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<span>Bonding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bonding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions_of_inorganic_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions_of_inorganic_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Subdivisions of inorganic chemistry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subdivisions_of_inorganic_chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subdivisions of inorganic chemistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions_of_inorganic_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industrial_inorganic_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_inorganic_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Industrial inorganic chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_inorganic_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descriptive_inorganic_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descriptive_inorganic_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Descriptive inorganic chemistry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Descriptive_inorganic_chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Descriptive inorganic chemistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Descriptive_inorganic_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coordination_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordination_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Coordination compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coordination_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_group_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_group_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Main group compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_group_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organometallic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organometallic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Organometallic compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organometallic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cluster_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cluster_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Cluster compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cluster_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bioinorganic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioinorganic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Bioinorganic compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioinorganic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solid_state_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solid_state_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Solid state compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solid_state_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spectroscopy_and_magnetism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectroscopy_and_magnetism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Spectroscopy and magnetism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spectroscopy_and_magnetism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spectroscopy and magnetism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spectroscopy_and_magnetism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Qualitative_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualitative_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Qualitative theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualitative_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_symmetry_group_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_symmetry_group_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Molecular symmetry group theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_symmetry_group_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermodynamics_and_inorganic_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermodynamics_and_inorganic_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Thermodynamics and inorganic chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermodynamics_and_inorganic_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanistic_inorganic_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanistic_inorganic_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Mechanistic inorganic chemistry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanistic_inorganic_chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mechanistic inorganic chemistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanistic_inorganic_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_group_elements_and_lanthanides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_group_elements_and_lanthanides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Main group elements and lanthanides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_group_elements_and_lanthanides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_metal_complexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_metal_complexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Transition metal complexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_metal_complexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Redox_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redox_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Redox reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redox_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions_at_ligands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions_at_ligands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Reactions at ligands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions_at_ligands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characterization_of_inorganic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characterization_of_inorganic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Characterization of inorganic compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characterization_of_inorganic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_inorganic_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_inorganic_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Synthetic inorganic chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_inorganic_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Inorganic chemistry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another 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Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorganiese_chemie" title="Anorganiese chemie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Anorganiese chemie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorganische_Chemie" title="Anorganische Chemie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Anorganische Chemie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كيمياء لاعضوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيمياء لاعضوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimica_inorganica" title="Quimica inorganica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Quimica inorganica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%88%E0%A7%B1_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="অজৈৱ ৰসায়ন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অজৈৱ ৰসায়ন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_inorg%C3%A1nica" title="Química inorgánica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Química inorgánica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeyri-%C3%BCzvi_kimya" title="Qeyri-üzvi kimya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qeyri-üzvi kimya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="অজৈব রসায়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অজৈব রসায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BB-ki_h%C3%B2a-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Bû-ki hòa-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bû-ki hòa-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Органик булмаған химия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Органик булмаған химия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Неарганічная хімія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Неарганічная хімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Неарганічная хімія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Неарганічная хімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganikong_kimika" title="Inorganikong kimika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Inorganikong kimika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Неорганична химия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Неорганична химия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neorganska_hemija" title="Neorganska hemija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Neorganska