CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Digital library - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3d57d669-defd-4bda-b67d-ad36d70fbac8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Digital_library","wgTitle":"Digital library","wgCurRevisionId":1255460335,"wgRevisionId":1255460335,"wgArticleId":18934863,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with bare URLs for citations","Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia spam cleanup from April 2024","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Digital libraries","Library science","Types of library"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Digital_library","wgRelevantArticleId":18934863,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q212805","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_Website.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1403"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_Website.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="935"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="748"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Digital library - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_library"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_library"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Digital_library rootpage-Digital_library skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Digital+library" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Digital+library" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Digital+library" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Digital+library" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_digital_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_digital_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of digital libraries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_digital_libraries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of digital libraries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_digital_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Institutional_repositories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional_repositories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Institutional repositories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional_repositories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_library_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_library_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>National library collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_library_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Digital archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CAD_library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CAD_library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>CAD library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CAD_library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Assets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2D_graphics_repository_of_digital_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2D_graphics_repository_of_digital_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>2D graphics repository of digital art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2D_graphics_repository_of_digital_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features_of_digital_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features_of_digital_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Features of digital libraries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features_of_digital_libraries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features of digital libraries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features_of_digital_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metadata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metadata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Metadata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metadata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Searching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Searching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Searching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Searching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Digital preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_and_licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_and_licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Copyright and licensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_and_licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recommendation_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recommendation_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Recommendation systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recommendation_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drawbacks_of_digital_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drawbacks_of_digital_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Drawbacks of digital libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drawbacks_of_digital_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Future development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Digital library</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مكتبة رقمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكتبة رقمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80" title="ডিজিটেল লাইব্ৰেৰী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ডিজিটেল লাইব্ৰেৰী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_kitabxana" title="Elektron kitabxana – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektron kitabxana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ডিজিটাল গ্রন্থাগার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডিজিটাল গ্রন্থাগার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електронна библиотека – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електронна библиотека" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalna_biblioteka" title="Digitalna biblioteka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Digitalna biblioteka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_digital" title="Biblioteca digital – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biblioteca digital" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_knihovna" title="Digitální knihovna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Digitální knihovna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalt_bibliotek" title="Digitalt bibliotek – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Digitalt bibliotek" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitale_Bibliothek" title="Digitale Bibliothek – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Digitale Bibliothek" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitaalraamatukogu" title="Digitaalraamatukogu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Digitaalraamatukogu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CE%B7%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7" title="Ψηφιακή βιβλιοθήκη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψηφιακή βιβλιοθήκη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_digital" title="Biblioteca digital – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biblioteca digital" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cifereca_biblioteko" title="Cifereca biblioteko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cifereca biblioteko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liburutegi_digital" title="Liburutegi digital – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Liburutegi digital" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="کتابخانه دیجیتال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتابخانه دیجیتال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_num%C3%A9rique" title="Bibliothèque numérique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bibliothèque numérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C%EA%B4%80" title="전자 도서관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자 도서관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Էլեկտրոնային գրադարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրոնային գրադարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="आंकिक पुस्तकालय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आंकिक पुस्तकालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalna_knji%C5%BEnica" title="Digitalna knjižnica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Digitalna knjižnica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpustakaan_digital" title="Perpustakaan digital – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perpustakaan digital" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_digitale" title="Biblioteca digitale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biblioteca digitale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ספרייה דיגיטלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספרייה דיגיטלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Электронды кітапхана – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электронды кітапхана" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Электрондук китепкана – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Электрондук китепкана" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit%C4%81l%C4%81_bibliot%C4%93ka" title="Digitālā bibliotēka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Digitālā bibliotēka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit%C3%A1lis_k%C3%B6nyvt%C3%A1r" title="Digitális könyvtár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Digitális könyvtár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дигитална библиотека – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дигитална библиотека" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="ഡിജിറ്റൽ ലൈബ്രറി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡിജിറ്റൽ ലൈബ്രറി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpustakaan_digital" title="Perpustakaan digital – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perpustakaan digital" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Цахим номын сан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цахим номын сан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဒစ်ဂျစ်တယ် စာကြည့်တိုက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒစ်ဂျစ်တယ် စာကြည့်တိုက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitale_bibliotheek" title="Digitale bibliotheek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Digitale bibliotheek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%9B%B3%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" title="電子図書館 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子図書館" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalt_bibliotek" title="Digitalt bibliotek – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Digitalt bibliotek" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteka_cyfrowa" title="Biblioteka cyfrowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biblioteka cyfrowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_digital" title="Biblioteca digital – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biblioteca digital" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotec%C4%83_digital%C4%83" title="Bibliotecă digitală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bibliotecă digitală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электронная библиотека – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электронная библиотека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteka_digjitale" title="Biblioteka digjitale – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Biblioteka digjitale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Digital library" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit%C3%A1lna_kni%C5%BEnica" title="Digitálna knižnica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Digitálna knižnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalna_knji%C5%BEnica" title="Digitalna knjižnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Digitalna knjižnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalna_biblioteka" title="Digitalna biblioteka – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Digitalna biblioteka" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkkokirjasto" title="Verkkokirjasto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Verkkokirjasto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எண்ணிம நூலகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எண்ணிம நூலகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="డిజిటల్ గ్రంథాలయం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డిజిటల్ గ్రంథాలయం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijitalle%C5%9Ftirme" title="Dijitalleştirme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dijitalleştirme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електронна бібліотека – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електронна бібліотека" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81" title="برقی کتب خانہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقی کتب خانہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0_vi%E1%BB%87n_s%E1%BB%91" title="Thư viện số – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thư viện số" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" title="數碼圖書館 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="數碼圖書館" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" title="數位圖書館 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="數位圖書館" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q212805#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Digital_library" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Digital_library"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Digital_library"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Digital_library" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Digital_library" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&oldid=1255460335" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Digital_library&id=1255460335&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDigital_library"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDigital_library"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Digital_library&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Digital_libraries" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q212805" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Online database of digital objects stored in electronic media formats and accessible via computers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Elibrary" redirects here. For the former online library eLibrary, see <a href="/wiki/HighBeam_Research" title="HighBeam Research">HighBeam Research</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Online_book_rental" title="Online book rental">online book rental</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_Website.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_Website.png/220px-Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_Website.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_Website.png/330px-Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_Website.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_Website.png/440px-Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_Website.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a> website, an example of a digital library</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>digital library</b> (also called an <b>online library</b>, an <b>internet library</b>, a <b>digital repository</b>, <b> a library without walls</b>, or a <b>digital collection</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Online_database" title="Online database">online database</a> of digital objects that can include text, still images, audio, video, <a href="/wiki/Digital_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital document">digital documents</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital media</a> formats or a <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> accessible through the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>. Objects can consist of <a href="/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">digitized</a> content like <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">print</a> or <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photographs</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Born-digital" title="Born-digital">originally produced digital</a> content like <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processor</a> files or <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> posts. In addition to storing content, digital libraries provide means for organizing, searching, and <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">retrieving</a> the content contained in the collection. Digital libraries can vary immensely in size and scope, and can be maintained by individuals or organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks. These information retrieval systems are able to exchange information with each other through <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early history of digital libraries is not well documented, but several key thinkers are connected to the emergence of the concept.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Predecessors include <a href="/wiki/Paul_Otlet" title="Paul Otlet">Paul Otlet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mundaneum" title="Mundaneum">Mundaneum</a>, an attempt begun in 1895 to gather and systematically catalogue the world's knowledge, with the hope of bringing about world peace.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visions of the digital library were largely realized a century later during the great expansion of the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J.C.R. Licklider</a> are two contributors that advanced this idea into then current technology. Bush had supported research that led to the bomb that was dropped on <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>. After seeing the disaster, he wanted to create a machine that would show how technology can lead to understanding instead of destruction. This machine would include a desk with two screens, switches and buttons, and a keyboard.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He named this the "<a href="/wiki/Memex" title="Memex">Memex</a>". This way individuals would be able to access stored books and files at a rapid speed. In 1956, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a> funded Licklider to analyze how libraries could be improved with technology. Almost a decade later, his book entitled "<i>Libraries of the Future</i>" included his vision. He wanted to create a system that would use computers and networks so human knowledge would be accessible for human needs and feedback would be automatic for machine purposes. This system contained three components, the corpus of knowledge, the question, and the answer. Licklider called it a procognitive system. </p><p>In 1980 the role of the library in an electronic society was the focus of a clinic on library applications of <a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">data processing</a>. Participants included <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Wilfrid_Lancaster" title="Frederick Wilfrid Lancaster">Frederick Wilfrid Lancaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derek_De_Solla_Price" class="mw-redirect" title="Derek De Solla Price">Derek De Solla Price</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Salton" title="Gerard Salton">Gerard Salton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gorman_(librarian)" title="Michael Gorman (librarian)">Michael Gorman)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early projects centered on the creation of an electronic card catalogue known as <a href="/wiki/Online_Public_Access_Catalog" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Public Access Catalog">Online Public Access Catalog</a> (OPAC). By the 1980s, the success of these endeavors resulted in OPAC replacing the traditional <a href="/wiki/Card_catalog" class="mw-redirect" title="Card catalog">card catalog</a> in many academic, public and special libraries. This permitted libraries to undertake additional rewarding co-operative efforts to support resource sharing and expand access to library materials beyond an individual library. </p><p>An early example of a digital library is the <a href="/wiki/Education_Resources_Information_Center" title="Education Resources Information Center">Education Resources Information Center</a> (ERIC), a database of education citations, abstracts and texts that was created in 1964 and made available online through <a href="/wiki/DIALOG" class="mw-redirect" title="DIALOG">DIALOG</a> in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, digital libraries became widely visible in the research community due to a $24.4 million <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">NSF</a> managed program supported jointly by <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>'s Intelligent Integration of Information (I3) program, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, and NSF itself.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successful research proposals came from six U.S. universities.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The universities included <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California-Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California-Santa Barbara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. Articles from the projects summarized their progress at their halfway point in May 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanford research, by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a>, led to the founding of <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>. </p><p>Early attempts at creating a model for digital libraries included the DELOS <i>Digital Library Reference Model</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DLRM2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DLRM2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 5S Framework.