.JPG/377px-Kerma_city.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kerma_city.JPG/502px-Kerma_city.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Excavations of the city of Kerma</figcaption></figure> <p>The "First <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a>," with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Kerma" title="Kerma">Kerma</a>, was first mentioned during the Twelfth Dynasty in Egyptian writings. However, it's still unclear if Kush was a centralized, dominant power that united Nubia or if there were small, independent polities across Nubia. While Egypt's control over Nubia continued into the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> (ca. 1685-1550 BC), Kerman culture revealed the determination of Nubians to propagate their indigenous, Nubian beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/Kerma#Settlement_periods" title="Kerma">Early Kerma Period</a> (ca. 2500-2050 BC) to the Classic Kerma Period (ca 1750-1450), they solidified their burial practices. In Kerma, the deceased were buried in large, elaborate, round <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumuli</a>. They were laid on top of cowhides or beds and positioned on their sides "in a flexed position with their faces looking north, heads pointed east and feet west."<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also dressed in loincloths or wrapped in sheep skin, surrounded by grave goods of weapons, jewelry, mirrors, vessels of water, pottery, and other personal possessions. In <a href="/wiki/Medjay" title="Medjay">Medja</a>, the deceased were buried in "shallow, round graves," or pan graves, with grave goods that consisted of bow-and-arrows, cattle skulls, pottery, and jewelry.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom Period</a> (ca 1550-1077 BC), <a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a> relaunched campaigns in Nubia, which lasted for eighty-eight years. These battles are believed to have ended circa 1460 BC when Nubia once again fell completely under Egyptian control. Nubians launched a serious of rebellions to free themselves from Egypt with most of them failing.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> (ca. 1076-723 BC), Napata was regarded as one of the most significant trade centers of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>, and Nubia was divided into independent cultures. <a href="/wiki/Alara_of_Kush" title="Alara of Kush">King Alara</a> (ca. 785-765 BC) united Nubia from <a href="/wiki/Upper_Nubia" title="Upper Nubia">Upper Nubia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">Third Cataract</a> and formed the "Second Kingdom of Kush." <a href="/wiki/Kashta" title="Kashta">King Kashta</a> (ca. 765-753 BC) expanded the kingdom to include Lower Nubia and <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>. Their conquests paved the way for <a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">King Piankhi</a> (also called Piye) to conquer all of Egypt and found the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty</a> (ca. 722-655/53 BC), marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a> (ca. 722-332 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this era, aspects of Nubian religion began to undergo another "Egyptianization." Pre-existing Nubian deities that were associated with Egyptian deities took on the names of their Egyptian counterparts but kept their Nubian characteristics, creating new iconography.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Alara_of_Kush#Tomb" title="Alara of Kush">tomb of Alara</a> (ca. early to mid-<a href="/wiki/8th_century_BC" title="8th century BC">8th century BC</a>) and other burials of the first Napatan Dynasty revealed a traditional Nubian royal burial with Egyptian elements.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kendall noted that the occupant of Ku.9 (likely Alara): </p> <dl><dd>"...was interred in the traditional Nubian manner, lying on a bed and placed in a small enclosed side-chamber at the bottom of a vertical shaft, the visible tomb superstructure incorporated many Egyptian features. The apex seems to have been adorned with a crudely cast, hollow bronze <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul#Ba_(personality)" title="Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul">ba</a></i> statue...The chapel had contained a plain, hard stone Egyptian-style offering table, and the chapel walls had been adorned with crude low relief. One block preserved what appeared to be the upper part of a male head, wearing a crown with a superstructure and streamers and a loop-like ornament over the brow, imitative of a <a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">uraeus</a>..."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Egyptian deities also began to undergo a "Nubianization" in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptians originally depicted <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Aman</a> as a human-headed male, but by the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> both Egypt and Kush depicted him as a ram-headed male, a depiction very reminiscent of the indigenous Nubian ram-headed deities of water and fertility that were originally worshipped at <a href="/wiki/Kerma" title="Kerma">Kerma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is well-documented that Nubians worshipped Egyptian gods, such as Aman (also called Amen and Gem Aten) and <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, artifacts also revealed that Egyptians also worshipped Nubian deities, such as <a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedwen</a> (also called Dedun), <a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Mandulis</a> (Melul in <a href="/wiki/Meroitic_language" title="Meroitic language">Meroitic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also deities that were "shared" at the border of Lower Nubia and Upper Egypt and considered to be both Nubian and Egyptian, such as <a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satis_(goddess)" title="Satis (goddess)">Satis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anaka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians suggested that Bastet has Nubian origins.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_fall_of_the_25th_Dynasty_of_Egypt">The fall of the 25th Dynasty of Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushite_religion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The fall of the 25th Dynasty of Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Circa 655/53 BC, the Kingdom of Kush would lose their hold on territories north of Lower Nubia, marking the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty</a> as the last Kushite rulers of Egypt. Beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a>, Kush and Egypt transitioned through centuries of diverse rulers, who assimilated Kushite/Egyptian culture and left traces of their own. The <a href="/wiki/Assyria#Assyrian_Empire" title="Assyria">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (ca. 671–663 BC) began conquest under <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually defeated <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Pharaoh Taharqa</a> (690-664 BC) under <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A conquered Egypt fell under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a>. When his reign ended, Kushite influence over Egypt officially ended.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Assyrian rule, the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thebes" title="Sack of Thebes">sacking of Thebes</a> resulted in the destruction of numerous temples that were devoted to Kushite and Egyptian deities.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder of Assyrian rule was marked by conquest wars against the <a href="/wiki/Medo-Babylonian_conquest_of_the_Assyrian_Empire" title="Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire">Babylonians and Medes</a> (ca. 626-609 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Egyptian royals once again gained control of the kingdom as the Assyrian Empire declined.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egypt was later conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire#520s_BC" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid (Persian) Empire</a> (ca. 524-330 BC) under <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a>, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty</a> (ca. 525-404 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Persian rule, Cambyses II and <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Ochus</a> (also called Artaxerxes III) persecuted followers of traditional <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian religion</a>. Both were known to instruct their guards to plunder temples, pillage towns, steal religious text, and slaughter sacred animals.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greek Period</a>, Egypt was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macadonian Empire</a> (ca. 332-323 BC) under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of positioning himself as a conqueror, Alexander proclaimed himself the "liberator" of Egypt. This implied that Greece was there to free the Egyptian people from the clutches of the old Egyptian pharaohs and pantheon. Further diminishing the role of Egyptian deities in governmental affairs, the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_cult_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great">cult of Alexander</a> associated him with the Greek gods <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Alexander's death, the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Dynasty</a> (305-30 BC) won control of Egypt under <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek pantheon continued to dominant Ptolemaic cults, with Ptolemy I and his dynasty being associated with them.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kushite_religion_after_Egypt">Kushite religion after Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushite_religion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kushite religion after Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas-Relief,_Christian_Nubia_(36221150520).