hemija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_inorg%C3%A0nica" title="Química inorgànica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Química inorgànica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Органикăлла мар хими – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Органикăлла мар хими" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorganick%C3%A1_chemie" title="Anorganická chemie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anorganická chemie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemeg_anorganig" title="Cemeg anorganig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cemeg anorganig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uorganisk_kemi" title="Uorganisk kemi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Uorganisk kemi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorganische_Chemie" title="Anorganische Chemie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anorganische Chemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorgaaniline_keemia" title="Anorgaaniline keemia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Anorgaaniline keemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ανόργανη χημεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανόργανη χημεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_inorg%C3%A1nica" title="Química inorgánica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Química inorgánica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neorganika_kemio" title="Neorganika kemio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neorganika kemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika_ez-organiko" title="Kimika ez-organiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kimika ez-organiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="شیمی معدنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیمی معدنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Inorganic chemistry" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%ADvrunnin_evnafr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Ólívrunnin evnafrøði – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ólívrunnin evnafrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie_min%C3%A9rale" title="Chimie minérale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chimie minérale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_cheimic_neamhorg%C3%A1nach" title="An cheimic neamhorgánach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An cheimic neamhorgánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_inorg%C3%A1nica" title="Química inorgánica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Química inorgánica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EA%B8%B0%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="무기화학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무기화학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_Chemistry" title="Inorganic Chemistry – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Inorganic Chemistry" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Անօրգանական քիմիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անօրգանական քիմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="अकार्बनिक रसायन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अकार्बनिक रसायन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorganska_kemija" title="Anorganska kemija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anorganska kemija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neorganika_kemio" title="Neorganika kemio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Neorganika kemio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_anorganik" title="Kimia anorganik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kimia anorganik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimia_inorganic" title="Chimia inorganic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chimia inorganic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%ADfr%C3%A6n_efnafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Ólífræn efnafræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ólífræn efnafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica_inorganica" title="Chimica inorganica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chimica inorganica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%99-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="כימיה אי-אורגנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כימיה אי-אורגנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="არაორგანული ქიმია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არაორგანული ქიმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Анорганикалық химия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Анорганикалық химия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymygieth_anorganek" title="Kymygieth anorganek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kymygieth anorganek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia_isiyokaboni" title="Kemia isiyokaboni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kemia isiyokaboni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimi_inorganik" title="Chimi inorganik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Chimi inorganik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Органикалык эмес химия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Органикалык эмес химия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemia_inorganica" title="Chemia inorganica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chemia inorganica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neorganisk%C4%81_%C4%B7%C4%ABmija" title="Neorganiskā ķīmija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Neorganiskā ķīmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorganesch_Chimie" title="Anorganesch Chimie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Anorganesch Chimie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neorganin%C4%97_chemija" title="Neorganinė chemija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neorganinė chemija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica_inurganica" title="Chimica inurganica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Chimica inurganica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szervetlen_k%C3%A9mia" title="Szervetlen kémia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szervetlen kémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Неорганска хемија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Неорганска хемија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="അകാർബണിക രസതന്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അകാർബണിക രസതന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_tak_organik" title="Kimia tak organik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kimia tak organik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A9%E1%80%82%E1%80%B2%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="အင်ဩဂဲနစ် ဓာတုဗေဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်ဩဂဲနစ် ဓာတုဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorganische_chemie" title="Anorganische chemie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anorganische chemie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="無機化学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無機化学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uorganisk_kjemi" title="Uorganisk kjemi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Uorganisk kjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uorganisk_kjemi" title="Uorganisk kjemi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Uorganisk kjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimia_inorganica" title="Quimia inorganica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Quimia inorganica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorganik_kimyo" title="Anorganik kimyo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Anorganik kimyo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਅਕਾਰਬਨੀ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਕਾਰਬਨੀ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="انکاربن کیمسٹری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انکاربن کیمسٹری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaagianik_kimischri" title="Inaagianik kimischri – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Inaagianik kimischri" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82" title="គីមីអសរីរាង្គ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គីមីអសរីរាង្គ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorgaansch_Chemie" title="Anorgaansch Chemie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Anorgaansch Chemie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemia_nieorganiczna" title="Chemia nieorganiczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chemia nieorganiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_inorg%C3%A2nica" title="Química inorgânica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Química inorgânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie_anorganic%C4%83" title="Chimie anorganică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chimie anorganică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Неорганична хемия – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Неорганична хемия" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Неорганическая химия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неорганическая химия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Органикаламмат химия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Органикаламмат химия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Inorganic chemistry" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_inorganike" title="Kimia inorganike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kimia inorganike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="අකාබනික රසායනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අකාබනික රසායනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Inorganic chemistry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A_%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="غير نامياتي ڪيميا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="غير نامياتي ڪيميا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorganick%C3%A1_ch%C3%A9mia" title="Anorganická chémia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anorganická chémia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorganska_kemija" title="Anorganska kemija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anorganska kemija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="کیمیای نائەندامی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کیمیای نائەندامی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Неорганска хемија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Неорганска хемија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neorganska_hemija" title="Neorganska hemija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neorganska hemija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_anorganik" title="Kimia anorganik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kimia anorganik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%A4orgaaninen_kemia" title="Epäorgaaninen kemia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Epäorgaaninen kemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oorganisk_kemi" title="Oorganisk kemi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oorganisk kemi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimikang_inorganiko" title="Kimikang inorganiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kimikang inorganiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கனிம வேதியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கனிம வேதியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Органик булмаган химия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Органик булмаган химия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="เคมีอนินทรีย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เคมีอนินทรีย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0norganik_kimya" title="İnorganik kimya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnorganik kimya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Неорганічна хімія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Неорганічна хімія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="غیرنامیاتی کیمیاء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="غیرنامیاتی کیمیاء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorganine_himii" title="Anorganine himii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Anorganine himii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_v%C3%B4_c%C6%A1" title="Hóa vô cơ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hóa vô cơ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika_inorganika" title="Kimika inorganika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kimika inorganika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="无机化学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="无机化学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אומארגאנישע כעמיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אומארגאנישע כעמיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="無機化學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="無機化學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neorgan%C4%97n%C4%97_kem%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Neorganėnė kemėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Neorganėnė kemėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="无机化学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="无机化学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_Chemistry_(journal)" title="Inorganic Chemistry (journal)">Inorganic Chemistry (journal)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potassium-oxide-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Potassium-oxide-3D-vdW.png/220px-Potassium-oxide-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Potassium-oxide-3D-vdW.png/330px-Potassium-oxide-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Potassium-oxide-3D-vdW.png/440px-Potassium-oxide-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>The structure of the ionic framework in <a href="/wiki/Potassium_oxide" title="Potassium oxide">potassium oxide</a>, K<sub>2</sub>O</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Inorganic chemistry</b> deals with <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">synthesis</a> and behavior of <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">organometallic</a> compounds. This field covers <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a> that are not carbon-based, which are the subjects of <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>. The distinction between the two disciplines is far from absolute, as there is much overlap in the subdiscipline of <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">organometallic chemistry</a>. It has applications in every aspect of the chemical industry, including <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">coatings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">medications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many inorganic compounds are found in nature as <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soil may contain <a href="/wiki/Iron_sulfide" title="Iron sulfide">iron sulfide</a> as <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> or calcium sulfate as <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inorganic compounds are also found multitasking as <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">biomolecules</a>: as electrolytes (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>), in energy storage (<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>) or in construction (the <a href="/wiki/Polyphosphate" title="Polyphosphate">polyphosphate</a> backbone in <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bonding">Bonding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bonding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">Inorganic compounds</a> exhibit a range of bonding properties. Some are <a href="/wiki/Ionic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic compound">ionic compounds</a>, consisting of very simple <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anions</a> joined by <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic bond">ionic bonding</a>. Examples of salts (which are ionic compounds) are <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_chloride" title="Magnesium chloride">magnesium chloride</a> MgCl<sub>2</sub>, which consists of <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> cations Mg<sup>2+</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> anions Cl<sup>−</sup>; or <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> NaOH, which consists of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> cations Na<sup>+</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a> anions OH<sup>−</sup>. Some inorganic compounds are highly covalent, such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_pentacarbonyl" title="Iron pentacarbonyl">iron pentacarbonyl</a>. Many inorganic compounds feature <a href="/wiki/Polar_covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar covalent">polar covalent</a> bonding, which is a form of bonding intermediate between covalent and ionic bonding. This description applies to many <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halides</a>. Many inorganic compounds are characterized by high <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting points</a>. Some salts (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">NaCl</a>) are