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Disponible en 40 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%BA" title="ويليمينا فليمنغ - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويليمينا فليمنغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82" title="ویلیامینا فلمینق - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلیامینا فلمینق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Уилямина Флеминг - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилямина Флеминг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="উইলিয়ামিনা ফ্লেমিং - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইলিয়ামিনা ফ্লেমিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Flemingov%C3%A1" title="Williamina Flemingová - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Williamina Flemingová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Γουιλιαμίνα Φλέμινγκ - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουιλιαμίνα Φλέμινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ویلیامینا فلمینگ - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیامینا فلمینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="article recomanat"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - gaèlic escocès" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaèlic escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="וילמינה פלמינג - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וילמינה פלמינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1_%D5%96%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Վիլյամինա Ֆլեմինգ - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիլյամինա Ֆլեմինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ウィリアミーナ・フレミング - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアミーナ・フレミング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ვილიამინა ფლემინგი - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვილიამინა ფლემინგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B4%EB%AF%B8%EB%82%98_%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EB%B0%8D" title="윌리어미나 플레밍 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리어미나 플레밍" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - luxemburguès" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="വില്യമീന സ്റ്റീവൻസ് ഫ്ലെമിങ് - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വില്യമീന സ്റ്റീവൻസ് ഫ്ലെമിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Флеминг, Вильямина - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флеминг, Вильямина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="வில்லியமினா பிளெமிங் - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வில்லியமினா பிளெமிங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Вільяміна Флемінг - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільяміна Флемінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ვილიამინა ფლემინგი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვილიამინა ფლემინგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%95%8F%E5%A8%9C%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E8%90%8A%E6%98%8E" title="威廉敏娜·弗萊明 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉敏娜·弗萊明" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q284180#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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<div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més 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llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Williamina_Fleming" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&oldid=34079264" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Williamina_Fleming&action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d'aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Williamina_Fleming" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q284180" title="Enllaç a l'element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33733479">.mw-parser-output .infobox_bodystyle{font-size:85%;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox_titleclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_titlestyle_pharaon{color:#202122;background-color:#f1f1de}.mw-parser-output .infobox_aboveclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_headerclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2;border-bottom:2px solid #ccccff;border-top:2px solid #ccccff}.mw-parser-output .infobox_subheaderclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_subheaderstyle1{width:100%;color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2;text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox_belowstyle{border-top:#aaa 1px solid;color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label{color:#202122;background-color:#eeeeee;padding-right:1.2em;text-align:start}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-data .infobox-label{color:inherit;background-color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-data .infobox-label{color:inherit;background-color:inherit}}.mw-parser-output .infobox_center_BG{text-align:center;color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_coa{padding-top:0.3em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox .extiw{color:#3C7790}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox .extiw{color:#5F9CBB;background-color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox .extiw{color:#5F9CBB;background-color:inherit}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33733479"> <table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em;infobox_bodystyle"><caption class="infobox_titleclass" style="font-weight:bold"><span style="float:left;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plantilla:Infotaula persona"><img alt="Plantilla:Infotaula persona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/20px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/30px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/40px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></span><span class="fn">Williamina Fleming</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Williamina_Paton_Stevens_Fleming_circa_1890s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Williamina_Paton_Stevens_Fleming_circa_1890s.jpg/232px-Williamina_Paton_Stevens_Fleming_circa_1890s.