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<span>Donaghadee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donaghadee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bell_Rock_Lighthouse_and_Holyhead_Mail_Pier_Lighthouse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bell_Rock_Lighthouse_and_Holyhead_Mail_Pier_Lighthouse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bell Rock Lighthouse and Holyhead Mail Pier Lighthouse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bell_Rock_Lighthouse_and_Holyhead_Mail_Pier_Lighthouse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plymouth_breakwater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plymouth_breakwater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Plymouth breakwater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plymouth_breakwater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_innovator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_innovator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Technical innovator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_innovator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinguishing_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinguishing_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Distinguishing characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinguishing_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Family and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>List of projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="جون ريني الأكبر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون ريني الأكبر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rennie" title="John Rennie – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Rennie" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rennie" title="John Rennie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Rennie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rennie_senior" title="John Rennie senior – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Rennie senior" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rennie" title="John Rennie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Rennie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rennie" title="John Rennie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Rennie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rennie_sr." title="John Rennie sr. – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="John Rennie sr." data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rennie_il_Vecchio" title="John Rennie il Vecchio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Rennie il Vecchio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rennie" title="John Rennie – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="John Rennie" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89_(%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%89_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7)" title="جون رينى (مهندس مدنى من المملكه المتحده لبريطانيا العظمى و ايرلاندا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون رينى (مهندس مدنى من المملكه المتحده لبريطانيا العظمى و ايرلاندا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rennie" title="John Rennie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Rennie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rennie" title="John Rennie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Rennie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ренни, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ренни, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rennie" title="John Rennie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Rennie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rennie" title="John Rennie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Rennie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Джон Ренні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Ренні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q544521#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rennie_(father)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rennie (father)">John Rennie (father)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scottish civil engineer (1761–1821)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Rennie_(Engineer).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of male with white hair wearing a white cravat and blue jacket." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/John_Rennie_%28Engineer%29.jpg/220px-John_Rennie_%28Engineer%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/John_Rennie_%28Engineer%29.jpg/330px-John_Rennie_%28Engineer%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/John_Rennie_%28Engineer%29.jpg/440px-John_Rennie_%28Engineer%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of John Rennie, 1810, by Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Raeburn" title="Henry Raeburn">Henry Raeburn</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Rennie%27s_signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/John_Rennie%27s_signature.png/285px-John_Rennie%27s_signature.png" decoding="async" width="285" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/John_Rennie%27s_signature.png/428px-John_Rennie%27s_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/John_Rennie%27s_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption>John Rennie's signature</figcaption></figure> <p><b>John Rennie</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">FRSE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span> (7 June 1761 – 4 October 1821) was a Scottish <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a> who designed many bridges, <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>, docks and warehouses, and a pioneer in the use of structural cast-iron. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rennie_the_Elder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Rennie_Memorial_portrait.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/John_Rennie_Memorial_portrait.JPG/220px-John_Rennie_Memorial_portrait.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/John_Rennie_Memorial_portrait.JPG/330px-John_Rennie_Memorial_portrait.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/John_Rennie_Memorial_portrait.JPG/440px-John_Rennie_Memorial_portrait.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption>Portrait on the John Rennie Memorial at <a href="/wiki/Phantassie" title="Phantassie">Phantassie</a>, East Linton</figcaption></figure> <p>He was born the younger son of James Rennie,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a farmer near <a href="/wiki/Phantassie" title="Phantassie">Phantassie</a>, near <a href="/wiki/East_Linton" title="East Linton">East Linton</a>, East Lothian, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. John showed a taste for mechanics at a very early age, and was allowed to spend much time in the workshop of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Meikle" title="Andrew Meikle">Andrew Meikle</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Millwright" title="Millwright">millwright</a> and the inventor of the threshing machine, who lived at Houston Mill on the Phantassie estate. After receiving a normal basic education at the parish school of <a href="/wiki/Prestonkirk_Parish_Church" title="Prestonkirk Parish Church">Prestonkirk Parish Church</a>, he was sent to the burgh school at <a href="/wiki/Dunbar" title="Dunbar">Dunbar</a>, and in November 1780 he matriculated at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>, where he remained until 1783. His older brother <a href="/wiki/George_Rennie_(agriculturalist)" title="George Rennie (agriculturalist)">George</a> remained to assist in the family agricultural business. </p><p>Rennie worked as a millwright to have established a business. His originality was exhibited by the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> pinions instead of wooden trundles. In 1784 he took a journey south for the purpose of enlarging his knowledge, visiting <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> at Soho, Staffordshire. Watt offered him an engagement, which he accepted. After a short stay at Soho he left for London in 1784 to take charge of the works at the Albion Flour Mills, Blackfriars, for which <a href="/wiki/Boulton_%26_Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulton & Watt">Boulton & Watt</a> were building a steam-engine. The machinery was all designed by Rennie, a distinguishing feature being the use of iron instead of wood for the shafting and framing. About 1791 he started in business as a mechanical engineer on his own account in Holland Street, Blackfriars, whence he and his successors long conducted engineering operations of vast importance. (In the same year, the Albion Flour Mills were destroyed by arson.