very soluble in water. </p><p>When one reactant contains <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_atom" title="Hydrogen atom">hydrogen atoms</a>, a reaction can take place by exchanging protons in <a href="/wiki/Acid-base_reaction_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-base reaction theories">acid-base chemistry</a>. In a more general definition, any chemical species capable of binding to electron pairs is called a <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acid</a>; conversely any molecule that tends to donate an electron pair is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Lewis_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis base">Lewis base</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a refinement of acid-base interactions, the <a href="/wiki/HSAB_theory" title="HSAB theory">HSAB theory</a> takes into account <a href="/wiki/Polarizability" title="Polarizability">polarizability</a> and size of ions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdivisions_of_inorganic_chemistry">Subdivisions of inorganic chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subdivisions of inorganic chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subdivisions of inorganic chemistry are numerous, but include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">organometallic chemistry</a>, compounds with metal-carbon bonds. This area touches on <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a>, which employs many organometallic catalysts and reagents.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster chemistry">cluster chemistry</a>, compounds with several metals bound together with <a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93metal_bond" title="Metal–metal bond">metal–metal bonds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bridging_ligand" title="Bridging ligand">bridging ligands</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">bioinorganic chemistry</a>, biomolecules that contain metals. This area touches on <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">medicinal chemistry</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Materials chemistry">materials chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solid_state_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state chemistry">solid state chemistry</a>, extended (i.e. polymeric) solids exhibiting properties not seen for simple molecules. Many practical themes are associated with these areas, including <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_inorganic_chemistry">Industrial inorganic chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Industrial inorganic chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inorganic chemistry is a highly practical area of science. Traditionally, the scale of a nation's economy could be evaluated by their productivity of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>. </p><p>An important man-made inorganic compound is <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a>, used for fertilization. The ammonia is produced through the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nitric acid is prepared from the ammonia by oxidation. Another large-scale inorganic material is <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">portland cement</a>. Inorganic compounds are used as <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalysts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide" title="Vanadium(V) oxide">vanadium(V) oxide</a> for the oxidation of sulfur dioxide and <a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_chloride" title="Titanium(III) chloride">titanium(III) chloride</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Ziegler-Natta_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziegler-Natta process">polymerization of alkenes</a>. Many inorganic compounds are used as <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagents</a> in <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lithium_aluminium_hydride" title="Lithium aluminium hydride">lithium aluminium hydride</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descriptive_inorganic_chemistry">Descriptive inorganic chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Descriptive inorganic chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Descriptive inorganic chemistry focuses on the classification of compounds based on their properties. Partly the classification focuses on the position in the periodic table of the heaviest element (the element with the highest atomic weight) in the compound, partly by grouping compounds by their structural similarities </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coordination_compounds">Coordination compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coordination compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CoEDTA-anion-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CoEDTA-anion-3D-balls.png/200px-CoEDTA-anion-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CoEDTA-anion-3D-balls.png/300px-CoEDTA-anion-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CoEDTA-anion-3D-balls.png/400px-CoEDTA-anion-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/EDTA" class="mw-redirect" title="EDTA">EDTA</a> <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelates</a> an octahedrally coordinated <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co<sup>3+</sup></a> ion in <span class="nowrap">[Co(EDTA)]<sup>−</sup></span></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coordination_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordination chemistry">Coordination chemistry</a></div> <p>Classical coordination compounds feature metals bound to "<a href="/wiki/Lone_pair" title="Lone pair">lone pairs</a>" of electrons residing on the main group atoms of ligands such as H<sub>2</sub>O, NH<sub>3</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Cl<sup>−</sup></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">CN<sup>−</sup></a>. In modern coordination compounds almost all organic and inorganic compounds can be used as ligands. The "metal" usually is a metal from the groups 3–13, as well as the <i>trans</i>-<a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a> and <i>trans</i>-<a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinides</a>, but from a certain perspective, all chemical compounds can be described as coordination complexes. </p><p>The stereochemistry of coordination complexes can be quite rich, as hinted at by Werner's separation of two <a href="/wiki/Enantiomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Enantiomers">enantiomers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hexol" title="Hexol">[Co((OH)<sub>2</sub>Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>6+</sup></a>, an early demonstration that chirality is not inherent to organic compounds. A topical theme within this specialization is supramolecular coordination chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Examples: [Co(<a href="/wiki/EDTA" class="mw-redirect" title="EDTA">EDTA</a>)]<sup>−</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_hexammine_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt(III) hexammine chloride">[Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup></a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride" title="Titanium tetrachloride">TiCl<sub>4</sub></a>(<a href="/wiki/THF" class="mw-redirect" title="THF">THF</a>)<sub>2</sub>.</li></ul> <p>Coordination compounds show a rich diversity of structures, varying from tetrahedral for titanium (e.g., TiCl<sub>4</sub>) to square planar for some nickel complexes to octahedral for coordination complexes of cobalt. A range of transition metals can be found in biologically important compounds, such as iron in hemoglobin. </p> <ul><li>Examples: <a href="/wiki/Iron_pentacarbonyl" title="Iron pentacarbonyl">iron pentacarbonyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride" title="Titanium tetrachloride">titanium tetrachloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">cisplatin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_group_compounds">Main group compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Main group compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrasulfur-tetranitride-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tetrasulfur-tetranitride-3D-vdW.png/200px-Tetrasulfur-tetranitride-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tetrasulfur-tetranitride-3D-vdW.png/300px-Tetrasulfur-tetranitride-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tetrasulfur-tetranitride-3D-vdW.png/400px-Tetrasulfur-tetranitride-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tetrasulfur_tetranitride" title="Tetrasulfur tetranitride">Tetrasulfur tetranitride</a>, S<sub>4</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, is a main group compound that continues to intrigue chemists</figcaption></figure> <p>These species feature elements from <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table group">groups</a> I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, 0 (excluding hydrogen) of the periodic table. Due to their often similar reactivity, the elements in group 3 (<a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a>) and group 12 (<a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a>) are also generally included, and the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinides</a> are sometimes included as well.