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id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Fossil history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology_and_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology_and_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology and behavior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology_and_behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology and behavior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology_and_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ecological relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Social behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_life_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_life_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Reproduction and life history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_life_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eyes_and_vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eyes_and_vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Eyes and vision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eyes_and_vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Blood composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_adaptations_to_the_desert" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_adaptations_to_the_desert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Genetic adaptations to the desert</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_adaptations_to_the_desert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yaez_(Nubian_ibex_x_domestic_goat_hybrid)_physiology_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yaez_(Nubian_ibex_x_domestic_goat_hybrid)_physiology_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Yaez (Nubian ibex x domestic goat hybrid) physiology studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yaez_(Nubian_ibex_x_domestic_goat_hybrid)_physiology_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_impacts_and_conservation_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_impacts_and_conservation_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Human impacts and conservation status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_impacts_and_conservation_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human impacts and conservation status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_impacts_and_conservation_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Human impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_and_population_status_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_and_population_status_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Conservation and population status by country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_and_population_status_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Captive_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captive_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Captive populations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captive_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance_and_human_exploitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance_and_human_exploitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural significance and human exploitation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_significance_and_human_exploitation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural significance and human exploitation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance_and_human_exploitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Middle_Eastern_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Middle_Eastern_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ancient Middle Eastern cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Middle_Eastern_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bedouin_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bedouin_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Bedouin culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bedouin_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Yemen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Contemporary media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecotourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecotourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Ecotourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecotourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nubian ibex</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="وعل نوبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وعل نوبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubiya_da%C4%9F_ke%C3%A7isi" title="Nubiya dağ keçisi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nubiya dağ keçisi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Нубійскі горны казёл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нубійскі горны казёл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Нубійскі горны казёл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нубійскі горны казёл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Нубийски козирог – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нубийски козирог" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragvouc%27h_Nubia" title="Kragvouc'h Nubia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kragvouc'h Nubia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dbex_de_N%C3%BAbia" title="Íbex de Núbia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Íbex de Núbia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capra_nubiana" title="Capra nubiana – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Capra nubiana" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozoro%C5%BEec_n%C3%BAbijsk%C3%BD" title="Kozorožec núbijský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kozorožec núbijský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubisk_stenbuk" title="Nubisk stenbuk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nubisk stenbuk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubischer_Steinbock" title="Nubischer Steinbock – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nubischer Steinbock" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81s%C3%A1%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yahd%C4%99%CC%81%C4%99%CC%81%CA%BC_dzi%C5%82tah_t%C5%82%CA%BC%C3%ADz%C3%AD" title="Ásáí Dineʼé Bikéyahdę́ę́ʼ dziłtah tłʼízí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ásáí Dineʼé Bikéyahdę́ę́ʼ dziłtah tłʼízí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capra_ibex_nubiana" title="Capra ibex nubiana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Capra ibex nubiana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia_ibekso" title="Nubia ibekso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nubia ibekso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubiako_basahuntz" title="Nubiako basahuntz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nubiako basahuntz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="بز کوهی نوبه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بز کوهی نوبه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capra_nubiana" title="Capra nubiana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Capra nubiana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capra_nubiana" title="Capra nubiana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Capra nubiana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%88%84%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%A1%EC%8A%A4" title="누비아아이벡스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="누비아아이벡스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubijski_kozorog" title="Nubijski kozorog – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nubijski kozorog" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibex_nubia" title="Ibex nubia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ibex nubia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capra_nubiana_(specie)" title="Capra nubiana (specie) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Capra nubiana (specie)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99" title="יעל נובי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יעל נובי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubiaf_deaxelol_(Capra_nubiana)" title="Nubiaf deaxelol (Capra nubiana) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Nubiaf deaxelol (Capra nubiana)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Нубия тоотекеси – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нубия тоотекеси" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubinis_o%C5%BEys" title="Nubinis ožys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nubinis ožys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAbiai_k%C5%91sz%C3%A1li_kecske" title="Núbiai kőszáli kecske – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Núbiai kőszáli kecske" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89" title="وعل نوبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وعل نوبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubische_steenbok" title="Nubische steenbok – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nubische steenbok" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8C%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ヌビアアイベックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヌビアアイベックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubisk_steinbukk" title="Nubisk steinbukk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nubisk steinbukk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نیوبی بکری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیوبی بکری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozioro%C5%BCec_nubijski" title="Koziorożec nubijski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koziorożec nubijski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capra_nubiana" title="Capra nubiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Capra nubiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Нубийский горный козёл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нубийский горный козёл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cjapi_Nubian" title="Cjapi Nubian – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Cjapi Nubian" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozoro%C5%BEec_n%C3%BAbijsk%C3%BD" title="Kozorožec núbijský – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kozorožec núbijský" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Нубијски козорог – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нубијски козорог" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubijski_kozorog" title="Nubijski kozorog – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nubijski kozorog" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubianvuohi" title="Nubianvuohi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nubianvuohi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubisk_stenbock" title="Nubisk stenbock – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nubisk stenbock" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Козел нубійський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Козел нубійський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AA_n%C3%BAi_Nubia" title="Dê núi Nubia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dê núi Nubia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capra_nubiana" title="Capra nubiana – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Capra nubiana" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_38769_Male_Ibex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PikiWiki_Israel_38769_Male_Ibex.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_38769_Male_Ibex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PikiWiki_Israel_38769_Male_Ibex.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_38769_Male_Ibex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PikiWiki_Israel_38769_Male_Ibex.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_38769_Male_Ibex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Male </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Nubian_Ibexes,_Ein_Gedi_nature_reserve,_The_Judean_desert,_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Two_Nubian_Ibexes%2C_Ein_Gedi_nature_reserve%2C_The_Judean_desert%2C_Israel.jpg/220px-Two_Nubian_Ibexes%2C_Ein_Gedi_nature_reserve%2C_The_Judean_desert%2C_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Two_Nubian_Ibexes%2C_Ein_Gedi_nature_reserve%2C_The_Judean_desert%2C_Israel.jpg/330px-Two_Nubian_Ibexes%2C_Ein_Gedi_nature_reserve%2C_The_Judean_desert%2C_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Two_Nubian_Ibexes%2C_Ein_Gedi_nature_reserve%2C_The_Judean_desert%2C_Israel.jpg/440px-Two_Nubian_Ibexes%2C_Ein_Gedi_nature_reserve%2C_The_Judean_desert%2C_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Female </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Capra" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caprini" class="mw-redirect" title="Caprini">Caprini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)"><i>Capra</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. nubiana</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Capra nubiana</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cuvier" title="Frédéric Cuvier">F. Cuvier</a>, 1825<sup id="cite_ref-GBIF_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBIF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>Nubian ibex</b> (<i><b>Capra nubiana</b></i>) is a desert-dwelling <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a> species (Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">Capra</a></i>) found in mountainous areas of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">northeast</a> Africa, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GBIF_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBIF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was historically considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">Alpine ibex</a> (<i>C. ibex</i>), but is now considered a distinct species. The wild population is estimated at 4,500 mature individuals, and it is classified as <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nubian ibex was first identified in modern science by <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cuvier" title="Frédéric Cuvier">Frédéric Cuvier</a> in his 1825 <i>Histoire naturelle des mammifères: avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'aprèsdes animaux vivans</i>, in which he illustrated the animal with the label "Bouc sauvage de la Haute-Égypte" ("Wild goat of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was initially classified as <i>Capra ibex nubiana</i>, a subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">Alpine ibex</a> (<i>C. ibex</i>), which had been previously identified by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in 1758.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first researcher to classify the Nubian ibex as a unique species, <i>C. nubiana</i>, was Hans-Peter Uerpmann in his 1987 book, <i>The ancient distribution of ungulate mammals in the Middle East: fauna and archaeological sites in Southwest Asia and Northeast Africa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are now broadly accepted as a unique species.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_history">Fossil history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fossil history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest remains of Nubian ibex in Israel date back approximately 150,000 years to the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>, and they have been continually present in the region since then.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of the growing presence of <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> like domesticated <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> over the last 10,000 years, Nubian ibex in the region have remained present throughout this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Faerman-2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faerman-2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, their abundance has fluctuated over time in places like <a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a>, where they showed an increase in population in the Late <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> between 949 and 5,164 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dated</a> bones from archaeological excavations indicate that the Nubian ibex has been in a predator-prey relationship with the Arabian <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a> throughout the Holocene.