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<div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Francis G. Newlands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Newlands – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Francis G. Newlands" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AC%DB%8C._%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B2" title="فرانسیس جی. نیولندز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسیس جی. نیولندز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_G._Newlands" title="Francis G. Newlands – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Francis G. Newlands" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_G._Newlands" title="Francis G. Newlands – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Francis G. Newlands" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%89._%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="فرانسيس جى. نيولاندس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانسيس جى. نيولاندس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Newlands" title="Francis Newlands – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Francis Newlands" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Ньюлендс, Фрэнсис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ньюлендс, Фрэнсис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_G._Newlands" title="Francis G. 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (1846–1917)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Francis G. Newlands</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NEWLANDS,_F.G._SENATOR_LCCN2016857153_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NEWLANDS%2C_F.G._SENATOR_LCCN2016857153_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-NEWLANDS%2C_F.G._SENATOR_LCCN2016857153_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NEWLANDS%2C_F.G._SENATOR_LCCN2016857153_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-NEWLANDS%2C_F.G._SENATOR_LCCN2016857153_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NEWLANDS%2C_F.G._SENATOR_LCCN2016857153_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-NEWLANDS%2C_F.G._SENATOR_LCCN2016857153_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5811" data-file-height="7747" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1903 – December 24, 1917</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Percival_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="John Percival Jones">John P. Jones</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Henderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles B. Henderson">Charles B. Henderson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nevada%27s_At-large_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevada's At-large congressional district">At-Large</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1893 – March 3, 1903</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Horace_F._Bartine" title="Horace F. Bartine">Horace F. Bartine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_D._Van_Duzer" title="Clarence D. Van Duzer">Clarence D. Van Duzer</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Francis Griffith Newlands</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1846-08-28</span>)</span>August 28, 1846<br /><a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 24, 1917<span style="display:none">(1917-12-24)</span> (aged 71)<br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Oak_Hill_Cemetery_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)">Oak Hill Cemetery</a><br />Washington, D.C., U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Silver_Party" title="Silver Party">Silver</a> (1893–1903)<br /><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (1903–1917)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Clara Adelaide Sharon</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1874; died 1882)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Edith McCallister</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1888)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Attorney</a>, real estate developer, <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Francis_Griffith_Newlands.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Francis G. Newlands's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Signature_of_Francis_Griffith_Newlands.png/128px-Signature_of_Francis_Griffith_Newlands.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Signature_of_Francis_Griffith_Newlands.png 1.5x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="38" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Francis Griffith Newlands</b> (August 28, 1846 – December 24, 1917) was an American politician and land developer who served as <a href="/wiki/United_States_representative" class="mw-redirect" title="United States representative">United States representative</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A supporter of westward expansion, he helped pass the <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Reclamation_Act" title="Newlands Reclamation Act">Newlands Reclamation Act</a> of 1902, which created the Bureau of Reclamation and boosted the agricultural industry by building dams to support irrigation in the arid Western states.<sup id="cite_ref-unlv_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unlv-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An avowed <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wapo12-2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo12-2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-merleaux_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merleaux-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CCHSletter_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCHSletter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senator Newlands argued publicly for racial restrictions on immigration and repealing the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unlv_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unlv-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newlands1909_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newlands1909-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arid_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arid-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As land developer, Newlands founded the neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Chevy Chase, Washington, D.C.">Chevy Chase, Washington, D.C.