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>digital library</i> was first popularized by the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">NSF</a>/<a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>/<a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Digital Libraries Initiative in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the availability of the computer networks the information resources are expected to stay distributed and accessed as needed, whereas in <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a>'s essay <i><a href="/wiki/As_We_May_Think" title="As We May Think">As We May Think</a></i> (1945) they were to be collected and kept within the researcher's <a href="/wiki/Memex" title="Memex">Memex</a>. </p><p>The term <i>virtual library</i> was initially used interchangeably with <i>digital library,</i> but is now primarily used for libraries that are virtual in other senses (such as libraries which aggregate distributed content). In the early days of digital libraries, there was discussion of the similarities and differences among the terms <i>digital</i>, <i>virtual</i>, and <i>electronic</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A distinction is often made between content that was created in a digital format, known as <a href="/wiki/Born-digital" title="Born-digital">born-digital</a>, and information that has been converted from a physical medium, e.g. paper, through <a href="/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">digitization</a>. Not all electronic content is in <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital data</a> format. The term <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_library" title="Hybrid library">hybrid library</a> is sometimes used for libraries that have both physical collections and electronic collections. For example, <a href="/wiki/American_Memory" title="American Memory">American Memory</a> is a digital library within the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. </p><p>Some important digital libraries also serve as long term archives, such as <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. Others, such as the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Public_Library_of_America" title="Digital Public Library of America">Digital Public Library of America</a>, seek to make digital information from various institutions widely accessible online.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_digital_libraries">Types of digital libraries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of digital libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutional_repositories">Institutional repositories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Institutional repositories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Institutional_repositories" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional repositories">Institutional repositories</a></div> <p>Many academic libraries are actively involved in building repositories of their institution's books, papers, theses, and other works that can be digitized or were 'born digital'. Many of these repositories are made available to the general public with few restrictions, in accordance with the goals of <a href="/wiki/Open_access_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access (publishing)">open access</a>, in contrast to the publication of research in commercial journals, where the publishers usually limit access rights. Irrespective of access rights, institutional, truly free, and corporate repositories can be referred to as digital libraries. <a href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">Institutional repository</a> software is designed for archiving, organizing, and searching a library's content. Popular open-source solutions include <a href="/wiki/DSpace" title="DSpace">DSpace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenstone_(software)" title="Greenstone (software)">Greenstone Digital Library (GSDL)</a>, <a href="/wiki/EPrints" title="EPrints">EPrints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Commons">Digital Commons</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Commons" title="Fedora Commons">Fedora Commons</a>-based systems <a href="/wiki/Islandora" title="Islandora">Islandora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samvera" title="Samvera">Samvera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_library_collections">National library collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: National library collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Legal_deposit" title="Legal deposit">Legal deposit</a> is often covered by <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> legislation and sometimes by laws specific to legal deposit, and requires that one or more copies of all material published in a country should be submitted for preservation in an institution, typically the <a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">national library</a>. Since the advent of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_document" title="Electronic document">electronic documents</a>, legislation has had to be amended to cover the new formats, such as the 2016 amendment to the <i><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright Act 1968">Copyright Act 1968</a></i> in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-what_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nsla_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsla-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since then various types of electronic depositories have been built. The <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>'s Publisher Submission Portal and the German model at the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Nationalbibliothek" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Nationalbibliothek">Deutsche Nationalbibliothek</a> have one deposit point for a network of libraries, but public access is only available in the reading rooms in the libraries. The Australian <a href="/wiki/National_edeposit" title="National edeposit">National edeposit</a> system has the same features, but also allows for remote access by the general public for most of the content.<sup id="cite_ref-build_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-build-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_archives">Digital archives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Digital archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physical <a href="/wiki/Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Archives">archives</a> differ from physical libraries in several ways. Traditionally, archives are defined as: </p> <ol><li>Containing <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a> of information (typically letters and papers directly produced by an individual or organization) rather than the secondary sources found in a library (books, periodicals, etc.).</li> <li>Having their contents organized in groups rather than individual items.</li> <li>Having unique contents.</li></ol> <p>The technology used to create digital libraries is even more revolutionary for archives since it breaks down the second and third of these general rules. In other words, "digital archives" or "online archives" will still generally contain primary sources, but they are likely to be described individually rather than (or in addition to) in groups or collections. Further, because they are digital, their contents are easily reproducible and may indeed have been reproduced from elsewhere. The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Text_Archive" title="Oxford Text Archive">Oxford Text Archive</a> is generally considered to be the oldest digital archive of academic physical primary source materials. </p><p>Archives differ from libraries in the nature of the materials held. Libraries collect individual published books and serials, or bounded sets of individual items. The books and journals held by libraries are not unique, since multiple copies exist and any given copy will generally prove as satisfactory as any other copy. The material in archives and manuscript libraries are "the unique records of corporate bodies and the papers of individuals and families".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fundamental characteristic of archives is that they have to keep the context in which their records have been created and the network of relationships between them in order to preserve their informative content and provide understandable and useful information over time. The fundamental characteristic of archives resides in their hierarchical organization expressing the context by means of the <a href="/wiki/Archival_bond" title="Archival bond">archival bond</a>. </p><p>Archival descriptions are the fundamental means to describe, understand, retrieve and access archival material. At the digital level, archival descriptions are usually encoded by means of the <a href="/wiki/Encoded_Archival_Description" title="Encoded Archival Description">Encoded Archival Description</a> XML format. The EAD is a standardized electronic representation of archival description which makes it possible to provide union access to detailed archival descriptions and resources in repositories distributed throughout the world. </p><p>Given the importance of archives, a dedicated formal model, called NEsted SeTs for Object Hierarchies (NESTOR),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> built around their peculiar constituents, has been defined. NESTOR is based on the idea of expressing the hierarchical relationships between objects through the inclusion property between sets, in contrast to the binary relation between nodes exploited by the tree. NESTOR has been used to formally extend the 5S model to define a digital archive as a specific case of digital library able to take into consideration the peculiar features of archives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CAD_library">CAD library</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: CAD library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_CAx_companies" title="List of CAx companies">List of CAx companies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:3D_graphics_file_formats" title="Category:3D graphics file formats">Category:3D graphics file formats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">Porting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/3D_scanning" title="3D scanning">3D scanning</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a> library or CAD library is a <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud</a> based <a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">repository</a> of 3D models or parts for <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a> (CAD), <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_engineering" title="Computer-aided engineering">computer-aided engineering</a> (CAE), <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing" title="Computer-aided manufacturing">computer-aided manufacturing</a> (CAM), or <a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM). Examples of CAD libraries are <a href="/wiki/GrabCAD" title="GrabCAD">GrabCAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/SketchUp#3D_Warehouse" title="SketchUp">Sketchup 3D Warehouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sketchfab" title="Sketchfab">Sketchfab</a>, <a href="/wiki/McMaster-Carr" title="McMaster-Carr">McMaster-Carr</a>, <a href="/wiki/TurboSquid" title="TurboSquid">TurboSquid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaos_(company)" title="Chaos (company)">Chaos Cosmos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Thingiverse" title="Thingiverse">Thingiverse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam#External_link_spamming" title="Wikipedia:Spam"><span title="The preceding link looks like spam: it appears to be for the purpose of promoting a website, product or individual. (April 2024)">spam link?</span></a></i>]</sup> The models can be free and <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> or <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> and have to pay a <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">subscription</a> to have access to the CAD library 3D models. <a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence#Computer_aided_design" title="Applications of artificial intelligence">Generative Ai CAD libraries</a> are being developed using <a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">linked</a> <a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">open data</a> of <a href="/wiki/Schematic" title="Schematic">schematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">diagrams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assets">Assets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Assets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CAD libraries can have assets such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_modeling_software" title="List of 3D modeling software">3D models</a>, materials/<a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">textures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bump_mapping" title="Bump mapping">bump maps</a>, trees/plants, <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_lighting#HDRI" title="Computer graphics lighting">HDRIs</a>, and different <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_lighting" title="Computer graphics lighting">Computer graphics lighting</a> sources to be <a href="/wiki/3D_renderer" class="mw-redirect" title="3D renderer">rendered</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam#External_link_spamming" title="Wikipedia:Spam"><span title="The preceding link looks like spam: it appears to be for the purpose of promoting a website, product or individual. (April 2024)">spam link?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2D_graphics_repository_of_digital_art">2D graphics repository of digital art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2D graphics repository of digital art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Digital_art#List_of_2D_digital_art_repositories" title="Digital art">Digital art § List of 2D digital art repositories</a></div> <p>A 2D graphics repository/library are <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster graphics</a> images/<a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">icons</a> that can be <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free use</a> or <a href="/wiki/Proprietary" title="Proprietary">proprietary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam#External_link_spamming" title="Wikipedia:Spam"><span title="The preceding link looks like spam: it appears to be for the purpose of promoting a website, product or individual. (April 2024)">spam link?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features_of_digital_libraries">Features of digital libraries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Features of digital libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advantages of digital libraries as a means of easily and rapidly accessing books, archives and images of various types are now widely recognized by commercial interests and public bodies alike.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional libraries are limited by storage space; digital libraries have the potential to store much more information, simply because digital information requires very little physical space to contain it.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the cost of maintaining a digital library can be much lower than that of a traditional library. A physical library must spend large sums of money paying for staff, book maintenance, rent, and additional books. Digital libraries may reduce or, in some instances, do away with these fees. Both types of library require cataloging input to allow users to locate and retrieve material. Digital libraries may be more willing to adopt innovations in technology providing users with improvements in electronic and audio book technology as well as presenting new forms of communication such as wikis and blogs; conventional libraries may consider that providing online access to their OP AC catalog is sufficient. An important advantage to digital conversion is increased accessibility to users. They also increase availability to individuals who may not be traditional patrons of a library, due to geographic location or organizational affiliation. </p> <ul><li>No physical boundary: The user of a digital library need not to go to the library physically; people from all over the world can gain access to the same information, as long as an Internet connection is available.</li> <li>Round the clock availability: A major advantage of digital libraries is that people can gain access 24/7 to the information.</li> <li>Multiple access: The same resources can be used simultaneously by a number of institutions and patrons. This may not be the case for copyrighted material: a library may have a license for "lending out" only one copy at a time; this is achieved with a system of <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> where a resource can become inaccessible after expiration of the lending period or after the lender chooses to make it inaccessible (equivalent to returning the resource).</li> <li>Information retrieval: The user is able to use any search term (word, phrase, title, name, subject) to search the entire collection. Digital libraries can provide very user-friendly interfaces, giving click able access to its resources.</li> <li>Preservation and conservation: Digitization is not a long-term preservation solution for physical collections, but does succeed in providing access copies for materials that would otherwise fall to degradation from repeated use. Digitized collections and born-digital objects pose many preservation and conservation concerns that analog materials do not. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">See <a href="#Digital_preservation">§ Digital preservation</a> for examples.</span></li> <li>Space: Whereas traditional libraries are limited by storage space, digital libraries have the potential to store much more information, simply because digital information requires very little physical space to contain them and media storage technologies are more affordable than ever before.</li> <li>Added value: Certain characteristics of objects, primarily the quality of images, may be improved. Digitization can enhance legibility and remove visible flaws such as stains and discoloration.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software">Software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Library (computing)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Digital_library_software" title="Category:Digital library software">Category:Digital library software</a></div> <p>Digital libraries offer a variety of software packages, including those tailored for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kids%27_Educational_Games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kids' Educational Games (page does not exist)">kids' educational games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Institutional repository software, which focuses primarily on ingest, preservation and access of locally produced documents, particularly locally produced academic outputs, can be found in <a href="/wiki/Category:Institutional_repository_software" title="Category:Institutional repository software">Institutional repository software</a>. This software may be proprietary, as is the case with the Library of Congress which uses Digiboard and CTS to manage digital content.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The design and implementation in digital libraries are constructed so computer systems and software can make use of the information when it is exchanged. These are referred to as semantic digital libraries. Semantic libraries are also used to socialize with different communities from a mass of social networks.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DjDL is a type of semantic digital library. Keywords-based and semantic search are the two main types of searches. A tool is provided in the semantic search that create a group for augmentation and refinement for keywords-based search. Conceptual knowledge used in DjDL is centered around two forms; the subject <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> and the set of <a href="/wiki/Concept_search" title="Concept search">concept search</a> patterns based on the ontology. The three type of ontologies that are associated to this search are <a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_Ontology" title="Bibliographic Ontology">bibliographic ontologies</a>, community-aware ontologies, and subject ontologies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metadata">Metadata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Metadata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In traditional libraries, the ability to find works of interest is directly related to how well they were cataloged. While cataloging electronic works digitized from a library's existing holding may be as simple as copying or moving a record from the print to the electronic form, complex and born-digital works require substantially more effort. To handle the growing volume of electronic publications, new tools and technologies have to be designed to allow effective automated semantic classification and searching. While <a href="/wiki/Full-text_search" title="Full-text search">full-text search</a> can be used for some items, there are many common catalog searches which cannot be performed using full text, including: </p> <ul><li>finding texts which are translations of other texts</li> <li>differentiating between editions/volumes of a text/periodical</li> <li>inconsistent descriptors (especially subject headings)</li> <li>missing, deficient or poor quality <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">taxonomy</a> practices</li> <li>linking texts published under pseudonyms to the real authors (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clemens" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Clemens">Samuel Clemens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, for example)</li> <li>differentiating non-fiction from parody (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a></i> from <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Searching">Searching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Searching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most digital libraries provide a search interface which allows resources to be found. These resources are typically <a href="/wiki/Deep_Web_(search_indexing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Web (search indexing)">deep web</a> (or invisible web) resources since they frequently cannot be located by <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_(computing)" title="Search engine (computing)">search engine</a> <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">crawlers</a>. Some digital libraries create special pages or <a href="/wiki/Sitemap" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitemap">sitemaps</a> to allow search engines to find all their resources. Digital libraries frequently use the <a href="/wiki/Open_Archives_Initiative_Protocol_for_Metadata_Harvesting" title="Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting">Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting</a> (OAI-PMH) to expose their metadata to other digital libraries, and search engines like <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scirus" title="Scirus">Scirus</a> can also use OAI-PMH to find these deep web resources.