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nubian ibex shares a genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">Capra</a></i>, with all other <a href="/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">ibex</a> and goats. <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetic</a> reconstructions of the ibex/goat family tree have mixed results, with different studies reaching different conclusions. </p><p>One <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y-chromosomal DNA</a> analysis suggests two <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a> (subgroups) within the genus: The first clade contains <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">domestic goats</a> (<i>C. hircus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">wild goats</a> (<i>C. aegagrus</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">markhors</a> (<i>C. falconeri</i>). The second clade contains all other ibex, including the Nubian ibex. In this analysis, the Nubian ibex is <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a> (most closely related) to the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex</a> (<i>C. sibirica</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Pidancier-2006_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pidancier-2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, when the same study analyzed <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</a>, it was suggested that all species in genus <i>Capra</i> are in one clade except for the Siberian ibex. The study's authors provide potential explanations for this discrepancy, including a possible ancient hybridization of the ancestors of the two Y-chromosome clades.<sup id="cite_ref-Pidancier-2006_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pidancier-2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A separate mitochondrial study suggests that the Nubian ibex forms a separate, more ancient offshoot from most other ibex and may be monophyletic with the Siberian ibex.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An additional Y-chromosomal DNA and mitochondrial DNA study concludes that Nubian ibex are most closely related to Ethiopia's <a href="/wiki/Walia_ibex" title="Walia ibex">Walia ibex</a> (<i>C. walie</i>), and they may have separated about 800,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another study used <a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_scaling" title="Multidimensional scaling">multidimensional scaling</a> (MDS) to suggest that Nubian ibex are more closely related to Alpine ibex and European ibex than to all others.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genetic analysis suggests that their population was relatively high during the last <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial period</a>, and decreased during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">last ice age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genetic makeup of Nubian ibex as a species has remained unchanged for at least 2,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is genetic evidence of ancient gene <a href="/wiki/Introgression" title="Introgression">introgression</a> between Nubian ibex and bezoar ibex, which, in turn, interbred with domestic goats and left genetic signatures.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> of seven <i>Capra</i> species is based on 2022 mitochondrial evidence:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><i><a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">Capra</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nubian ibex</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Domestic goat</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bezoar_ibex" title="Bezoar ibex">Bezoar ibex</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Alpine ibex</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Iberian_ibex" title="Iberian ibex">Iberian ibex</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capra_ibex_nubiana_near_Mitzpe_Ramon_in_summer_2011_(4).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Capra_ibex_nubiana_near_Mitzpe_Ramon_in_summer_2011_%284%29.JPG/220px-Capra_ibex_nubiana_near_Mitzpe_Ramon_in_summer_2011_%284%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Capra_ibex_nubiana_near_Mitzpe_Ramon_in_summer_2011_%284%29.JPG/330px-Capra_ibex_nubiana_near_Mitzpe_Ramon_in_summer_2011_%284%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Capra_ibex_nubiana_near_Mitzpe_Ramon_in_summer_2011_%284%29.JPG/440px-Capra_ibex_nubiana_near_Mitzpe_Ramon_in_summer_2011_%284%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Nubian ibex near Mitzpe Ramon</figcaption></figure> <p>Nubian ibex are the smallest <a href="/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">ibex</a> species on Earth, following <a href="/wiki/Bergmann%27s_rule" title="Bergmann's rule">Bergmann's rule</a>. They stand around 65–75 cm (26–30 in) tall at the shoulder. They are <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually dimorphic</a>: males are significantly larger than females, with males averaging 52–74.7 kg (115–165 lb) and females 25.3–32.7 kg (56–72 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gross-1995_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross-1995-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Weights of Nubian ibex according to age classes<sup id="cite_ref-Gross-1995_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross-1995-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sex & Age </th> <th>Number of individuals (n) </th> <th>mean weight (kg) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Female (~4 years) </td> <td>22 </td> <td>32.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Male (2–3 years) </td> <td>5 </td> <td>37.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Male (4 years) </td> <td>3 </td> <td>53.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Male (~7 years) </td> <td>8 </td> <td>74.7 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>They are a light tan color, with a white underbelly; males also have a dark brown mane down their backs. Their legs have a black and white pattern. They have a lighter rump with a dark brown tail. Males begin growing a beard at age 2 or 3, which continues to grow longer and darker as they age. During the autumn <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_breeder" title="Seasonal breeder">breeding season</a>, mature males grow a "<a href="/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)" title="Rut (mammalian reproduction)">rutting</a> fur" on their breast and sides which is very dark brown. It appears in October in 3–4-year-old males, but it may appear as early as July or August in older males age 6 and up. However, not all males develop rutting fur, even at a mature age.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nubian ibexes have long, thin <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">horns</a> that extend up and then backwards and down. In males, these reach around 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in length, while in females they are much smaller, reaching around 30 cm (12 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Kingdon_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingdon-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male horns are thicker than female horns, and grow large bulges which prevent the horns from sliding while the males are locked in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male horn growth plateaus around age 7–8, where as female horn growth plateaus around age 4–6. There is a significant relationship between the individual's age and the number of horn ridges.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capra_range_map2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Capra_range_map2.jpg/220px-Capra_range_map2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Capra_range_map2.jpg/330px-Capra_range_map2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Capra_range_map2.jpg/440px-Capra_range_map2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>Ibex (<i>Capra</i>) distribution</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, Nubian ibex were distributed across the Middle East and Northeastern Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its range today is within <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">extirpated</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, though a captive breeding and reintroduction process is underway.<sup id="cite_ref-istituto-oikos_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-istituto-oikos-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been extirpated in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its presence is uncertain in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology_and_behavior">Ecology and behavior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ecology and behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capra_nubiana,_Israel_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Capra_nubiana%2C_Israel_15.jpg/220px-Capra_nubiana%2C_Israel_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Capra_nubiana%2C_Israel_15.jpg/330px-Capra_nubiana%2C_Israel_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Capra_nubiana%2C_Israel_15.jpg/440px-Capra_nubiana%2C_Israel_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Young Nubian ibex in <a href="/wiki/Sde_Boker" title="Sde Boker">Sde Boker</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nubian ibex live in rough, dry, mountainous terrain, where they eat mainly <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grasses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a>, especially from <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a> trees (Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Vachellia" title="Vachellia">Vachellia</a></i>). They forage for food on the ground and may also rear up on their hind legs to reach leaves in trees. They can climb into trees while feeding.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reduce feeding on plants with strong <a href="/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" title="Plant defense against herbivory">defenses</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a> and thorns.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preferred plants vary depending on the amount of rain; rainy winters result in higher feeding preference for <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual plants</a> over <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibex preferentially feed in spaces that are close to cliffs where they can easily escape <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a>, demonstrating a <a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_fear_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecology of fear (concept)">Landscape of Fear</a>: the farther from cliffs, the more <a href="/wiki/Vigilance_(behavioural_ecology)" title="Vigilance (behavioural ecology)">vigilant</a> ibex become.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bioone-2012_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bioone-2012-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibex will also spend more time feeding in green patches with high nutritional quality and that are closer to water sources.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female Nubian ibex in Oman have been recorded consuming small bone fragments (<a href="/wiki/Osteophagy" title="Osteophagy">osteophagy</a>), a common behavior in mammals to supplement calcium and phosphorus in their diet.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_relationships">Ecological relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ecological relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They are preyed upon by <a href="/wiki/Arabian_leopard" title="Arabian leopard">Arabian leopards</a> (<i>Panthera pardus</i> <i>nimr</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_wolf" title="Arabian wolf">Arabian wolves</a> (<i>Canis lupus</i> <i>arabs</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackals</a> (<i>Canis aureus</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">caracals</a> (<i>Caracal caracal</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red foxes</a> (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>), <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagles</a> (<i>Aquila chrysaetos</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_eagle-owl" title="Eurasian eagle-owl">Eurasian eagle owls</a> (<i>Bubo bubo</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bearded_vulture" title="Bearded vulture">bearded vultures</a> (<i>Gypaetus barbatus)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When alarmed, they emit a shrill <a href="/wiki/Alarm_signal" title="Alarm signal">call</a> to alert other ibex of danger. They share their habitat with numerous other herbivores, including <a href="/wiki/Rock_hyrax" title="Rock hyrax">rock hyrax</a> (<i>Procavia capensis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx</a> (<i>Oryx leucoryx</i>), <a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">gazelles</a> (Genus <i>gazella</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Asiatic wild ass</a> (<i>Equus hemionus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nubian ibex have a <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic</a> relationship with <a href="/wiki/Tristram%27s_starling" title="Tristram's starling">Tristram's starling</a> (<i>Onycognathus tristrumil</i>), a small bird that eats the parasites on the ibex's skin.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They may host <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a> including: the ibex fly (<i><a href="/wiki/Lipoptena" title="Lipoptena">Lipoptena</a> chalcomelanea</i>), blood sucking <a href="/wiki/Louse" title="Louse">lice</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linognathus_africanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linognathus africanus (page does not exist)">Linognathus africanus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Damalinia" title="Damalinia">Damalinia</a> sp</i>.), <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyalomma_rhipicephaloides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyalomma rhipicephaloides (page does not exist)">Hyalomma rhipicephaloides</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rhipicephalus_annulatus" title="Rhipicephalus annulatus">Boophilus annulatus</a></i>, and others), <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Psoroptes_cuniculi" class="mw-redirect" title="Psoroptes cuniculi">Psoroptes cuniculi</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sarcoptes_scabiei" title="Sarcoptes scabiei">Sarcoptes scabiei</a></i>), biting flies (<i><a href="/wiki/Oestrus_(fly)" title="Oestrus (fly)">Oestrus</a> sp</i>.) and <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">fleas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have also been found with brain cysts caused by the parasite <i><a href="/wiki/Taenia_(flatworm)" title="Taenia (flatworm)">Taenia multiceps</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disease">Disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nubian ibex have been detected with a strain of the <a href="/wiki/Bovine_malignant_catarrhal_fever" title="Bovine malignant catarrhal fever">malignant catarrhal fever</a> (MCF) virus group of ruminant <a href="/wiki/Rhadinovirus" title="Rhadinovirus">rhadinoviruses</a>, closely related to caprine <a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">herpesvirus</a> 2 (CpHV-2) found in domestic goats.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nubian ibex in Qatar's <a href="/wiki/Al_Wabra_Wildlife_Preserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Wabra Wildlife Preserve">Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation</a> have been infected by caprine <a href="/wiki/Pleuropneumonia" title="Pleuropneumonia">pleuropneumonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Jerusalem’s <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Biblical_Zoo" title="Jerusalem Biblical Zoo">Biblical Zoo</a>, the Nubian ibex herd suffered an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Ovine_rinderpest" title="Ovine rinderpest">peste des petits ruminants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_behavior">Social behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Social behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibex are <a href="/wiki/Sociality" title="Sociality">social</a>, and herds tend to consist of females, young, and males up to the age of about three years. <a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">Herds</a> are typically up to 20 individuals, but may reach as high as 50.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gross-1995_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross-1995-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groups can also be smaller (less than 10) in habitats with fewer resources.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female herds are often composed of related individuals that follow a <a href="/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy" title="Dominance hierarchy">dominance hierarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The males are solitary or form more transitory bands of up to eight individuals. During the breeding season, males join the female-based herds for the six- to eight-week <a href="/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)" title="Rut (mammalian reproduction)">rut</a>. Large males then do battle with much clashing of horns.