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Main group compounds have been known since the beginnings of chemistry, e.g., elemental <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and the distillable white <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>. Experiments on oxygen, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O<sub>2</sub></a>, by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a> not only identified an important <a href="/wiki/Diatomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomic">diatomic</a> gas, but opened the way for describing compounds and reactions according to <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometric</a> ratios. The discovery of a practical synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> using iron catalysts by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a> in the early 1900s deeply impacted mankind, demonstrating the significance of inorganic chemical synthesis. Typical main group compounds are SiO<sub>2</sub>, SnCl<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O. Many main group compounds can also be classed as "organometallic", as they contain organic groups, e.g., B(<a href="/wiki/Methyl_group" title="Methyl group">CH<sub>3</sub></a>)<sub>3</sub>). Main group compounds also occur in nature, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> in <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, and therefore may be classed as bioinorganic. Conversely, organic compounds lacking (many) hydrogen ligands can be classed as "inorganic", such as the fullerenes, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">buckytubes</a> and binary carbon oxides. </p> <ul><li>Examples: <a href="/wiki/Tetrasulfur_tetranitride" title="Tetrasulfur tetranitride">tetrasulfur tetranitride</a> S<sub>4</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Diborane" title="Diborane">diborane</a> B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Silicone" title="Silicone">silicones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">buckminsterfullerene</a> C<sub>60</sub>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble gas compounds">Noble gas compounds</a> include several derivatives of <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>. </p> <ul><li>Examples: <a href="/wiki/Xenon_hexafluoride" title="Xenon hexafluoride">xenon hexafluoride</a> XeF<sub>6</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Xenon_trioxide" title="Xenon trioxide">xenon trioxide</a> XeO<sub>3</sub>, and <a href="/wiki/Krypton_difluoride" title="Krypton difluoride">krypton difluoride</a> KrF<sub>2</sub></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organometallic_compounds">Organometallic compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Organometallic compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N-butyllithium-tetramer-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/N-butyllithium-tetramer-3D-balls.png/200px-N-butyllithium-tetramer-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/N-butyllithium-tetramer-3D-balls.png/300px-N-butyllithium-tetramer-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/N-butyllithium-tetramer-3D-balls.png/400px-N-butyllithium-tetramer-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Organolithium_reagent" title="Organolithium reagent">Organolithium reagents</a> are most often found in polymeric form, such as <a href="/wiki/N-Butyllithium" title="N-Butyllithium"><i>n</i>-butyllithium</a> shown here</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a></div> <p>Usually, organometallic compounds are considered to contain the M-C-H group.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metal (M) in these species can either be a main group element or a transition metal. Operationally, the definition of an organometallic compound is more relaxed to include also highly <a href="/wiki/Lipophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipophilic">lipophilic</a> complexes such as <a href="/wiki/Metal_carbonyl" title="Metal carbonyl">metal carbonyls</a> and even metal <a href="/wiki/Alkoxide" title="Alkoxide">alkoxides</a>. </p><p>Organometallic compounds are mainly considered a special category because organic ligands are often sensitive to hydrolysis or oxidation, necessitating that organometallic chemistry employs more specialized preparative methods than was traditional in Werner-type complexes. Synthetic methodology, especially the ability to manipulate complexes in solvents of low coordinating power, enabled the exploration of very weakly coordinating ligands such as hydrocarbons, H<sub>2</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>. Because the ligands are petrochemicals in some sense, the area of organometallic chemistry has greatly benefited from its relevance to industry. </p> <ul><li>Examples: <a href="/wiki/Cyclopentadienyliron_dicarbonyl_dimer" title="Cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer">Cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer</a> (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)Fe(CO)<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrocene" title="Ferrocene">ferrocene</a> Fe(C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_hexacarbonyl" title="Molybdenum hexacarbonyl">molybdenum hexacarbonyl</a> Mo(CO)<sub>6</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Triethylborane" title="Triethylborane">triethylborane</a> Et<sub>3</sub>B, <a href="/wiki/Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)" title="Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)">Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)</a> Pd<sub>2</sub>(dba)<sub>3</sub>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cluster_compounds">Cluster compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cluster compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decaborane-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Decaborane-3D-balls.png/200px-Decaborane-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Decaborane-3D-balls.png/300px-Decaborane-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Decaborane-3D-balls.png/400px-Decaborane-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Decaborane" title="Decaborane">Decaborane</a> is a powerfully toxic <a href="/wiki/Cluster_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster compound">cluster compound</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fe4S4-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Fe4S4-3D-vdW.png/200px-Fe4S4-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Fe4S4-3D-vdW.png/300px-Fe4S4-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Fe4S4-3D-vdW.png/400px-Fe4S4-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_cluster" title="Iron–sulfur cluster">Iron–sulfur clusters</a> are central components of <a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_protein" title="Iron–sulfur protein">iron–sulfur proteins</a>, essential for human <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cluster_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster compound">Cluster compound</a></div> <p>Clusters can be found in all classes of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical compounds">chemical compounds</a>. According to the commonly accepted definition, a cluster consists minimally of a triangular set of atoms that are directly bonded to each other. But metal–metal bonded dimetallic complexes are highly relevant to the area. Clusters occur in "pure" inorganic systems, organometallic chemistry, main group chemistry, and bioinorganic chemistry. The distinction between very large clusters and bulk solids is increasingly blurred. This interface is the chemical basis of nanoscience or <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a> and specifically arise from the study of <a href="/wiki/Mesoscopic_physics" title="Mesoscopic physics">quantum size effects</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_selenide" title="Cadmium selenide">cadmium selenide</a> clusters. Thus, large clusters can be described as an array of bound atoms intermediate in character between a molecule and a solid. </p> <ul><li>Examples: <a href="/wiki/Triiron_dodecacarbonyl" title="Triiron