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Williamina_Paton_Stevens_Fleming_circa_1890s.jpg/347px-Williamina_Paton_Stevens_Fleming_circa_1890s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Williamina_Paton_Stevens_Fleming_circa_1890s.jpg/463px-Williamina_Paton_Stevens_Fleming_circa_1890s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1463" data-file-height="1894" /></a></span><br /> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284180?uselang=ca#P18" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Biografia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Naixement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">(en) <span lang="en">Williamina Paton Stevens</span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284180?uselang=ca#P1477" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br />15 maig 1857 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284180?uselang=ca#P569" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Dundee_(Esc%C3%B2cia)" title="Dundee (Escòcia)">Dundee (Escòcia)</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284180?uselang=ca#P19" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Mort</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">21 maig 1911 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284180?uselang=ca#P570" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> (54 anys)<br /><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston (Massachusetts)</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284180?uselang=ca#P20" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Causa de mort</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonia">pulmonia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Sepultura</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1950363" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1950363">Cementiri del Mount Auburn</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284180?uselang=ca#P119" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Residència</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> <small>(1878–) <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284180?uselang=ca#P551" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Nacionalitat</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Estats_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="Estats Units">Estats Units</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Director de tesi</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Charles Pickering</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284180?uselang=ca#P184" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Activitat</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Camp de treball</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">Astronomia</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284180?uselang=ca#P101" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ocupació</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Astr%C3%B2nom" title="Astrònom">astrònoma</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284180?uselang=ca#P106" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ocupador</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory" title="Harvard College Observatory">Observatori de Harvard</a> <small> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284180?uselang=ca#P108" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Membre de</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><div style="text-align:start;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a> (<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10519151" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q10519151">membre honorària</a>) <small>(1906–)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Societat_Astron%C3%B2mica_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Societat Astronòmica de França">Societat Astronòmica de França</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/American_Astronomical_Society" title="American Astronomical Society">American Astronomical Society</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Computadores_de_Harvard" title="Computadores de Harvard">Computadores de Harvard</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284180?uselang=ca#P463" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Obra</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><div class="infobox-label" style="text-align:start;"><b>Obres destacables</b></div><div style="text-align:start;"><ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Descobriment" title="Descobriment">descobriment</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284180?uselang=ca#P800" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><div class="infobox_coa"><b> Signatura </b><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Signature_of_Williamina_Paton_Stevens_Fleming_(1857%E2%80%931911).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Signature_of_Williamina_Paton_Stevens_Fleming_%281857%E2%80%931911%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="54" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="54" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284180?uselang=ca#P109" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/58437055" title="Find a Grave: 58437055" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Find a Grave: 58437055" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/22px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/33px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/44px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284180?uselang=ca#identifiers" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><strong>Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming</strong> (<a href="/wiki/15_de_maig" title="15 de maig">15 de maig</a> de <a href="/wiki/1857" title="1857">1857</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dundee_(Esc%C3%B2cia)" title="Dundee (Escòcia)">Dundee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esc%C3%B2cia" title="Escòcia">Escòcia</a> - <a href="/wiki/21_de_maig" title="21 de maig">21 de maig</a> de <a href="/wiki/1911" title="1911">1911</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) va ser una <a href="/wiki/Astr%C3%B2nom" title="Astrònom">astrònoma</a> nord-americana d'origen <a href="/wiki/Esc%C3%B2cia" title="Escòcia">escocès</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durant la seva carrera, va ajudar a desenvolupar un sistema de designació comú per a les estrelles i va catalogar milers d'estrelles i altres fenòmens astronòmics. Entre els diversos assoliments professionals que va avançar l'astronomia Fleming es destaca pel seu descobriment de la Nebulosa del Cap de Cavall el 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Biografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Williamina Fleming</b> va assistir a l'escola pública de Dundee, i als 14 anys va ajudar en l'ensenyament dels joves actuant de mestra al mateix temps que rebia ensenyament com a alumna mitjançant el sistema <i>pupil-teacher</i>. El maig de <a href="/wiki/1877" title="1877">1877</a>, a l'edat de 20 anys, es va casar amb James Orr Fleming i l'any següent es van traslladar als <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="Estats Units">Estats Units</a>, assentats a la ciutat de <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quan va quedar embarassada del seu fill Edward el<a href="/wiki/1879" title="1879">1879</a>, el seu marit la va abandonar i es va veure obligada a trobar feina per poder mantenir tant ella com el seu fill. </p><p>Va treballar com a empleada de la llar a la casa d'<a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Charles Pickering</a>, un famós professor d'<a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">astronomia</a>, i director del <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory" title="Harvard College Observatory">Harvard College Observatory</a>. Pickering estava frustrat amb el seu assistent masculí, i va declarar que la seva assistenta podria exercir millor el seu treball.