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canals_and_waterways">Canals and waterways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rennie_the_Elder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Canals and waterways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dundas_Aqueduct,_from_south-east.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dundas_Aqueduct%2C_from_south-east.jpg/220px-Dundas_Aqueduct%2C_from_south-east.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dundas_Aqueduct%2C_from_south-east.jpg/330px-Dundas_Aqueduct%2C_from_south-east.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dundas_Aqueduct%2C_from_south-east.jpg/440px-Dundas_Aqueduct%2C_from_south-east.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5862" data-file-height="3898" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dundas_Aqueduct" title="Dundas Aqueduct">Dundas Aqueduct</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1791, he moved to London and set up his own engineering business, having by then begun to expand into civil engineering, particularly the construction of <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>. His early projects included the Stowmarket Navigation (<a href="/wiki/River_Gipping" title="River Gipping">River Gipping</a>) in 1791, the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Canal" title="Lancaster Canal">Lancaster Canal</a> (started 1792), the <a href="/wiki/Chelmer_and_Blackwater_Navigation" title="Chelmer and Blackwater Navigation">Chelmer and Blackwater Navigation</a> (1793), the <a href="/wiki/Crinan_Canal" title="Crinan Canal">Crinan Canal</a> (1794–1801), <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Lake" title="Rudyard Lake">Rudyard Lake</a> (1797) and the <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Canal" title="Rochdale Canal">Rochdale Canal</a>, which passes through difficult country between <a href="/wiki/Rochdale" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Todmorden" title="Todmorden">Todmorden</a> (1799). The <a href="/wiki/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal" title="Kennet and Avon Canal">Kennet and Avon Canal</a> – including the <a href="/wiki/Dundas_Aqueduct" title="Dundas Aqueduct">Dundas Aqueduct</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caen_Hill_Locks" title="Caen Hill Locks">Caen Hill Locks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crofton_Pumping_Station" title="Crofton Pumping Station">Crofton Pumping Station</a> – occupied him between 1794 and 1810. </p><p>In 1802 he revised the plans for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canal_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Canal of Ireland">Royal Canal of Ireland</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> to the <a href="/wiki/River_Shannon" title="River Shannon">Shannon</a> near <a href="/wiki/Longford" title="Longford">Longford</a>. He also served as advisor to Dublin Corporation's Pipe Water Committee, for which he was presented with the Freedom of the City of Dublin in 1804. </p><p>For many years he was engaged in extensive drainage operations in the Lincolnshire and Norfolk <a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">Fens</a> (1802–1810), and in the improvement of the <a href="/wiki/River_Witham" title="River Witham">River Witham</a>. The Eau Brink Cut, a new channel for the <a href="/wiki/River_Great_Ouse" title="River Great Ouse">River Ouse</a>, was completed just before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Hills_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hills-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also chief engineer for the canal and major, but abortive <a href="/wiki/Lazaret" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazaret">lazaret</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chetney_Hill" title="Chetney Hill">Chetney Hill</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/River_Medway" title="River Medway">River Medway</a> estuary in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Booker_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booker-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bridges">Bridges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rennie_the_Elder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterloo_Bridge_1817.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Waterloo_Bridge_1817.jpg/280px-Waterloo_Bridge_1817.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Waterloo_Bridge_1817.jpg/420px-Waterloo_Bridge_1817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Waterloo_Bridge_1817.jpg/560px-Waterloo_Bridge_1817.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1465" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>The opening of the first <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge" title="Waterloo Bridge">Waterloo Bridge</a> on 18 June 1817</figcaption></figure> <p>Over the next few years Rennie also attained a deserved reputation as a builder of bridges, combining stone with new cast-iron techniques to create previously unheard-of low, wide, elliptical arches. <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge" title="Waterloo Bridge">Waterloo Bridge</a>, over the River Thames in London (1811–1817), with its nine equal arches and perfectly flat roadway, is thought to have been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harrison_(architect)" title="Thomas Harrison (architect)">Thomas Harrison</a>'s design of <a href="/wiki/Skerton_Bridge" title="Skerton Bridge">Skerton Bridge</a> over the <a href="/wiki/River_Lune" title="River Lune">River Lune</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancaster, England">Lancaster</a>. In Leeds he was commissioned to build two stone bridges, one over the River Aire and a second smaller structure over the Leeds & Liverpool Canal, to the west side of the town centre and upstream from <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Bridge" title="Leeds Bridge">Leeds Bridge</a>. The main instigator of this scheme was mill owner <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gott" title="Benjamin Gott">Benjamin Gott</a>, who had properties on both sides of the waterways and wanted an easier route between them. The larger bridge was <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leodis.net/discovery/discovery.asp?page=200335_284221828&topic=200335_929714382&subsection=2003516_543316067&subsubsection=2003520_553997219">described in 1934 (Parsons' Directory)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923042102/http://www.leodis.net/discovery/discovery.asp?page=200335_284221828&topic=200335_929714382&subsection=2003516_543316067&subsubsection=2003520_553997219">Archived</a> 23 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> as 'a beautiful structure, consisting of an elliptical arch of one hundred feet span'. The bridge, initially known as Waterloo Bridge, was soon renamed Wellington Bridge. Rennie's later efforts in this line also show that he was a skilful architect, endowed with a keen sense of beauty of design. <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge" title="Waterloo Bridge">Waterloo Bridge</a> was considered his masterpiece and was the most prestigious bridge project in England, described as 'perhaps the finest large masonry bridge ever built in this or any other country'.