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bas-Relief%2C_Christian_Nubia_%2836221150520%29.jpg/251px-Bas-Relief%2C_Christian_Nubia_%2836221150520%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bas-Relief%2C_Christian_Nubia_%2836221150520%29.jpg/377px-Bas-Relief%2C_Christian_Nubia_%2836221150520%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bas-Relief%2C_Christian_Nubia_%2836221150520%29.jpg/502px-Bas-Relief%2C_Christian_Nubia_%2836221150520%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Bas-Relief, Christian Nubia, British Museum, Egypt and Nubia Gallery, London, England, UK. Complete indexed photo collection at WorldHistoryPics.com.</figcaption></figure> <p>Further south, Kush had entered its <a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB#First_Meroitic_Period_(542–315_BC)" title="Meroë">Meroitic Period</a> (mid-3rd Century BC -mid-4th Century AD). The capital moved from Napata to <a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroe</a> in Upper Nubia. Away from the cults of traditional Egyptian religion, Meroitic Kushites created a new pantheon that centered Nubian deities and indigenous practices with little Egyptian influence. <a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a>, the lion protector god, and his consort, <a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a>, became the most prominent deities. <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Aman</a> was depicted holding objects that were associated with Apedemak, such as sovereign arrows, emphasizing that Apedemak had more influence in Meroe. Nevertheless, Aman still maintained a presence as a representation of Nubian ram-headed gods, while <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> was absorbed and became a representation of traditional Nubian goddesses.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kushite rulers also redirected their attention to protecting their borders from invaders. In 319 BC, Ptolemy I dispatched an army to attack Kush.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 270s BC, Ptolemy II invaded Nubia and defeated the Kingdom of Kush, gaining access to Kushite territory and the control of lucrative gold deposits in a region known as <a href="/wiki/Triakontaschoinos" title="Triakontaschoinos">Dodekasoinos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade managed to continue between Kushites and Egyptians as Kush continued to secure war elephants, which were important to the Ptolemies.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Empire</a> (30 BC-641 AD) eventually conquered Egypt after <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Roman rule, there was an even greater religious and political shift away from traditional Egyptian practices in Egypt. Roman emperors maintained their original titles, ending the use of the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> title and the ruler's historical connection to Egyptian and Kushite deities. Imperial cults were also created in Egypt to honor of Augustus, but he was identified with Zeus and other Olympian gods.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 25 BC, <a href="/wiki/Amanirenas" title="Amanirenas">Amanirenas</a>, a Kushite <a href="/wiki/Kandake" title="Kandake">Kandake</a>, commanded an army of about 30,000 Nubian warriors and was successful in preventing the expansion of the Roman Empire into Nubia. She was the first of a long line of Kandake who ruled and protected Kush.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the influences from the invaders of Egypt, Kushites continued to maintain cults for indigenous Nubian deities.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/4th_century" title="4th century">mid-4th century</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a> had fallen. Nubians, without a functioning kingdom and possibly desperate to maintain what little control they had left over the ivory trade, attacked the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">King Ezana</a>, Aksum responded with a large military force and plundered Meroë circa 350 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/5th_century" title="5th century">5th century</a>, Nubia split into three new kingdoms: <a href="/wiki/Nobatia" title="Nobatia">Nobatia</a> (ca. 350-590 AD) with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Faras" title="Faras">Faras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a> (ca. 5th century-1518) with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Old_Dongola" title="Old Dongola">Dongola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a> (ca. 6th century–<abbr>c.</abbr> 1500) with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Soba_(city)" title="Soba (city)">Soba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circa <a href="/wiki/6th_century" title="6th century">580 AD</a>, these kingdoms converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a><sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a> being renovated to include a church.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faras also became a religious center for Christian Nubian bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the advent of Christianity, most temples dedicated to indigenous Kushite deities were replaced with churches and monasteries dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial practices</a> also changed from <a href="/wiki/Kerma_culture" title="Kerma culture">Kerman-style</a> <a href="/wiki/C-Group_culture#Burial_customs" title="C-Group culture">stone circles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medjay" title="Medjay">Medjayu-style</a> <a href="/wiki/Nubia#Lower_Nubia" title="Nubia">pan-graves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroitic-style</a> <a href="/wiki/Tumulus#The_Sahel" title="Tumulus">tumuli</a> with <a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">funerary goods</a> to <a href="/wiki/Christian_burial" title="Christian burial">Christian-style</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_burial#History_and_antecedents_of_Christian_burial_rites" title="Christian burial">rectangular graves</a> with no funerary goods and a <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">cross</a> or small <a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">tombstone</a> on top.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deities">Deities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushite_religion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Aman</a> </th> <td>(also called <b>Asha Renu</b>, <b>Amen</b>, <b>Amun</b> and <b>Gem Aten</b>) He was a ram-headed god with wavy horns and curled horns who was depicted wearing a large <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">sun-disc</a>. His name translates to "the Sun Disc is Found."<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Amanete </th> <td>Named in an official's inscription from <a href="/wiki/Karanog" title="Karanog">Karanog</a>, more information has not been discovered about the deity.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a> </th> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Lunar_deity" title="Lunar deity">lunar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sky_deity" title="Sky deity">sky goddess</a> of Meroë and consort of Apedemak, she was often depicted with a short, curly afro and a headdress topped with two falcons and a crescent moon.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Temple of Aman in <a href="/wiki/Naqa" title="Naqa">Naqa</a>, her image was carved into a stele alongside <a href="/wiki/Amanishakheto" title="Amanishakheto">Amanishakheto of Meroe</a> and Apedemak.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a> </th> <td>(also called <b>Onuris</b>) A hunting and war god who was the consort of <a href="/wiki/Mehit" title="Mehit">Mehit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Atari</a> when she was associated with <a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a> in the "<a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Distant Goddess</a>" motif during the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_Period" title="Amarna Period">Amarna Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is believed to be the god who hunted the Eye of Re in Nubia and her back to Re.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anaka</a> </th> <td>(also called <b>Anukis</b>) A ram-headed god of divine protection that was associated with the water. She was also a part of a triad with Satis and Khnum. Collectively, they were seen as the source of Nile's yearly inundation. Her cult was at Kawa, where she appears as the consort of Aman and the associate of Satis.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She forms with triad of <a href="/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a> with Satis and Khenmu.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a> </th> <td>A <a href="/wiki/List_of_war_deities" title="List of war deities">war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">protection</a> lion god who was depicted with a lion head, often carrying large bows-and-arrows as he offered prisoners and dhurra (millet) to the ruling qore (king). The crops are evidence that he also has lunar aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also depicted walking elephants and lions on leashes.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Aqedise </th> <td>A lunar god who was considered the Nubian equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Khonsu" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Arensnuphis" title="Arensnuphis">Arensnuphis</a> </th> <td>(possibly called <b>Tabo</b>) A war and hunter lion-head god of the desert who was often paired with Sabomakal. Their images were often positioned over the entrances of temples, emphasizing their roles as guardians. In human form, he also "wore a <a href="/wiki/Shendyt" title="Shendyt">short kilt</a>, a tall feather crown and divine beard." Originally of Nubia, he had a temple at Philae and was associated with Dedwen, <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> and Anhur.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ariten </th> <td>Named in an official's inscription from Karanog, more information has not been discovered about the deity.