</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase,_Maryland" title="Chevy Chase, Maryland">Chevy Chase, Maryland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and took steps to prevent non-white people from moving there.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To enable the development of these <a href="/wiki/Streetcar_suburb" title="Streetcar suburb">streetcar suburbs</a>, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Railway" title="Rock Creek Railway">Rock Creek Railway</a>, which became one of the two major <a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_Washington,_D.C.,_and_Maryland" title="Streetcars in Washington, D.C., and Maryland">streetcar companies serving the Washington, D.C., area</a> in the early decades of the 20th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_G._Newlands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newlands was born in <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez, Mississippi</a>, on August 28, 1846 (or 1848; sources differ). He was the fourth of five children born to Jessie and James Newlands, immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arid_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arid-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fof_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fof-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bmag_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmag-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, trained as a physician in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, died in 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-arid_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arid-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newlands was raised in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-fof_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fof-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1867, he went to <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> but left after his first year.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1869, he graduated from Columbian College, which is now <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University_Law_School" title="George Washington University Law School">George Washington University Law School</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-drs_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drs-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Admission to the bar">admitted to the bar</a> in 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-arid_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arid-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1901, he received an honorary M.A. degree.<sup id="cite_ref-drs_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drs-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_G._Newlands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1870, Newlands moved to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. He married Clara Adelaide Sharon, the daughter of future <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> senator <a href="/wiki/William_Sharon" title="William Sharon">William Sharon</a>, in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-arid_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arid-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bmag_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmag-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had three daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-fof_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fof-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newlands helped William Sharon to reopen the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_California" title="Bank of California">Bank of California</a>, and supervised the management of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_Hotel,_San_Francisco" title="Palace Hotel, San Francisco">Palace Hotel, San Francisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arid_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arid-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Newlands' wife died, he inherited the Sharon estate.<sup id="cite_ref-fof_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fof-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newlands married Edith McAllister and moved to Nevada in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_developer">Land developer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_G._Newlands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Land developer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1880s, Newlands and his partners began to acquire farmland in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C._(northwest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, D.C. (northwest)">northwestern Washington, D.C.</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland" title="Montgomery County, Maryland">Montgomery County, Maryland</a>, in order to develop a residential <a href="/wiki/Streetcar_suburb" title="Streetcar suburb">streetcar suburb</a> for the nation's capital. On June 23, 1888, Newlands chartered the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Railway" title="Rock Creek Railway">Rock Creek Railway</a> for a single-track streetcar.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, Newlands and his partners formed the <a href="/wiki/The_Chevy_Chase_Land_Company" title="The Chevy Chase Land Company">Chevy Chase Land Company</a> to develop their land, which by then totaled more than 1,700 acres, .<sup id="cite_ref-book_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cc_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1890 and 1892, the Land Company built a five-mile extension of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Avenue" title="Connecticut Avenue">Connecticut Avenue</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_(Potomac_River_tributary)" title="Rock Creek (Potomac River tributary)">Rock Creek</a> past the District line and into Maryland. The new road included two new bridges and streetcar tracks laid down the center.