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Canova" class="mw-redirect" title="Canova">Canova</a> called it 'the noblest bridge in the world' and said that 'it is worth going to England solely to see Rennie's bridge.'<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Rennie's death, <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a> was built from his design by his sons <a href="/wiki/John_Rennie_(railway_engineer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rennie (railway engineer)">John Rennie</a> (junior) and <a href="/wiki/George_Rennie_(engineer)" title="George Rennie (engineer)">George Rennie</a>. It replaced the medieval bridge which was proving a serious impediment to the flow of the river. Rennie's bridge was eventually moved to Arizona. <a href="/wiki/Southwark_Bridge" title="Southwark Bridge">Southwark Bridge</a> (1815–1819) was built as three cast-iron spans over the river. He also designed the <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Bridge#Old_Vauxhall_Bridge" title="Vauxhall Bridge">Old Vauxhall Bridge</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Docks_and_harbours">Docks and harbours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rennie_the_Elder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Docks and harbours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rennie was also responsible for designing and building docks at <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>, Liverpool, <a href="/wiki/Greenock" title="Greenock">Greenock</a>, London (<a href="/wiki/London_Docks" title="London Docks">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_India_Docks" title="East India Docks">East India</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_India_Docks" title="West India Docks">West India</a> docks), and <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a> and improving the harbours and dockyards at <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Dockyard" title="Chatham Dockyard">Chatham</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMNB_Devonport" title="HMNB Devonport">Devonport</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMNB_Portsmouth" title="HMNB Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holyhead" title="Holyhead">Holyhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramsgate" title="Ramsgate">Ramsgate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheerness_Dockyard" title="Sheerness Dockyard">Sheerness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howth" title="Howth">Howth</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire" title="Dún Laoghaire">Dunleary</a>. He devoted much time to the preparation of plans for a government dockyard at <a href="/wiki/Northfleet" title="Northfleet">Northfleet</a>, but they were not carried out. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dunleary">Dunleary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rennie_the_Elder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dunleary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire_Harbour" title="Dún Laoghaire Harbour">Dunleary harbour</a> of 'Asylum' was a very difficult and important project, because it was critical to maintain an effective communication link between Ireland and London, the seat of government. Rennie was responsible for the construction of Howth Harbour on the North side of Dublin bay a decade earlier. This was originally planned as the landing for the Holyhead packets, but it silted up to such an extent that it became unfit for purpose. An Act of Parliament of 1816 (<a href="/wiki/56_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="56 Geo. 3">56 Geo. 3</a>. c. 62) authorised the building of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire" title="Dún Laoghaire">Dunleary</a> harbour. Originally it was intended that only one pier (the East Pier) would be built (3,500 feet long), but when John Rennie was appointed directing engineer for the work, he insisted that a single pier would result in sand drifting behind the pier and that a second West Pier (4,950 feet long) would prevent this from occurring. He was correct as the sand has built up behind the west pier. The harbour once built was renamed 'The Royal Harbour of Kingstown' in 1821 on the occasion of the visit of <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">George IV</a>. The material for the harbour is <a href="/wiki/Dalkey_Hill" title="Dalkey Hill">Dalkey Hill</a> <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>. The granite was provided by Richard Toucher (a long time campaigner for the new harbour) at no cost to the construction team. The foundations of the piers are 300'-0" wide and 24'-0" below low water level. Many options were considered for the width of the space between the two pier heads. Rennie wrote to the Harbour Commissioners that the opening should be 430'-0" wide with the pier heads turned into the harbour to control swells within the harbour. His demands were never met and the harbour opening was built at 1,066'-0". This was clearly too wide and was subsequently reduced to 760'-0". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Custom_House_Docks_and_the_CHQ_Building,_Dublin"><span id="Custom_House_Docks_and_the_CHQ_Building.2C_Dublin"></span>Custom House Docks and the CHQ Building, Dublin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rennie_the_Elder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Custom House Docks and the CHQ Building, Dublin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of John Rennie's last projects was the construction of the Custom House Docks in Dublin, along with its locks and warehouses, including the <a href="/wiki/CHQ_Building" title="CHQ Building">CHQ Building</a> where he pioneered the use of cast-iron in the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rennie was first invited to work on the scheme in 1809 by <a href="/wiki/John_Foster,_1st_Baron_Oriel" title="John Foster, 1st Baron Oriel">John Foster</a>, the Irish Chancellor of the Exchequer. The first stone of the docks was laid in May 1817; they were formerly opened at the end of August 1821 in front of 'a most select company of Noblemen, Bishops, Ladies, &c.' In 1824 the docks were placed on a long-term lease to Harry and John Scovell, and their nephew George. Harry and John were the younger brothers of <a href="/wiki/George_Scovell" title="George Scovell">Sir George Scovell</a>, the intelligence officer famed for cracking Bonaparte's secret codes during the Napoleonic Wars. </p><p>By March 1820, Rennie was seeking 33 tons of structural cast-iron, along with a large quantity of wrought iron, for the purpose of building a "Tobacco Warehouse, with the Spirit Stores under it."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The iron was supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Butterley_Company" title="Butterley Company">Butterley Iron Company</a> from Derbyshire.