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El <a href="/wiki/1881" title="1881">1881</a>, Pickering va oferir a Fleming una feina temporal a l'observatori per fer tasques rutinàries d'oficina i alguns càlculs matemàtics. Aviat va passar a ser membre permanent del personal de recerca. El 1886 Fleming es va fer càrrec de les dotzenes de dones, anomenades les <a href="/wiki/Computadores_de_Harvard" title="Computadores de Harvard">computadores de Harvard</a>, contractades per calcular les classificacions matemàtiques i editar les publicacions de l'observatori, procés que avui en dia fan les computadores. Les dirigia amb una disciplina implacable, sent temuda i admirada a parts iguals. A més, va corregir tots els originals de les publicacions de l'observatori. Va ajudar a elaborar un sistema d'assignació d'estrelles, que bàsicament consistia a assignar una lletra, que depenia de la quantitat de l'<a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> observat en el seu <a href="/wiki/Espectre_at%C3%B2mic" class="mw-redirect" title="Espectre atòmic">espectre</a>. Les estrelles classificades amb la lletra A estaven formades per hidrogen gairebé en la seva totalitat, les classificades amb la lletra B contenien menys hidrogen, i així successivament. Aquest sistema va servir a <a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a> com a base de treball, el qual va millorar per desenvolupar una classificació basada en la <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a>. En els següents trenta anys de la seva vida, va col·laborar en l'anàlisi fotogràfic d'espectres estel·lars.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fleming va advocar obertament per altres dones de les ciències a la seva xerrada <i>A Field for Woman's Work in Astronomy</i> a la Fira Mundial de 1893 a Chicago, on va promoure obertament la contractació d'ajudants en astronomia. El seu discurs va suggerir que estava d'acord amb la idea que tenia en compte que les dones eren inferiors, però sentia que si se'ls donava més oportunitats podrien arribar a ser iguals, és a dir, les diferències de sexe en aquest sentit eren una construcció més cultural que biològica.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fleming va contribuir en la confecció del <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A0leg_Henry_Draper" class="mw-redirect" title="Catàleg Henry Draper">catàleg Henry Draper</a>, i en un període de nou anys, va catalogar més de 10.000 estrelles. En aquest temps també va descobrir 59 <a href="/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa">nebuloses</a> gasoses, 310 <a href="/wiki/Estrelles_variables" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrelles variables">estrelles variables</a>, i 10 <a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">noves</a>. També va establir els primers estàndards fotogràfics de magnitud usats per mesurar la brillantor de les estrelles variables. En <a href="/wiki/1907" title="1907">1907</a>, va publicar un llistat que contenia 222 estrelles variables que ella havia descobert, i en <a href="/wiki/1910" title="1910">1910</a>, va descobrir propietats dels espectres de les <a href="/wiki/Nanes_blanques" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanes blanques">nanes blanques</a>, estrelles molt denses i molt calents. </p><p>El <a href="/wiki/1888" title="1888">1888</a>, Fleming va descobrir la <a href="/wiki/Nebulosa_Cap_de_Cavall" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebulosa Cap de Cavall">Nebulosa Cap de Cavall</a>. William Pickering, que va fer la fotografia, va especular que en aquell lloc hi havia <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%A8ria_fosca" title="Matèria fosca">matèria fosca</a> oculta. Als articles i llibres següents Williamina Fleming no apareix en els crèdits, ja que <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dreyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Dreyer (encara no existeix)">John Dreyer</a>, el principal encarregat de recopilar informació per al primer <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A0leg_%C3%8Dndex" title="Catàleg Índex">Catàleg Índex</a>, va eliminar el seu nom de la llista d'objectes que van descobrir, atribuint totes les aportacions a Pickering. Tanmateix, en el segon catàleg índex de <a href="/wiki/1908" title="1908">1908</a>, Fleming hi va tenir els crèdits que li corresponien.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El <a href="/wiki/1899" title="1899">1899</a>, Fleming va rebre el títol de <i>Conservador de l'Arxiu de fotografies astronòmiques</i> a Harvard, el primer càrrec institucional a Harvard que es concedia a una dona. El <a href="/wiki/1906" title="1906">1906</a>, va aconseguir una plaça honorària a la <a href="/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a> de Londres. Hi era la primera dona a ser elegida, i va aconseguir un premi honorari del <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a>. Poc després de la seva mort, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Societat_Astron%C3%B2mica_de_M%C3%A8xic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Societat Astronòmica de Mèxic (encara no existeix)">Societat Astronòmica de Mèxic</a> la va guardonar amb la medalla <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadeloupe_Almendaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guadeloupe Almendaro (encara no existeix)">Guadeloupe Almendaro</a> pel descobriment de noves estrelles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obra">Obra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Obra"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Draper Catalogue of Stellar Spectra</i> (<a href="/wiki/1890" title="1890">1890</a>)</li> <li><i>A Photographic Study of Variable Stars</i> (<a href="/wiki/1907" title="1907">1907</a>)</li> <li><i>Spectra and Photographic Magnitudes of Stars in Standard Regions</i> (<a href="/wiki/1911" title="1911">1911</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Williamina-Paton-Stevens-Fleming">Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming</a>» (en anglès).  