<sup id="cite_ref-Kingdon_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingdon-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement">Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nubian ibexes are <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal animal">diurnal</a>, meaning they are active during the day, and rest at night. Like other ibex and goats, Nubian ibex spend much of their time on and around cliffs, which offer safety from potential predators. Ibex perceive a greater predation risk as they move farther away from cliffs.<sup id="cite_ref-bioone-2012_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bioone-2012-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They climb and leap with ease, spanning several meters horizontally and vertically in a single leap. Ibex typically traverse cliffs in single file when possible, and keeping relatively horizontal. Their repeated movement over time creates well-worn hillside trails.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibex <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">migrate</a> throughout the day and throughout the year. During the day, they navigate between food patches as they forage. They may rest throughout the day to chew their <a href="/wiki/Cud" title="Cud">cud</a>, especially around midday.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, on cold winter days, ibex in Egypt have been documented following the path of the sun each day to stay warm.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At night, they sleep on cliff sides in small depressions that they dig. These shallow diggings create <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microhabitats</a> where a diverse range of seedlings can germinate, adding to the <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>'s diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In winter and early spring, the Middle East's rainy season, ibex often disperse to open plateaus where they can feed on new plant life. In the hot, dry summer, they congregate around shaded <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a> with water and greenery.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction_and_life_history">Reproduction and life history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reproduction and life history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mating season is typically in October and November, during which a dominant male will pursue several females. Males produce a strong scented secretion when females are in <a href="/wiki/Estrous_cycle" title="Estrous cycle">estrous</a>. As they pursue potential mates, they smell the females' anal region with lip curled up (<a href="/wiki/Flehmen_response" title="Flehmen response">Flehmen</a>). Males can reach breeding maturity as young as 2 years, but may not be allowed to mate until age 5 when they are strong enough to fend off rival males. Females can breed as young as six months old, but often don't breed until age 1-3.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies suggest that some Nubian ibex subpopulations are developing a second mating season in the spring, in response to <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">hyper-arid</a> climates.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">Gestation</a> lasts 5 months. Litters of 1-2 kids are born between March and July, although the majority of births are synchronized in a 3-4 week period that peaks in late March and April. Females leave the herd to give birth in a secluded space. Newborns can stand within 15 minutes of birth, and can nurse within two hours. The mother and young rejoin the herd in a few days, joining other mothers and young to form a <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8che_(zoology)" title="Crèche (zoology)">crèche</a> for several weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaving kids in a sheltered crèche allows mothers to seek out richer food patches and spaces that are farther from cliffs, compared to mothers that keep their kids with them at all times.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kids are <a href="/wiki/Weaning" title="Weaning">weaned</a> around 4 months old. Females reach mature size at age 3-4, while males reach it around 6 years old. Nubian ibex can live up to 12 years in the wild and 18 years in captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eyes_and_vision">Eyes and vision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Eyes and vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nubian ibex <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a> is adapted to navigating visually on mountainous terrain. A study of their <a href="/wiki/Retinal_ganglion_cell" title="Retinal ganglion cell">retinal ganglion cell</a> density shows that they share many traits with other <a href="/wiki/Even-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Even-toed ungulate">artiodactyls</a>: a temporal area, horizontal streak, and dorsotemporal extension. They have a potentially unique dorsotemporal area of high ganglion cell density that benefits vision in the lower <a href="/wiki/Visual_field" title="Visual field">visual field</a>, helpful for navigating varied terrain. Additionally, they have a more loosely organized horizontal streak than other hoofed animals. Their <a href="/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">tapetum lucidum</a> is morphologically similar to that of goats. It is blue-green, and enhances their <a href="/wiki/Night_vision" title="Night vision">night vision</a> and vision of the horizon. The spatial <a href="/wiki/Angular_resolution" title="Angular resolution">resolving power</a> in their temporal area is 17 cycles/degree, meaning that they can distinguish objects as small as 3 mm (0.12 in) from a distance of up to 30 metres (98 ft), allowing for food identification and predator detection.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nubian ibex's standard <a href="/wiki/Intraocular_pressure" title="Intraocular pressure">intraocular pressure</a> is estimated to be 17.95 ± 4.78 mmHg.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They produce relatively low rates of tears compared to other animal species, leaving them highly susceptible to infection.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_composition">Blood composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Blood composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nubian ibex can balance their body's <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> levels on poor quality diets by reabsorbing large quantities of their bodies' <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This slows their metabolism when only poor quality food is available, but Nubian ibex can regain lost body mass rapidly upon returning to a higher quality diet.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nubian ibex and other desert-dwelling ungulates have elevated <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> of Nitrogen (<a href="/wiki/%CE%9415N" title="Δ15N">δ<sup>15</sup>N</a>) due to their diet of plants that grow in <a href="/wiki/Denitrification" title="Denitrification">denitrified</a> soils.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most hematological, serum biochemical, and electrolyte values are consistent between males and females. However, females have significantly higher <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cell</a> counts, <a href="/wiki/Hematocrit" title="Hematocrit">hematocrit</a>, total <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">leucocyte</a> (white blood cell) counts, and total serum <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a> than males.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_adaptations_to_the_desert">Genetic adaptations to the desert</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Genetic adaptations to the desert"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genetic analyses identify 22 <a href="/wiki/Directional_selection" title="Directional selection">positively selected</a> genes in Nubian ibex, when compared to <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">domestic goats</a> (<i>Capra hircus</i>). The genes affect such functions as <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune response</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitin" title="Ubiquitin">protein ubiquitination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">olfactory transduction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual development</a>. 3 of the genes have evolved to develop <a href="/wiki/Innate_immune_system" title="Innate immune system">skin barriers</a> that mitigate <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">solar radiation</a> in the hot desert.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also have <a href="/wiki/Copy_number_variation" title="Copy number variation">copy number variations</a> (CNVs) of genes associated with <a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">xenobiotic metabolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bioenergetics" title="Bioenergetics">energy metabolism</a>, due to processing desert plants with many <a href="/wiki/Secondary_metabolite" title="Secondary metabolite">secondary metabolites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional solar radiation mitigation adaptations include genes associated with hair <a href="/wiki/Follicle_(anatomy)" title="Follicle (anatomy)">follicle</a> development and increased <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> mechanisms. Nubian ibex also have CNVs for expanded toxic compound removal, to deal with more toxic foods than other goat species eat.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yaez_(Nubian_ibex_x_domestic_goat_hybrid)_physiology_studies"><span id="Yaez_.28Nubian_ibex_x_domestic_goat_hybrid.29_physiology_studies"></span>Yaez (Nubian ibex x domestic goat hybrid) physiology studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Yaez (Nubian ibex x domestic goat hybrid) physiology studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s, researchers in <a href="/wiki/Lahav" title="Lahav">Lahav, Israel</a>, began breeding and studying <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a> of Nubian ibex and domestic goats, called "<a href="/wiki/File:Yaez.jpg" title="File:Yaez.jpg">Yaez</a>" ("<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%96" class="extiw" title="he:יעז">יעז</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one study of these hybrids, plasma <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> peaked in August and <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testes</a> size peaked in September–October.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study on reproduction, researchers found that females were more likely to abort their young if they were first-time pregnancies and triplets (as opposed to smaller litters). Mortality rates of young were highest in spring and lowest in winter. Kid mortality rates increased with a higher proportion of ibex genes.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When researchers compared the growth rate of male goat and Yaez kids, they found that young goats experience a higher growth rate in spring while Yaez kids grow faster in summer.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_impacts_and_conservation_status">Human impacts and conservation status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Human impacts and conservation status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juvenile_Nubian_ibex_(50822).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Juvenile_Nubian_ibex_%2850822%29.jpg/220px-Juvenile_Nubian_ibex_%2850822%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Juvenile_Nubian_ibex_%2850822%29.jpg/330px-Juvenile_Nubian_ibex_%2850822%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Juvenile_Nubian_ibex_%2850822%29.jpg/440px-Juvenile_Nubian_ibex_%2850822%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="1617" /></a><figcaption>Two Nubian ibex kids</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_impacts">Human impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Human impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN) has classified the Nubian ibex as "<a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a>" on the basis that fewer than 10,000 mature individuals remain and the population is declining. Threats faced by the animal include competition with livestock for water and fodder, hunting pressure, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Ecotourism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_recreation" title="Outdoor recreation">outdoor recreation</a> may disturb ibex in nature reserves, causing them to change their behavior in order to avoid people. When possible, they seek out water sources with lower human presence, and more readily abandon high quality food patches when human disturbance is high.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human presence in nature reserves may also contribute to decreased reproductive rates in ibex; when tourists stopped visiting Israel's <a href="/wiki/Ein_Avdat" title="Ein Avdat">Ein Avdat National Park</a> during <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">COVID-19 lockdowns</a> in 2020, the ratio of young to female ibex more than doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, some ibex have become <a href="/wiki/Habituation" title="Habituation">habituated</a> to human settlements and popular nature reserves, leading to potential conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habituation is demonstrated by decreased <a href="/wiki/Vigilance_(behavioural_ecology)" title="Vigilance (behavioural ecology)">vigilance</a> in areas with greater human presence.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These subpopulations seek out towns due to abundant food, shelter, and protection from predators.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their habituation leads to property damage, consumption of harmful substances like garbage, <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_isolation" title="Reproductive isolation">reproductive isolation</a> from other subpopulations, and reduced <a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">antipredator</a> behavioral responses.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibex have been recorded standing on vehicles and entering buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation_and_population_status_by_country">Conservation and population status by country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Conservation and population status by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2020, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a> and other sources estimate wild Nubian ibex populations by country as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Details </th></tr> <tr> <td>Egypt</td> <td>600–1,250<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Two main populations are present, one in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a> to the east of the Nile River and one in the <a href="/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South Sinai</a>. The Eastern Desert population contains 400–1,000 individuals in reserves that include <a href="/wiki/Gabal_Elba" title="Gabal Elba">Elba Protectorate</a> and Wadi Gemal Protected Area. A further 200–250 individuals reside in the South <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a> region, sheltered by the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Katherine_Protectorate" title="Saint Katherine Protectorate">St. Katherine Protectorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taba,_Egypt" title="Taba, Egypt">Taba</a> Protected Area and Abu Gallum Protected Area.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The populations are declining due to poaching.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egypt's Nubian ibex are officially protected by Agricultural Law No. 53/l 966 and amendment 1012 July 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eritrea</td> <td>Population and presence unknown<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Due to civil unrest, no recent population estimates have been documented.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 March 1959, the British established the <a href="/wiki/Yob_Wildlife_Reserve" title="Yob Wildlife Reserve">Yob Wildlife Reserve</a> in northern Eritrea specifically to protect significant populations of Nubian ibex in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ShackletonGroup1997_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShackletonGroup1997-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ethiopia</td> <td>Population and presence unknown<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Due to civil unrest, no recent population estimates have been documented.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Israel and Palestine</td> <td>1,200–1,500<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> <p>The historically dense ibex population was decimated in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> when the sudden availability of rifles enabled <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> to hunt them to near extinction. After the establishment of the State of Israel, when hunting was <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Israel" title="Animal welfare and rights in Israel">outlawed</a> and nature reserves were created in which they were protected, the ibex population rebounded.