<sup id="cite_ref-Cunningham_1909_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cunningham_1909-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an obituary of Shropshire-born engineer and iron founder <a href="/wiki/William_Hazledine" title="William Hazledine">William Hazeldine</a> from 1841 claimed that Hazeldine also supplied 'the Iron Roofs for the Dublin Custom House and Store Houses.'<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1821, John James Macgregor noted: 'The tobacco stores have been finished on the south side at the expense of £70,000. They are 500 feet long by 160 feet wide. The roof is of cast iron, and the building finished in the most permanent manner.'<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1821, the Rev. George Newenham Wright, an Anglican clergyman, likewise noted: </p> <dl><dd>To the east of the new basin is the tobacco store (500 feet by 160, and capable of containing 3,000 hogsheads), the plan of which was given by John Rennie, Esq. In this store, which is now completed and in use, there is not one particle of wood or other combustible matter. There are nine vaults beneath, which altogether afford perfect and convenient storage for 4,500 pipes of wine, allowing a walk behind the heads of the pipes as well as between them; these vaults are lighted by means of thick lenses set in iron plates in the floor of the tobacco store; but this is not sufficient to supersede the necessity of candle light. The interior of the tobacco store is extremely curious and interesting: the roof is supported by metal frame-work of an ingenious construction, and, at intervals, long lanterns are inserted, the sashes of which are also metal; the entire frame-work is supported by three rows of cylindrical metal pillars, 26 in each row; these rest upon others of granite, which are continued through the stone floor into the vaults beneath. All the iron-work was manufactured at the Butterley foundry in Derbyshire. The only inconvenience at present felt in this store is the excessive heat, which, in all probability, can be remedied by a proper system of ventilation.<sup id="cite_ref-Cunningham_1909_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cunningham_1909-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Now known as the <a href="/wiki/CHQ_Building" title="CHQ Building">CHQ Building</a>, the tobacco store is home to various enterprises including <a href="/wiki/EPIC_The_Irish_Emigration_Museum" title="EPIC The Irish Emigration Museum">EPIC – The Irish Emigration Museum</a> and Dogpatch Laboratories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Donaghadee">Donaghadee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rennie_the_Elder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Donaghadee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Donaghadee" title="Donaghadee">Donaghadee</a> is probably best known for its lighthouse and harbour. For centuries, it has been a haven for ships, and the harbour has been there from at least the 17th century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Montgomery,_1st_Viscount_Montgomery" title="Hugh Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery">Sir Hugh Montgomery</a> built a large stone quay to accommodate vessels ferrying between Scotland and Ireland from 1616 onwards.[3] Viscount Montgomery's harbour (1626; improved 1640), superseding what had hitherto been probably only a small jetty, was built and maintained as a result of the Royal Warrant of 1616 which limited travel between the Ards and the Rhins of Galloway to this port, and that at <a href="/wiki/Portpatrick" title="Portpatrick">Portpatrick</a> also owned by Montgomery. It was described by Harris in 1744 as 'a curving quay about 400 feet (120m) long and 22 feet (6.7m) wide built of uncemented stones'. It ran from the shore at the north end of the Parade in a broad arc, bent against the open sea, towards the southern end of the present north pier. Much patched and decrepit, the quay was virtually rebuilt, though along the original line, between 1775 and 1785 by the landlord, Daniel Delacherois, probably with the help of <a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">John Smeaton</a>, the distinguished civil engineer who had made earlier more elaborate plans for extending the harbour, and who had just rebuilt Portpatrick harbour. The old quay remained until after the completion of the new harbour, and then, despite its continued favour by local fishermen, was removed for local wall building about 1833 (it appears in the 1832 drawing but not on the first O.S. map of 1834). </p><p>The foundation stone of the new harbour was laid by the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hill,_3rd_Marquess_of_Downshire" title="Arthur Hill, 3rd Marquess of Downshire">Marquess of Downshire</a> on 1 August 1821. The initial plans and surveys for this ambitious undertaking were made by John Rennie. He, however, died within two months of work beginning, and was succeeded by his son, John, who had as his resident engineer a fellow Scot, the seasoned marine builder, David Logan, who had assisted <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stevenson_(civil_engineer)" title="Robert Stevenson (civil engineer)">Robert Stevenson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Rock_Lighthouse" title="Bell Rock Lighthouse">Bell Rock Lighthouse</a> (1807–1810). The new harbour had to have greater depth to accommodate steam packets. Rock blasted from the sea bed, within the harbour area and further south in what became known as the Quarry Hole at Meetinghouse Point was used to form the outer slopes of the two piers; but the inner faces were built of limestone from the <a href="/wiki/Moelfre,_Anglesey" title="Moelfre, Anglesey">Moelfre</a> quarries of <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesea</a>. This 'Anglesea marble' lends itself to the finest ashlar dressing and the new piers remain a triumph of stone carving. The flights of steps display special skill in the deep diagonal binding of each solid step, providing a typically robust engineer's response to the wear of seaboots and waves alike. The harbour consists of two independent piers running north westwards out to sea; parallel nearer the shore, they converge at the outer ends to form a harbour mouth 150 feet (46m) wide. At low tide the water in the harbour is fifteen feet deep. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bell_Rock_Lighthouse_and_Holyhead_Mail_Pier_Lighthouse">Bell Rock Lighthouse and Holyhead Mail Pier Lighthouse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rennie_the_Elder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bell Rock Lighthouse and Holyhead Mail Pier Lighthouse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BellRock-CEAJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BellRock-CEAJ.jpg/330px-BellRock-CEAJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BellRock-CEAJ.jpg/495px-BellRock-CEAJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BellRock-CEAJ.jpg/660px-BellRock-CEAJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>The illustration submitted by Alan Stevenson to demonstrate his father's priority but which shows Rennie's influence</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bell Rock Lighthouse, near the entrance to the Firths of <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Forth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Tay" title="Firth of Tay">Tay</a>, was built during 1807 and 1810. Rennie was, by some, credited with the design and execution, but there seems little doubt that he was only nominally responsible for the great undertaking. Robert Stevenson, surveyor to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Lighthouse_Board" title="Northern Lighthouse Board">Commissioners of Northern Lights</a>, drew the original plans and, at his suggestion, the commissioners called Rennie to assist with obtaining parliamentary approval for the project, giving him the title of chief engineer (for which however he was only paid £400).