Encyclopaedia Britannica. [Consulta: 24 març 2021].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCannon1911"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cannon</span>, Annie J. «Williamina Paton Fleming» (en anglès). <i>Science</i>, 33, 861, 30-06-1911, pàg. 987–988. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.33.861.987">10.1126/science.33.861.987</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17799863?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:17799863">17799863</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">3,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2">3,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3">3,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/fleming.html">Open Collections Program: Women Working, Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming (1857–1911)</a>». [Consulta: 5 abril 2018].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Smith</span>, Lindsa. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectcontinua.org/williamina-paton-fleming/">Williamina Paton Fleming</a>» (en anglès).  Project Continua. [Consulta: 5 abril 2018].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRossiter1980"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Rossiter</span>, Margaret W. «"Women's Work" in Science, 1880-1910». <i>Isis</i>, 71, 3, 1980, pàg. 381–398. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F352540">10.1086/352540</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/230118">230118</a>.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-center{clear:both;margin:auto}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">A <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0gina_principal?uselang=ca">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Williamina_Fleming" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Williamina Fleming">Williamina Fleming</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFWaldeeHazen1990"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Waldee</span>, S. R.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hazen</span>, M. L. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/doi/10.1086/132771">The discovery of early photographs of the Horsehead nebula.</a>» (en anglès). <i>Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific</i>, 102, 11-1990, pàg. 1337. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PASP..102.1337W">1990PASP..102.1337W</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F132771">10.1086/132771</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6280">0004-6280</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Waldee</span>, Stephen R. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312071923/http://home.earthlink.net/~astro-app/horsehead/B33-19thC_4.htm">The Horsehead Nebula in the 19th Century</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.earthlink.net/~astro-app/horsehead/B33-19thC_4.htm">original</a> el 2007-03-12. [Consulta: 20 juny 2009].</span></li> <li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cannon</span>, A. J. «Williamina Paton Fleming» (en anglès). <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, 34. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911ApJ....34..314C">1911ApJ....34..314C</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F141894">10.1086/141894</a>. p. 314.</span></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d'autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n2014-023782">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/1102281646">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCCN" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN">LCCN</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2014023782">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIAF" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF">VIAF</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/244145054">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISNI" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI">ISNI</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000385708472">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUDOC" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC">SUDOC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/083594175">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtingut de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&oldid=34079264">https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&oldid=34079264</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Astr%C3%B2noms_estatunidencs" title="Categoria:Astrònoms estatunidencs">Astrònoms estatunidencs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Persones_de_Dundee" title="Categoria:Persones de Dundee">Persones de Dundee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Morts_a_Boston" title="Categoria:Morts a Boston">Morts a Boston</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Astr%C3%B2noms_escocesos" title="Categoria:Astrònoms escocesos">Astrònoms escocesos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Naixements_del_1857" title="Categoria:Naixements del 1857">Naixements del 1857</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categories ocultes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_mides_d%27imatge_que_contenen_px_addicionals" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals">Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_enlla%C3%A7_commonscat_des_de_Wikidata" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb enllaç commonscat des de Wikidata">Pàgines amb enllaç commonscat des de Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Control_d%27autoritats" title="Categoria:Control d'autoritats">Control d'autoritats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Morts_el_1911" title="Categoria:Morts el 1911">Morts el 1911</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La pàgina va ser modificada per darrera vegada el 3 oct 2024 a les 04:09.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El text està disponible sota la <a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Text_de_la_llic%C3%A8ncia_de_Creative_Commons_Reconeixement-Compartir_Igual_4.0_No_adaptada" title="Viquipèdia:Text de la llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement-Compartir Igual 4.0 No adaptada"> Llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement i Compartir-Igual</a>; es poden aplicar termes addicionals. 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