dodecacarbonyl">Fe<sub>3</sub>(CO)<sub>12</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Decaborane" title="Decaborane">B<sub>10</sub>H<sub>14</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(II)_chloride" title="Molybdenum(II) chloride">[Mo<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>14</sub>]<sup>2−</sup></a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_protein" title="Iron–sulfur protein">4Fe-4S</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bioinorganic_compounds">Bioinorganic compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bioinorganic compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitamin-B12-Co-centre-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Vitamin-B12-Co-centre-3D-balls.png/200px-Vitamin-B12-Co-centre-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Vitamin-B12-Co-centre-3D-balls.png/300px-Vitamin-B12-Co-centre-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Vitamin-B12-Co-centre-3D-balls.png/400px-Vitamin-B12-Co-centre-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>The octahedral <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> centre of <a href="/wiki/Cyanocobalamin" title="Cyanocobalamin">Vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</a></div> <p>By definition, these compounds occur in nature, but the subfield includes anthropogenic species, such as pollutants (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a>) and drugs (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">Cisplatin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The field, which incorporates many aspects of biochemistry, includes many kinds of compounds, e.g., the phosphates in DNA, and also metal complexes containing ligands that range from biological macromolecules, commonly <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptides</a>, to ill-defined species such as <a href="/wiki/Humic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Humic acid">humic acid</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> (e.g., coordinated to <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a> complexes employed for <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a>). Traditionally bioinorganic chemistry focuses on electron- and energy-transfer in proteins relevant to respiration. Medicinal inorganic chemistry includes the study of both non-essential and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">essential elements</a> with applications to diagnosis and therapies. </p> <ul><li>Examples: <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carboxypeptidase" title="Carboxypeptidase">carboxypeptidase</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solid_state_compounds">Solid state compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Solid state compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">solid-state chemistry</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YBa2Cu3O7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/YBa2Cu3O7.png/150px-YBa2Cu3O7.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/YBa2Cu3O7.png/225px-YBa2Cu3O7.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/YBa2Cu3O7.png/300px-YBa2Cu3O7.png 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="1514" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yttrium_barium_copper_oxide" title="Yttrium barium copper oxide">YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a>, or YBCO, is a high temperature <a href="/wiki/Superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductor">superconductor</a> able to <a href="/wiki/Meissner_effect" title="Meissner effect">levitate</a> above a magnet when colder than its <a href="/wiki/Critical_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical temperature">critical temperature</a> of about 90 K (−183 °C)</figcaption></figure> <p>This important area focuses on <a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">structure</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bonding, and the physical properties of materials. In practice, solid state inorganic chemistry uses techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">crystallography</a> to gain an understanding of the properties that result from collective interactions between the subunits of the solid. Included in solid state chemistry are metals and their <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> or intermetallic derivatives. Related fields are <a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">condensed matter physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>. </p> <ul><li>Examples: <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">silicon chips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeolites">zeolites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yttrium_barium_copper_oxide" title="Yttrium barium copper oxide">YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spectroscopy_and_magnetism">Spectroscopy and magnetism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Spectroscopy and magnetism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to most <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>, many inorganic compounds are magnetic and/or colored. These properties provide information on the bonding and structure. The magnetism of inorganic compounds can be comlex. For example, most copper(II) compounds are paramagnetic but <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_acetate" title="Copper(II) acetate">Cu<sup>II</sup><sub>2</sub>(OAc)<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub></a> is almost diamagnetic below room temperature. The explanation is due to <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_coupling" title="Magnetic coupling">magnetic coupling</a> between pairs of Cu(II) sites in the acetate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qualitative_theories">Qualitative theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Qualitative theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferricyanide-3D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ferricyanide-3D.png/200px-Ferricyanide-3D.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ferricyanide-3D.png/300px-Ferricyanide-3D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ferricyanide-3D.png/400px-Ferricyanide-3D.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crystal_field_theory" title="Crystal field theory">Crystal field theory</a> explains why <a href="/wiki/Ferricyanide" title="Ferricyanide">[Fe<sup>III</sup>(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup></a> has only one unpaired electron</figcaption></figure> <p>Inorganic chemistry has greatly benefited from qualitative theories. Such theories are easier to learn as they require little background in quantum theory. Within main group compounds, <a href="/wiki/VSEPR" class="mw-redirect" title="VSEPR">VSEPR</a> theory powerfully predicts, or at least rationalizes, the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">structures</a> of main group compounds, such as an explanation for why <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">NH<sub>3</sub></a> is pyramidal whereas <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_trifluoride" title="Chlorine trifluoride">ClF<sub>3</sub></a> is T-shaped. For the transition metals, <a href="/wiki/Crystal_field_theory" title="Crystal field theory">crystal field theory</a> allows one to understand the magnetism of many simple complexes, such as why <a href="/wiki/Ferricyanide" title="Ferricyanide">[Fe<sup>III</sup>(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup></a> has only one unpaired electron, whereas [Fe<sup>III</sup>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup> has five. A particularly powerful qualitative approach to assessing the structure and reactivity begins with classifying molecules according to <a href="/wiki/Electron_counting" title="Electron counting">electron counting</a>, focusing on the numbers of <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electrons</a>, usually at the central atom in a molecule.