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with physical libraries, very relatively little is known about how users actually select books.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two general strategies for searching a <i>federation</i> of digital libraries: distributed searching and searching previously harvested <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>. </p><p>Distributed searching typically involves a client sending multiple search requests in parallel to a number of servers in the federation. The results are gathered, duplicates are eliminated or clustered, and the remaining items are sorted and presented back to the client. Protocols like <a href="/wiki/Z39.50" title="Z39.50">Z39.50</a> are frequently used in distributed searching. A benefit to this approach is that the resource-intensive tasks of indexing and storage are left to the respective servers in the federation. A drawback to this approach is that the search mechanism is limited by the different indexing and ranking capabilities of each database; therefore, making it difficult to assemble a combined result consisting of the most relevant found items. </p><p>Searching over previously harvested metadata involves searching a locally stored <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_indexing" title="Search engine indexing">index</a> of information that has previously been collected from the libraries in the federation. When a search is performed, the search mechanism does not need to make connections with the digital libraries it is searching—it already has a local representation of the information. This approach requires the creation of an indexing and harvesting mechanism which operates regularly, connecting to all the digital libraries and querying the whole collection in order to discover new and updated resources. <a href="/wiki/OAI-PMH" class="mw-redirect" title="OAI-PMH">OAI-PMH</a> is frequently used by digital libraries for allowing metadata to be harvested. A benefit to this approach is that the search mechanism has full control over indexing and ranking algorithms, possibly allowing more consistent results. A drawback is that harvesting and indexing systems are more resource-intensive and therefore expensive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_preservation">Digital preservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Digital preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_preservation" title="Digital preservation">Digital preservation</a></div> <p>Digital preservation aims to ensure that digital media and information systems are still interpretable into the indefinite future.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each necessary component of this must be migrated, preserved or <a href="/wiki/Emulated" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulated">emulated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain,_Mark_p_29_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain,_Mark_p_29-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically lower levels of systems (<a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disks</a> for example) are emulated, bit-streams (the actual files stored in the disks) are preserved and operating systems are emulated as a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a>. Only where the meaning and content of digital media and information systems are well understood is migration possible, as is the case for office documents.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain,_Mark_p_29_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain,_Mark_p_29-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at least one organization, the Wider Net Project, has created an offline digital library, the <a href="/wiki/EGranary" class="mw-redirect" title="EGranary">eGranary</a>, by reproducing materials on a 6 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> <a href="/wiki/Hard_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drive">hard drive</a>. Instead of a bit-stream environment, the digital library contains a built-in <a href="/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">proxy server</a> and <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engine</a> so the digital materials can be accessed using an <a href="/wiki/Internet_browser" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet browser">Internet browser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e_Granary_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e_Granary-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the materials are not preserved for the future. The eGranary is intended for use in places or situations where Internet connectivity is very slow, non-existent, unreliable, unsuitable or too expensive. </p><p>In the past few years, procedures for <a href="/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">digitizing</a> books at high speed and comparatively low cost have improved considerably with the result that it is now possible to digitize millions of books per year.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Google book-scanning project is also working with libraries to offer digitize books pushing forward on the digitize book realm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright_and_licensing">Copyright and licensing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Copyright and licensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital libraries are hampered by <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> law because, unlike with traditional printed works, the laws of digital copyright are still being formed. The republication of material on the web by libraries may require permission from rights holders, and there is a conflict of interest between libraries and the publishers who may wish to create online versions of their acquired content for commercial purposes. In 2010, it was estimated that twenty-three percent of books in existence were created before 1923 and thus out of copyright. Of those printed after this date, only five percent were still in print as of 2010.<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Thus, approximately seventy-two percent of books were not available to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a dilution of responsibility that occurs as a result of the distributed nature of digital resources. Complex intellectual property matters may become involved since digital material is not always owned by a library.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The content is, in many cases, <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> or self-generated content only. Some digital libraries, such as <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>, work to digitize out-of-copyright works and make them freely available to the public. An estimate of the number of distinct books still existent in library catalogues from 2000 BC to 1960, has been made.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fair_Use" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Use">Fair Use</a> Provisions <a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">(17 USC § 107)</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a> provide specific guidelines under which circumstances libraries are allowed to copy digital resources. Four factors that constitute fair use are "Purpose of the use, Nature of the work, Amount or substantiality used and Market impact".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some digital libraries acquire a license to lend their resources. This may involve the restriction of lending out only one copy at a time for each license, and applying a system of <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> for this purpose. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> of 1998 was an act created in the United States to attempt to deal with the introduction of digital works. This Act incorporates two treaties from the year 1996. It criminalizes the attempt to circumvent measures which limit access to copyrighted materials. It also criminalizes the act of attempting to circumvent access control.<sup id="cite_ref-dmca_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dmca-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This act provides an exemption for nonprofit libraries and archives which allows up to three copies to be made, one of which may be digital. This may not be made public or distributed on the web, however. Further, it allows libraries and archives to copy a work if its format becomes obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-dmca_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dmca-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copyright issues persist. As such, proposals have been put forward suggesting that digital libraries be exempt from copyright law. Although this would be very beneficial to the public, it may have a negative economic effect and authors may be less inclined to create new works.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another issue that complicates matters is the desire of some publishing houses to restrict the use of digit materials such as e-books purchased by libraries. Whereas with printed books, the library owns the book until it can no longer be circulated, publishers want to limit the number of times an e-book can be checked out before the library would need to repurchase that book. "[HarperCollins] began licensing use of each e-book copy for a maximum of 26 loans. This affects only the most popular titles and has no practical effect on others. After the limit is reached, the library can repurchase access rights at a lower cost than the original price."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While from a publishing perspective, this sounds like a good balance of library lending and protecting themselves from a feared decrease in book sales, libraries are not set up to monitor their collections as such. They acknowledge the increased demand of digital materials available to patrons and the desire of a digital library to become expanded to include best sellers, but publisher licensing may hinder the process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recommendation_systems">Recommendation systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Recommendation systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many digital libraries offer <a href="/wiki/Recommender_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommender systems">recommender systems</a> to reduce <a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">information overload</a> and help their users discovering relevant literature. Some examples of digital libraries offering recommender systems are <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Xplore" title="IEEE Xplore">IEEE Xplore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europeana" title="Europeana">Europeana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GESIS_%E2%80%93_Leibniz_Institute_for_the_Social_Sciences" title="GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences">GESIS Sowiport</a>. The recommender systems work mostly based on <a href="/wiki/Content-based_filtering" class="mw-redirect" title="Content-based filtering">content-based filtering</a> but also other approaches are used such as <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_filtering" title="Collaborative filtering">collaborative filtering</a> and citation-based recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beel et al. report that there are more than 90 different recommendation approaches for digital libraries, presented in more than 200 <a href="/wiki/Research_Article" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Article">research articles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically, digital libraries develop and maintain their own recommender systems based on existing search and recommendation frameworks such as <a href="/wiki/Apache_Lucene" title="Apache Lucene">Apache Lucene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Apache_Mahout" title="Apache Mahout">Apache Mahout</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drawbacks_of_digital_libraries">Drawbacks of digital libraries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Drawbacks of digital libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital libraries, or at least their digital collections, also have brought their own problems and challenges in areas such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_control" title="Access control">User authentication</a> for access to collections</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li>Digital preservation <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(see <a href="#Digital_preservation">§ Digital preservation</a>, above)</span></li> <li>Equity of access <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">digital divide</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Interface design">Interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">Interoperability</a> between systems and software</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_organization" title="Knowledge organization">Information organization</a></li> <li>Inefficient or non-existent <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">taxonomy</a> practices (especially with historical material)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_and_development" title="Training and development">Training and development</a></li> <li>Quality of <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a></li> <li>Exorbitant cost of building/maintaining the terabytes of storage, servers, and redundancies necessary for a functional digital collection.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>There are many large scale digitisation projects that perpetuate these problems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_development">Future development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Future development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large scale digitization projects are underway at <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Million_Book_Project" title="Million Book Project">Million Book Project</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. With continued improvements in book handling and presentation technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">optical character recognition</a> and development of alternative depositories and business models, digital libraries are rapidly growing in popularity. Just as libraries have ventured into audio and video collections, so have digital libraries such as the Internet Archive. In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> project received a court victory on proceeding with their book-scanning project that was halted by the Authors' Guild.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This helped open the road for libraries to work with Google to better reach patrons who are accustomed to computerized information. </p><p>According to Larry Lannom, Director of Information Management Technology at the nonprofit <a href="/wiki/Corporation_for_National_Research_Initiatives" title="Corporation for National Research Initiatives">Corporation for National Research Initiatives</a> (CNRI), "all the problems associated with digital libraries are wrapped up in archiving". He goes on to state, "If in 100 years people can still read your article, we'll have solved the problem." <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Akst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Akst (page does not exist)">Daniel Akst</a>, author of <i>The Webster Chronicle</i>, proposes that "the future of libraries—and of information—is digital". <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lyman" title="Peter Lyman">Peter Lyman</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_Variant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hal Variant (page does not exist)">Hal Variant</a>, information scientists at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, estimate that "the world's total yearly production of print, film, optical, and magnetic content would require roughly 1.5 billion gigabytes of storage". Therefore, they believe that "soon it will be technologically possible for an average person to access virtually all recorded information".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digital archives are an evolving medium and they develop under various circumstances. Alongside large scale repositories, other digital archiving projects have also evolved in response to needs in research and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_communication" title="Scientific communication">research communication</a> on various institutional levels. For example, during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">libraries</a> and higher education institutions have launched digital archiving projects to document life during the pandemic, thus creating a digital, cultural record of <a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">collective memories</a> from the period.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers have also utilized digital archiving to create specialized <a href="/wiki/Research_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Research database">research databases</a>. These databases compile digital records for use on international and interdisciplinary levels. COVID CORPUS, launched in October 2020, is an example of such a database, built in response to scientific communication needs in light of the pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond academia, digital collections have also recently been developed to appeal to a more general audience, as is the case with the Selected General Audience Content of the Internet-First University Press developed by Cornell University. This general-audience database contains specialized research information but is digitally organized for accessibility.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of these archives has facilitated specialized forms of digital recordkeeping to fulfill various niches in online, <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">research-based communication.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna%27s_Archive" title="Anna's Archive">Anna's Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_database" title="Bibliographic database">Bibliographic database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_repository" title="Content repository">Content repository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Library_Federation" title="Digital Library Federation">Digital Library Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Collections_Selection_Criteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Collections Selection Criteria">Digital Collections Selection Criteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">Digitization</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D-Lib" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Lib">D-Lib</a></i>, magazine about digital libraries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-text_database" title="Full-text database">Full-text database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_digital_library_projects" title="List of digital library projects">List of digital library projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile library">Mobile library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjab_Digital_Library" title="Panjab Digital Library">Panjab Digital Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">Shadow library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling_library" title="Traveling library">Traveling library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_archiving" title="Web archiving">Web archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWittenBainbridge2009" class="citation book cs1">Witten, Ian H.; Bainbridge, David Nichols (2009). <i>How to Build a Digital Library</i> (2nd ed.). Morgan Kaufman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080890395" title="Special:BookSources/9780080890395"><bdi>9780080890395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Build+a+Digital+Library&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufman&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780080890395&rft.aulast=Witten&rft.aufirst=Ian+H.&rft.au=Bainbridge%2C+David+Nichols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanaganSmeaton2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lanagan, James; Smeaton, Alan F. (September 2012). "Video digital libraries: contributive and decentralized". <i>International Journal on Digital Libraries</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 159–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00799-012-0078-z">10.1007/s00799-012-0078-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14811914">14811914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+on+Digital+Libraries&rft.atitle=Video+digital+libraries%3A+contributive+and+decentralized&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=159-178&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00799-012-0078-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14811914%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lanagan&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Smeaton%2C+Alan+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lynch, Clifford (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1045%2Fjuly2005-lynch">"Where Do We Go From Here? The Next Decade for Digital Libraries"</a>. <i>D-Lib Magazine</i>. <b>11</b> (7/8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1045%2Fjuly2005-lynch">10.1045/july2005-lynch</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1082-9873">1082-9873</a>. <q>This is a field with an incredibly rich, and, as yet, poorly chronicled pre-history and early history. There is a stream of work and ideas that reaches back to at least the turn of the 20th century, and includes such thinkers as H.G. Wells and Paul Otlet; later contributors to the pre-history of visions of new, technologically-enabled means of knowledge organization, access and distribution also include Vannevar Bush and J.C.R. Licklider.