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Atari</a> </th> <td>(also called <b>Hathor</b>) The "Mistress of God" goddess of the sky, sun, and femininity<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she is often depicted as a <a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle in religion">cow</a>, symbolizing her maternal and celestial aspect, although her most common form was a woman wearing a headdress of cow horns and a sun disk.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She could also be represented as a <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lioness</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cobra" title="Cobra">cobra</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Ficus_sycomorus" title="Ficus sycomorus">sycamore tree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a> </th> <td>A cat goddess, she was originally depicted as a lion goddess of fertility and protection.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her eminence in Nubia far exceeded that in Egypt, suggesting that she possibly had a Nubian origin or an indigenous Nubian equivalent. The Temple of Bastet at <a href="/wiki/Bubastis" title="Bubastis">Tare</a> (also called Per-Bast) was often visited by newly-crowned rulers and amulets with her depiction were also found in the burials of Nubian royals, revealing her importance to the protection the of the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a> </th> <td>A god associated with protection of Nubian women during childbirth, his image was found in a <i>mammisi</i>, or divine birth temple. His eminence in Kush far exceeded that in Egypt, suggesting that he possibly had a Nubian origin or an indigenous Nubian equivalent.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Egyptian titles "Lord of <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Punt</a>" and "Ruler of Nubia" also emphasize a beginning in Nubia. He was also depicted with <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Atari</a> who is also associated with childbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Breith </th> <td>The "divine brother" of <a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Merul</a>, he is depicted with a falcon body and a human head. More information has not been discovered about him.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedwen</a> </th> <td>(also called <b>Dedun</b>) Depicted as a lion <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">protector god</a>, he was first mentioned in Egyptian Pyramid Texts as a Nubian god of incense, who burned incense at the birth of royals.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lichtheim_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lichtheim-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his use of incense, he was also associated with <a href="/wiki/List_of_fortune_deities" title="List of fortune deities">fortune, prosperity and wealth</a>. The Temple of Osiris-Dedwen (B 700) at <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Barkal" title="Jebel Barkal">Jebel Barkal</a>, constructed at the request of <a href="/wiki/Atlanersa" title="Atlanersa">Atlanersa</a>, revealed that Aman-Re transformed into Osiris-Dedwen. He subsequently became associated with the protection of deceased Nubian royals.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hemen" title="Hemen">Hemen</a> </th> <td>The hawk-headed god.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khenmu</a></b> </th> <td>(also called <b>Khnum</b>) The ram-headed god of <a href="/wiki/Virility" title="Virility">virility</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_fertility_deities" title="List of fertility deities">fertility</a> was originally the Nubian god who fashioned human beings from the clay and then placed them in the womb of their mothers to be born into the earth. He forms with triad of Elephantine with <a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satis_(goddess)" title="Satis (goddess)">Satis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Makedeke </th> <td>Named in an official's inscription from Karanog, more information has not been discovered about the deity.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Merul</a> </th> <td>(also called <b>Mandulis and Melul</b>) A sun god who was depicted as god with a falcon body with a human head and the "divine brother" of Breith. He re-emerged during the Roman Period, where he appeared in the gateway at the Temple of Dendur with Emperor Augustus presenting he and Arensnuphis with offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Kalabsha" title="Temple of Kalabsha">Temple of Kalabsha</a> was also dedicated to him.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mash </th> <td>Named in an official's inscription from Karanog, more information has not been discovered about the deity.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mehit" title="Mehit">Mehit</a> </th> <td>The lunar lion goddess during the Early Dynastic Period (31250-2613 BC) in Nubia and consort of Anhur, she is often depicted as a reclining lioness with three sticks jutting out from behind her. She is also identified as the "Distant Goddess."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a> </th> <td>The solar and protective goddess of Nubian origin is often depicted as a reclining lioness. In one version of the "Distant Goddess" motif, the Eye of Re is said to either become or give birth to Menhit.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Miket </th> <td>(also called <b>Mekhit)</b> The Meroitic lion goddess of war of Nubian origin was often associated with the moon and is often depicted as a roaring lionness.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources identify her as the subject of the "Distant Goddess" motif, instead of Mehit. In one legend, the Eye of Ra flees from Egypt. Her counterpart, <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>, sends another god to track her down in Nubia, where she transforms into a lioness. When she is returned to Ra, she either becomes or gives birth to Menhit. Afterwards, she's said to have become the consort of Anhur.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sebiumeker" title="Sebiumeker">Sabomakal</a> </th> <td>(also called <b>Sebiumeker</b>) The Meroitic lion protector god possibly had origins as a supreme god in pre-dynastic Nubia, where he was associated with procreation and fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later became a war and hunter lion-head god of the desert who was often paired with Arensnuphis. Their images were often positioned over the entrances of temples, emphasizing their roles as guardians. In human form, he was also depicted "wearing a short <a href="/wiki/Shendyt" title="Shendyt">kilt</a>, the double crown of Egypt, and the divine beard."<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Satis_(goddess)" title="Satis (goddess)">Satis</a> </th> <td>A ram-headed goddess of divine protection that was associated with the water.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also depicted as a woman wearing the White Crown of Upper Egypt with antelope horns.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also reverenced as a war, hunting and fertility goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her first temple was built during the <a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III period</a> at Elephantine, where she was linked to the <a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">inundation of the Nile</a>. She was also a part of the Elephantine triad with Anaka and Khenmu.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Middle Kingdom, Mentuhotep II also constructed a temple in her honor.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press_3-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is associated with the Eye of Ra and "Distant Goddess" motif.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Wusa</a> </th> <td>(also called <b>Isis</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Mistress of Kush" and "Mistress of Heaven, Earth, and the Underworld," she was an all-embracing mother and protector goddess. She was absorbed into the image of indigenous, Nubian mother goddesses and became a representation of the Queen Mothers and Kandakes of Kush.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her Nubian cult was centered at Philae, but she also had temples located throughout the kingdom. She was also referred to as <b>Weret-Kekau</b>, which translates to "The Great Magic" and was associated with Nubian oracles and magic.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press2_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:52_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of indigenous, Nubian custom, Kushites took pilgrimages to her Temple at Philae.<sup id="cite_ref-cairo_press2_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cairo_press2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushite_religion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMark2018" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. (2018-02-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Kush/">"The Kingdom of Kush"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=The+Kingdom+of+Kush&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FKush%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2011" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Bruce B. (2011). "Relations Between Egypt and Nubia in the Naqada Period". In Teeter, Emily (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/oimp33.pdf"><i>Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1st ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 87–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885923-82-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885923-82-0"><bdi>978-1-885923-82-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relations+Between+Egypt+and+Nubia+in+the+Naqada+Period&rft.btitle=Before+the+Pyramids%3A+The+Origins+of+Egyptian+Civilization&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=87-91&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-885923-82-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Bruce+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisac.uchicago.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2Fshared%2Fdocs%2Foimp33.