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stevenson did not accept many of the modifications proposed by Rennie, but the two men remained on friendly terms. Rennie visited the lighthouse twice while it was being built. When Stevenson died in 1850, the Commissioners put on record in their minutes that to him was 'due the honour of conceiving and executing the Bell Rock lighthouse'. However, Rennie's son, Sir John Rennie, claimed in a long exchange of letters with <a href="/wiki/Alan_Stevenson" title="Alan Stevenson">Alan Stevenson</a> in 1849 that the advice which Rennie gave Stevenson entitled him to rank the building as one which he "designed and constructed".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyhead_Mail_Pier_Light_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Holyhead_Mail_Pier_Light_%282%29.jpg/220px-Holyhead_Mail_Pier_Light_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Holyhead_Mail_Pier_Light_%282%29.jpg/330px-Holyhead_Mail_Pier_Light_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Holyhead_Mail_Pier_Light_%282%29.jpg/440px-Holyhead_Mail_Pier_Light_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Holyhead Mail Pier Light</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Holyhead_Mail_Pier_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Holyhead Mail Pier Light">Holyhead Mail Pier Light</a> is a conical white house which was built by Rennie in 1821. The lighthouse is of national significance as one of Rennie's surviving works. Of particular importance, in a Welsh context, is the early date of the lighthouse lantern, which was originally lit by gas. Before the conversion to electricity a gas works was located on the island to power the lighthouse, the piers and even part of Holyhead itself. The works were constructed at a cost of £130,000, an astronomical sum at the time. The tower survives intact and has beautifully curving gallery railings, similar to those at <a href="/wiki/Bardsey_Lighthouse" title="Bardsey Lighthouse">Bardsey Lighthouse</a>. It is no longer in use, although it is used as a navigation reference for sailors. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Howth_Harbour_Lighthouse" title="Howth Harbour Lighthouse">Howth Harbour Lighthouse</a> is a matching tower in <a href="/wiki/Howth" title="Howth">Howth</a>, Ireland, also designed by Rennie, for the other terminal of the Irish packet steamer.<sup id="cite_ref-rowlett_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowlett-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plymouth_breakwater">Plymouth breakwater</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rennie_the_Elder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Plymouth breakwater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_Breakwater_from_above_Kingsand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Plymouth_Breakwater_from_above_Kingsand.jpg/220px-Plymouth_Breakwater_from_above_Kingsand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Plymouth_Breakwater_from_above_Kingsand.jpg/330px-Plymouth_Breakwater_from_above_Kingsand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Plymouth_Breakwater_from_above_Kingsand.jpg/440px-Plymouth_Breakwater_from_above_Kingsand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12032" data-file-height="6768" /></a><figcaption>Plymouth breakwater, viewed from above Kingsand</figcaption></figure> <p>Of all Rennie's works, that which appeals most strongly to the imagination is perhaps the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Breakwater" title="Plymouth Breakwater">breakwater</a> at <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Sound" title="Plymouth Sound">Plymouth Sound</a>, consisting of a wall a mile in length across the Sound, in about 20 metres (66 ft) of water,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and containing 3,670,444 tons of rough stone, besides 22,149 cubic yards (16,934 m<sup>3</sup>) of masonry on the surface. It was constructed to provide safe passage for naval vessels entering the river Tamar (<a href="/wiki/Hamoaze" title="Hamoaze">Hamoaze</a>) at Devonport. This colossal work was first proposed in a report by Rennie, dated 22 April 1806; an order in council authorising its commencement was issued on 22 June 1811, and the first stone was deposited on 12 August following. The work was completed by his son, Sir John Rennie, and by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Whidbey" title="Joseph Whidbey">Joseph Whidbey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_innovator">Technical innovator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rennie_the_Elder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Technical innovator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rennie was a man of unbounded resource and originality. During the improvement of Ramsgate harbour he made use of the diving-bell, which he greatly improved. He is generally credited with the invention of a form of steam-dredging machine with a chain of buckets, but in this he seems to have been anticipated by Sir <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bentham" title="Samuel Bentham">Samuel Bentham</a>. He was certainly the first to use it on an extensive scale, which he did during the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Humber_Dock,_Hull" class="mw-redirect" title="Humber Dock, Hull">Humber Dock, Hull</a> (1803–09), when he devised a steam dredger to overcome the difficulties of that particular work, and apparently without any knowledge of Bentham's invention. Another expedient was the use of hollow walls, which was suggested by the necessity of providing an extensive bearing surface for the foundations of a wall in loose ground. Walls built upon this plan were largely used by Rennie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinguishing_characteristics">Distinguishing characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rennie_the_Elder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Distinguishing characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distinguishing characteristics of Rennie's work were firmness and solidity, and it has stood the test of time. He was most conscientious in the preparation of his reports and estimates, and he never entered upon an undertaking without making himself fully acquainted with the local surroundings. He was devoted to his profession, and, though he was a man of strong frame and capable of great endurance, his incessant labours shortened his life. He was elected <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh</a> on 28 January 1788, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> on 29 March 1798, and in 1815 he served as a Manager of the newly built <a href="/wiki/London_Institution" title="London Institution">London Institution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_death">Family and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rennie_the_Elder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Family and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1790 he married Martha Ann Mackintosh (d.1806), daughter of E. Mackintosh, and by her had seven children, two of whom, <a href="/wiki/George_Rennie_(engineer)" title="George Rennie (engineer)">George</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Rennie_the_Younger" title="John Rennie the Younger">John</a>, became notable engineers. His daughter Anna married the architect <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Cockerell" title="Charles Robert Cockerell">Charles Cockerell</a>. </p><p>He died, after a short illness, at his house in Stamford Street, London, on 4 October 1821, and was buried in the crypt at <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's Cathedral">St. Paul's Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rennie_the_Elder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 2014 he was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Engineering_Hall_of_Fame" title="Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame">Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ruislip_Lido_Railway" title="Ruislip Lido Railway">Ruislip Lido Railway</a>, based at <a href="/wiki/Ruislip_Lido" title="Ruislip Lido">Ruislip Lido</a> (one of the dams John Rennie built), named one of its locomotives after him. The Bo-Bo type diesel 'John Rennie' was built in 2004 and is one of the main engines of the line.