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=D-Lib+Magazine&rft.atitle=Where+Do+We+Go+From+Here%3F+The+Next+Decade+for+Digital+Libraries&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=7%2F8&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1045%2Fjuly2005-lynch&rft.issn=1082-9873&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1045%252Fjuly2005-lynch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStocker2014" class="citation book cs1">Stocker, Gerfried (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3aCCwAAQBAJ">"Beyond Archives (or the Internet 100 years before the Internet)"</a>. In Magalhães, Ana Gonçalves; Beiguelman, Giselle (eds.). <i>Possible Futures: Art, Museums and Digital Archives</i>. Editora Peirópolis LTDA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788575963548" title="Special:BookSources/9788575963548"><bdi>9788575963548</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>. <q>Actually it was 1895 when Paul Otlet together with Henry La Fontaine, who was later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, started a project – <i>Mundaneum</i> – that was initiated and driven by their idea that, if they would be able to collect all human knowledge and make it accessible to everybody worldwide, then this would bring about peace on Earth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beyond+Archives+%28or+the+Internet+100+years+before+the+Internet%29&rft.btitle=Possible+Futures%3A+Art%2C+Museums+and+Digital+Archives&rft.pub=Editora+Peir%C3%B3polis+LTDA&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=9788575963548&rft.aulast=Stocker&rft.aufirst=Gerfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db3aCCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchatz1997" class="citation journal cs1">Schatz, Bruce (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.275.5298.327">"Information Retrieval in Digital Libraries: Bringing Search to the Net"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>275</b> (5298): 327–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.275.5298.327">10.1126/science.275.5298.327</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8994022">8994022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Information+Retrieval+in+Digital+Libraries%3A+Bringing+Search+to+the+Net&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=5298&rft.pages=327-334&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.275.5298.327&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8994022&rft.aulast=Schatz&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.275.5298.327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush1945" class="citation journal cs1">Bush, Vannevar (July 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180421203442/http://web.mit.edu/STS.035/www/PDFs/think.pdf">"As We May Think"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic Monthly</a></i>: 101–108. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/STS.035/www/PDFs/think.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=As+We+May+Think&rft.pages=101-108&rft.date=1945-07&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Vannevar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2FSTS.035%2Fwww%2FPDFs%2Fthink.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lancaster, F. W. (1980), ed. <i>The Role of the Library in an Electronic Society.</i> Proceedings of the 1979 Clinic on Library Applications of Data Processing, April 1979, University of Illinois. Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois, Graduate School of Library Science.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourneHahn2003" class="citation book cs1">Bourne, Charles P.; Hahn, Trudi Bellardo (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&pg=PA170"><i>A History of Online Information Services, 1963–1976</i></a>. MIT Press. pp. 169–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262261753" title="Special:BookSources/9780262261753"><bdi>9780262261753</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>. <q>1696 Milestone – DIALOG, with the ERIC database, provided the first instance of extensive availability of abstracts online for search output.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Online+Information+Services%2C+1963%E2%80%931976&rft.pages=169-170&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780262261753&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=Charles+P.&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Trudi+Bellardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLTTvmUU8rskC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiederhold1993" class="citation journal cs1">Wiederhold, Gio (1993). "Intelligent integration of information". <i>ACM SIGMOD Record</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 434–437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F170036.170118">10.1145/170036.170118</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:215916846">215916846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGMOD+Record&rft.atitle=Intelligent+integration+of+information&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=434-437&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F170036.170118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A215916846%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wiederhold&rft.aufirst=Gio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesser2004" class="citation book cs1">Besser, Howard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810184145/http://www.digitalhumanities.org/companion/view?docId=blackwell/9781405103213/9781405103213.xml&chunk.id=ss1-5-6">"The Past, Present, and Future of Digital Libraries"</a>. In Schreibman, Susan; Siemens, Ray; Unsworth, John (eds.). <i>A Companion to Digital Humanities</i>. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 557–575. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470999875.ch36">10.1002/9780470999875.ch36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405103213" title="Special:BookSources/9781405103213"><bdi>9781405103213</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhumanities.org/companion/view?docId=blackwell/9781405103213/9781405103213.xml&chunk.id=ss1-5-6">the original</a> on 10 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+of+Digital+Libraries&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Digital+Humanities&rft.pages=557-575&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470999875.ch36&rft.isbn=9781405103213&rft.aulast=Besser&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalhumanities.org%2Fcompanion%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dblackwell%2F9781405103213%2F9781405103213.xml%26chunk.id%3Dss1-5-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchatz1996" class="citation journal cs1">Schatz, Bruce (1996). Chen, Hsinchun (ed.). "Building large-scale digital libraries". <i>IEEE Computer</i>. <b>29</b> (5): 22–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F2.493453">10.1109/2.493453</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10150%2F106127">10150/106127</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Computer&rft.atitle=Building+large-scale+digital+libraries&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=22-25&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10150%2F106127&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F2.493453&rft.aulast=Schatz&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCandelaCastelliPaganoThanos2007" class="citation journal cs1">Candela, Leonardo; Castelli, Donatella; Pagano, Pasquale; Thanos, Constantino; Ioannidis, Yannis; Koutrika, Georgia; Ross, Seamus; Schek, Hans-Jörg; Schuldt, Heiko (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116055320/http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march07/castelli/03castelli.html">"Setting the Foundations of Digital Libraries"</a>. <i>D-Lib Magazine</i>. <b>13</b> (3/4). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1082-9873">1082-9873</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march07/castelli/03castelli.html">the original</a> on 16 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=D-Lib+Magazine&rft.atitle=Setting+the+Foundations+of+Digital+Libraries&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1082-9873&rft.aulast=Candela&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft.au=Castelli%2C+Donatella&rft.au=Pagano%2C+Pasquale&rft.au=Thanos%2C+Constantino&rft.au=Ioannidis%2C+Yannis&rft.au=Koutrika%2C+Georgia&rft.au=Ross%2C+Seamus&rft.au=Schek%2C+Hans-J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Schuldt%2C+Heiko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlib.org%2Fdlib%2Fmarch07%2Fcastelli%2F03castelli.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DLRM2008-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DLRM2008_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Candela et al.: <i>The DELOS Digital Library Reference Model: Foundations for Digital Libraries</i>. Version 0.98, February 2008 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.delos.info/files/pdf/ReferenceModel/DELOS_DLReferenceModel_0.98.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219122708/http://www.delos.info/files/pdf/ReferenceModel/DELOS_DLReferenceModel_0.98.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonçalvesFoxWatsonKipp2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gonçalves, Marcos André; Fox, Edward A.; Watson, Layne T.; Kipp, Neill A. (2004). "Streams, structures, spaces, scenarios, societies (5s): A formal model for digital libraries". <i>ACM Transactions on Information Systems</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 270–312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F984321.984325">10.1145/984321.984325</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8371540">8371540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Transactions+on+Information+Systems&rft.atitle=Streams%2C+structures%2C+spaces%2C+scenarios%2C+societies+%285s%29%3A+A+formal+model+for+digital+libraries&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=270-312&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F984321.984325&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8371540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gon%C3%A7alves&rft.aufirst=Marcos+Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Fox%2C+Edward+A.&rft.au=Watson%2C+Layne+T.&rft.au=Kipp%2C+Neill+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsahSeremaMutshewaKenosi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Isah, Abdulmumin; Serema, Batlang Comma; Mutshewa, Athulang; Kenosi, Lekoko (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1633%2FJISTaP.2013.1.4.3">"Digital Libraries: Analysis of Delos Reference Model and 5S Theory"</a>. <i>Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 38–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1633%2FJISTaP.2013.1.4.3">10.1633/JISTaP.2013.1.4.3</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Information+Science+Theory+and+Practice&rft.atitle=Digital+Libraries%3A+Analysis+of+Delos+Reference+Model+and+5S+Theory&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=38-47&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1633%2FJISTaP.2013.1.4.3&rft.aulast=Isah&rft.aufirst=Abdulmumin&rft.au=Serema%2C+Batlang+Comma&rft.au=Mutshewa%2C+Athulang&rft.au=Kenosi%2C+Lekoko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1633%252FJISTaP.2013.1.4.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox1999" class="citation journal cs1">Fox, Edward A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403103609/http://www.asis.org/Bulletin/Oct-99/fox.html">"The Digital Libraries Initiative: Update and Discussion"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science</i>. <b>26</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2373-9223">2373-9223</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asis.org/Bulletin/Oct-99/fox.html">the original</a> on 3 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Society+for+Information+Science&rft.atitle=The+Digital+Libraries+Initiative%3A+Update+and+Discussion&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=2373-9223&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asis.org%2FBulletin%2FOct-99%2Ffox.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307071432/http://www2.hawaii.edu/~chantiny/DigiLib.html">"digital libraries, electronic libraries and virtual libraries"</a>. <i>www2.hawaii.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hawaii.edu/~chantiny/DigiLib.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.hawaii.edu&rft.atitle=digital+libraries%2C+electronic+libraries+and+virtual+libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.hawaii.edu%2F~chantiny%2FDigiLib.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yi, Esther, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/07/inside-the-quest-to-put-the-worlds-libraries-online/259967/">Inside the Quest to Put the World's Libraries Online</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119205049/http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/07/inside-the-quest-to-put-the-worlds-libraries-online/259967/">Archived</a> 2016-11-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Atlantic. July 26, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastagné2013" class="citation report cs1">Castagné, Michel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/graduateresearch/42591/items/1.0075768">Institutional repository software comparison: DSpace, EPrints, Digital Commons, Islandora and Hydra</a> (Report). University of British Columbia. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14288%2F1.0075768">10.14288/1.0075768</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Institutional+repository+software+comparison%3A+DSpace%2C+EPrints%2C+Digital+Commons%2C+Islandora+and+Hydra&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14288%2F1.0075768&rft.aulast=Castagn%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.library.ubc.ca%2FcIRcle%2Fcollections%2Fgraduateresearch%2F42591%2Fitems%2F1.0075768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-what-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-what_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nla.gov.au/legal-deposit/what-is-legal-deposit">"What is legal deposit?"</a>. <i>National Library of Australia</i>. 17 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Australia&rft.atitle=What+is+legal+deposit%3F&rft.date=2016-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nla.gov.au%2Flegal-deposit%2Fwhat-is-legal-deposit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsla-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nsla_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321031338/https://www.nsla.org.au/legal-deposit-australasia">"Legal deposit in Australia"</a>. <i>National and State Libraries Australia</i>. 1 June 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsla.org.au/legal-deposit-australasia">the original</a> on 21 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+and+State+Libraries+Australia&rft.atitle=Legal+deposit+in+Australia&rft.date=2019-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsla.org.au%2Flegal-deposit-australasia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016A00004">"Statute Law Revision Act (No. 1) 2016"</a>. <i>Federal Register of Legislation</i>. 12 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register+of+Legislation&rft.atitle=Statute+Law+Revision+Act+%28No.+1%29+2016&rft.date=2016-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.au%2FDetails%2FC2016A00004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-build-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-build_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemonBlincoSomes2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lemon, Barbara; Blinco, Kerry; Somes, Brendan (8 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fpublications8020019">"Building NED: Open Access to Australia's Digital Documentary Heritage"</a>. <i>Publications</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fpublications8020019">10.3390/publications8020019</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2304-6775">2304-6775</a>. <q>Special Issue 14th International Conference on Open Repositories 2019 – All The User Needs</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications&rft.atitle=Building+NED%3A+Open+Access+to+Australia%27s+Digital+Documentary+Heritage&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2020-04-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fpublications8020019&rft.issn=2304-6775&rft.aulast=Lemon&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Blinco%2C+Kerry&rft.au=Somes%2C+Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fpublications8020019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitti, D. and Duff, W. M. (2001). Introduction. In Pitti, D. and Duff, W. M., editors, Encoded Archival Description on the Internet, pages 1–6. The Haworth Press, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Ferro and G. Silvello. NESTOR: A Formal Model for Digital Archives. Information Processing & Management (IP&M), 49(6):1206–1240, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeco.space/en/chaos-cosmos">"Chaos Cosmos"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chaos+Cosmos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeco.space%2Fen%2Fchaos-cosmos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://all3dp.com/2/best-sites-for-free-3d-cad-models-cad-libraries/">https://all3dp.com/2/best-sites-for-free-3d-cad-models-cad-libraries/</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insights.globalspec.com/article/21167/slash-cad-model-build-times-with-new-ai-driven-part-creation-methodology">"Slash CAD model build times with new AI-driven part creation methodology | GlobalSpec"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slash+CAD+model+build+times+with+new+AI-driven+part+creation+methodology+%26%23124%3B+GlobalSpec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsights.globalspec.com%2Farticle%2F21167%2Fslash-cad-model-build-times-with-new-ai-driven-part-creation-methodology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cedreo.com/blog/sketchup-rendering-plugins/">"12 Best SketchUp Rendering Plugins and Software for 2023"</a>. 9 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=12+Best+SketchUp+Rendering+Plugins+and+Software+for+2023&rft.date=2023-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcedreo.com%2Fblog%2Fsketchup-rendering-plugins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.spoongraphics.co.uk/articles/7-of-the-best-vector-sites-for-graphic-designers">"7 of the Best Vector Sites for Graphic Designers"</a>. 21 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7+of+the+Best+Vector+Sites+for+Graphic+Designers&rft.date=2022-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.spoongraphics.co.uk%2Farticles%2F7-of-the-best-vector-sites-for-graphic-designers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/06/253&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en">European Commission steps up efforts to put Europe's memory</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016185134/http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP%2F06%2F253&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en">Archived</a> 2007-10-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "European Digital Library" Europa press release. 2 March 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomerantzMarchionini2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pomerantz, Jeffrey; Marchionini, Gary (2007). "The digital library as place". <i>Journal of Documentation</i>. <b>63</b> (4): 505–533. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.112.2139">10.1.1.112.2139</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F00220410710758995">10.1108/00220410710758995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Documentation&rft.atitle=The+digital+library+as+place&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=505-533&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.112.2139%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F00220410710758995&rft.aulast=Pomerantz&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Marchionini%2C+Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gert, Janet. "Selection for Preservation in the Digital Age". <i>Library Resources & Technical Services</i> 44(2) (2000):97–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibraries2023" class="citation web cs1">Libraries, Manawatū District (2023-04-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530105528/https://www.feildinglibrary.co.nz/digital-library/kids-education-games">"Kids Education Games"</a>. <i>Manawatū District Libraries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.feildinglibrary.co.nz/digital-library/kids-education-games">the original</a> on 2023-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manawat%C5%AB+District+Libraries&rft.atitle=Kids+Education+Games&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft.aulast=Libraries&rft.aufirst=Manawat%C5%AB+District&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.feildinglibrary.co.nz%2Fdigital-library%2Fkids-education-games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/education/videos/manage.html">"DPOE Curriculum – Manage and implement requirements for long term management"</a>. The Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129234959/http://digitalpreservation.gov/education/videos/manage.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DPOE+Curriculum+%E2%80%93+Manage+and+implement+requirements+for+long+term+management&rft.pub=The+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalpreservation.gov%2Feducation%2Fvideos%2Fmanage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNisheva-PavlovaShukerovPavlov2016" class="citation journal cs1">Nisheva-Pavlova, Maria; Shukerov, Dicho; Pavlov, Pavel (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212191317/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2492/7d8c09bdb8e78ec82d071fc4115ae71e1172.pdf">"Design and implementation of a social semantic digital library"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Information Services & Use</i>. <b>35</b> (4): 273–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FISU-150784">10.3233/ISU-150784</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1557700">1557700</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2492/7d8c09bdb8e78ec82d071fc4115ae71e1172.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Services+%26+Use&rft.atitle=Design+and+implementation+of+a+social+semantic+digital+library&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=273-284&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3233%2FISU-150784&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1557700%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nisheva-Pavlova&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Shukerov%2C+Dicho&rft.au=Pavlov%2C+Pavel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F2492%2F7d8c09bdb8e78ec82d071fc4115ae71e1172.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoehler2013" class="citation journal cs1">Koehler, Amy E. C. (2013). "Some Thoughts on the Meaning of Open Access for University Library Technical Services". <i>Serials Review</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 17–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00987913.2006.10765020">10.1080/00987913.2006.10765020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220292279">220292279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Serials+Review&rft.atitle=Some+Thoughts+on+the+Meaning+of+Open+Access+for+University+Library+Technical+Services&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-21&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00987913.2006.10765020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220292279%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Koehler&rft.aufirst=Amy+E.