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cairo_press-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-48"><sup><i><b>aw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-49"><sup><i><b>ax</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-50"><sup><i><b>ay</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-51"><sup><i><b>az</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-52"><sup><i><b>ba</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-53"><sup><i><b>bb</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-54"><sup><i><b>bc</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-55"><sup><i><b>bd</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press_3-56"><sup><i><b>be</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherLacovaraIkramD'Auria2012" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Marjorie M.; Lacovara, Peter; Ikram, Salima; D'Auria, Sue; Yellin, Janice W.; Knoblauch, Christian (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lu6nZwEACAAJ"><i>Ancient Nubia: African Kingdoms on the Nile</i></a>. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 14–17, 20–25, 33–36, 38–40, 62, 124–127, 129–131, 132–135, 139, 177, 223, 296, 367, 388, 394, 406–408, 411. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774164781" title="Special:BookSources/9789774164781"><bdi>9789774164781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Nubia%3A+African+Kingdoms+on+the+Nile&rft.place=Cairo%2C+Egypt&rft.pages=14-17%2C+20-25%2C+33-36%2C+38-40%2C+62%2C+124-127%2C+129-131%2C+132-135%2C+139%2C+177%2C+223%2C+296%2C+367%2C+388%2C+394%2C+406-408%2C+411&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789774164781&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Marjorie+M.&rft.au=Lacovara%2C+Peter&rft.au=Ikram%2C+Salima&rft.au=D%27Auria%2C+Sue&rft.au=Yellin%2C+Janice+W.&rft.au=Knoblauch%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLu6nZwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/3201">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Pan Grave" Necklace"</a>. <i>www.brooklynmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.brooklynmuseum.org&rft.atitle=%22Pan+Grave%22+Necklace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brooklynmuseum.org%2Fopencollection%2Fobjects%2F3201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendall1999" class="citation book cs1">Kendall, Tim (1999). "The Origin of the Napatan State: El Kurru and Evidence for the Royal Ancestors". In Wenig, Steffen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nIsFG9jxnN8C"><i>Meroitica: Studien Zum Antiken Sudan</i></a>. Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04139-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04139-3"><bdi>978-3-447-04139-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Napatan+State%3A+El+Kurru+and+Evidence+for+the+Royal+Ancestors&rft.btitle=Meroitica%3A+Studien+Zum+Antiken+Sudan&rft.place=Germany&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag+%C2%B7+Wiesbaden&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-447-04139-3&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnIsFG9jxnN8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie1907" class="citation book cs1">Mackenzie, Donald A. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33315300"><i>Egyptian Myth and Legend: (with Historical Narrative, Notes on Race Problems, Comparative Beliefs, Etc. )</i></a>. Independently Published. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6733-4385-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6733-4385-4"><bdi>978-1-6733-4385-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Myth+and+Legend%3A+%28with+Historical+Narrative%2C+Notes+on+Race+Problems%2C+Comparative+Beliefs%2C+Etc.+%29&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Independently+Published&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=978-1-6733-4385-4&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33315300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrahm2017" class="citation book cs1">Frahm, Eckart (2017-06-12). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria#CITEREFFrahm2017">"The Neo-Assyrian Period (ca. 1000–609 BCE)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhsmDwAAQBAJ"><i>A Companion to Assyria</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3593-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3593-4"><bdi>978-1-4443-3593-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Neo-Assyrian+Period+%28ca.+1000%E2%80%93609+BCE%29&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Assyria&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017-06-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3593-4&rft.aulast=Frahm&rft.aufirst=Eckart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAssyria%23CITEREFFrahm2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovotny2018" class="citation book cs1">Novotny, Jamie (2018). "Ashurbanipal's Campaigns". In Brereton, Gareth (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38700405"><i>I am Ashurbanipal: king of the world, king of Assyria</i></a>. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-48039-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-48039-7"><bdi>978-0-500-48039-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ashurbanipal%27s+Campaigns&rft.btitle=I+am+Ashurbanipal%3A+king+of+the+world%2C+king+of+Assyria&rft.place=London&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-500-48039-7&rft.aulast=Novotny&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38700405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrieMahaffyMilneLane-Poole1905" class="citation book cs1">Petrie, William Matthew Flinders; Mahaffy, John Pentland; Milne, Joseph Grafton; Lane-Poole, Stanley (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04VUAAAAYAAJ"><i>A History of Egypt Vol. 3: From the XIXth to the XXXth Dynasties</i></a> (5th ed.). 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Princeton University Press. 1978. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03532-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03532-1"><bdi>978-0-691-03532-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt19wccw4">j.ctt19wccw4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Near+Eastern+Texts+Relating+to+the+Old+Testament+with+Supplement&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt19wccw4%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03532-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt19wccw4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschitz2005" class="citation book cs1">Lipschitz, Oded (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78nRWgb-rp8C"><i>The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah Under Babylonian Rule</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-095-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-095-8"><bdi>978-1-57506-095-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+and+Rise+of+Jerusalem%3A+Judah+Under+Babylonian+Rule&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-095-8&rft.aulast=Lipschitz&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D78nRWgb-rp8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowton, M. B. (1951). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/371028">Jeremiah and the Death of Josiah</a>". <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (10): 128–130. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F371028">10.1086/371028</a> <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162308322">162308322</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriant2002" class="citation book cs1">Briant, Pierre (2002-06-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC"><i>From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire</i></a>. Penn State Press. pp. 52–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-574-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-574-8"><bdi>978-1-57506-574-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cyrus+to+Alexander%3A+A+History+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.pages=52-55&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2002-06-23&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-574-8&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxQ9W6F1oSYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrich Wilcken (1967). <i><a href="//archive.org/details/alexandergreat00wilc" class="extiw" title="iarchive:alexandergreat00wilc">Alexander the Great</a></i>. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 146. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00381-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00381-9">978-0-393-00381-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschy1909" class="citation book cs1">Hirschy, Noah Calvin (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/artaxerxesiiioch00hirs/artaxerxesiiioch00hirs.pdf"><i>Artaxerxes III Ochus and His Reign: With Special Consideration of the Old Testament Sources Bearing</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-01-828943-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-01-828943-4"><bdi>978-1-01-828943-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artaxerxes+III+Ochus+and+His+Reign%3A+With+Special+Consideration+of+the+Old+Testament+Sources+Bearing&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1909&rft.isbn=978-1-01-828943-4&rft.aulast=Hirschy&rft.aufirst=Noah+Calvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftile.loc.gov%2Fstorage-services%2Fpublic%2Fgdcmassbookdig%2Fartaxerxesiiioch00hirs%2Fartaxerxesiiioch00hirs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilley, Dawn L.; Worthington, Ian (2010). 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Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 429–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118428429.ch27">10.1002/9781118428429.ch27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-42840-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-42840-5"><bdi>978-1-118-42840-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193089548">193089548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Successful+Ruler+and+Imperial+Cult&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Greco-Roman+and+Late+Antique+Egypt&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=429-438&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193089548%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118428429.ch27&rft.isbn=978-1-118-42840-5&rft.aulast=Pfeiffer&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2F9781118428429.ch27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strootman, R. (2009). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/386645/The_Hellenistic_royal_court.pdf?sequence=1">The Hellenistic royal court</a>" (PDF). <i>Mnemosyne</i>. <b>62</b> (1): 168 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/mnem/62/1/article-p168_26.xml">10.1163/156852509X340291</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/386645">1874/386645</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Hellenistic-Royal-Court.-Court-Culture%2C-and-in-Strootman/a220c51a620db61561b057d6bcdf39b8b6657895">154234093</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt">"Ancient Egypt | History, Government, Culture, Map, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 2023-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ancient+Egypt+%7C+History%2C+Government%2C+Culture%2C+Map%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2023-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2Fancient-Egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hölbl, Günther (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_the_Ptolemaic_Empire.html?id=dEiydV7c3w4C&source=kp_book_description">A History of the Ptolemaic Empire</a>. London & New York: Routledge. pp 94-98. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-20145-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-20145-4">0-415-20145-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Burstein, Stanley Mayer (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KSonyiReFY8C"><i>The Reign of Cleopatra</i></a> (1st ed.). Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3871-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3871-8"><bdi>978-0-8061-3871-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Cleopatra&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.pages=6-7&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3871-8&rft.aulast=Burstein&rft.aufirst=Stanley+Mayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKSonyiReFY8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1972" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.524570/page/n1/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Cleopatra</i></a>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-99502-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-99502-9"><bdi>978-0-297-99502-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra&rft.place=London&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-297-99502-9&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.524570%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiggs2012" class="citation book cs1">Riggs, Christina (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/1234157810/34">"The Imperial Cult in Egypt"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpSlLMytARkC"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 83–87, 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957145-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957145-1"><bdi>978-0-19-957145-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Imperial+Cult+in+Egypt&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Roman+Egypt&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=83-87%2C+98&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957145-1&rft.aulast=Riggs&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd-nb.info%2F1234157810%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMora2022" class="citation web cs1">Mora, Kai (2022-03-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/nubian-queen-amanirenas-roman-army">"The Nubian Queen Who Fought Back Caesar's Army"</a>. <i>History.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Trustees of the British Museum. pp. 64–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-0986-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-0986-2"><bdi>978-0-7141-0986-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Kush%3A+The+Napatan+and+Meroitic+Empires&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=Trustees+of+the+British+Museum&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-0986-2&rft.aulast=Welsby&rft.aufirst=Derek+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXLV1AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright" class="citation web cs1">Cartwright, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Axum/">"Kingdom of Axum"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Kingdom+of+Axum&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FKingdom_of_Axum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafsaas-Tsakos2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hafsaas-Tsakos, Henriette (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2393840">"Between Kush and Egypt: The C-Group people of Lower Nubia during the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period"</a>. In Łajtar, Adam; Godlewski, Włodzimierz (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fKD-zAEACAAJ"><i>Between the Cataracts: Proceedings of the 11th Conference for Nubian Studies, Warsaw University, 27 August - 2 September 2006</i></a>. Vol. 2: Session Papers. Warsaw, Poland: Warsaw University Press. pp. 392–394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788323507475" title="Special:BookSources/9788323507475"><bdi>9788323507475</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Kush+and+Egypt%3A+The+C-Group+people+of+Lower+Nubia+during+the+Middle+Kingdom+and+Second+Intermediate+Period&rft.btitle=Between+the+Cataracts%3A+Proceedings+of+the+11th+Conference+for+Nubian+Studies%2C+Warsaw+University%2C+27+August+-+2+September+2006&rft.place=Warsaw%2C+Poland&rft.pages=392-394&rft.pub=Warsaw+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9788323507475&rft.aulast=Hafsaas-Tsakos&rft.aufirst=Henriette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2393840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsanteMazama2009" class="citation book cs1">Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B667ATiedQkC&pg=PT67"><i>Encyclopedia of African Religion</i></a>. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3636-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3636-1"><bdi>978-1-4129-3636-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+Religion&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-3636-1&rft.aulast=Asante&rft.aufirst=Molefi+Kete&rft.au=Mazama%2C+Ama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB667ATiedQkC%26pg%3DPT67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRillyVoogt2012" class="citation book cs1">Rilly, Claude; Voogt, Alex de (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P7AgAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Meroitic Language and Writing System</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139560535" title="Special:BookSources/9781139560535"><bdi>9781139560535</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meroitic+Language+and+Writing+System&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781139560535&rft.aulast=Rilly&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft.au=Voogt%2C+Alex+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP7AgAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhruner" class="citation web cs1">Khruner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/image/8404/candace-amanishakheto-of-meroe/">"Candace Amanishakheto of Meroe"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Time-Life Books. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7054-3503-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7054-3503-1"><bdi>978-0-7054-3503-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+to+Eternity%3A+Egyptian+Myth&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7054-3503-1&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft.au=Lothian%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM4MbAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_32-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_32-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_32-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_32-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_32-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_32-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/885/egyptian-gods---the-complete-list/">"Egyptian Gods - The Complete List"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Gods+-+The+Complete+List&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F885%2Fegyptian-gods---the-complete-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuckertzLohwasser2019" class="citation book cs1">Kuckertz, Josefine; Lohwasser, Angelika (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygVbzAEACAAJ"><i>Introduction to the Religion of Kush</i></a>. Germany: J.H. Röll GmbH. pp. 115–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89754-543-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89754-543-4"><bdi>978-3-89754-543-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Religion+of+Kush&rft.place=Germany&rft.pages=115-118&rft.pub=J.H.+R%C3%B6ll+GmbH&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-89754-543-4&rft.aulast=Kuckertz&rft.aufirst=Josefine&rft.au=Lohwasser%2C+Angelika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DygVbzAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroy1986" class="citation book cs1">Troy, Lana (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zM8VAQAAIAAJ"><i>Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History</i></a>. Los Angeles, CA: Almqvist and Wiksell. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-554-1919-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-554-1919-6"><bdi>978-91-554-1919-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+of+Queenship+in+Ancient+Egyptian+Myth+and+History&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Almqvist+and+Wiksell&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-91-554-1919-6&rft.aulast=Troy&rft.aufirst=Lana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzM8VAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1962" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer, Henry George (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/24940339">"The Cult and Nome of the Goddess Bat"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt</i>. <b>1</b>: 7–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40000855">10.2307/40000855</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-9991">0065-9991</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40000855">40000855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Research+Center+in+Egypt&rft.atitle=The+Cult+and+Nome+of+the+Goddess+Bat&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=7-18&rft.date=1962&rft.issn=0065-9991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40000855%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40000855&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F24940339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Richter, Barbara Ann (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8np4d4hf"><i>The Theology of Hathor of Dendera: Aural and Visual Scribal Techniques in the Per-wer Sanctuary</i></a> (PhD thesis). UC Berkeley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Theology+of+Hathor+of+Dendera%3A+Aural+and+Visual+Scribal+Techniques+in+the+Per-wer+Sanctuary&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=UC+Berkeley&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F8np4d4hf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinch2004" class="citation book cs1">Pinch, Geraldine (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3hgGNb6wM2kC"><i>Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 129–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517024-5"><bdi>978-0-19-517024-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Mythology%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Gods%2C+Goddesses%2C+and+Traditions+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=129-130&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517024-5&rft.aulast=Pinch&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3hgGNb6wM2kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egymonuments.gov.eg/monuments/the-temple-of-bastet/">"The Temple of Bastet"</a>. <i>Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London, England: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02899-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02899-9"><bdi>978-0-520-02899-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Literature%2C+Vol+1&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02899-9&rft.aulast=Lichtheim&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11753014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kendall, Timothy; Ahmed Mohamed, El-Hassan (2016). 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Nubian Archeological Development Organization (Qatar-Sudan). 94-99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNock1934" class="citation journal cs1">Nock, Arthur Darby (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1508171">"A Vision of Mandulis Aion"</a>. <i>The Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000021398">10.1017/S0017816000021398</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8160">0017-8160</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1508171">1508171</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163057156">163057156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=A+Vision+of+Mandulis+Aion&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56&rft.date=1934&rft.issn=0017-8160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163057156%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1508171%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816000021398&rft.aulast=Nock&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Darby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1508171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210320104756/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/ancient-egypt-nubian-kingdom-pyramids-sudan">"The Nubian kingdom of Kush, rival to Egypt"</a>. <i>History</i>. 2016-11-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/ancient-egypt-nubian-kingdom-pyramids-sudan">the original</a> on March 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=The+Nubian+kingdom+of+Kush%2C+rival+to+Egypt&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Fhistory-magazine%2Farticle%2Fancient-egypt-nubian-kingdom-pyramids-sudan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Wilkinson" title="Richard H. Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Richard H.</a> (2003), "Satis", <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/164"><i>The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt</i></a></span>, London: Thames & Hudson, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/164">164–6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05120-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05120-8"><bdi>0-500-05120-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Satis&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Gods+and+Goddesses+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pages=164-6&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-500-05120-8&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletegodsgodd00wilk_0%2Fpage%2F164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuack2018" class="citation book cs1">Quack, Joachim Friedrich (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004381346/BP000015.xml">"What is a Priest of Ēse, of Wusa, and of Isis in the Egyptian and Nubian World?"</a>. In Gasparini, Valentino; Veymiers, Richard (eds.). <i>Individuals and Materials in the Greco-Roman Cults of Isis: Agents, Images, and Practices, Vol. 1</i>. Boston · Leiden: Brill. pp. 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38134-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38134-6"><bdi>978-90-04-38134-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Priest+of+%C4%92se%2C+of+Wusa%2C+and+of+Isis+in+the+Egyptian+and+Nubian+World%3F&rft.btitle=Individuals+and+Materials+in+the+Greco-Roman+Cults+of+Isis%3A+Agents%2C+Images%2C+and+Practices%2C+Vol.+1&rft.place=Boston+%C2%B7+Leiden&rft.pages=108-109&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38134-6&rft.aulast=Quack&rft.aufirst=Joachim+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004381346%2FBP000015.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cairo_press2-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press2_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press2_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_press2_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherLacovaraIkramD'Auria2012" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Marjorie M.; Lacovara, Peter; Ikram, Salima; D'Auria, Sue; Yellin, Janice W.; Knoblauch, Christian (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lu6nZwEACAAJ"><i>Ancient Nubia: African Kingdoms on the Nile</i></a>. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 14–17, 20–25, 33–36, 38–40, 62, 124–127, 129–131, 132–135, 139, 177, 223, 296, 367, 388, 394, 406–408, 411. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774164781" title="Special:BookSources/9789774164781"><bdi>9789774164781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Nubia%3A+African+Kingdoms+on+the+Nile&rft.place=Cairo%2C+Egypt&rft.pages=14-17%2C+20-25%2C+33-36%2C+38-40%2C+62%2C+124-127%2C+129-131%2C+132-135%2C+139%2C+177%2C+223%2C+296%2C+367%2C+388%2C+394%2C+406-408%2C+411&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789774164781&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Marjorie+M.&rft.au=Lacovara%2C+Peter&rft.au=Ikram%2C+Salima&rft.au=D%27Auria%2C+Sue&rft.au=Yellin%2C+Janice+W.&rft.au=Knoblauch%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLu6nZwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:52_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/885/egyptian-gods---the-complete-list/">"Egyptian Gods - The Complete List"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Gods+-+The+Complete+List&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F885%2Fegyptian-gods---the-complete-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushite+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kushite_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#F0E4AE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kushite_religion_footer" title="Template:Kushite religion footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Kushite_religion_footer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Kushite religion footer (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kushite_religion_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kushite religion footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kushite_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kushite religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F0E4AE;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs" title="Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubia#Christian_Nubia" title="Nubia">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths" title="Ancient Egyptian creation myths">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">Flooding of the Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Neferti" title="Prophecy of Neferti">Prophecy of Neferti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_concept_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul">Soul</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-S12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-S12.