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_symmetry_group_theory">Molecular symmetry group theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Molecular symmetry group theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrogen-dioxide-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Nitrogen-dioxide-3D-vdW.png/200px-Nitrogen-dioxide-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Nitrogen-dioxide-3D-vdW.png/300px-Nitrogen-dioxide-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Nitrogen-dioxide-3D-vdW.png/400px-Nitrogen-dioxide-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">Nitrogen dioxide</a>, NO<sub>2</sub>, exhibits <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_group" title="Symmetry group"><i>C<sub>2v</sub></i> symmetry</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>A construct in chemistry is <a href="/wiki/Molecular_symmetry" title="Molecular symmetry">molecular symmetry</a>, as embodied in <a href="/wiki/Group_theory" title="Group theory">Group theory</a>. Inorganic compounds display a particularly diverse symmetries, so it is logical that Group Theory is intimately associated with inorganic chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Group theory provides the language to describe the shapes of molecules according to their <a href="/wiki/Point_groups_in_three_dimensions" title="Point groups in three dimensions">point group symmetry</a>. Group theory also enables factoring and simplification of theoretical calculations. </p><p>Spectroscopic features are analyzed and described with respect to the symmetry properties of the, <i>inter alia</i>, vibrational or electronic states. Knowledge of the symmetry properties of the ground and excited states allows one to predict the numbers and intensities of absorptions in vibrational and electronic spectra. A classic application of group theory is the prediction of the number of C–O vibrations in substituted metal carbonyl complexes. The most common applications of symmetry to spectroscopy involve vibrational and electronic spectra. </p><p>Group theory highlights commonalities and differences in the bonding of otherwise disparate species. For example, the metal-based orbitals transform identically for <a href="/wiki/Tungsten(VI)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten(VI) fluoride">WF<sub>6</sub></a> and <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_hexacarbonyl" title="Tungsten hexacarbonyl">W(CO)<sub>6</sub></a>, but the energies and populations of these orbitals differ significantly. A similar relationship exists <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> and molecular <a href="/wiki/Beryllium_difluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Beryllium difluoride">beryllium difluoride</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thermodynamics_and_inorganic_chemistry">Thermodynamics and inorganic chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Thermodynamics and inorganic chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alternative quantitative approach to inorganic chemistry focuses on energies of reactions. This approach is highly traditional and <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a>, but it is also useful. Broad concepts that are couched in thermodynamic terms include <a href="/wiki/Redox_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Redox potential">redox potential</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">acidity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phase</a> changes. A classic concept in inorganic thermodynamics is the <a href="/wiki/Born%E2%80%93Haber_cycle" title="Born–Haber cycle">Born–Haber cycle</a>, which is used for assessing the energies of elementary processes such as <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">electron affinity</a>, some of which cannot be observed directly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanistic_inorganic_chemistry">Mechanistic inorganic chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mechanistic inorganic chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important aspect of inorganic chemistry focuses on reaction pathways, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Reaction_mechanism" title="Reaction mechanism">reaction mechanisms</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_group_elements_and_lanthanides">Main group elements and lanthanides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Main group elements and lanthanides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mechanisms of main group compounds of groups 13–18 are usually discussed in the context of organic chemistry (organic compounds are main group compounds, after all). Elements heavier than C, N, O, and F often form compounds with more electrons than predicted by the <a href="/wiki/Octet_rule" title="Octet rule">octet rule</a>, as explained in the article on <a href="/wiki/Hypervalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypervalent">hypervalent</a> molecules. The mechanisms of their reactions differ from organic compounds for this reason. Elements lighter than <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a>) as well as <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> often form electron-deficient structures that are electronically akin to <a href="/wiki/Carbocation" title="Carbocation">carbocations</a>. Such electron-deficient species tend to react via associative pathways. The chemistry of the lanthanides mirrors many aspects of chemistry seen for aluminium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_metal_complexes">Transition metal complexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transition metal complexes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transition metal and main group compounds often react differently.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The important role of d-orbitals in bonding strongly influences the pathways and rates of ligand substitution and dissociation. These themes are covered in articles on <a href="/wiki/Coordination_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordination chemistry">coordination chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a>. Both associative and dissociative pathways are observed. </p><p>An overarching aspect of mechanistic transition metal chemistry is the kinetic lability of the complex illustrated by the exchange of free and bound water in the prototypical complexes [M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>n+</sup>: </p> <dl><dd>[M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>n+</sup> + 6 H<sub>2</sub>O* → [M(H<sub>2</sub>O*)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>n+</sup> + 6 H<sub>2</sub>O</dd> <dd>where H<sub>2</sub>O* denotes <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopically</a> enriched water, e.g., H<sub>2</sub><sup>17</sup>O</dd></dl> <p>The rates of water exchange varies by 20 orders of magnitude across the periodic table, with lanthanide complexes at one extreme and Ir(III) species being the slowest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Redox_reactions">Redox reactions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Redox reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Redox reactions are prevalent for the transition elements. Two classes of redox reaction are considered: atom-transfer reactions, such as oxidative addition/reductive elimination, and <a href="/wiki/Electron_transfer" title="Electron transfer">electron-transfer</a>. A fundamental redox reaction is "self-exchange", which involves the <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_energy_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Degenerate energy level">degenerate</a> reaction between an oxidant and a reductant. For example, <a href="/wiki/Permanganate" title="Permanganate">permanganate</a> and its one-electron reduced relative <a href="/wiki/Potassium_manganate" title="Potassium manganate">manganate</a> exchange one electron: </p> <dl><dd>[MnO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>−</sup> + [Mn*O<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2−</sup> → [MnO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2−</sup> + [Mn*O<sub>4</sub>]<sup>−</sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reactions_at_ligands">Reactions at ligands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reactions at ligands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coordinated ligands display reactivity distinct from the free ligands. For example, the acidity of the ammonia ligands in <a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_hexammine_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt(III) hexammine chloride">[Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup></a> is elevated relative to NH<sub>3</sub> itself. Alkenes bound to metal cations are reactive toward nucleophiles whereas alkenes normally are not. The large and industrially important area of <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysis</a> hinges on the ability of metals to modify the reactivity of organic ligands. <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_catalysis" title="Homogeneous catalysis">Homogeneous catalysis</a> occurs in solution and <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_catalysis" title="Heterogeneous catalysis">heterogeneous catalysis</a> occurs when <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gaseous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">dissolved</a> substrates interact with surfaces of solids. Traditionally <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_catalysis" title="Homogeneous catalysis">homogeneous catalysis</a> is considered part of organometallic chemistry and <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_catalysis" title="Heterogeneous catalysis">heterogeneous catalysis</a> is discussed in the context of <a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface chemistry">surface science</a>, a subfield of solid state chemistry. But the basic inorganic chemical principles are the same. Transition metals, almost uniquely, react with small molecules such as CO, H<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>, and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>. The industrial significance of these feedstocks drives the active area of catalysis. Ligands can also undergo ligand transfer reactions such as <a href="/wiki/Transmetalation" title="Transmetalation">transmetalation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characterization_of_inorganic_compounds">Characterization of inorganic compounds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Characterization of inorganic compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the diverse range of elements and the correspondingly diverse properties of the resulting derivatives, inorganic chemistry is closely associated with many methods of analysis. Older methods tended to examine bulk properties such as the electrical conductivity of solutions, <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting points</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubility</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">acidity</a>. With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum theory</a> and the corresponding expansion of electronic apparatus, new tools have been introduced to probe the electronic properties of inorganic molecules and solids. Often these measurements provide insights relevant to theoretical models. Commonly encountered techniques are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a>: This technique allows for the 3D determination of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular structure">molecular structures</a>.</li> <li>Various forms of <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet-visible_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy">Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy</a>: Historically, this has been an important tool, since many inorganic compounds are strongly colored</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMR_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="NMR spectroscopy">NMR spectroscopy</a>: Besides <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen-1"><sup>1</sup>H</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13"><sup>13</sup>C</a> many other NMR-active nuclei (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Boron-11" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron-11"><sup>11</sup>B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorine-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorine-19"><sup>19</sup>F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus-31" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus-31"><sup>31</sup>P</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Platinum-195" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum-195"><sup>195</sup>Pt</a>) can give important information on compound properties and structure. The NMR of paramagnetic species can provide important structural information. Proton (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen-1"><sup>1</sup>H</a>) NMR is also important because the light hydrogen nucleus is not easily detected by X-ray crystallography.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">Infrared spectroscopy</a>: Mostly for absorptions from <a href="/wiki/Category:Carbonyl_complexes" title="Category:Carbonyl complexes">carbonyl ligands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_nuclear_double_resonance" title="Electron nuclear double resonance">Electron nuclear double resonance</a> (ENDOR) spectroscopy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ssbauer_spectroscopy" title="Mössbauer spectroscopy">Mössbauer spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron-spin_resonance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron-spin resonance">Electron-spin resonance</a>: ESR (or EPR) allows for the measurement of the environment of <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a> metal centres.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrochemical">Electrochemistry</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_voltammetry" title="Cyclic voltammetry">Cyclic voltammetry</a> and related techniques probe the redox characteristics of compounds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthetic_inorganic_chemistry">Synthetic inorganic chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Synthetic inorganic chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although some inorganic species can be obtained in pure form from nature, most are synthesized in chemical plants and in the laboratory. </p><p>Inorganic synthetic methods can be classified roughly according to the volatility or solubility of the component reactants.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soluble inorganic compounds are prepared using methods of <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a>. For metal-containing compounds that are reactive toward air, <a href="/wiki/Schlenk_line" title="Schlenk line">Schlenk line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glove_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Glove box">glove box</a> techniques are followed. Volatile compounds and gases are manipulated in "vacuum manifolds" consisting of glass piping interconnected through valves, the entirety of which can be evacuated to 0.001 mm Hg or less. Compounds are condensed using <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a> (b.p. 78K) or other <a href="/wiki/Cryogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogen">cryogens</a>. Solids are typically prepared using tube furnaces, the reactants and products being sealed in containers, often made of fused silica (amorphous SiO<sub>2</sub>) but sometimes more specialized materials such as welded Ta tubes or Pt "boats". Products and reactants are transported between temperature zones to drive reactions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_chemistry#Inorganic_chemistry" title="List of important publications in chemistry">Important publications in inorganic chemistry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029023510/http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true">"Careers in Chemistry: Inorganic Chemistry"</a>. American Chemical Society. 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New York: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-51094-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-51094-9"><bdi>978-0-471-51094-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Applications+of+Group+Theory&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-471-51094-9&rft.au=Cotton%2C+F.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780471510949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInorganic+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.G._Wilkins1991" class="citation book cs1">R.G. Wilkins (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kineticsmechanis00wilk_0"><i>Kinetics and Mechanism of Reactions of Transition Metal Complexes</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-28389-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-28389-7"><bdi>978-3-527-28389-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinetics+and+Mechanism+of+Reactions+of+Transition+Metal+Complexes&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-3-527-28389-7&rft.au=R.G.+Wilkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkineticsmechanis00wilk_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInorganic+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirolami,_G.S.Rauchfuss,_T.B.Angelici,_R.J.1999" class="citation book cs1">Girolami, G.S.; Rauchfuss, T.B.; Angelici, R.J. (1999). <i>Synthesis and Technique in Inorganic Chemistry</i> (3rd ed.). Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935702-48-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-935702-48-4"><bdi>978-0-935702-48-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synthesis+and+Technique+in+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=Mill+Valley%2C+CA&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+Science+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-935702-48-4&rft.au=Girolami%2C+G.S.&rft.au=Rauchfuss%2C+T.B.&rft.au=Angelici%2C+R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInorganic+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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science</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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