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Annika_Hinze" title="Annika Hinze">Hinze, Annika</a>, Dana McKay, Nicholas Vanderschantz, Claire Timpany, and Sally Jo Cunningham. "Book selection behavior in the physical library: implications for ebook collections." In Proceedings of the 12th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital Libraries, pp. 305-314. 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Ross" title="Seamus Ross">Ross, Seamus</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10844259">"Approaching Digital Preservation Holistically"</a>, in Moss, Michael; Currall, James (eds.), <i>Information Management and Preservation</i>, Oxford: Chandos Press, pp. 115–153, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84334-186-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84334-186-4"><bdi>978-1-84334-186-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Approaching+Digital+Preservation+Holistically&rft.btitle=Information+Management+and+Preservation&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=115-153&rft.pub=Chandos+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84334-186-4&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Seamus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10844259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cain,_Mark_p_29-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cain,_Mark_p_29_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cain,_Mark_p_29_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cain, Mark. "Managing Technology: Being a Library of Record in a Digital Age", Journal of Academic Librarianship 29:6 (2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breeding, Marshall. "Preserving Digital Information". <i>Information Today</i> 19:5 (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ltaper, Thomas H. "Where Next? Long-Term Considerations for Digital Initiatives". <i>Kentucky Libraries</i> 65(2) (2001):12–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e_Granary-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e_Granary_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.widernet.org/eGranary/about">"Wider Net: About the e Granary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415072412/http://www.widernet.org/eGranary/about">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wider+Net%3A+About+the+e+Granary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.widernet.org%2FeGranary%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Committee on Institutional Cooperation: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cic.uiuc.edu/programs/CenterForLibraryInitiatives/Archive/PressRelease/LibraryDigitization/index.shtml">Partnership announced between CIC and Google</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614084038/http://www.cic.uiuc.edu/programs/CenterForLibraryInitiatives/Archive/PressRelease/LibraryDigitization/index.shtml">Archived</a> 2007-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 6 June 2007, Retrieved 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Le, Christopher, "Opening the Doors to Digital Libraries: A Proposal to Exempt Digital Libraries From the Copyright Act", <i>Case Western Reserve Journal of Law, Technology & The Internet</i>, 1.2 (Spring 2010), 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pymm, Bob. "Building Collections for All Time: The Issue of Significance". <i>Australian Academic & Research Libraries</i> 37(1) (2006):61–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquebooks.net/datatop.html">Antique Books</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051027205850/http://www.antiquebooks.net/datatop.html">Archived</a> 2005-10-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Kelly, Kevin (2006-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/magazine/14publishing.html?_r=1&oref=slogin&pagewanted=all">"Scan This Book!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Magazine">New York Times Magazine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012040130/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/magazine/14publishing.html?_r=1&oref=slogin&pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=Scan+This+Book%21&rft.date=2006-05-14&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F05%2F14%2Fmagazine%2F14publishing.html%3F_r%3D1%26oref%3Dslogin%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirtle, Peter B.,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fairuse.stanford.edu/commentary_and_analysis/2003_11_hirtle.html">"Digital Preservation and Copyright"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080419141427/http://fairuse.stanford.edu/commentary_and_analysis/2003_11_hirtle.html">Archived</a> 2008-04-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Stanford University Libraries</i>. Retrieved October 24, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dmca-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dmca_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dmca_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">United States Copyright Office, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/dmca.pdf">"The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 – U.S. Copyright Office Summary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808232655/http://www.copyright.gov/legislation/dmca.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-08-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1998, 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Le, Christopher, "Opening the Doors to Digital Libraries: A Proposal to Exempt Digital Libraries From the Copyright Act", <i>Case Western Reserve Journal of Law, Technology & The Internet</i>, 1.2 (Spring 2010), 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStross2013" class="citation news cs1">Stross, Randall (6 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/25/business/for-libraries-and-publishers-an-e-book-tug-of-war.html?_r=0">"For Libraries and Publishers, an E-Book Tug of War"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170626202500/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/25/business/for-libraries-and-publishers-an-e-book-tug-of-war.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Libraries+and+Publishers%2C+an+E-Book+Tug+of+War&rft.date=2013-03-06&rft.aulast=Stross&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F12%2F25%2Fbusiness%2Ffor-libraries-and-publishers-an-e-book-tug-of-war.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeelGippLangeBreitinger2015" class="citation journal cs1">Beel, Joeran; Gipp, Bela; Lange, Stefan; Breitinger, Corinna (2015-07-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-0-311312">"Research-paper recommender systems: a literature survey"</a>. <i>International Journal on Digital Libraries</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 305–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00799-015-0156-0">10.1007/s00799-015-0156-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-5012">1432-5012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207035184">207035184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+on+Digital+Libraries&rft.atitle=Research-paper+recommender+systems%3A+a+literature+survey&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=305-338&rft.date=2015-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207035184%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1432-5012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00799-015-0156-0&rft.aulast=Beel&rft.aufirst=Joeran&rft.au=Gipp%2C+Bela&rft.au=Lange%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Breitinger%2C+Corinna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbn-resolving.de%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3Absz%3A352-0-311312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, John D. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20105/1/JDR_the-dogs-bark-and-the-circus-moves-on.pdf">"The dogs bark and the circus moves on"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Bottom Line</i>. <b>28</b> (1/2): 11–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FBL-01-2015-0002">10.1108/BL-01-2015-0002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bottom+Line&rft.atitle=The+dogs+bark+and+the+circus+moves+on&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=11-14&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FBL-01-2015-0002&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F20105%2F1%2FJDR_the-dogs-bark-and-the-circus-moves-on.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705184344/https://the-digital-reader.com/2016/04/18/supreme-court-rejects-challenge-to-google-book-scanning-project/">"Fair Use Triumphs as US Supreme Court Rejects Challenge to Google Book-Scanning Project"</a>. <i>The Digital Reader</i>. 2016-04-18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the-digital-reader.com/2016/04/18/supreme-court-rejects-challenge-to-google-book-scanning-project/">the original</a> on Jul 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Digital+Reader&rft.atitle=Fair+Use+Triumphs+as+US+Supreme+Court+Rejects+Challenge+to+Google+Book-Scanning+Project&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthe-digital-reader.com%2F2016%2F04%2F18%2Fsupreme-court-rejects-challenge-to-google-book-scanning-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akst, D. (2003). "The Digital Library: Its Future Has Arrived". <i>Carnegie Reporter</i>, 2(3), 4–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZulkey2020" class="citation web cs1">Zulkey, Claire (2020-11-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/?p=119700">"Collecting Coronavirus Stories"</a>. <i>American Libraries Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Libraries+Magazine&rft.atitle=Collecting+Coronavirus+Stories&rft.date=2020-11-02&rft.aulast=Zulkey&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanlibrariesmagazine.org%2F%3Fp%3D119700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2020" class="citation web cs1">Henderson, Emily (2020-10-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news-medical.net/news/20201014/New-research-database-can-help-shape-the-most-effective-and-efficient-response-to-COVID-19.aspx">"New research database can help shape the most effective and efficient response to COVID-19"</a>. <i>News-Medical.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News-Medical.net&rft.atitle=New+research+database+can+help+shape+the+most+effective+and+efficient+response+to+COVID-19&rft.date=2020-10-14&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-medical.net%2Fnews%2F20201014%2FNew-research-database-can-help-shape-the-most-effective-and-efficient-response-to-COVID-19.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2020/06/digital-repository-breaks-out-general-audience-collection">"Digital repository breaks out general-audience collection"</a>. <i>Cornell Chronicle</i>. June 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornell+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Digital+repository+breaks+out+general-audience+collection&rft.date=2020-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.cornell.edu%2Fstories%2F2020%2F06%2Fdigital-repository-breaks-out-general-audience-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarveyWeatherburn2018" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Ross; Weatherburn, Jaye (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QexLDwAAQBAJ"><i>Preserving Digital Materials</i></a> (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538102985" title="Special:BookSources/9781538102985"><bdi>9781538102985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preserving+Digital+Materials&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781538102985&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft.au=Weatherburn%2C+Jaye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQexLDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+library" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McCormack, Allison, and Rachel Wittmann. (2022) "Rarely Analyzed The Relationship Between Digital and Physical Rare Books Collections". <i>Information technology and libraries</i> 41.2; 1–13.</li> <li>Pomerantz, Jeffrey, and Gary Marchionini. 2007. "The Digital Library as Place". <i>Journal of Documentation</i> 63(4): 505–33.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a <i>topic</i> profile for <i><b><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q212805" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q212805">Digital library</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_science" title="Template:Computer science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_science" title="Template talk:Computer science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Computing">Quantum Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">Enterprise software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">Computational mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_social_science" title="Computational social science">Computational social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">Computational engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Differentiable_computing" title="Template:Differentiable computing">Differentiable computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Computational healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">Word processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_science" title="Category:Computer science">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_computer_science" title="Outline of computer science">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Glossaries_of_computers" title="Template:Glossaries of computers">Glossaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Semantic_Web" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Semantic_Web" title="Template:Semantic Web"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Semantic_Web" title="Template talk:Semantic Web"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Semantic_Web" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Semantic Web"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Semantic_Web" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontology (computer science)">Ontologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dataspaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataspaces">Dataspaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperdata" title="Hyperdata">Hyperdata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">Linked data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_system" title="Rule-based system">Rule-based systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analytics" title="Semantic analytics">Semantic analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_broker" title="Semantic broker">Semantic broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_computing" title="Semantic computing">Semantic computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_mapper" title="Semantic mapper">Semantic mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_matching" title="Semantic matching">Semantic matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_reasoner" title="Semantic reasoner">Semantic reasoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_search" title="Semantic search">Semantic search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_service-oriented_architecture" title="Semantic service-oriented architecture">Semantic service-oriented architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_wiki" title="Semantic wiki">Semantic wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_(web_decentralization_project)" title="Solid (web decentralization project)">Solid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Description_logic" title="Description logic">Description logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksonomy" title="Folksonomy">Folksonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Information architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IXBRL" class="mw-redirect" title="IXBRL">iXBRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_extraction" title="Knowledge extraction">Knowledge extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_2.0" title="Library 2.0">Library 2.0</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">References</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">Topic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Science_Trust" title="Web Science Trust">Web Science Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syntax and supporting technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Semantic_triple" title="Semantic triple">triples</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/RDF/XML" title="RDF/XML">RDF/XML</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(syntax)" title="Turtle (syntax)">Turtle</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/TriG_(syntax)" title="TriG (syntax)">TriG</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Notation3" title="Notation3">Notation3</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/N-Triples" title="N-Triples">N-Triples</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/TriX_(serialization_format)" title="TriX (serialization format)">TriX</a> (no W3C standard)</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Resource_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Resource Identifier">RRID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">Semantic HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schemas, ontologies and rules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">Common Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">RDFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Format" title="Rule Interchange Format">Rule Interchange Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web_Rule_Language" title="Semantic Web Rule Language">Semantic Web Rule Language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Application-Level_Profile_Semantics_(ALPS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Application-Level Profile Semantics (ALPS) (page does not exist)">ALPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semantic annotation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_RDF" title="Embedded RDF">eRDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRDDL" title="GRDDL">GRDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdata_(HTML)" title="Microdata (HTML)">Microdata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microformat" title="Microformat">Microformats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDFa" title="RDFa">RDFa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAWSDL" title="SAWSDL">SAWSDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Platform" title="Facebook Platform">Facebook Platform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOAP" title="DOAP">DOAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOAF" title="FOAF">FOAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema.org" title="Schema.org">Schema.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantically_Interlinked_Online_Communities" title="Semantically Interlinked Online Communities">SIOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">SKOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microformat vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAtom" title="HAtom">hAtom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCalendar" title="HCalendar">hCalendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCard" title="HCard">hCard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HProduct" title="HProduct">hProduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HRecipe" title="HRecipe">hRecipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HReview" title="HReview">hReview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Digital_humanities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digital_humanities" title="Template:Digital humanities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Digital_humanities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Digital humanities (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digital_humanities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digital humanities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digital_humanities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital humanities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_archaeology" title="Computational archaeology">Computational archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_philosophy" title="Computational philosophy">Computational philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">Computational theory of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computers_and_writing" title="Computers and writing">Computers and writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_analytics" title="Cultural analytics">Cultural analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybertext" title="Cybertext">Cybertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_classics" title="Digital classics">Digital classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_history" title="Digital history">Digital history</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Medievalist" title="Digital Medievalist">Digital Medievalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital ontology">Digital ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_physics" title="Digital physics">Digital physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_religion" title="Digital religion">Digital religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rhetoric" title="Digital rhetoric">Digital rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_scholarship" title="Digital scholarship">Digital scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_theology" title="Digital theology">Digital theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">Digitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-research" title="E-research">E-research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_informatics" title="Humanistic informatics">Humanistic informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_computer_science" title="Philosophy of computer science">Philosophy of computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Systems theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_Encoding_Initiative" title="Text Encoding Initiative">Text Encoding Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transliteracy" title="Transliteracy">Transliteracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_digital_distribution_platforms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template:Software digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template talk:Software digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Software_digital_distribution_platforms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a> digital distribution <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">platforms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App_store" title="App store">App store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_gaming" title="Cloud gaming">Cloud gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">Content delivery network</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution_of_video_games" title="Digital distribution of video games">Digital distribution of video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-the-air_update" title="Over-the-air update">Over-the-air update</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_distribution" title="Software distribution">Software distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">List of mobile app distribution platforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_app_stores" title="List of Android app stores">Android</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal <br /> computers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Digital_Game_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Digital Game Store">Amazon Digital Game Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle.net" title="Battle.net">Battle.