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GOV.IL_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOV.IL-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, the recovering population was estimated at 800 individuals nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three primary ibex populations exist in Israel: in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev Highlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eilat_Mountains" title="Eilat Mountains">Eilat Mountains</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean Desert</a>, which traverses into the Palestinian <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is habitat connectivity between these population centers, with an especially strong <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">wildlife corridor</a> between the Judaean Desert and <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> Highlands. This allows for <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional small population was established in the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> through <a href="/wiki/Species_reintroduction" title="Species reintroduction">reintroduction</a> in 1970, and now numbers at least 100 individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Judaean Desert population is home to approximately 800 individuals, the Negev Highlands are inhabited by around 400, and the Eilat Mountains to at least 150.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel's population is relatively stable and strongly protected, with over 80% of the population range located within wildlife reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel's Nature and Parks Authority conducts an annual population count using visual surveys and trail cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel's Nubian ibex are officially protected by the 1955 <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Israel" title="Animal welfare and rights in Israel">Wildlife Protection Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GOV.IL_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOV.IL-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jordan</td> <td>480–600<sup id="cite_ref-Eid-2020_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eid-2020-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Once nearly extirpated in the country, Jordan has re-established their ibex population through <a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">captive breeding</a> and reintroduction programs. Population strongholds exist within protected areas, including around 250 ibex in <a href="/wiki/Dana_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Dana Biosphere Reserve">Dana Biosphere Reserve</a>, 200 in <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Mujib" title="Wadi Mujib">Wadi Mujib Biosphere Reserve</a>, and 100 in <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Rum" title="Wadi Rum">Wadi Rum World Heritage Area</a>. Additionally, at least 60 ibex have been released into the wilderness to join other small populations. Reports suggest that the population is growing within protected areas.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their main threat is hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-Eid-2020_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eid-2020-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jordan's Nubian ibex are officially protected from hunting under Agriculture Law No. 13, Appendix I.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lebanon</td> <td>19; reintroduction in progress<sup id="cite_ref-AMNC-2020_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMNC-2020-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Nubian ibex have been extinct in Lebanon since the mid-19th Century. In 2017, a small herd was brought to <a href="/wiki/Al_Shouf_Cedar_Nature_Reserve" title="Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve">Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve</a> from Jordan to re-establish a breeding population. Now the herd is living semi-wild in an enclosure within the reserve, with plans to fully release them into the wild in the near future.<sup id="cite_ref-istituto-oikos_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-istituto-oikos-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AMNC-2020_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMNC-2020-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oman</td> <td>700–1,350<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Oman's largest ibex population stronghold is in the <a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Mountains" title="Dhofar Mountains">Dhofar Mountains</a>, with 600–1,100 individuals. Another 100–250 ibex live in and near <a href="/wiki/Al_Wusta_Governorate_(Oman)" title="Al Wusta Governorate (Oman)">Al Wusta Wildlife Reserve</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Huqf_Supergroup" title="Huqf Supergroup">Huqf</a> Escarpment and Janabi Hills. The population is in decline due to poaching, habitat degradation, and human expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oman's Nubian ibex are protected under Ministry of Diwan Affairs, Ministerial Decision No. 4 (1976).<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saudi Arabia</td> <td>Present, no official population estimate<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Small ibex populations are present in protected areas, including the <a href="/wiki/Ibex_Reserve_Protected_Area" title="Ibex Reserve Protected Area">Hawtat bani Tamim Ibex Reserve</a>. The population of this reserve has declined by 75% since 2005 due to poaching.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, Saudi Arabia began a reintroduction program in an effort to rescue the population.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saudi Arabia's Nubian ibex are officially protected by a 1979 hunting by-law.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sudan</td> <td>Potentially a few hundred; no official population estimate<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Prior to 2010, surveys suggested a small population in the <a href="/wiki/Itbay" title="Itbay">Red Sea Hills</a> and the areas around <a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a>, where they have been recorded for many decades.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically they were documented in the Erkawit and Sinkat <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Sudan" title="List of protected areas of Sudan">Sanctuaries</a>, as well as the Tokar Game Reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to civil unrest, no recent population estimates have been documented.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sudan's Nubian ibex are listed as a permit-only hunted species under the 1992 Wildlife Conservation Act, and limited hunting programs continue.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yemen</td> <td>Likely present, no official population estimate<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Ibex have occasionally been detected in the <a href="/wiki/Hawf_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawf District">Hawf Protected Area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to civil unrest, no recent population estimates have been documented.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captive_populations">Captive populations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Captive populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Continent</th> <th>Details </th></tr> <tr> <td>Africa</td> <td>Nubian ibex live in Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Giza_Zoo" title="Giza Zoo">Giza Zoo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia</td> <td>Nubian ibex live in 16 zoos across Israel, including a breeding herd in the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Biblical_Zoo" title="Jerusalem Biblical Zoo">Jerusalem Biblical Zoo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They live in 3 zoos across the United Arab Emirates, 1 zoo in Gaza, and 1 zoo in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-zootierliste_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zootierliste-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nubian ibex live in at least one facility in Oman, the <a href="/wiki/Al_Baraka_Palace" title="Al Baraka Palace">Al Baraka Palace</a> breeding centre. Oman's wild ibex population is genetically distinct from its captive population, suggesting that the captive animals descend from a different population.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe</td> <td>Nubian ibex live in one zoo in each of the following countries: Estonia, France, Germany, Poland, and Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-zootierliste_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zootierliste-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America</td> <td>As of December 2013, at least 34 males and 39 females live across 8 captive facilities; 7 of these facilities are accredited by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums" title="Association of Zoos and Aquariums">Association of Zoos and Aquariums</a> (AZA). They are all descend from ibex that lived in Israel's <a href="/wiki/Yotvata_Hai-Bar_Nature_Reserve" title="Yotvata Hai-Bar Nature Reserve">Yotvata Hai-Bar Nature Reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captive ibex managers worried that one ibex group had hybrid ancestry due to morphological differences from other Nubian ibex, but genetic analysis suggested that they were pure-bred, and that differences were only due to <a href="/wiki/Biological_specificity" title="Biological specificity">intraspecific</a> genetic variation.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many captive and semi-wild populations in the United States that are kept on private <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranches</a> for <a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">trophy hunting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_significance_and_human_exploitation">Cultural significance and human exploitation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cultural significance and human exploitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Middle_Eastern_cultures">Ancient Middle Eastern cultures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ancient Middle Eastern cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nubian ibex have been a common image in <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> (rock art), metal work, pottery, and other artwork across the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> for thousands of years, with some artwork dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">late Pleistocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example is a life-sized image carved in sandstone in Egypt, dated to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In petroglyphs, ibex are often portrayed as hunted by <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a> and human archers. They are also frequently depicted alongside celestial imagery such as a star, sun, cross, or circle.<sup id="cite_ref-Avner-2017_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avner-2017-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were commonly hunted using <a href="/wiki/Desert_kite" title="Desert kite">desert kites</a> (long, narrowing walls that form an enclosure), dogs, stone enclosures, and nets.<sup id="cite_ref-Maraqten-2015_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maraqten-2015-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ibex's role in artwork has been suggested as representing literal acts like ritual <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunts</a>, as well as spiritual and metaphorical concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasonal cycles</a> of rain and drought, and the interplay of life and death. Ibex may have represented ancient <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Middle Eastern deities</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzi (Tamuz)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almaqah" title="Almaqah">Almaqah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dushara" title="Dushara">Dushara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Avner-2017_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avner-2017-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maraqten-2015_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maraqten-2015-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are often identified with the constellation <a href="/wiki/Capricornus" title="Capricornus">Capricorn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian-Iranian</a> artwork from the 4th Millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Avner-2017_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avner-2017-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common motif in ancient Middle Eastern art contains a sacred tree, often the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">Tree of Life</a>, flanked on each side by an ibex. This motif is present across the region, from Iran and Mesopotamia to Arabia and the Horn of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> travelers brought bronze artwork bearing the motif as far as <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This motif is exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Ta%27anakh_cult_stand" title="Ta'anakh cult stand">Cult Stand from Ta-anakh</a> from the 10th Century BCE, which also contains two ibex next to a sacred tree, and other nature-themed carvings. It is thought to depict the relationship of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>/<a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> (God) and <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Semitic</a>, nature-oriented goddess whose essence was later integrated into <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Asherah_pole" title="Asherah pole">Asherah pole</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Biblical heroine <a href="/wiki/Jael" title="Jael">Yael</a>'s name means "Ibex" in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> (Hebrew Bible) contains several <a href="/wiki/List_of_animals_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animals in the Bible">references to ibex</a>: "The high mountains belong to the ibex" (<a href="/wiki/Psalm_104" title="Psalm 104">Psalm 104</a>:18);<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "A loving female ibex" (<a href="/wiki/Proverbs_5" title="Proverbs 5">Proverbs 5</a>:19).<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Do you know the season when the mountain goats give birth?" (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a> 39:1).<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spring of <a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a>, near the Dead Sea, translates to "Spring of the goat-kid;" the location features in <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">King David</a>'s story, where he is sought "in the direction of the rocks of the wild goats" (<a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_24" title="1 Samuel 24">1 Samuel 24</a>:3).<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibex are one of the species whose horns can be used to construct a <a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> religious <a href="/wiki/Horn_(instrument)" title="Horn (instrument)">musical horn</a>): "The <i>shofar</i> that was used on <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh HaShana</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple</a> was made from the straight horn of an ibex, and its mouth, the mouthpiece into which one blows, was plated with gold" (<a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> Rosh Hashana 3:4).<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are a <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kosher</a> species, meaning that, when prepared properly, the ibex can be eaten under <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">religious law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibex skin was sometimes used to make parchments in <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">ancient Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Faerman-2008_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faerman-2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibex imagery is present in ancient Jewish artwork such as the <a href="/wiki/Huqoq" title="Huqoq">Huqoq</a> <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a> mosaic from the 5th Century.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ibex was one of many animals invoked in parables written by <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Jewish_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Jewish literature">Medieval Jewish</a> scholars, such as in Isaac ibn Sahula's <i>Meshal ha-kadmoni</i> ("Proverb of the Ancient").