<sup id="cite_ref-book_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rock Creek Railway opened in 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-cc_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To supply the electricity to the streetcars, the company dammed Coquelin Run, a small tributary of Rock Creek, just east of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Avenue" title="Connecticut Avenue">Connecticut Avenue</a>; the resulting <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase_Lake" title="Chevy Chase Lake">Chevy Chase Lake</a> supplied water for an electric generating plant. </p><p>Newlands' development companies attached <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)#Related_to_land" title="Covenant (law)">covenants</a> to lots in <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Chevy Chase, Washington, D.C.">Chevy Chase, D.C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase,_Maryland" title="Chevy Chase, Maryland">Chevy Chase, Maryland</a>; and later Burlingame, California. These covenants did not explicitly forbid their sale to people of specific races or religions. Instead, they forbade buyers to build homes that cost less than certain amounts — e.g., $3,000 and $5,000 — effectively preventing their sale to members of minority populations with less access to wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newlands created the Chevy Chase Springs Hotel (later the <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase_Junior_College" title="Chevy Chase Junior College">Chevy Chase School for Girls</a>, now the <a href="/wiki/4-H" title="4-H">4-H</a> Youth Conference Center). Newlands ensured the community included schools, churches, country clubs, tree-lined streets, a water supply and a sewage system. Groceries and daily purchases were brought from Washington, D.C., on the railway at no charge to residents.<sup id="cite_ref-cc_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1894 to 1936, the Land Company operated an amusement park on the lake as a means to draw prospective buyers to the development and to keep the streetcars supplied with evening and weekend passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1893, Newlands began to subdivide some property he inherited in <a href="/wiki/Burlingame,_California" title="Burlingame, California">Burlingame, California</a>. He started with the Burlingame Country Club and five cottages. The following year, he added the Burlingame train station.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Representative">U.S. Representative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_G._Newlands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: U.S. Representative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newlands represented <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> from 1893 to 1903 as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Party" title="Silver Party">Silver Party</a>. In 1898, he created the <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a>, creating a new territory.<sup id="cite_ref-fof_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fof-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supported a greater federal role in conservation and pushed for federal funding of western arid land irrigation projects.<sup id="cite_ref-fof_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fof-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He helped pass the <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Reclamation_Act" title="Newlands Reclamation Act">Reclamation Act</a> of 1902, also called the Newlands Act, which created what would become the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation" title="United States Bureau of Reclamation">Bureau of Reclamation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fof_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fof-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Senator">U.S. Senator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_G._Newlands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: U.S. Senator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NEWLANDS,_FRANCIS_G.,_SENATOR_LOC_hec.07811_(2)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/NEWLANDS%2C_FRANCIS_G.%2C_SENATOR_LOC_hec.07811_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-NEWLANDS%2C_FRANCIS_G.%2C_SENATOR_LOC_hec.07811_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/NEWLANDS%2C_FRANCIS_G.%2C_SENATOR_LOC_hec.07811_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-NEWLANDS%2C_FRANCIS_G.%2C_SENATOR_LOC_hec.07811_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/NEWLANDS%2C_FRANCIS_G.%2C_SENATOR_LOC_hec.07811_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-NEWLANDS%2C_FRANCIS_G.%2C_SENATOR_LOC_hec.07811_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5361" data-file-height="8280" /></a><figcaption>Newlands as a U.S. Senator, c. 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>Newlands entered the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> in 1903 as a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>. He supported the protection of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Forest">National Forests</a> under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a> in 1905, and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-fof_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fof-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of the Senate subcommittee that investigated the 1912 sinking of <a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1916, he was the only Democratic senator to vote against the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a> to the U.S. Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newlands held white supremacist beliefs and spoke publicly in favor of restricting the rights of African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-newlands1909_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newlands1909-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gary1909_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gary1909-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Racial_views">Racial views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_G._Newlands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Racial views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newlands was an outspoken white supremacist who advocated for those beliefs as a senator, and a <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalist</a> who sought to secure the United States as a homeland for whites. In 1905, he advocated for the paid resettlement of African Americans to the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1909 journal article, "A Western View of the Race Question" published in the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Political_and_Social_Science" title="American Academy of Political and Social Science"><i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i></a>, Newlands wrote that Black people were "a race of children"<sup id="cite_ref-newlands1909_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newlands1909-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who threatened the United States. The country, he wrote, "should start immediately upon the serious consideration of a national policy regarding the people of the black race now within our boundaries, which, with a proper regard for humanity, will minimize the danger which they constitute to our institutions and our civilizations."