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="58" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="95" data-file-height="58" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F0E4AE;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medjay#Pan-graves" title="Medjay">Burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execration_texts" title="Execration texts">Execration texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_temple" title="Mortuary temple">Mortuary temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_pyramids" title="Nubian pyramids">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_architecture" title="Nubian architecture">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F0E4AE;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Triads" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F0E4AE;;width:1%">Triads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephantine#Elephantine_triad" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi#The_Temples_of_Naqa" title="Amesemi">Naqa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>A</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Aman</a></li> <li>Amanete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a></li> <li>Aqedise</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arensnuphis" title="Arensnuphis">Arensnuphis</a></li> <li>Ariten</li> <li><b>B</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li>Breith</li> <li><b>D</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedun</a></li> <li><b>H</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heka_(god)" title="Heka (god)">Heka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemen" title="Hemen">Hemen</a></li> <li><b>K</b></li> <li><b>M</b></li> <li>Makedeke</li> <li>Mash</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehit" title="Mehit">Mehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Merul</a></li> <li>Miket</li> <li><b>N</b></li> <li><b>R</b></li> <li><b>S</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiumeker" title="Sebiumeker">Sabomakal</a></li> <li><b>T</b></li> <li><b>W</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Wusa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F0E4AE;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush#History" title="Kingdom of Kush">Cultures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-Group_culture" title="A-Group culture">A-Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-Group_culture#Existence_of_the_B-Group" title="A-Group culture">B-Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blemmyes" title="Blemmyes">Blemmyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Group_culture" title="C-Group culture">C-Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerma_culture" title="Kerma culture">Kerma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_al-Abwab" title="Kingdom of al-Abwab">Kingdom of al-Abwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjay" title="Medjay">Medja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napata" title="Napata">Napata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobatia" title="Nobatia">Nobatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Group_culture" title="X-Group culture">X-Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F0E4AE;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniba_(Nubia)" title="Aniba (Nubia)">Aniba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballana" title="Ballana">Ballana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeh" title="Bigeh">Bigeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari" title="Deir el-Bahari">Deir el-Bahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triakontaschoinos" title="Triakontaschoinos">Dodekaschoinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotawo" title="Dotawo">Dotawo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Barkal" title="Jebel Barkal">Jebel Barkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawa,_Sudan" title="Kawa, Sudan">Kawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisht" title="Lisht">Lisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musawwarat_es-Sufra" title="Musawwarat es-Sufra">Musawwarat es-Sufra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philae_temple_complex" title="Philae temple complex">Philae temple complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_Ibrim" title="Qasr Ibrim">Qasr Ibrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qustul" title="Qustul">Qustul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semna_(Nubia)" title="Semna (Nubia)">Semna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Amun,_Jebel_Barkal" title="Temple of Amun, Jebel Barkal">Temple of Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Dendur" title="Temple of Dendur">Temple of Dendur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Mut,_Jebel_Barkal" title="Temple of Mut, Jebel Barkal">Temple of Mut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_Hall_of_Dongola" title="Throne Hall of Dongola">Throne Hall of Dongola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombos_(Nubia)" title="Tombos (Nubia)">Tombos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F0E4AE;width:1%">Sacred animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abtu" title="Abtu">Abtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_lion" title="Barbary lion">Barbary lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology#Nubia" title="Cattle in religion and mythology">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">Falcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieracosphinx" title="Hieracosphinx">Hieracosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed_(fish)" title="Medjed (fish)">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_crocodile" title="Nile crocodile">Nile crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_elephant#History" title="North African elephant">North African elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_ibex" title="Nubian ibex">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpopard" title="Serpopard">Serpopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">Uraeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F0E4AE;width:1%">Symbols and objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atef" title="Atef">Atef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(hieroglyph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartouche (hieroglyph)">Cartouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_and_flail" title="Crook and flail">Crook and flail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_justification" title="Crown of justification">Crown of justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">Deshret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djed" title="Djed">Djed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian obelisk">Egyptian obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pool" title="Egyptian pool">Egyptian pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold#History" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafir" title="Hafir">Hafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemhem_crown" title="Hemhem crown">Hemhem crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennu" title="Hennu">Hennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_on_the_Crocodiles" title="Horus on the Crocodiles">Horus on the Crocodiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocephalus" title="Hypocephalus">Hypocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiut_fetish" title="Imiut fetish">Imiut fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepresh" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menat" title="Menat">Menat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebu" title="Nebu">Nebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pschent" title="Pschent">Pschent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">Serekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_ring" title="Shen ring">Shen ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_barque" title="Solar barque">Solar barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyet" title="Tyet">Tyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">Ushabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulture_crown" title="Vulture crown">Vulture crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was-sceptre" title="Was-sceptre">Was-sceptre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F0E4AE;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nubian_languages" title="Nubian languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blemmyes#Language" title="Blemmyes">Blemmyes language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_language" title="Meroitic language">Meroitic language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meroitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroitic alphabet">Meroitic alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian" title="Old Nubian"> Nubian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#F0E4AE"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Category:Kingdom of Kush">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Nubia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#f0e4ae"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Nubia_footer" title="Template:History of Nubia footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Nubia_footer" title="Template talk:History of Nubia footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Nubia_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Nubia footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Nubia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nubia#History" title="Nubia">History of Nubia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#f0e4ae;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nubia" title="Category:Nubia">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_names_of_Nubia" title="Historical names of Nubia">Names of Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan" title="History of Sudan">History of Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Nubia" title="Military of ancient Nubia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Nubia" title="Lower Nubia">Lower Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Nubia" title="Upper Nubia">Upper Nubia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-S12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-S12.