<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th Century, Russian Jewish performer <a href="/wiki/Ida_Rubinstein" title="Ida Rubinstein">Ida Rubinstein</a> was characterized as "the great ibex of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish Ghetto</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yael_(name)" title="Yael (name)">Yael</a> (יָעֵל) remains a common name for <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, and is one of the most popular female baby names in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nubian ibex is the symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Nature_and_Parks_Authority" title="Israel Nature and Parks Authority">Israel Nature and Parks Authority</a> (INPA). It was chosen due to its iconic representation of Israeli wildlife, as well as for the resemblance of its rounded horn to a <a href="/wiki/Roman_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman arch">Roman arch</a>, representing local archaeological history. The INPA works to conserve both nature and culture, and they provide <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary</a> aid to wild ibex and other wildlife that are injured.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bedouin_culture">Bedouin culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bedouin culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> have historically raised young Nubian ibex in integrated herds with domestic goats, with whom the ibex can viably interbreed.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ma'aza Bedouin of Egypt's Eastern Desert have named several locations based on ibex presence and behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Israel, the <a href="/wiki/Azazima" title="Azazima">Azāzmeh</a> tribal wasm (symbol) on petroglyphs was made by modifying older ibex rock art.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bedouin have traditionally hunted ibex for food and skin, and were often historically hired as hunters and guides by British and Egyptian officials.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, some Bedouin in the Sinai region have worked as protectors of ibex and other wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yemen">Yemen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Yemen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, the ibex is a longstanding symbol of national identity, representing many positive attributes of the Yemeni people. An annual National Ibex Day, on 22 January, has been proposed to help protect the animal.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_media">Contemporary media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Contemporary media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nubian ibex in particular was in the BBC documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(2009_TV_series)" title="Life (2009 TV series)">Life</a></i>, and featured prominently in the popular television documentary series <i><a href="/wiki/Planet_Earth_(2006_TV_series)" title="Planet Earth (2006 TV series)">Planet Earth</a></i> (episode five, "Deserts").<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecotourism">Ecotourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ecotourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nubian ibex imagery is prominent in <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> promotion. The Israeli town of <a href="/wiki/Mitzpe_Ramon" title="Mitzpe Ramon">Mitzpe Ramon</a>, where habituated ibex are frequently found, features a hotel called the Ibex Inn.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jordan's <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Rum" title="Wadi Rum">Wadi Rum</a> features a tour and camping company called Wadi Rum Ibex.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Middle Eastern tour companies encourage clients to join them for an opportunity to view these animals in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Israel" title="List of mammals of Israel">List of mammals of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animals_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animals in the Bible">List of animals in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Jordan" title="List of mammals of Jordan">List of mammals of Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Egypt" title="List of mammals of Egypt">List of mammals of Egypt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoss,_S.Elalqamy,_H.Al_Said,_T.Saltz,_D.2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, S.; Elalqamy, H.; Al Said, T.; Saltz, D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Capra+nubiana&rft.volume=2020&rft.pages=e.T3796A22143385&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T3796A22143385.en&rft.au=Ross%2C+S.&rft.au=Elalqamy%2C+H.&rft.au=Al+Said%2C+T.&rft.au=Saltz%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F3796%2F22143385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBIF-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GBIF_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBIF_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gbif.org/species/2441049">"<i>Capra nubiana</i> F.Cuvier, 1825"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">Global Biodiversity Information Facility</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Biodiversity+Information+Facility&rft.atitle=Capra+nubiana+F.Cuvier%2C+1825&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbif.org%2Fspecies%2F2441049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">É. Geoffroy and F. Cuvier. 1825. Hist. Nat. Mammifères, pt. 3, 6(50):2 pp. "Bouc sauvage de la Haute-Egypte"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47d9-6d4f-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99">"Ruminans Bouc sauvage de la Haute-Égypte"</a>. <i>NYPL Digital Collections</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NYPL+Digital+Collections&rft.atitle=Ruminans+Bouc+sauvage+de+la+Haute-%C3%89gypte.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.nypl.org%2Fitems%2F510d47d9-6d4f-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrubb1993" class="citation book cs1">Grubb, Peter (1993). Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (eds.). <i>Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference</i> (2nd ed.). Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 405–406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-217-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-217-3"><bdi>978-1-56098-217-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammal+species+of+the+world%3A+a+taxonomic+and+geographic+reference&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=405-406&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-56098-217-3&rft.aulast=Grubb&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendelssohn-1999-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-1999_6-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelssohnYom-Tov1999" class="citation book cs1">Mendelssohn, H.; Yom-Tov, Y. 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The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. pp. 271–280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-208-145-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-208-145-2"><bdi>978-965-208-145-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammalia+of+Israel+%28Fauna+Palestina%29&rft.pages=271-280&rft.pub=The+Israel+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Humanities&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-965-208-145-2&rft.aulast=Mendelssohn&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Yom-Tov%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUerpmann1987" class="citation book cs1">Uerpmann, Hans-Peter (1987). <i>The ancient distribution of ungulate mammals in the Middle East: fauna and archaeolog. sites in Southwest Asia and Northeast Africa</i>. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients Reihe A, Naturwissenschaften. Wiesbaden: Reichert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88226-395-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88226-395-4"><bdi>978-3-88226-395-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ancient+distribution+of+ungulate+mammals+in+the+Middle+East%3A+fauna+and+archaeolog.+sites+in+Southwest+Asia+and+Northeast+Africa&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.series=Beihefte+zum+T%C3%BCbinger+Atlas+des+Vorderen+Orients+Reihe+A%2C+Naturwissenschaften&rft.pub=Reichert&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-3-88226-395-4&rft.aulast=Uerpmann&rft.aufirst=Hans-Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaromLazagabasterShafirNatalio2022" class="citation journal cs1">Marom, Nimrod; Lazagabaster, Ignacio A.; Shafir, Roee; Natalio, Filipe; Eisenmann, Vera; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (14 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9314136">"The Late Middle Pleistocene mammalian fauna of Oumm Qatafa Cave, Judean Desert: taxonomy, taphonomy and palaeoenvironment"</a>. <i>Journal of Quaternary Science</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 612–638. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JQS....37..612M">2022JQS....37..612M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjqs.3414">10.1002/jqs.3414</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0267-8179">0267-8179</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9314136">9314136</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35915614">35915614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Quaternary+Science&rft.atitle=The+Late+Middle+Pleistocene+mammalian+fauna+of+Oumm+Qatafa+Cave%2C+Judean+Desert%3A+taxonomy%2C+taphonomy+and+palaeoenvironment&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=612-638&rft.date=2022-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9314136%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022JQS....37..612M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35915614&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjqs.3414&rft.issn=0267-8179&rft.aulast=Marom&rft.aufirst=Nimrod&rft.au=Lazagabaster%2C+Ignacio+A.&rft.au=Shafir%2C+Roee&rft.au=Natalio%2C+Filipe&rft.au=Eisenmann%2C+Vera&rft.au=Horwitz%2C+Liora+Kolska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9314136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faerman-2008-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faerman-2008_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faerman-2008_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaermanKahila_Bar-GalHershkovitzSpigelman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Faerman, M.; Kahila Bar-Gal, G.; Hershkovitz, I.; Spigelman, M.; Greenblatt, C.L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249234262">"Molecular archaeology: People, animals, and plants of the Holy Land"</a>. <i>Israel Journal of Earth Sciences</i>. <b>56</b>: 217–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1560%2FIJES.56.2-4.217">10.1560/IJES.56.2-4.217</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404185646/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249234262_Molecular_archaeology_People_animals_and_plants_of_the_Holy_Land">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Journal+of+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Molecular+archaeology%3A+People%2C+animals%2C+and+plants+of+the+Holy+Land&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=217-230&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1560%2FIJES.56.2-4.217&rft.aulast=Faerman&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Kahila+Bar-Gal%2C+G.&rft.au=Hershkovitz%2C+I.&rft.au=Spigelman%2C+M.&rft.au=Greenblatt%2C+C.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F249234262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazagabasterÉgüezUllmanPorat2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lazagabaster, I.A.; Égüez, N.; Ullman, M.; Porat, R.; Wachtel, I.; Davidovich, U.; Marom, N. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gldocs-11858/9975">"Cave paleozoology in the Judean Desert: assembling records of Holocene wild mammal communities"</a>. <i>Journal of Quaternary Science</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 651–663. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JQS....37..651L">2022JQS....37..651L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjqs.3405">10.1002/jqs.3405</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0267-8179">0267-8179</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245480714">245480714</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404185709/https://e-docs.geo-leo.de/handle/11858/9975">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Quaternary+Science&rft.atitle=Cave+paleozoology+in+the+Judean+Desert%3A+assembling+records+of+Holocene+wild+mammal+communities&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=651-663&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjqs.3405&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245480714%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0267-8179&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022JQS....37..651L&rft.aulast=Lazagabaster&rft.aufirst=I.A.&rft.au=%C3%89g%C3%BCez%2C+N.&rft.au=Ullman%2C+M.&rft.au=Porat%2C+R.&rft.au=Wachtel%2C+I.&rft.au=Davidovich%2C+U.&rft.au=Marom%2C+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de%2Fpurl%3Fgldocs-11858%2F9975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaromWolkowski2024" class="citation journal cs1">Marom, N.; Wolkowski, U. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peercommunityjournal.org/articles/10.24072/pcjournal.395/">"A note on predator-prey dynamics in radiocarbon datasets"</a>. <i>Peer Community Journal</i>. <b>4</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24072%2Fpcjournal.395">10.24072/pcjournal.395</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404185716/https://peercommunityjournal.org/articles/10.24072/pcjournal.395/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=The+remarkable+return+of+the+ibex&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft.aulast=Tal&rft.aufirst=Alon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.timesofisrael.com%2Fthe-remarkable-return-of-the-ibex%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GOV.IL-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GOV.IL_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GOV.IL_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.il/en/departments/legalInfo/wildlife_protection_law_1955">"Wildlife Protection Law, 1955"</a>. <i>GOV.IL</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127223408/https://www.gov.il/en/departments/legalInfo/wildlife_protection_law_1955">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.IL&rft.atitle=Wildlife+Protection+Law%2C+1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.il%2Fen%2Fdepartments%2FlegalInfo%2Fwildlife_protection_law_1955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshby1966" class="citation journal cs1">Ashby, KR. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Fauna+and+Biological+Studies&rft.atitle=The+terrestrial+mammals+of+Palestine%3A+A+preliminary+checklist&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=28-35&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=2347-2677&rft.aulast=Albaba&rft.aufirst=Imadeddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faunajournal.com%2Farchives%2F2016.v3.i4.A.247%2Fthe-terrestrial-mammals-of-palestine-a-preliminary-checklist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/science/.premium-conservation-saved-the-ibex-but-created-new-dangers-1.8292305">Conservation saved the ibex but created new dangers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230174419/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/science/.premium-conservation-saved-the-ibex-but-created-new-dangers-1.8292305">Archived</a> 30 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShkedySaltz2000" class="citation journal cs1">Shkedy, Yehoshua; Saltz, David (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98291.x">"Characterizing Core and Corridor Use by Nubian Ibex in the Negev Desert, Israel"</a>. <i>Conservation Biology</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 200–206. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ConBi..14..200S">2000ConBi..14..200S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1523-1739.2000.98291.x">10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98291.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84444983">84444983</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404190253/https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98291.x">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Characterizing+Core+and+Corridor+Use+by+Nubian+Ibex+in+the+Negev+Desert%2C+Israel&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=200-206&rft.date=2000-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84444983%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1523-1739.2000.98291.