<sup id="cite_ref-newlands1909_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newlands1909-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also expressed fear that people from Asia would take over the West Coast: "Asia, with nearly a billion people of the yellow and brown races, who, if there were no restrictions, would quickly settle upon and take possession of our entire western coast and intermountain region."<sup id="cite_ref-newlands1909_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newlands1909-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He distinguished between Chinese and Japanese people using stereotypes: "the Chinese, who are patient and submissive, would not create as many complications as the presence of the Japanese, whose strong and virile qualities would constitute an additional element of difficulty."<sup id="cite_ref-newlands1909_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newlands1909-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a June 17, 1912, article in the <i>New York Times</i>, Newlands wrote, "I believe this should be a white man's country and that we should frankly express our determination that it shall be."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 Democratic National Convention</a>, he proposed that the party's platform include a "White Plank" calling for the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> and the restriction of immigration to whites.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_G._Newlands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_Francis_Griffith_Newlands_(d._1917).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Grave_of_Francis_Griffith_Newlands_%28d._1917%29.jpg/170px-Grave_of_Francis_Griffith_Newlands_%28d._1917%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Grave_of_Francis_Griffith_Newlands_%28d._1917%29.jpg/255px-Grave_of_Francis_Griffith_Newlands_%28d._1917%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Grave_of_Francis_Griffith_Newlands_%28d._1917%29.jpg/340px-Grave_of_Francis_Griffith_Newlands_%28d._1917%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Grave of Newlands at Oak Hill Cemetery</figcaption></figure> <p>Newlands was stricken with heart failure at his Senate office on the afternoon of December 24, 1917, and died that night at his home at 2236 Massachusetts Avenue NW.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was interred at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Hill_Cemetery_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)">Oak Hill Cemetery</a> in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Francis_Griffith_Newlands_Memorial_Fountain" title="Francis Griffith Newlands Memorial Fountain">Francis Griffith Newlands Memorial Fountain</a> is in Chevy Chase Circle, a federal park that divides D.C. and Maryland. In 2014, a member of the Chevy Chase advisory neighborhood commission proposed a resolution calling for the removal of Newlands' name from the fountain because of his white supremacist views on race, including his desire to remove the vote for African Americans. Others argued that Chevy Chase should not alter the monument because the change would belittle Newlands' legislative accomplishments.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 27, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Neighborhood_Commission" title="Advisory Neighborhood Commission">Advisory Neighborhood Commission</a> of Chevy Chase, D.C., voted unanimously to ask the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> to remove the plaque bearing his name from the Francis Griffith Newlands Memorial Fountain and create an exhibit documenting Newlands's racism.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar renaming effort has begun around Newlands Park in <a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno, Nevada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newlands' <a href="/wiki/Francis_G._Newlands_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis G. Newlands House">former mansion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno</a> is one of six properties in Nevada designated as a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many notable people, including <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hutton" title="Barbara Hutton">Barbara Hutton</a> in 1935, stayed at the house while waiting for their <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> paperwork to be finalized by George Thatcher, a local divorce <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a> who purchased the home in 1920. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_G._Newlands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Irrigation_Congress" title="National Irrigation Congress">National Irrigation Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1900%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)">List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_G._Newlands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041213115027/http://www.cr.nps.gov/NR/travel/nevada/sen.htm">"NPS: Newlands"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/nevada/sen.htm">the original</a> on December 13, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NPS%3A+Newlands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cr.nps.gov%2Fnr%2Ftravel%2Fnevada%2Fsen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unlv-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unlv_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unlv_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unlv.edu/news/article/my-nevada-5-admired-and-reviled-politicians">"My Nevada 5: Admired and Reviled Politicians"</a>. University of Nevada, Las Vegas. October 23, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908012040/http://www.unlv.edu/news/article/my-nevada-5-admired-and-reviled-politicians">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Nevada+5%3A+Admired+and+Reviled+Politicians&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada%2C+Las+Vegas&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unlv.edu%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fmy-nevada-5-admired-and-reviled-politicians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo12-2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wapo12-2014_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurque,_Bill2014" class="citation news cs1">Turque, Bill (December 26, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/in-chevy-chase-a-conundrum-spouts-from-fountain-named-after-a-racist-senator/2014/12/26/517e2946-89e7-11e4-8ff4-fb93129c9c8b_story.html">"In Chevy Chase, a conundrum spouts from fountain named after a racist senator"</a>. Washington, D.C. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150807092729/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/in-chevy-chase-a-conundrum-spouts-from-fountain-named-after-a-racist-senator/2014/12/26/517e2946-89e7-11e4-8ff4-fb93129c9c8b_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+Chevy+Chase%2C+a+conundrum+spouts+from+fountain+named+after+a+racist+senator&rft.date=2014-12-26&rft.au=Turque%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fmd-politics%2Fin-chevy-chase-a-conundrum-spouts-from-fountain-named-after-a-racist-senator%2F2014%2F12%2F26%2F517e2946-89e7-11e4-8ff4-fb93129c9c8b_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-merleaux-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-merleaux_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerleaux,_April2015" class="citation book cs1">Merleaux, April (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5li0CAAAQBAJ&q=newlands%20white%20supremacist&pg=PA32"><i>Sugar and Civilization: American Empire and the Cultural Politics of Sweetness</i></a>. UNC Press Books. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2252-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2252-1"><bdi>978-1-4696-2252-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sugar+and+Civilization%3A+American+Empire+and+the+Cultural+Politics+of+Sweetness&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-2252-1&rft.au=Merleaux%2C+April&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5li0CAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnewlands%2520white%2520supremacist%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCHSletter-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CCHSletter_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancaster,_AngelaMary_SheehanGail_Sansbury2014" class="citation web cs1">Lancaster, Angela; Mary Sheehan; Gail Sansbury (December 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chevychasehistory.org/sites/default/files/Letter_to_Thompson_rename_fountain_12-5-2014_.pdf">"Letter, CCHS to Gary Thompson"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+City+Paper&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Fort+Reno&rft.date=2017-11-02&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwashingtoncitypaper.com%2Farticle%2F188488%2Fthe-battle-of-fort-reno%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fof-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fof_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fof_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fof_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fof_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fof_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fof_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fof_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fof_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Newlands, Francis Griffith". <i>Encyclopedia of American Environmental History</i>. <b>3</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Environmental+History&rft.atitle=Newlands%2C+Francis+Griffith&rft.volume=3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bmag-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bmag_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bmag_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Walston2010" class="citation web cs1">Mark Walston (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethesdamagazine.com/Bethesda-Magazine/May-June-2010/Call-it-Ishpiming/">"Call it Ishpiming"</a>. 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May 6, 2021. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lVlkw_xjAV8"><i>A Closer Look at Chevy Chase Founder Francis G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Chevy+Chase+Lake&rft.pub=Chevy+Chase+Lake&rft.date=2012-07-02&rft.au=Lisa+Fadden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chevychaselake.com%2F2012%2F07%2F02%2Fthe-history-of-chevy-chase-lake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanagan2017" class="citation news cs1">Flanagan, Neil (November 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/188488/the-battle-of-fort-reno/">"The Battle of Fort Reno"</a>. <i>Washington City Paper</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517162341/https://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/188488/the-battle-of-fort-reno/">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+City+Paper&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Fort+Reno&rft.date=2017-11-02&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwashingtoncitypaper.com%2Farticle%2F188488%2Fthe-battle-of-fort-reno%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chevychasehistory.org/ChevyChaseLake">"Home | Chevy Chase Historical Society"</a>. <i>www.chevychasehistory.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023034824/http://www.chevychasehistory.org/ChevyChaseLake">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chevychasehistory.org&rft.atitle=Home+%7C+Chevy+Chase+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chevychasehistory.org%2FChevyChaseLake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606024350/http://burlingame.org/index.aspx?page=1741">"Explore the History of Burlingame"</a>. City of Burlingame. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.burlingame.org/index.aspx?page=1741">the original</a> on June 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explore+the+History+of+Burlingame&rft.pub=City+of+Burlingame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.burlingame.org%2Findex.aspx%3Fpage%3D1741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timelines.ws/cities/SFBA_B.HTML">"SF Bay Area 1893–1929"</a>. Timelines. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920154756/http://www.timelines.ws/cities/SFBA_B.HTML">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SF+Bay+Area+1893%E2%80%931929&rft.pub=Timelines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timelines.ws%2Fcities%2FSFBA_B.HTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_O._Davies1999" class="citation book cs1">Richard O. Davies (1999). <i>The Maverick Spirit: Building the New Nevada</i>. University of Nevada Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maverick+Spirit%3A+Building+the+New+Nevada&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Richard+O.