</li> <li>More recently, <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Royal_Grammar_School" title="Lancaster Royal Grammar School">Lancaster Royal Grammar School</a> Boat Club named one of their boats after him as he built the aqueduct over the river on which they row.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_projects">List of projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rennie_the_Elder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:John_Rennie_the_Elder#Disputed" title="Talk:John Rennie the Elder">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lune_Aqueduct" title="Lune Aqueduct">Lune Aqueduct</a> (1794–97)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkempton2002556_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkempton2002556-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundas_Aqueduct" title="Dundas Aqueduct">Dundas Aqueduct</a> (1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelso_Bridge" title="Kelso Bridge">Kelso Bridge</a>, of five arches (1800–1804)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkempton2002556_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkempton2002556-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, England">Boston</a> bridge, a cast iron arch (1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Docks" title="London Docks">London Docks</a> (1800–05)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkempton2002556_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkempton2002556-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Docks" title="East India Docks">East India Docks</a> joint project with <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Walker_(engineer)" title="Ralph Walker (engineer)">Ralph Walker</a> (1803–06)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkempton2002556_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkempton2002556-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_Dock,_Hull" class="mw-redirect" title="Humber Dock, Hull">Humber Dock, Hull</a>, 1803–9, cost £230,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkempton2002556_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkempton2002556-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenock" title="Greenock">Greenock</a> Docks (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musselburgh" title="Musselburgh">Musselburgh</a> bridge (1806–1808)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkempton2002556_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkempton2002556-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_India_Docks" title="West India Docks">West India Docks</a> (consultant to <a href="/wiki/William_Jessop" title="William Jessop">William Jessop</a>) extension to docks (1809–1821)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkempton2002556_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkempton2002556-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> Docks, two new docks including Prince's, estimated cost £929,878 (1809)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoucher1963131_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoucher1963131-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge" title="Waterloo Bridge">Waterloo Bridge</a> (old), granite of nine arches each 120 feet wide (1810–17) cost £1,050,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoucher1963132_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoucher1963132-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Galloway" title="New Galloway">New Galloway</a> Ken Bridge, of granite (1811–21) spans the River Ken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkempton2002557_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkempton2002557-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cree Bridge at <a href="/wiki/Newton_Stewart" title="Newton Stewart">Newton Stewart</a> (1812–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Wye_Bridge,_Chepstow" title="Old Wye Bridge, Chepstow">Old Wye Bridge, Chepstow</a> cast iron bridge (design 1812),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoucher1963133_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoucher1963133-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> redesigned and built in 1816 by <a href="/wiki/John_Urpeth_Rastrick" title="John Urpeth Rastrick">John Urpeth Rastrick</a><sup id="cite_ref-burrows_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burrows-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Breakwater" title="Plymouth Breakwater">Plymouth Breakwater</a> (1812–1841) completed by his son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark_Bridge" title="Southwark Bridge">Southwark Bridge</a> (old) of three cast iron arches (1814) replaced 1920</li> <li>Dunleary Asylum Harbour – later Kingstown Harbour- Later Dún Laoghaire Harbour. 1816–1842. Completed by his son. Cost £690,717 against the original estimate of £801,059.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donaghadee" title="Donaghadee">Donaghadee</a> & <a href="/wiki/Portpatrick" title="Portpatrick">Portpatrick</a> Harbours (1819) estimated cost £145,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoucher1963135_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoucher1963135-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Bridge" title="Leeds Bridge">Leeds Bridge</a> cast iron designed (1820), built after his death by the resident engineer G. Leather<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoucher1963136_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoucher1963136-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> Docks, 'Stack A' bonded warehouse; introduces lightning conductors, gas works and gas lighting (1820)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoucher1963136_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoucher1963136-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a> (old), designed 1820, built after his death by his son (1824–31) moved to <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_(Lake_Havasu_City)" title="London Bridge (Lake Havasu City)">Lake Havasu City</a> in the USA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope">Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope</a> Main Building, completed posthumously in 1828</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwall,_London" title="Blackwall, London">Blackwall</a> Dock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruislip_Lido" title="Ruislip Lido">Ruislip Reservoir</a>, Grand Union Canal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeping_Fen" title="Deeping Fen">Deeping Fen</a> Drainage and pumping engines at <a href="/wiki/Pode_Hole" title="Pode Hole">Pode Hole</a> (incomplete at his death)<sup id="cite_ref-Hills_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hills-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caen_Hill_Locks" title="Caen Hill Locks">Caen Hill Locks</a>, a flight of <a href="/wiki/Canal_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal lock">locks</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal" title="Kennet and Avon Canal">Kennet and Avon Canal</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Rowde" title="Rowde">Rowde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devizes" title="Devizes">Devizes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, England, comprising 29 locks.