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="58" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="95" data-file-height="58" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#f0e4ae;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa#North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">Kingdoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-Group_culture" title="A-Group culture">A-Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-Group_culture#Existence_of_the_B-Group" title="A-Group culture">B-Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blemmyes" title="Blemmyes">Blemmyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Group_culture" title="C-Group culture">C-Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerma_culture" title="Kerma culture">Kerma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_al-Abwab" title="Kingdom of al-Abwab">Kingdom of al-Abwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funj_Sultanate" title="Funj Sultanate">Kingdom of Sennar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjay" title="Medjay">Medja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napata" title="Napata">Napata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobatia" title="Nobatia">Nobatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Group_culture" title="X-Group culture">X-Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#f0e4ae;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#f4ebc4;;width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kandake" title="Kandake">Kandake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qore_(title)" title="Qore (title)">Qore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#f4ebc4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Kerma" title="List of monarchs of Kerma">Monarchs of Kerma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Kush" title="List of monarchs of Kush">Monarchs of Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Makuria" title="List of rulers of Makuria"> Monarchs of Makuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandake#List_of_ruling_kandakes" title="Kandake">Queens of Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Kush" title="Viceroy of Kush">Viceroy of Kush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#f0e4ae;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Sudan" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Sudan">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Meragh" title="Al-Meragh">Al-Meragh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amara,_Nubia" title="Amara, Nubia">Amara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniba_(Nubia)" title="Aniba (Nubia)">Aniba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askut" title="Askut">Askut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballana" title="Ballana">Ballana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeh" title="Bigeh">Bigeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari" title="Deir el-Bahari">Deir el-Bahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debeira" title="Debeira">Debeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triakontaschoinos" title="Triakontaschoinos">Dodekaschoinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dongola" title="Old Dongola">Dongola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotawo" title="Dotawo">Dotawo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El-Hobagi" title="El-Hobagi">El-Hobagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El-Kurru" title="El-Kurru">El-Kurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadrus" title="Fadrus">Fadrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faras" title="Faras">Faras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamadab" title="Hamadab">Hamadab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gala_Abu_Ahmed" title="Gala Abu Ahmed">Gala Abu Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebel_Adda" title="Gebel Adda">Jebel Adda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butana" title="Butana">Island of Meroë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Barkal" title="Jebel Barkal">Jebel Barkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Dosha" title="Jebel Dosha">Jebel Dosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadero_(archaeological_site)" title="Kadero (archaeological site)">Kadero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kageras" title="Kageras">Kageras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawa,_Sudan" title="Kawa, Sudan">Kawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulb" title="Kulb">Kulb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kulubnarti" title="Kulubnarti">Kulubnarti</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumma_(Nubia)" title="Kumma (Nubia)">Kumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisht" title="Lisht">Lisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meinarti" title="Meinarti">Meinarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musawwarat_es-Sufra" title="Musawwarat es-Sufra">Musawwarat es-Sufra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_Desert" title="Nubian Desert">Nubian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%AF_(island)" title="Saï (island)">Saï Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalfak" title="Shalfak">Shalfak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singa,_Sudan" title="Singa, Sudan">Singa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soba_(city)" title="Soba (city)">Soba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soleb" title="Soleb">Soleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Ruweim" title="Umm Ruweim">Umm Ruweim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_ban_Naqa" title="Wad ban Naqa">Wad ban Naqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuma,_Sudan" title="Zuma, Sudan">Zuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#f0e4ae;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nubian_languages" title="Nubian languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blemmyes#Language" title="Blemmyes">Blemmye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_language" title="Meroitic language">Meroitic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meroitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroitic alphabet">Meroitic alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian" title="Old Nubian">Old Nubian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#f0e4ae;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#f4ebc4;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kushite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#f4ebc4;;width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>A</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Aman</a></li> <li>Amanete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a></li> <li>Aqedise</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arensnuphis" title="Arensnuphis">Arensnuphis</a></li> <li>Ariten</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Atari</a></li> <li><b>B</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li>Breith</li> <li><b>D</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedun</a></li> <li><b>H</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heka_(god)" title="Heka (god)">Heka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemen" title="Hemen">Hemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a></li> <li><b>K</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khenmu</a></li> <li><b>J</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li> <li><b>M</b></li> <li>Makedeke</li> <li>Mash</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehit" title="Mehit">Mehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Merul</a></li> <li>Miket</li> <li><b>N</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_(mythology)" title="Nu (mythology)">Nu</a></li> <li><b>R</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><b>S</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satis_(goddess)" title="Satis (goddess)">Satis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiumeker" title="Sebiumeker">Sabomakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a></li> <li><b>T</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a></li> <li><b>W</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Wusa</a></li> <li><b>Y</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#f4ebc4;;width:1%">Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faras_Cathedral" title="Faras Cathedral">Faras Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulubnarti_church" title="Kulubnarti church">Kulubnarti church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_in_Ghazali" title="Monastery in Ghazali">Monastery in Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philae_temple_complex" title="Philae temple complex">Philae temple complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_Ibrim" title="Qasr Ibrim">Qasr Ibrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qustul" title="Qustul">Qustul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semna_(Nubia)" title="Semna (Nubia)">Semna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Amun,_Jebel_Barkal" title="Temple of Amun, Jebel Barkal">Temple of Amun (Jebel Barkal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musawwarat_es-Sufra#Lion_Temple" title="Musawwarat es-Sufra">Temple of Apedemak (Lion Temple)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabo_(Nubia)" title="Tabo (Nubia)">Temple of Amun (Tabo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Dendur" title="Temple of Dendur">Temple of Dendur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Mut,_Jebel_Barkal" title="Temple of Mut, Jebel Barkal">Temple of Mut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_Hall_of_Dongola" title="Throne Hall of Dongola">Throne Hall of Dongola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombos_(Nubia)" title="Tombos (Nubia)">Tombos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#f0e4ae;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sudan" title="Architecture of Sudan">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monumental_depictions_of_Amanitore" title="Monumental depictions of Amanitore">Monumental depictions of Amanitore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_architecture" title="Nubian architecture">Nubian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_pyramids" title="Nubian pyramids">Nubian pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_vault" title="Nubian vault">Nubian vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramids_of_Mero%C3%AB" title="Pyramids of Meroë">Pyramids of Meroë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedeinga_pyramids" title="Sedeinga pyramids">Sedeinga pyramids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#f0e4ae;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_technology" title="Ancient technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafir" title="Hafir">Hafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#f0e4ae"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Nubia" 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