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Fish_Games" title="Big Fish Games">Big Fish Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_Web_Store" title="Chrome Web Store">Chrome Web Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_River" title="Digital River">Digital River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct2Drive" title="Direct2Drive">Direct2Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discord_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Discord (software)">Discord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLsite" title="DLsite">DLsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDE_Gear" title="KDE Gear">Discover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMM_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="DMM Games">DMM Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA_(service)" title="EA (service)">EA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_Store" title="Epic Games Store">Epic Games Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flathub" class="mw-redirect" title="Flathub">Flathub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameHouse" title="GameHouse">GameHouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GamersGate" title="GamersGate">GamersGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamesplanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamesplanet">Gamesplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Jolt" title="Game Jolt">Game Jolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Software" title="GNOME Software">GNOME Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOG.com" title="GOG.com">GOG.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humble_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Humble Store">Humble Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IndieGala" title="IndieGala">IndieGala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itch.io" title="Itch.io">itch.io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_Mac_Games" title="Inside Mac Games">MacGameStore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacUpdate" title="MacUpdate">MacUpdate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">Mac App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Horizon_Store" title="Meta Horizon Store">Meta Horizon Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Games" title="MSN Games">MSN Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutaku" title="Nutaku">Nutaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogo.com" title="Pogo.com">Pogo.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokki" title="Pokki">Pokki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureOS" title="PureOS">PureOS Software Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_Cache" title="Robot Cache">Robot Cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockstar_Games_Social_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockstar Games Social Club">Rockstar Games Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Snap Store">Snap Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubisoft_Connect" title="Ubisoft Connect">Ubisoft Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveport" class="mw-redirect" title="Viveport">Viveport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeGame" title="WeGame">WeGame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WildTangent" title="WildTangent">WildTangent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Consoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_eShop" title="Nintendo eShop">Nintendo eShop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Store" title="PlayStation Store">PlayStation Store</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile <br /> devices</a> §</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Appstore" title="Amazon Appstore">Amazon Appstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/App_Store_(Apple)" title="App Store (Apple)">Apple App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appland" title="Appland">Appland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptoide" title="Aptoide">Aptoide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafe_Bazaar" title="Cafe Bazaar">Cafe Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydia" title="Cydia">Cydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLsite" title="DLsite">DLsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_Store" title="Epic Games Store">Epic Games Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-Droid" title="F-Droid">F-Droid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Store" title="Galaxy Store">Galaxy Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GetJar" title="GetJar">GetJar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_AppGallery" title="Huawei AppGallery">Huawei AppGallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Horizon_Store" title="Meta Horizon Store">Meta Horizon Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiKandi" title="MiKandi">MiKandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutaku" title="Nutaku">Nutaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Touch" title="Ubuntu Touch">OpenStore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureOS" title="PureOS">PureOS Software Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlideME" class="mw-redirect" title="SlideME">SlideME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TapTap" title="TapTap">TapTap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveport" class="mw-redirect" title="Viveport">Viveport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game#Technology" title="Arcade video game">Arcade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NESiCAxLive" title="NESiCAxLive">NESiCAxLive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allmyapps" title="Allmyapps">Allmyapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_World" title="BlackBerry World">BlackBerry World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Nokia" title="Club Nokia">Club Nokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desura" title="Desura">Desura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Download!" title="Download!">Download!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameAgent" title="GameAgent">GameAgent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameShadow" title="GameShadow">GameShadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameTap" title="GameTap">GameTap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_for_Windows_Marketplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Games for Windows Marketplace">Games for Windows Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handango" title="Handango">Handango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse_(software)" title="Impulse (software)">Impulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_AppUp" title="Intel AppUp">Intel AppUp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartridge">Kartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazaa" title="Kazaa">Kazaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Gage_(service)" title="N-Gage (service)">N-Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Store">Nokia Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Mobile_Store" title="Opera Mobile Store">Opera Mobile Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayNow_Arena" title="PlayNow Arena">PlayNow Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardock_Central" title="Stardock Central">Stardock Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(content_delivery)" title="Triton (content delivery)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_App_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu App Store">Ubuntu App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Software_Center" title="Ubuntu Software Center">Ubuntu Software Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_live!" title="Vodafone live!">Vodafone live!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wii_Shop_Channel" title="Wii Shop Channel">Wii Shop Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Marketplace" title="Windows Marketplace">Windows Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Marketplace_for_Mobile" title="Windows Marketplace for Mobile">Windows Marketplace for Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_Store" title="Windows Phone Store">Windows Phone Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Games_Store" title="Xbox Games Store">Xbox Games Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Live_Arcade" title="Xbox Live Arcade">Xbox Live Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Games">Yahoo! Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zune_Marketplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Zune Marketplace">Zune Marketplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>§ Also includes <a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TVs</a> and standalone <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">VR headsets</a> <br /></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Software" title="Category:Software">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Software">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libraries_and_library_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Template:Libraries and library science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Template talk:Libraries and library science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libraries and library science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libraries_and_library_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Libraries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">library science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_library" title="Category:Types of library">Types of library</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_branch" title="Library branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library#Children's_libraries" title="Library">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_library" title="Christian library">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_consortium" title="Library consortium">Consortium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">shadow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_library" title="Hybrid library">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_library" title="Law library">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lending_library" title="Lending library">Lending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_things" title="Library of things">Library of things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_collection" title="Map collection">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_library" title="Medical library">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookmobile" title="Bookmobile">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_library" title="Music library">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library" title="Presidential library">Presidential</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system" title="Presidential library system">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_library" title="Prison library">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_library" title="Private library">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_library" title="Carnegie library">Carnegie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_library" title="Research library">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_library" title="School library">School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Learning_Resource_Centre" title="Learning Resource Centre">Learning Resource Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school_libraries_in_the_United_States" title="Virtual school libraries in the United States">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_collections" title="Special collections">Special collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_library" title="Special library">Special library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscription_library" title="Subscription library">Subscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_library" title="Tool library">Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_library" title="Toy library">Toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_library" title="Transportation library">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling_library" title="Traveling library">Traveling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Librarian" title="Librarian">librarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education_librarian" title="Distance education librarian">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Science_librarianship" title="E-Science librarianship">E-science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_comparative,_and_international_law_librarian" title="Foreign, comparative, and international law librarian">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_librarianship" title="Music librarianship">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_librarianship" title="Ensemble librarianship">ensemble</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodicals_librarian" title="Periodicals librarian">Periodicals/serials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher-librarian" title="Teacher-librarian">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_professional" title="Information professional">Information professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informationist" title="Informationist">Informationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_scientist" title="Library and information scientist">Library and information scientist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">Library science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_laws_of_library_science" title="Five laws of library science">Five laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_for_librarianship" title="Education for librarianship">Education for librarianship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_acquisitions" title="Library acquisitions">Acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_assessment" title="Library assessment">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataloging_(library_science)" title="Cataloging (library science)">Cataloging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_public_access_catalog" title="Online public access catalog">OPAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_circulation" title="Library circulation">Circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_classification" title="Library classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_development" title="Collection development">Collection development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_collection" title="Collective collection">Collective collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_system_(bibliographic_search)" title="Discovery system (bibliographic search)">Discovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_resource_management" title="Electronic resource management">Electronic resource management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_literacy" title="Information literacy">Information literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(library_and_archive)" title="Inventory (library and archive)">Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_deposit" title="Legal deposit">Legal deposit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_history" title="Library history">Library history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_instruction" title="Library instruction">Library instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_management" title="Library management">Library management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_publishing" title="Library publishing">Library publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readers%27_advisory" title="Readers' advisory">Readers' advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_desk" title="Reference desk">Reference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_reference" title="Digital reference">virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roving_reference" title="Roving reference">roving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_technical_services" title="Library technical services">Technical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeding_(library)" title="Weeding (library)">Weeding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_libraries" title="History of libraries">History of libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_science#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">History of library science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Library_nav" title="Template:Library nav">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries" title="List of libraries">Libraries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of libraries by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_libraries" title="List of largest libraries">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_the_ancient_world" title="List of libraries in the ancient world">ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_libraries" title="List of destroyed libraries">destroyed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_libraries" title="List of medical libraries">medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_and_state_libraries" title="List of national and state libraries">national</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_library_associations" title="List of library associations">Library associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_library_science_schools" title="List of library science schools">Library schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_librarians" title="List of librarians">Librarians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_librarians" title="List of female librarians">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_and_librarians_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries and librarians in fiction">fictional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archivists" title="List of archivists">Archivists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_archivists" title="List of female archivists">women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Libraries" title="Category:Libraries">Category:Libraries</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Library_science" title="Category:Library science">Category:Library science</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Libraries" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Libraries">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_library_and_information_science" title="Glossary of library and information science">Glossary</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of library science">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Libraries" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Libraries">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_digital_distribution_platforms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template:Music digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template talk:Music digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_digital_distribution_platforms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">digital distribution</a> <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">platforms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_streaming_service" title="Music streaming service">Music streaming service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_music_store" title="Digital music store">Digital music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">Music download</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7digital" title="7digital">7digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8tracks.com" title="8tracks.com">8tracks.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Music" title="Amazon Music">Amazon Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amuse_(music_company)" title="Amuse (music company)">Amuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music" title="Apple Music">Apple Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anghami" title="Anghami">Anghami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audacy" title="Audacy">Audacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandcamp" title="Bandcamp">Bandcamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatport" title="Beatport">Beatport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believe_Music" title="Believe Music">Believe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleep.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleep.com">Bleep.