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rennie_the_Elder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" 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href="/wiki/Canals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Canals of the United Kingdom">Canals of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_canal_system" title="History of the British canal system">History of the British canal system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rennie_the_Elder&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoucher1963" class="citation book cs1">Boucher, Cyril T.G. (1963). <i>John Rennie – The life and Work of A Great Engineer 1761–1821</i>. Manchester University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Rennie+%E2%80%93+The+life+and+Work+of+A+Great+Engineer+1761%E2%80%931821&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Boucher&rft.aufirst=Cyril+T.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rennie+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkempton2002" class="citation book cs1">Skempton, Sir Alec; et al. (2002). <i>A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: Vol 1: 1500 to 1830</i>. Thomas Telford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-2939-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-2939-2"><bdi>978-0-7277-2939-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Civil+Engineers+in+Great+Britain+and+Ireland%3A+Vol+1%3A+1500+to+1830&rft.pub=Thomas+Telford&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7277-2939-2&rft.aulast=Skempton&rft.aufirst=Sir+Alec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rennie+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rennie_the_Elder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf"><i>Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X"><bdi>0-902-198-84-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Index+of+Former+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh+1783%E2%80%932002&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=2006-07&rft.isbn=0-902-198-84-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsoced.org.uk%2Fcms%2Ffiles%2Ffellows%2Fbiographical_index%2Ffells_indexp2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rennie+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hills-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hills_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hills_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHills1967" class="citation book cs1">Hills, Richard L. (1967). <i>Machines, Mills and uncountable costly necessities: a short history of the drainage of the Fens</i>. Norwich: Goose & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machines%2C+Mills+and+uncountable+costly+necessities%3A+a+short+history+of+the+drainage+of+the+Fens&rft.place=Norwich&rft.pub=Goose+%26+Sons&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Hills&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rennie+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Booker-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Booker_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooker2016" class="citation book cs1">Booker, John (2016). <i>Maritime Quarantine: The British Experience, c.1650–1900</i>. Abingdon: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+Quarantine%3A+The+British+Experience%2C+c.1650%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rennie+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkempton1971" class="citation journal cs1">Skempton, A.W. (1971). "Early Members of The Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers". <i>Transactions of the Newcomen Society</i>. <b>44</b>: 23–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Ftns.1971.002">10.1179/tns.1971.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Newcomen+Society&rft.atitle=Early+Members+of+The+Smeatonian+Society+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=23-47&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Ftns.1971.002&rft.aulast=Skempton&rft.aufirst=A.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rennie+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRennison2006" class="citation book cs1">Rennison, Nick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DwjhTVsY73YC&pg=PA24"><i>The London Book of Lists</i></a>. Cannongate Books, Edinburgh. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841956763" title="Special:BookSources/9781841956763"><bdi>9781841956763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+London+Book+of+Lists&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Cannongate+Books%2C+Edinburgh&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781841956763&rft.aulast=Rennison&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDwjhTVsY73YC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rennie+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Dublin: the city within the Grand and Royal Canals and the Circular Road with the Phoenix Park</i>. 1 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dublin%3A+the+city+within+the+Grand+and+Royal+Canals+and+the+Circular+Road+with+the+Phoenix+Park&rft.date=2006-06-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rennie+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Honors to Imperial Maritime Customs Commissioners (from IWSM:TC)", <i>Ch'ing Documents</i>, Harvard University Asia Center, 1959, p. 24, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1tfjbsn.17">10.2307/j.ctt1tfjbsn.17</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781684171392" title="Special:BookSources/9781684171392"><bdi>9781684171392</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Honors+to+Imperial+Maritime+Customs+Commissioners+%28from+IWSM%3ATC%29&rft.btitle=Ch%27ing+Documents&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt1tfjbsn.17&rft.isbn=9781684171392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rennie+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cunningham_1909-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cunningham_1909_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cunningham_1909_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1909" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, D. J. (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96373"><i>Text-book of anatomy, ed. by D. J. Cunningham ... Illustrated with 936 wood engravings from original drawings, 406 of which are printed in colors</i></a>. New York: W. Wood and company. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.44384">10.5962/bhl.title.44384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Text-book+of+anatomy%2C+ed.+by+D.+J.+Cunningham+...+Illustrated+with+936+wood+engravings+from+original+drawings%2C+406+of+which+are+printed+in+colors.