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000ConBi..14..200S&rft.aulast=Shkedy&rft.aufirst=Yehoshua&rft.au=Saltz%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1046%2Fj.1523-1739.2000.98291.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTichonFreimanSpiegelBaruchi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Tichon, Jonathan; Freiman, Elyasaf; Spiegel, Orr; Baruchi, Erez; Atar, Aviam; Lapid, Roi; King, Roni; Bar-David, Shirli; Saltz, David (5 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwsb.1397">"Population dynamics and the effect of drought in the threatened Nubian ibex"</a>. <i>Wildlife Society Bulletin</i>. <b>47</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwsb.1397">10.1002/wsb.1397</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2328-5540">2328-5540</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254401713">254401713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wildlife+Society+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Population+dynamics+and+the+effect+of+drought+in+the+threatened+Nubian+ibex&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254401713%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=2328-5540&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwsb.1397&rft.aulast=Tichon&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Freiman%2C+Elyasaf&rft.au=Spiegel%2C+Orr&rft.au=Baruchi%2C+Erez&rft.au=Atar%2C+Aviam&rft.au=Lapid%2C+Roi&rft.au=King%2C+Roni&rft.au=Bar-David%2C+Shirli&rft.au=Saltz%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fwsb.1397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eid-2020-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eid-2020_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eid-2020_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEidAbu_BakerAmr2020" class="citation book cs1">Eid, Ehab; Abu Baker, Mohammad; Amr, Zuhair (2020). <i>National Red data book of mammals in Jordan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.CH.2020.12.en">10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.12.en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-2076-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-2076-0"><bdi>978-2-8317-2076-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225106510">225106510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Red+data+book+of+mammals+in+Jordan&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225106510%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.CH.2020.12.en&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-2076-0&rft.aulast=Eid&rft.aufirst=Ehab&rft.au=Abu+Baker%2C+Mohammad&rft.au=Amr%2C+Zuhair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttumAl_AwajiBender2022" class="citation journal cs1">Attum, Omar; Al Awaji, Malik; Bender, Louis C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ilo.org&rft.atitle=Jordan+-+Law+No.+13+of+2015+concerning+Agriculture+Law.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fdyn%2Fnatlex%2Fnatlex4.detail%3Fp_lang%3Den%26p_isn%3D102861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMNC-2020-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMNC-2020_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMNC-2020_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mednatureculture.org/reintroduced-nubian-ibex-species-in-the-west-bekaa-caught-on-camera-while-restoration-work-of-degraded-pastures-is-underway/">"Reintroduced Nubian Ibex seen and efforts to restore pastures underway"</a>. <i>AMNC</i>. 28 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127234028/https://www.mednatureculture.org/reintroduced-nubian-ibex-species-in-the-west-bekaa-caught-on-camera-while-restoration-work-of-degraded-pastures-is-underway/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AMNC&rft.atitle=Reintroduced+Nubian+Ibex+seen+and+efforts+to+restore+pastures+underway&rft.date=2020-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mednatureculture.org%2Freintroduced-nubian-ibex-species-in-the-west-bekaa-caught-on-camera-while-restoration-work-of-degraded-pastures-is-underway%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speciesconservation.org/case-studies-projects/nubian-ibex/22393">"Nubian Ibex Conservation Case Study | The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund"</a>. <i>www.speciesconservation.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127234029/https://www.speciesconservation.org/case-studies-projects/nubian-ibex/22393">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.speciesconservation.org&rft.atitle=Nubian+Ibex+Conservation+Case+Study+%7C+The+Mohamed+bin+Zayed+Species+Conservation+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.speciesconservation.org%2Fcase-studies-projects%2Fnubian-ibex%2F22393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Kinani2022" class="citation web cs1">al-Kinani, Mohammed (5 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arab.news/98s4y">"Native species return home as Saudi Arabia heeds call of the wild"</a>. <i>Arab News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Native+species+return+home+as+Saudi+Arabia+heeds+call+of+the+wild&rft.date=2022-03-05&rft.aulast=al-Kinani&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farab.news%2F98s4y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony1929" class="citation journal cs1">Anthony, H. 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Virtualbookworm.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58939-776-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58939-776-7"><bdi>978-1-58939-776-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Hebrew+Lexicon+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Virtualbookworm.com&rft.date=2005-08-30&rft.isbn=978-1-58939-776-7&rft.aulast=Benner&rft.aufirst=Jeff+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2019" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Ken (July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020964319838802">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"All These Look to You": Reading Psalm 104 with Animals in the Anthropocene Epoch"</a>. <i>Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology</i>. <b>73</b> (3): 236–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0020964319838802">10.1177/0020964319838802</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-9643">0020-9643</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197848939">197848939</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240103215040/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020964319838802">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interpretation%3A+A+Journal+of+Bible+and+Theology&rft.atitle=%22All+These+Look+to+You%22%3A+Reading+Psalm+104+with+Animals+in+the+Anthropocene+Epoch&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=236-247&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197848939%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-9643&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0020964319838802&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0020964319838802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Psalms.104?lang=bi">"Psalms 104"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104142502/https://www.sefaria.org/Psalms.104?lang=bi">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Psalms+104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FPsalms.104%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Proverbs.5.20?ven=Tanakh:_The_Holy_Scriptures,_published_by_JPS&lang=bi">"Proverbs 5:20"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104142503/https://www.sefaria.org/Proverbs.5.20?ven=Tanakh:_The_Holy_Scriptures,_published_by_JPS&lang=bi">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Proverbs+5%3A20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FProverbs.5.20%3Fven%3DTanakh%3A_The_Holy_Scriptures%2C_published_by_JPS%26lang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Job.39.2?lang=bi">"Job 39:2"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240103211634/https://www.sefaria.org/Job.39.2?lang=bi">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Job+39%3A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FJob.39.2%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuff2019" class="citation journal cs1">Huff, Barry R. (July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020964319838803">"From Societal Scorn to Divine Delight: Job's Transformative Portrayal of Wild Animals"</a>. <i>Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology</i>. <b>73</b> (3): 248–258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0020964319838803">10.1177/0020964319838803</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-9643">0020-9643</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197852252">197852252</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240103211637/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020964319838803">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interpretation%3A+A+Journal+of+Bible+and+Theology&rft.atitle=From+Societal+Scorn+to+Divine+Delight%3A+Job%27s+Transformative+Portrayal+of+Wild+Animals&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=248-258&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197852252%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-9643&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0020964319838803&rft.aulast=Huff&rft.aufirst=Barry+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0020964319838803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/vie-ein-gedi">"Ein Gedi"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104132051/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/vie-ein-gedi">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Ein+Gedi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fvie-ein-gedi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/I_Samuel.24.3?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"I Samuel 24:3"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231028035137/https://www.sefaria.org/I_Samuel.24.3?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3674035">"Inception of the Bedouin Support Programme in the St. Katherine Natural Protectorate, Sinai, Egypt"</a>. <i>Mountain Research and Development</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 235–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3674035">10.2307/3674035</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0276-4741">0276-4741</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3674035">3674035</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123141820/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3674035">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mountain+Research+and+Development&rft.atitle=Inception+of+the+Bedouin+Support+Programme+in+the+St.+Katherine+Natural+Protectorate%2C+Sinai%2C+Egypt&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=235-248&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0276-4741&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3674035%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3674035&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft.au=Grainger%2C+John&rft.au=El-Bastawisi%2C+Iman+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3674035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/nubian-ibex">Nubian Ibex</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125175030/https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/nubian-ibex">Archived</a> 25 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, San Diego Zoo</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalvoices.org/2022/01/24/ibex-in-the-yemeni-civilization-a-historical-symbolism-being-revived/">Ibex in the Yemeni civilization: a historical symbolism being revived</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125175038/https://globalvoices.org/2022/01/24/ibex-in-the-yemeni-civilization-a-historical-symbolism-being-revived/">Archived</a> 25 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Global Voices, by Hamdan Alaly, 22 January 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">Produced by Huw Cordey (2 April 2006). "Deserts". <i>Planet Earth</i>. BBC. BBC One.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planet+Earth&rft.date=2006-04-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibexhotel.co.il/index.php?language=eng">"Ibex Unique Desert Inn"</a>. <i>www.ibexhotel.co.il</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307121528/https://www.ibexhotel.co.il/index.php?language=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibexhotel.co.il&rft.atitle=Ibex+Unique+Desert+Inn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibexhotel.co.il%2Findex.php%3Flanguage%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wadirumibex.com/">"Home - Wadi Rum ibex"</a>. 26 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307121529/https://wadirumibex.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+-+Wadi+Rum+ibex&rft.date=2021-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwadirumibex.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.negevtour.co.il/en/area/harnegev-en/">"Negev"</a>. <i>תיירות הר הנגב</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307121529/https://www.negevtour.co.il/en/area/harnegev-en/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%91&rft.atitle=Negev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.negevtour.co.il%2Fen%2Farea%2Fharnegev-en%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArik2021" class="citation web cs1">Arik (17 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://private-tours-in-israel.com/nubian-ibex/">"Nubian Ibex"</a>. <i>Arik Private Guide in Israel | Tours for the Curious to the Connoisseur</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307121528/https://private-tours-in-israel.com/nubian-ibex/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arik+Private+Guide+in+Israel+%7C+Tours+for+the+Curious+to+the+Connoisseur&rft.atitle=Nubian+Ibex&rft.date=2021-04-17&rft.au=Arik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprivate-tours-in-israel.com%2Fnubian-ibex%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sawwahtravel.com/trips/319/ibex-trail">"Ibex Trail"</a>. <i>Sawwah</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307121527/https://sawwahtravel.com/trips/319/ibex-trail">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sawwah&rft.atitle=Ibex+Trail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsawwahtravel.com%2Ftrips%2F319%2Fibex-trail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLancey2023" class="citation web cs1">DeLancey, Dr John (19 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalisraeltours.com/2023/01/january-2023-israel-tour-day-4-summary/">"January 2023 Israel Tour: Day 4 Summary"</a>. <i>Biblical Israel Tours</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307121527/https://biblicalisraeltours.com/2023/01/january-2023-israel-tour-day-4-summary/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Israel+Tours&rft.atitle=January+2023+Israel+Tour%3A+Day+4+Summary&rft.date=2023-01-19&rft.aulast=DeLancey&rft.aufirst=Dr+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblicalisraeltours.com%2F2023%2F01%2Fjanuary-2023-israel-tour-day-4-summary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANubian+ibex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Ruminantia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminantia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilocapridae" title="Antilocapridae">Antilocapridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antilocapra" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Antilocapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn (<i>A. americana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapi (<i>O. johnstoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Giraffa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_giraffe" title="Northern giraffe">Northern giraffe (<i>G. camelopardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_giraffe" title="Southern giraffe">Southern giraffe (<i>G. giraffa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulated_giraffe" title="Reticulated giraffe">Reticulated giraffe (<i>G. reticulata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masai_giraffe" title="Masai giraffe">Masai giraffe (<i>G. tippelskirchi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moschus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">Moschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui_musk_deer" title="Anhui musk deer">Anhui musk deer (<i>M. anhuiensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_musk_deer" title="Dwarf musk deer">Dwarf musk deer (<i>M. berezovskii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_musk_deer" title="Alpine musk deer">Alpine musk deer (<i>M. chrysogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_musk_deer" title="Kashmir musk deer">Kashmir musk deer (<i>M. cupreus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_musk_deer" title="Black musk deer">Black musk deer (<i>M. fuscus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_musk_deer" title="White-bellied musk deer">Himalayan musk deer (<i>M. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_musk_deer" title="Siberian musk deer">Siberian musk deer (<i>M. moschiferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">Tragulidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Hyemoschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Water chevrotain (<i>H. aquaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moschiola" title="Moschiola">Moschiola</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_spotted_chevrotain" title="Indian spotted chevrotain">Indian spotted chevrotain (<i>M. indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-striped_chevrotain" title="Yellow-striped chevrotain">Yellow-striped chevrotain (<i>M. kathygre</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_spotted_chevrotain" title="Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain">Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (<i>M. meminna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragulus" title="Tragulus">Tragulus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_mouse-deer" title="Java mouse-deer">Java mouse-deer (<i>T. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-deer" title="Lesser mouse-deer">Lesser mouse-deer (<i>T. kanchil</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_mouse-deer" title="Greater mouse-deer">Greater mouse-deer (<i>T. napu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mouse-deer" title="Philippine mouse-deer">Philippine mouse-deer (<i>T. nigricans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_mouse-deer" title="Vietnam mouse-deer">Vietnam mouse-deer (<i>T. versicolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson%27s_mouse-deer" title="Williamson's mouse-deer">Williamson's mouse-deer (<i>T. williamsoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Cervidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cervinae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervinae" title="Cervinae">Cervinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">Muntiacus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_yellow_muntjac" title="Bornean yellow muntjac">Bornean yellow muntjac (<i>M. atherodes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-fronted_muntjac" title="Hairy-fronted muntjac">Hairy-fronted muntjac (<i>M. crinifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fea%27s_muntjac" title="Fea's muntjac">Fea's muntjac (<i>M. feae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongshan_muntjac" title="Gongshan muntjac">Gongshan muntjac (<i>M. gongshanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_muntjac" title="Sumatran muntjac">Sumatran muntjac (<i>M. montanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_red_muntjac" title="Southern red muntjac">Southern red muntjac (<i>M. muntjak</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_Hoat_muntjac" title="Pu Hoat muntjac">Pu Hoat muntjac (<i>M. puhoatensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_muntjac" title="Leaf muntjac">Leaf muntjac (<i>M. putaoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeves%27s_muntjac" title="Reeves's muntjac">Reeves's muntjac (<i>M. reevesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_muntjac" title="Roosevelt's muntjac">Roosevelt's muntjac (<i>M. rooseveltorum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truong_Son_muntjac" title="Truong Son muntjac">Truong Son muntjac (<i>M. truongsonensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_red_muntjac" title="Northern red muntjac">Northern red muntjac (<i>M. vaginalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_muntjac" title="Giant muntjac">Giant muntjac (<i>M. vuquangensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Elaphodus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Tufted deer (<i>E. cephalophus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dama_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dama (genus)">Dama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">European fallow deer (<i>D. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_fallow_deer" title="Persian fallow deer">Persian fallow deer (<i>D. mesopotamica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_(genus)" title="Axis (genus)">Axis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital (<i>A. axis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_deer" title="Calamian deer">Calamian deer (<i>A. calamianensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_deer" title="Bawean deer">Bawean deer (<i>A. kuhlii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">Hog deer (<i>A. porcinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rucervus" title="Rucervus">Rucervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">Barasingha (<i>R. duvaucelii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eld%27s_deer" title="Eld's deer">Eld's deer (<i>R. eldii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Elaphurus" title="Elaphurus">Elaphurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer (<i>E. davidianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rusa_(genus)" title="Rusa (genus)">Rusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_spotted_deer" title="Visayan spotted deer">Visayan spotted deer (<i>R. alfredi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_deer" title="Philippine deer">Philippine sambar (<i>R. mariannus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">Rusa deer (<i>R. timorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar (<i>R. unicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cervus" title="Cervus">Cervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's deer (<i>C. albirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer (<i>C. elaphus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk (<i>C. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_red_deer" title="Central Asian red deer">Central Asian red deer (<i>C. hanglu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">Sika deer (<i>C. nippon</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Alces</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose (<i>A. alces</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Hydropotes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Water deer (<i>H. inermis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capreolus" title="Capreolus">Capreolus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">European roe deer (<i>C. capreolus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer" title="Siberian roe deer">Siberian roe deer (<i>C. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Rangifer</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer (<i>R. tarandus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippocamelus" title="Hippocamelus">Hippocamelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taruca" title="Taruca">Taruca (<i>H. antisensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Andean_deer" title="South Andean deer">South Andean deer (<i>H. bisulcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Brocket_deer" title="Brocket deer">Mazama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_brocket" title="Red brocket">Red brocket (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_red_brocket" title="Small red brocket">Small red brocket (<i>M. bororo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merida_brocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Merida brocket">Merida brocket (<i>M. bricenii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_brocket" title="Dwarf brocket">Dwarf brocket (<i>M. chunyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_brocket" title="Gray brocket">Gray brocket (<i>M. gouazoubira</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_brocket" title="Pygmy brocket">Pygmy brocket (<i>M. nana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_brown_brocket" title="Amazonian brown brocket">Amazonian brown brocket (<i>M. nemorivaga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_red_brocket" title="Little red brocket">Little red brocket (<i>M. rufina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_red_brocket" title="Central American red brocket">Central American red brocket (<i>M. temama</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Ozotoceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Pampas deer (<i>O. bezoarticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Blastocerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Marsh deer (<i>B. dichotomus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudu" title="Pudu">Pudu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_pudu" title="Southern pudu">Southern pudu (<i>P. pudu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudella" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudella">Pudella</a></i>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudella_carlae" title="Pudella carlae">Peruvian Yungas pudu (<i>P. carlae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Odocoileus" title="Odocoileus">Odocoileus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer (<i>O. hemionus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatan_brown_brocket" title="Yucatan brown brocket">Yucatan brown brocket (<i>O. pandora</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer (<i>O. virginianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grazing_antelope" title="Grazing antelope">Hippotraginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippotragus" title="Hippotragus">Hippotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roan_antelope" title="Roan antelope">Roan antelope (<i>H. equinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">Sable antelope (<i>H. niger</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">Oryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_oryx" title="East African oryx">East African oryx (<i>O. beisa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_oryx" title="Scimitar oryx">Scimitar oryx (<i>O. dammah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">Gemsbok (<i>O. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx (<i>O. leucoryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax (<i>A. nasomaculatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reduncinae" title="Reduncinae">Reduncinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Kobus_(antelope)" title="Kobus (antelope)">Kobus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterbuck" title="Waterbuck">Waterbuck (<i>K. ellipsiprymnus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kob" title="Kob">Kob (<i>K. kob</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechwe" title="Lechwe">Lechwe (<i>K. leche</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_lechwe" title="Nile lechwe">Nile lechwe (<i>K. megaceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puku" title="Puku">Puku (<i>K. vardonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reedbuck" title="Reedbuck">Redunca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_reedbuck" title="Southern reedbuck">Southern reedbuck (<i>R. arundinum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_reedbuck" title="Mountain reedbuck">Mountain reedbuck (<i>R. fulvorufula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohor_reedbuck" title="Bohor reedbuck">Bohor reedbuck (<i>R. redunca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepycerotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aepyceros" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepyceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Impala (<i>A. melampus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Peleinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pelea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Pelea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Grey rhebok (<i>P. capreolus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcelaphinae" title="Alcelaphinae">Alcelaphinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Beatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Hirola (<i>B. hunteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus" title="Damaliscus">Damaliscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus_lunatus" title="Damaliscus lunatus">Common tsessebe (<i>D. lunatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontebok" title="Bontebok">Bontebok (<i>D. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Alcelaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Hartebeest (<i>A. buselaphus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">Connochaetes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_wildebeest" title="Black wildebeest">Black wildebeest (<i>C. gnou</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">Blue wildebeest (<i>C. taurinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantholops" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholops</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Tibetan antelope (<i>P. hodgsonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Caprinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Ammotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Barbary sheep (<i>A. lervia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabian tahr (<i>A. jayakari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Budorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Takin (<i>B. taxicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">Capra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">Wild goat (<i>C. aegagrus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Caucasian_tur" title="West Caucasian tur">West Caucasian tur (<i>C. caucasia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Caucasian_tur" title="East Caucasian tur">East Caucasian tur (<i>C. cylindricornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor (<i>C. falconeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Domestic goat (<i>C. hircus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">Alpine ibex (<i>C. ibex</i>)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nubian ibex (<i>C. nubiana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_ibex" title="Iberian ibex">Iberian ibex (<i>C. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex (<i>C. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walia_ibex" title="Walia ibex">Walia ibex (<i>C. walie</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Serow" title="Serow">Capricornis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_serow" title="Japanese serow">Japanese serow (<i>C. crispus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_serow" title="Red serow">Red serow (<i>C. rubidus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_serow" title="Mainland serow">Mainland serow (<i>C. sumatraensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_serow" title="Taiwan serow">Taiwan serow (<i>C. swinhoei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tahr" title="Tahr">Hemitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_tahr" title="Himalayan tahr">Himalayan tahr (<i>H. jemlahicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Goral" title="Goral">Naemorhedus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_goral" title="Red goral">Red goral (<i>N. baileyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_goral" title="Long-tailed goral">Long-tailed goral (<i>N. caudatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_goral" title="Himalayan goral">Himalayan goral (<i>N. goral</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_goral" title="Chinese goral">Chinese goral (<i>N. griseus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Oreamnos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat (<i>O. americanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Ovibos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox (<i>O. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiritragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr (<i>N. hylocrius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ovis" title="Ovis">Ovis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">Argali (<i>O. ammon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Domestic sheep (<i>O. aries</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep (<i>O. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep (<i>O. dalli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">Mouflon (<i>O. gmelini</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_sheep" title="Snow sheep">Snow sheep (<i>O. nivicola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">Urial (<i>O. vignei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudois">Pseudois</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharal" title="Bharal">Bharal (<i>P. nayaur</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rupicapra" title="Rupicapra">Rupicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_chamois" title="Pyrenean chamois">Pyrenean chamois (<i>R. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">Chamois (<i>R. rupicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Bovinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boselaphini" title="Boselaphini">Boselaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Tetracerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Four-horned antelope (<i>T. quadricornis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Boselaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Nilgai (<i>B. tragocamelus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">Bubalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">Wild water buffalo (<i>B. arnee</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Domestic water buffalo (<i>B. bubalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_anoa" title="Lowland anoa">Lowland anoa (<i>B. depressicornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaraw" title="Tamaraw">Tamaraw (<i>B. mindorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_anoa" title="Mountain anoa">Mountain anoa (<i>B. quarlesi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison (<i>B. bison</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison (<i>B. bonasus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle (<i>B. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal (<i>B. frontalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur (<i>B. gaurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Domestic yak (<i>B. grunniens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu (<i>B. indicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng (<i>B. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">Wild yak (<i>B. mutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle (<i>B. taurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Pseudoryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Saola (<i>P. nghetinhensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">Syncerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo (<i>S. caffer</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphini" title="Tragelaphini">Tragelaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphus" title="Tragelaphus">Tragelaphus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(including <a href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudus</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyala" title="Nyala">Nyala (<i>T. angasii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_nyala" title="Mountain nyala">Mountain nyala (<i>T. buxtoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_(antelope)" title="Bongo (antelope)">Bongo (<i>T. eurycerus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_kudu" title="Lesser kudu">Lesser kudu (<i>T. imberbis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnessed_bushbuck" title="Harnessed bushbuck">Harnessed bushbuck (<i>T. scriptus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatunga" title="Sitatunga">Sitatunga (<i>T. spekeii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_kudu" title="Greater kudu">Greater kudu (<i>T. strepsiceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_bushbuck" title="Cape bushbuck">Cape bushbuck (<i>T. sylvaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Taurotragus" title="Taurotragus">Taurotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_eland" title="Giant eland">Giant eland (<i>T. derbianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">Common eland (<i>T. oryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Antilopinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopini" title="Antilopini">Antilopini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Ammodorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Dibatag (<i>A. clarkei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Antidorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Springbok (<i>A. marsupialis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Antilope</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck (<i>A. cervicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Eudorcas" title="Eudorcas">Eudorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongalla_gazelle" title="Mongalla gazelle">Mongalla gazelle (<i>E. albonotata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-fronted_gazelle" title="Red-fronted gazelle">Red-fronted gazelle (<i>E. rufifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelle" title="Thomson's gazelle">Thomson's gazelle (<i>E. thomsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuglin%27s_gazelle" title="Heuglin's gazelle">Heuglin's gazelle (<i>E. tilonura</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">Gazella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">Chinkara (<i>G. bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_gazelle" title="Cuvier's gazelle">Cuvier's gazelle (<i>G. cuvieri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas_gazelle" title="Dorcas gazelle">Dorcas gazelle (<i>G. dorcas</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlanger%27s_gazelle" title="Erlanger's gazelle">Erlanger's gazelle (<i>G. erlangeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gazelle" title="Mountain gazelle">Mountain gazelle (<i>G. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhim_gazelle" title="Rhim gazelle">Rhim gazelle (<i>G. leptoceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speke%27s_gazelle" title="Speke's gazelle">Speke's gazelle (<i>G. spekei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">Goitered gazelle (<i>G. subgutturosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Litocranius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Gerenuk (<i>L. walleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nanger" title="Nanger">Nanger</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dama_gazelle" title="Dama gazelle">Dama gazelle (<i>N. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_gazelle" title="Grant's gazelle">Grant's gazelle (<i>N. granti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright's gazelle">Bright's gazelle (<i>N. notatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter's gazelle">Peter's gazelle (<i>N. petersii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soemmerring%27s_gazelle" title="Soemmerring's gazelle">Soemmerring's gazelle (<i>N. soemmerringii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Procapra" title="Procapra">Procapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_gazelle" title="Mongolian gazelle">Mongolian gazelle (<i>P. gutturosa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_(antelope)" title="Goa (antelope)">Goa (<i>P. picticaudata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_gazelle" title="Przewalski's gazelle">Przewalski's gazelle (<i>P. przewalskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saigini</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Saiga" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga antelope (<i>S. tatarica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neotragini" title="Neotragini">Neotragini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Dorcatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Beira (<i>D. megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">Madoqua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther%27s_dik-dik" title="Günther's dik-dik">Günther's dik-dik (<i>M. guentheri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%27s_dik-dik" title="Kirk's dik-dik">Kirk's dik-dik (<i>M. kirkii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_dik-dik" title="Silver dik-dik">Silver dik-dik (<i>M. piacentinii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt%27s_dik-dik" title="Salt's dik-dik">Salt's dik-dik (<i>M. saltiana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Neotragus" title="Neotragus">Neotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_antelope" title="Royal antelope">Royal antelope (<i>N. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nesotragus" title="Nesotragus">Nesotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bates%27s_pygmy_antelope" title="Bates's pygmy antelope">Bates' pygmy antelope (<i>N. batesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suni" title="Suni">Suni (<i>N. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Oreotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Klipspringer (<i>O. oreotragus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Ourebia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Oribi (<i>O. ourebi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Raphicerus" title="Raphicerus">Raphicerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steenbok" title="Steenbok">Steenbok (<i>R. campestris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_grysbok" title="Cape grysbok">Cape grysbok (<i>R. melanotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_grysbok" title="Sharpe's grysbok">Sharpe's grysbok (<i>R. sharpei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aders%27s_duiker" title="Aders's duiker">Aders's duiker (<i>C. adersi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke%27s_duiker" title="Brooke's duiker">Brooke's duiker (<i>C. brookei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters%27s_duiker" title="Peters's duiker">Peters' duiker (<i>C. callipygus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-legged_duiker" title="White-legged duiker">White-legged duiker (<i>C. crusalbum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_duiker" title="Bay duiker">Bay duiker (<i>C. dorsalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey%27s_duiker" title="Harvey's duiker">Harvey's duiker (<i>C. harveyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jentink%27s_duiker" title="Jentink's duiker">Jentink's duiker (<i>C. jentinki</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_duiker" title="White-bellied duiker">White-bellied duiker (<i>C. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_forest_duiker" title="Red forest duiker">Red forest duiker (<i>C. natalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_duiker" title="Black duiker">Black duiker (<i>C. niger</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_duiker" title="Black-fronted duiker">Black-fronted duiker (<i>C. nigrifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogilby%27s_duiker" title="Ogilby's duiker">Ogilby's duiker (<i>C. ogilbyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori_duiker" title="Ruwenzori duiker">Ruwenzori duiker (<i>C. rubidis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-flanked_duiker" title="Red-flanked duiker">Red-flanked duiker (<i>C. rufilatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-backed_duiker" title="Yellow-backed duiker">Yellow-backed duiker (<i>C. silvicultor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott%27s_duiker" title="Abbott's duiker">Abbott's duiker (<i>C. spadix</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyns%27s_duiker" title="Weyns's duiker">Weyns's duiker (<i>C. weynsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_duiker" title="Zebra duiker">Zebra duiker (<i>C. zebra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Philantomba</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_duiker" title="Blue duiker">Blue duiker (<i>P. monticola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_duiker" title="Maxwell's duiker">Maxwell's duiker (<i>P. maxwellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter%27s_duiker" title="Walter's duiker">Walter's duiker (<i>P. walteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Sylvicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Common duiker (<i>S. grimmia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Suina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Babirusa" title="Babirusa">Babyrousa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buru_babirusa" title="Buru babirusa">Buru babirusa (<i>B. babyrussa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi_babirusa" title="North Sulawesi babirusa">North Sulawesi babirusa (<i>B. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togian_babirusa" title="Togian babirusa">Togian babirusa (<i>B. togeanensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Hylochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Giant forest hog (<i>H. meinertzhageni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Phacochoerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phacochoerus">Phacochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warthog" title="Desert warthog">Desert warthog (<i>P. aethiopicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_warthog" title="Common warthog">Common warthog (<i>P. africanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Porcula</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Pygmy hog (<i>P. salvania</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Potamochoerus" title="Potamochoerus">Potamochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushpig" title="Bushpig">Bushpig (<i>P. larvatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_river_hog" title="Red river hog">Red river hog (<i>P. porcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">Sus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_bearded_pig" title="Palawan bearded pig">Palawan bearded pig (<i>S. ahoenobarbus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_bearded_pig" title="Bornean bearded pig">Bornean bearded pig (<i>S. barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_warty_pig" title="Visayan warty pig">Visayan warty pig (<i>S. cebifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_warty_pig" title="Celebes warty pig">Celebes warty pig (<i>S. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Domestic pig (<i>S. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_warty_pig" title="Flores warty pig">Flores warty pig (<i>S. heureni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver%27s_warty_pig" title="Oliver's warty pig">Oliver's warty pig (<i>S. oliveri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_warty_pig" title="Philippine warty pig">Philippine warty pig (<i>S. philippensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Wild boar (<i>S. scrofa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_warty_pig" title="Timor warty pig">Timor warty pig (<i>S. timoriensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_warty_pig" title="Javan warty pig">Javan warty pig (<i>S. verrucosus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">Tayassuidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">Tayassu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">White-lipped peccary (<i>T. pecari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Catagonus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Chacoan peccary (<i>C. wagneri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Dicotyles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Collared peccary (<i>D. tajacu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Tylopoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Camelidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lama_(genus)" title="Lama (genus)">Lama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama (<i>L. glama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">Guanaco (<i>L. guanicoe</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca (<i>L. pacos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">Vicuña (<i>L. vicugna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Domestic Bactrian camel (<i>C. bactrianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary/Arabian camel (<i>C. dromedarius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel" title="Wild Bactrian camel">Wild Bactrian camel (<i>C. ferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Whippomorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus_(genus)" title="Hippopotamus (genus)">Hippopotamus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">Hippopotamus (<i>H. amphibius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Choeropsis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Pygmy hippopotamus (<i>C. liberiensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cetacea" title="Template:Cetacea">Cetacea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Capra nubiana</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q328516" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q328516">Q328516</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Capra_nubiana" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Capra nubiana">Capra nubiana</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Capra_nubiana/">Capra_nubiana</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/capra-nubiana/">capra-nubiana</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=494279">494279</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/699MT">699MT</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/328693">328693</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/1372">1372</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2441049">2441049</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/42352">42352</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10458557">10458557</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=625140">625140</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/3796">3796</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006186">1006186</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14200784">14200784</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=72543">72543</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/79677/">79677</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=698614">698614</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=149641">149641</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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