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomplay_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Boomplay Music">Boomplay Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Baby" title="CD Baby">CD Baby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Archives" title="Classical Archives">Classical Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deezer" title="Deezer">Deezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DI.FM" title="DI.FM">Digitally Imported</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DistroKid" title="DistroKid">DistroKid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditto_Music" title="Ditto Music">Ditto Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djshop" class="mw-redirect" title="Djshop">Djshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmuBands" title="EmuBands">EmuBands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMusic" title="EMusic">eMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDtracks" title="HDtracks">HDtracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoopla_(digital_media_service)" title="Hoopla (digital media service)">Hoopla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icecast" title="Icecast">Icecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IHeartRadio" title="IHeartRadio">iHeartRadio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamendo" title="Jamendo">Jamendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_Records" title="Juno Records">Juno Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LANDR" title="LANDR">LANDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last.fm" title="Last.fm">Last.fm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_Music" title="Line Music">Line Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live365" title="Live365">Live365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveOne" title="LiveOne">LiveOne (Live X Live / Slacker)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAD_Solutions" title="MAD Solutions">MAD Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnatune" title="Magnatune">Magnatune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melon_(online_music_service)" title="Melon (online music service)">Melon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixcloud" title="Mixcloud">Mixcloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moov" title="Moov">MOOV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_(music_store)" title="Mora (music store)">mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Glue" title="Music Glue">Music Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napster_(streaming_service)" title="Napster (streaming service)">Napster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Music" title="Nintendo Music">Nintendo Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONErpm" title="ONErpm">ONErpm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora_(streaming_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandora (streaming service)">Pandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patari_(service)" title="Patari (service)">Patari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qobuz" title="Qobuz">Qobuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RockMyRun" title="RockMyRun">RockMyRun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROXi" title="ROXi">ROXi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinlet" title="Spinlet">Spinlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoundCloud" title="SoundCloud">SoundCloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_Distribution" title="Symphonic Distribution">Symphonic Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_(service)" title="Tidal (service)">Tidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TuneCore" title="TuneCore">TuneCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnitedMasters" title="UnitedMasters">UnitedMasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandex_Music" title="Yandex Music">Yandex Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Music" title="YouTube Music">YouTube Music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AOL_Radio" title="AOL Radio">AOL Radio/Radio@AOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AllOfMP3" title="AllOfMP3">AllOfMP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amie_Street" title="Amie Street">Amie Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aupeo" title="Aupeo">Aupeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandit.fm" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandit.fm">Bandit.fm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_World" title="BlackBerry World">BlackBerry World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BuyMusic" title="BuyMusic">BuyMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_Jukebox" title="Electric Jukebox">Electric Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GhostTunes" title="GhostTunes">GhostTunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoMusicNow" title="GoMusicNow">GoMusicNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Music" title="Google Play Music">Google Play Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooveshark" title="Grooveshark">Grooveshark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Underground_Music_Archive" title="Internet Underground Music Archive">Internet Underground Music Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imeem" title="Imeem">imeem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMesh" title="IMesh">iMesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazaa" title="Kazaa">Kazaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixcrate" title="Mixcrate">Mixcrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOG_(online_music)" title="MOG (online music)">Mog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3.com" title="MP3.com">MP3.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Music" title="MSN Music">MSN Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murfie" title="Murfie">Murfie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network" title="Sony Entertainment Network">Music Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovi_(Nokia)" title="Ovi (Nokia)">Nokia Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MixRadio" title="MixRadio">MixRadio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MusicStation" title="MusicStation">MusicStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbit" title="Nimbit">Nimbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NoiseTrade" title="NoiseTrade">NoiseTrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten.co.uk" title="Rakuten.co.uk">Play.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayNow_Arena" title="PlayNow Arena">PlayNow Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pono_(digital_music_service)" title="Pono (digital music service)">Pono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PressPlay" title="PressPlay">PressPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puretracks" title="Puretracks">Puretracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical.fm" title="Radical.fm">Radical.fm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionomy" title="Radionomy">Radionomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rara_(service)" title="Rara (service)">rara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simfy" title="Simfy">Simfy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Connect" title="Sony Connect">Sony Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinner_(website)" title="Spinner (website)">Spinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpiralFrog" title="SpiralFrog">SpiralFrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardock_Central" title="Stardock Central">Stardock Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamwaves" title="Streamwaves">Streamwaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_Jukebox" title="Style Jukebox">Style Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taazi" title="Taazi">Taazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TuneTribe" title="TuneTribe">TuneTribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiMP" title="WiMP">WiMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wowloud" title="Wowloud">Wowloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Music_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Music Radio">Yahoo! Music Radio / LAUNCHcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Music_Unlimited" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Music Unlimited">Yahoo! Music Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zune_software" title="Zune software">Zune Marketplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Online_video_and_sharing_platforms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template:Video digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Template talk:Video digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_digital_distribution_platforms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video digital distribution platforms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Online_video_and_sharing_platforms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">Online video</a> and sharing platforms</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/56.com" title="56.com">56.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Freevee" title="Amazon Freevee">Amazon Freevee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparat" title="Aparat">Aparat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_app" title="Apple TV app">Apple TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AcFun" title="AcFun">AcFun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AfreecaTV" class="mw-redirect" title="AfreecaTV">AfreecaTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilibili" title="Bilibili">Bilibili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitChute" title="BitChute">BitChute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_BD" title="Bongo BD">Bongo BD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightcove" title="Brightcove">Brightcove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzznet" title="Buzznet">Buzznet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorki" title="Chorki">Chorki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHZZK" title="CHZZK">CHZZK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dailymotion" title="Dailymotion">Dailymotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daum_(web_portal)" title="Daum (web portal)">Daum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavor_Streaming" title="Endeavor Streaming">Endeavor Streaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Film_Detective" title="The Film Detective">The Film Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FilmOn" title="FilmOn">FilmOn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotki" title="Fotki">Fotki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc.#History" title="Adobe Inc.">Frame.io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funny_or_Die" title="Funny or Die">Funny or Die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funshion" title="Funshion">Funshion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOG.com" title="GOG.com">GOG.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoopla_(digital_media_service)" title="Hoopla (digital media service)">hoopla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Japan#Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Japan">GyaO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IQIYI" title="IQIYI">iQIYI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanopy" title="Kanopy">Kanopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le.com" title="Le.com">Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_TV" title="Mango TV">Mango TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici.tv" title="Medici.tv">Medici.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeWATCH" class="mw-redirect" title="MeWATCH">meWATCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niconico" title="Niconico">Niconico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noggin_(brand)" title="Noggin (brand)">Noggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverDrive,_Inc." title="OverDrive, Inc.">OverDrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBRY" title="LBRY">LBRY</a>/Odysee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PeerTube" title="PeerTube">PeerTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PictureBox_Films" title="PictureBox Films">PictureBox Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_TV" title="Pluto TV">Pluto TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_(company)" title="Rumble (company)">Rumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutube" title="Rutube">Rutube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SchoolTube" title="SchoolTube">SchoolTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showroom_(streaming_service)" title="Showroom (streaming service)">Showroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohu" title="Sohu">Sohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeacherTube" title="TeacherTube">TeacherTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_Channel" title="Teaching Channel">Teaching Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telly_Inc." title="Telly Inc.">Telly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThePlatform" title="ThePlatform">thePlatform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudou" title="Tudou">Tudou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBOX7" title="VBOX7">VBOX7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimeo" title="Vimeo">Vimeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vudu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vudu">Vudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencent_Video" title="Tencent Video">WeTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xigua_Video" title="Xigua Video">Xigua Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunlei" title="Xunlei">Xunlei Kankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youku" title="Youku">Youku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Kids" title="YouTube Kids">Kids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zattoo" title="Zattoo">Zattoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rental and <br />purchase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aha_(streaming_service)" title="Aha (streaming service)">Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandango_Media" title="Fandango Media">Fandango</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fandango_at_Home" title="Fandango at Home">Fandango at Home</a></li></ul></li> <li>Google <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(service)" title="Google TV (service)">Google TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube Movies & TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Movies_%26_TV" title="Microsoft Movies & TV">Microsoft Movies & TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movies_Anywhere" title="Movies Anywhere">Movies Anywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_eShop" title="Nintendo eShop">Nintendo eShop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten_TV" title="Rakuten TV">Rakuten TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMC%2B" title="AMC+">AMC+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_BD" title="Bongo BD">Bongo BD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorki" title="Chorki">Chorki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV%2B" title="Apple TV+">Apple TV+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)" title="Peacock (streaming service)">Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_TV" title="Pluto TV">Pluto TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubi" title="Tubi">Tubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidive" title="Hidive">Hidive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)" title="Max (streaming service)">Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starz" title="Starz">Starz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN%2B" title="ESPN+">ESPN+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_Stream" title="Curiosity Stream">Curiosity Stream</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adober_Studios" title="Adober Studios">Chicken Pork Adobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azubu" title="Azubu">Azubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Store" title="BBC Store">BBC Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blip.tv" title="Blip.tv">Blip.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break.com" title="Break.com">Break.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CinemaNow" title="CinemaNow">CinemaNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisuki_(website)" title="Daisuki (website)">Daisuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Movies_Anywhere" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney Movies Anywhere">Disney Movies Anywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearnet" title="Fearnet">Fearnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FilmStruck" title="FilmStruck">FilmStruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flixster" title="Flixster">Flixster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funimation" title="Funimation">Funimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Wrestling_Network" title="Global Wrestling Network">Global Wrestling Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Video" title="Google Video">Google Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitbox_(service)" title="Hitbox (service)">Hitbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imeem" title="Imeem">imeem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMesh" title="IMesh">iMesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_AppUp" title="Intel AppUp">Intel AppUp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In2TV" title="In2TV">In2TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joost" title="Joost">Joost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin.tv" title="Justin.tv">Justin.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazaa" title="Kazaa">Kazaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveLeak" title="LiveLeak">LiveLeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LoveFilm" title="LoveFilm">LoveFilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaupload" title="Megaupload">Megaupload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixer_(service)" title="Mixer (service)">Mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUZU.TV" title="MUZU.TV">MUZU.TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacafe" title="Metacafe">Metacafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyVideo" title="MyVideo">MyVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wii_Menu#Nintendo_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wii Menu">Nintendo Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Video" title="Nintendo Video">Nintendo Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovi_(Nokia)" title="Ovi (Nokia)">Nokia Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openfilm" title="Openfilm">Openfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openload" title="Openload">Openload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora_TV" title="Pandora TV">Pandora TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Video" title="PlayStation Video">PlayStation Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7plus" title="7plus">PLUS7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presto_(streaming_company)" title="Presto (streaming company)">Presto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putlocker" title="Putlocker">Putlocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickflix" title="Quickflix">Quickflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbox" title="Redbox">Redbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revver" title="Revver">Revver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smashcast" title="Smashcast">Smashcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Connect" title="Sony Connect">Sony Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Network" title="Sony Entertainment Network">Sony Entertainment Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage6" title="Stage6">Stage6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlight_Networks" title="Starlight Networks">Starlight Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamworks_International" title="Streamworks International">Streamworks International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Deluxe" title="Super Deluxe">Super Deluxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_TV_Store" title="TalkTalk TV Store">TalkTalk TV Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Top_TV" title="Tank Top TV">Tank Top TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TouchVision" title="TouchVision">TouchVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilulilu" title="Trilulilu">Trilulilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(content_delivery)" title="Triton (content delivery)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TroopTube" title="TroopTube">TroopTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toons.TV" title="Toons.TV">Toons.TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twango" title="Twango">Twango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraViolet_(website)" title="UltraViolet (website)">UltraViolet</a></li> <li>Total Access <a href="/wiki/Impact_Wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact Wrestling">Impact Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vdio" title="Vdio">Vdio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessel_(website)" title="Vessel (website)">Vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viddler" title="Viddler">Viddler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidme" title="Vidme">Vidme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_(service)" title="Vine (service)">Vine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vongo_(video_on_demand_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vongo (video on demand service)">Vongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Archive_Collection" title="Warner Archive Collection">Warner Archive Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeShow" title="WeShow">WeShow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Center" title="Windows Media Center">Windows Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWE_Classics_on_Demand" title="WWE Classics on Demand">WWE Classics on Demand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cultural_heritage_and_historic_preservation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration" title="Template:Cultural Conservation-Restoration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration" title="Template talk:Cultural Conservation-Restoration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural Conservation-Restoration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_heritage_and_historic_preservation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">historic preservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br /> and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agents_of_deterioration" title="Agents of deterioration">Agents of deterioration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_processing" title="Archival processing">Archival processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_science" title="Archaeological science">Archaeological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(archives)" title="Calendar (archives)">Calendar (archives)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural property">Conservation and restoration of cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_immovable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property">Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_movable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property">Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_science_(cultural_property)" title="Conservation science (cultural property)">Conservation science (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collecting" title="Collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_(museum)" title="Collection (museum)">Collection (museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_catalog" title="Collection catalog">Collection catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_maintenance" title="Collections maintenance">Collections maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_management" title="Collections management">Collections management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_management_system" title="Collections management system">Collections management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage_management" title="Cultural heritage management">Cultural heritage management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_documentation" title="Cultural property documentation">Cultural property documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_exhibition" title="Cultural property exhibition">Cultural property exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_imaging" title="Cultural property imaging">Cultural property imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_storage" title="Cultural property storage">Cultural property storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_resources_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural resources management">Cultural resources management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_preservation" title="Database preservation">Database preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaccessioning (museum)">Deaccessioning (museum)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_photograph_restoration" title="Digital photograph restoration">Digital photograph restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_preservation" title="Digital preservation">Digital preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property)" title="Disaster preparedness (cultural property)">Disaster preparedness (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_preservation" title="Film preservation">Film preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_aid" title="Finding aid">Finding aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonds" title="Fonds">Fonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_in_collection" title="Found in collection">Found in collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_asset" title="Heritage asset">Heritage asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_science" title="Heritage science">Heritage science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_vice" title="Inherent vice">Inherent vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management_(cultural_property)" title="Integrated pest management (cultural property)">Integrated pest management (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(library_and_archive)" title="Inventory (library and archive)">Inventory (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventory (museum)">Inventory (museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_preservation" title="Media preservation">Media preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_control_and_prevention_(library_and_archive)" title="Mold control and prevention (library and archive)">Mold control and prevention (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_media_preservation" title="Optical media preservation">Optical media preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_metadata" title="Preservation metadata">Preservation metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_survey" title="Preservation survey">Preservation survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation_(cultural_property)" title="Repatriation (cultural property)">Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins" title="Ruins">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_preservation" title="Sustainable preservation">Sustainable preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure" title="Treasure">Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_archiving" title="Web archiving">Web archiving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles<br /> and expertise</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archivist" title="Archivist">Archivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Art dealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_handler" title="Art handler">Art handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctioneer" class="mw-redirect" title="Auctioneer">Auctioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_manager" title="Collection manager">Collection manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_scientist" title="Conservation scientist">Conservation scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_technician" title="Conservation technician">Conservation technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_designer" title="Exhibition designer">Exhibition designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_maker" title="Mount maker">Mount maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objects_conservator" title="Objects conservator">Objects conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">Paintings conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_conservator" title="Photograph conservator">Photograph conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservationist" title="Preservationist">Preservationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registrar_(cultural_property)" title="Registrar (cultural property)">Registrar (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_conservator" title="Textile conservator">Textile conservator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods<br /> and techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_(artwork)" title="Aging (artwork)">Aging (artwork)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastylosis" title="Anastylosis">Anastylosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrested_decay" title="Arrested decay">Arrested decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradling_(paintings)" title="Cradling (paintings)">Cradling (paintings)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_radiography" title="Cultural property radiography">Cultural property radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_of_wall_paintings" title="Detachment of wall paintings">Detachment of wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmet_method" title="Desmet method">Desmet method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_case" title="Display case">Display case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_repository_audit_method_based_on_risk_assessment" title="Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment">Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_paint_analysis" title="Historic paint analysis">Historic paint analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inpainting" title="Inpainting">Inpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintsugi" title="Kintsugi">Kintsugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leafcasting" title="Leafcasting">Leafcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lining_of_paintings" title="Lining of paintings">Lining of paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_deacidification" title="Mass deacidification">Mass deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpainting" title="Overpainting">Overpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-inspiration" title="Paleo-inspiration">Paleo-inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_splitting" title="Paper splitting">Paper splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_(architecture)" title="Reconstruction (architecture)">Reconstruction (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissverklebung" title="Rissverklebung">Rissverklebung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_stabilization" title="Textile stabilization">Textile stabilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_panel_paintings" title="Transfer of panel paintings">Transfer of panel paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UVC-based_preservation" title="UVC-based preservation">UVC-based preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisualAudio" title="VisualAudio">VisualAudio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_immovable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property">Conservation<br /> and restoration<br /> of immovable <br /> cultural property</a><br /> by item type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_archaeological_sites" title="Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">Frescos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">Heritage railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_artworks" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor artworks">Outdoor artworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_bronze_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor bronze objects">Outdoor bronze objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_murals" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor murals">Outdoor murals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_movable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property">Conservation<br /> and restoration<br /> of movable <br /> cultural property</a><br /> by item type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ancient_Greek_pottery" title="Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery">Ancient Greek pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_bone,_horn,_and_antler_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of bone, horn, and antler objects">Bone, horn, and antler objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ceramic_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of ceramic objects">Ceramic objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_clocks" title="Conservation and restoration of clocks">Clocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_copper-based_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of copper-based objects">Copper-based objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_feathers" title="Conservation and restoration of feathers">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_flags_and_banners" title="Conservation and restoration of flags and banners">Flags and banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_fur_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of fur objects">Fur objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_glass_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of glass objects">Glass objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_herbaria" title="Conservation and restoration of herbaria">Herbaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains" title="Conservation and restoration of human remains">Human remains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_illuminated_manuscripts" title="Conservation and restoration of illuminated manuscripts">Illuminated manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_insect_specimens" title="Conservation and restoration of insect specimens">Insect specimens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_iron_and_steel_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of iron and steel objects">Iron and steel objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ivory_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of ivory objects">Ivory objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica" title="Conservation and restoration of Judaica">Judaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_lacquerware" title="Conservation and restoration of lacquerware">Lacquerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_leather_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of leather objects">Leather objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_lighthouses" title="Conservation and restoration of lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_metals" title="Conservation and restoration of metals">Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_musical_instruments" title="Conservation and restoration of musical instruments">Musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_neon_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of neon objects">Neon objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_new_media_art" title="Conservation and restoration of new media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_painting_frames" title="Conservation and restoration of painting frames">Painting frames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_panel_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of panel paintings">Panel paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_papyrus" title="Conservation and restoration of papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_parchment" title="Conservation and restoration of parchment">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_performance_art" title="Conservation and restoration of performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">Photographic plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_plastic_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of plastic objects">Plastic objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_rail_vehicles" title="Conservation and restoration of rail vehicles">Rail vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_road_vehicles" title="Conservation and restoration of road vehicles">Road vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_shipwreck_artifacts" title="Conservation and restoration of shipwreck artifacts">Shipwreck artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_silver_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of silver objects">Silver objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_South_Asian_household_shrines" title="Conservation of South Asian household shrines">South Asian household shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_stained_glass" title="Conservation and restoration of stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_taxidermy" title="Conservation and restoration of taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_textiles" title="Conservation and restoration of textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Tibetan_thangkas" title="Conservation and restoration of Tibetan thangkas">Tibetan thangkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_time-based_media_art" title="Conservation and restoration of time-based media art">Time-based media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_totem_poles" title="Conservation and restoration of totem poles">Totem poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_vinyl_discs" title="Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs">Vinyl discs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_woodblock_prints" title="Conservation and restoration of woodblock prints">Woodblock prints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_wooden_artifacts" title="Conservation and restoration of wooden artifacts">Wooden artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_wooden_furniture" title="Conservation and restoration of wooden furniture">Wooden furniture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible<br /> cultural heritage</a><br /> preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_folklore" title="Applied folklore">Applied folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_notation" title="Dance notation">Dance notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnochoreology" title="Ethnochoreology">Ethnochoreology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_folklore" title="Family folklore">Family folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">Folk etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk medicine">Folk medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_process" title="Folk process">Folk process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">Folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodways" title="Foodways">Foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies">Folklore studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_language" title="Heritage language">Heritage language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_language_learning" title="Heritage language learning">Heritage language learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Indigenous intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous culture">Indigenous culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Language death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_preservation" title="Language preservation">Language preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">Language revitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_history" title="Living history">Living history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history_preservation" title="Oral history preservation">Oral history preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_of_meaning" title="Preservation of meaning">Preservation of meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive music">Primitive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition#Preservation" title="Tradition">Tradition preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_issues_of_Pompeii_and_Herculaneum" title="Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum">Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(Mart%C3%ADnez_and_Gim%C3%A9nez)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecce Homo (Martínez and Giménez)">Conservation-restoration of <i>Ecce Homo</i> by Elías García Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_Thomas_Eakins%27_The_Gross_Clinic" title="Conservation-restoration of Thomas Eakins' The Gross Clinic">Conservation-restoration of <i>The Gross Clinic</i> by Thomas Eakins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci%27s_The_Last_Supper" title="Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper">Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's <i>The Last Supper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Pompeian_frescoes" title="Conservation and restoration of Pompeian frescoes">Pompeian frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_Shroud_of_Turin" title="Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin">Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes" title="Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes">Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty" title="Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty">Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_H.L._Hunley" title="Conservation-restoration of the H.L. Hunley">Conservation-restoration of the <i>H.L. Hunley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_flood_of_the_Arno" title="1966 flood of the Arno">Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_and_Contemporary_Art_Research_Initiative" title="Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative">Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_Metadata:_Implementation_Strategies" title="Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies">Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212805#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4380940-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh95008857">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131952847">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131952847">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00831135">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="digitální knihovny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph135239&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX547788">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563665005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&oldid=1255460335">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&oldid=1255460335</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Digital_libraries" title="Category:Digital libraries">Digital libraries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Library_science" title="Category:Library science">Library science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_library" title="Category:Types of library">Types of library</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024">Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_spam_cleanup_from_April_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia spam cleanup from April 2024">Wikipedia spam cleanup from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2010" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 01:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_library&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zl2dt","wgBackendResponseTime":181,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.732","walltime":"0.959","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4753,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":261902,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4008,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":233441,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 650.979 1 -total"," 41.58% 270.656 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.72% 102.350 10 Template:Navbox"," 13.49% 87.819 5 Template:Cite_book"," 11.50% 74.837 16 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.42% 74.367 1 Template:Computer_science"," 8.14% 52.960 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.18% 40.223 3 Template:Spam_link"," 6.17% 40.191 4 Template:Fix"," 6.15% 40.036 15 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.379","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7753326,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-nb2j4","timestamp":"20241122143547","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Digital library","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_library","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q212805","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q212805","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-09T20:27:44Z","dateModified":"2024-11-05T01:52:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/29\/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_Website.png","headline":"online database of digital objects stored in electronic media formats and accessible via computers"}</script> </body> </html>