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+Wood+and+company&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.44384&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F96373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rennie+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Ennis, Lawrence, (31 Aug. 1871–5 May 1938), Director of Dorman Long & Co. Ltd, Iron and Steel Manufacturers and Constructional Engineers, Middlesbrough", <i>Who Was Who</i>, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u209123">10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u209123</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ennis%2C+Lawrence%2C+%2831+Aug.+1871%E2%80%935+May+1938%29%2C+Director+of+Dorman+Long+%26+Co.+Ltd%2C+Iron+and+Steel+Manufacturers+and+Constructional+Engineers%2C+Middlesbrough&rft.btitle=Who+Was+Who&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u209123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rennie+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawfurd2013" class="citation cs2">Crawfurd, John (2013), "Public Revenue", <i>History of the Indian Archipelago</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 45–74, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139507592.003">10.1017/cbo9781139507592.003</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139507592" title="Special:BookSources/9781139507592"><bdi>9781139507592</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Public+Revenue&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Indian+Archipelago&rft.pages=45-74&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781139507592.003&rft.isbn=9781139507592&rft.aulast=Crawfurd&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rennie+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBathurst1999" class="citation book cs1">Bathurst, Bella (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lighthousesteven00bell_0"><i>The Lighthouse Stevensons</i></a></span>. HarperCollins Flamingo. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lighthousesteven00bell_0/page/99">99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060194277" title="Special:BookSources/9780060194277"><bdi>9780060194277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lighthouse+Stevensons&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Flamingo&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780060194277&rft.aulast=Bathurst&rft.aufirst=Bella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flighthousesteven00bell_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rennie+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRennie1849" class="citation journal cs1">Rennie, Sir John (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/civilengineerarc12lond#page/136/mode/2up">"Volume XII"</a>. <i>Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal</i>. <b>12</b>: 77, 123, 136, 180, 253<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+Engineer+and+Architect%27s+Journal&rft.atitle=Volume+XII&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=77%2C+123%2C+136%2C+180%2C+253&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Rennie&rft.aufirst=Sir+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcivilengineerarc12lond%23page%2F136%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rennie+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rowlett-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rowlett_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowlett" class="citation web cs1">Rowlett, Russ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/irle.htm">"Lighthouses of Eastern Ireland (Leinster)"</a>. <i>The Lighthouse Directory</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lighthouse+Directory&rft.atitle=Lighthouses+of+Eastern+Ireland+%28Leinster%29&rft.aulast=Rowlett&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Flighthouse%2Firle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rennie+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.submerged.co.uk/plymouthbreakwater-building.php">"The Plymouth Breakwater – Submerged"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218141016/https://www.submerged.co.uk/plymouthbreakwater-building/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Plymouth+Breakwater+%E2%80%93+Submerged&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.submerged.co.uk%2Fplymouthbreakwater-building.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rennie+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral" <a href="/wiki/William_Sinclair_(Archdeacon_of_London)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Sinclair (Archdeacon of London)">Sinclair, W.</a> p. 470: London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd; 1909.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105247/http://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/leith-docks-engineer-inducted-into-hall-of-fame-1-3562654">"Leith docks engineer inducted into hall of fame"</a>. <i>Edinburgh Evening News</i>. 4 October 2014. 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Chepstow Town Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212070510/http://www.chepstow.co.uk/Chepstow-Town-Council/UserFiles/Files/bridge%20leafet%20and%20notes%20merged.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chepstow+Bridge&rft.pub=Chepstow+Town+Council&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chepstow.co.uk%2FChepstow-Town-Council%2FUserFiles%2FFiles%2Fbridge%2520leafet%2520and%2520notes%2520merged.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rennie+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoucher1963135-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoucher1963135_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoucher1963">Boucher 1963</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoucher1963136-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoucher1963136_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoucher1963136_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoucher1963">Boucher 1963</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Bissell_Prosser1896" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bissell_Prosser" title="Richard Bissell Prosser">Richard Bissell Prosser</a> (1896). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Rennie,_John_(1761-1821)" class="extiw" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Rennie, John (1761-1821)">Rennie, John (1761-1821)</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 48. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rennie%2C+John+%281761-1821%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1896&rft.au=Richard+Bissell+Prosser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rennie+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rennie_the_Elder&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/rennie_john.htm">"Significant Scots: John Rennie"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineeringhalloffame.org/profile-rennie.html">"Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame: John Rennie</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Rennie, John"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Rennie,_John">"Rennie, John" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span 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text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p183665112">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007390920505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14116074">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09884764?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500006143">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/66305">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/persons/1000130">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rennie, John"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.007630.v1">Ireland</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116444010.html?language=en">Deutsche 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