+Davies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AMInq01.php">"Titanic Inquiry Project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407221130/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AMInq01.php">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Titanic+Inquiry+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.titanicinquiry.org%2FUSInq%2FAMInq01.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/06/02/100208094.pdf">Confirm Brandeis by Vote of 47 to 22</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316162948/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/06/02/100208094.pdf">Archived</a> March 16, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, June 2, 1916</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gary1909-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gary1909_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary,_Frank_Boyd1909" class="citation web cs1">Gary, Frank Boyd (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rZVPAAAAYAAJ&q=blacks%20are%20a%20race%20of%20children%20requiring%20guidance%2C%20industrial%20training%20and%20development%20of%20self-control&pg=PA23">"The Immigration Commission and the Immigration Problem"</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Immigration+Commission+and+the+Immigration+Problem&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1909&rft.au=Gary%2C+Frank+Boyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrZVPAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dblacks%2520are%2520a%2520race%2520of%2520children%2520requiring%2520guidance%252C%2520industrial%2520training%2520and%2520development%2520of%2520self-control%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span> This pamphlet, consisting mostly of a transcript of a speech by Gary, includes an extract of a statement given by Newlands on February 7, 1909, to the Washington Post that includes the "race of children" assertion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1999" class="citation news cs1">Fisher, Marc (February 15, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1999/02/15/chevy-chase-1916-for-everyman-a-new-lot-in-life/b59d9130-b374-4337-b784-f22f0960c653/">"CHEVY CHASE, 1916: FOR EVERYMAN, A NEW LOT IN LIFE"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828052031/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1999/02/15/chevy-chase-1916-for-everyman-a-new-lot-in-life/b59d9130-b374-4337-b784-f22f0960c653/">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=CHEVY+CHASE%2C+1916%3A+FOR+EVERYMAN%2C+A+NEW+LOT+IN+LIFE&rft.date=1999-02-15&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1999%2F02%2F15%2Fchevy-chase-1916-for-everyman-a-new-lot-in-life%2Fb59d9130-b374-4337-b784-f22f0960c653%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewlands1905" class="citation journal cs1">Newlands, Francis G. (1905). "The San Domingo Question". <i>The North American Review</i>. <b>180</b> (583): <span class="nowrap">885–</span>898. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25105414">25105414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+American+Review&rft.atitle=The+San+Domingo+Question&rft.volume=180&rft.issue=583&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E885-%3C%2Fspan%3E898&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25105414%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Newlands&rft.aufirst=Francis+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurque2015" class="citation news cs1">Turque, Bill (February 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/senators-descendants-urge-no-change-in-name-of-chevy-chase-fountain/2015/02/17/f5da4a46-b6c0-11e4-a200-c008a01a6692_story.html?itid=lk_inline_manual">"Senators Descendants Urge no change in name of Chevy Chase fountain"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Senators+Descendants+Urge+no+change+in+name+of+Chevy+Chase+fountain&rft.date=2015-02-17&rft.aulast=Turque&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fmd-politics%2Fsenators-descendants-urge-no-change-in-name-of-chevy-chase-fountain%2F2015%2F02%2F17%2Ff5da4a46-b6c0-11e4-a200-c008a01a6692_story.html%3Fitid%3Dlk_inline_manual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1912/06/17/archives/race-issue-plank-for-the-democrats-senator-newlands-of-nevada.html">"RACE ISSUE PLANK FOR THE DEMOCRATS; Senator Newlands of Nevada Arrives in Baltimore with One He Will Urge"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 17, 1912. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513205856/https://www.nytimes.com/1912/06/17/archives/race-issue-plank-for-the-democrats-senator-newlands-of-nevada.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=RACE+ISSUE+PLANK+FOR+THE+DEMOCRATS%3B+Senator+Newlands+of+Nevada+Arrives+in+Baltimore+with+One+He+Will+Urge&rft.date=1912-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1912%2F06%2F17%2Farchives%2Frace-issue-plank-for-the-democrats-senator-newlands-of-nevada.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowley1996" class="citation book cs1">Rowley, William D. (1996). <i>Reclaiming the arid West: the career of Francis G. Newlands</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33002-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33002-5"><bdi>0-253-33002-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32892298">32892298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+the+arid+West%3A+the+career+of+Francis+G.+Newlands&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32892298&rft.isbn=0-253-33002-5&rft.aulast=Rowley&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B03E1DC1E3BE03ABC4D51DFB467838C609EDE">"Newlands Dead of Heart Attack"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. December 25, 1917. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007033300/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B03E1DC1E3BE03ABC4D51DFB467838C609EDE">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Newlands+Dead+of+Heart+Attack&rft.date=1917-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9B03E1DC1E3BE03ABC4D51DFB467838C609EDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oakhillcemeterydc.org/app/themes/oakhill/assets/records/592e.pdf">"Oak Hill Cemetery, Georgetown, D.C. (Rock Creek) - Lot 592 East"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>oakhillcemeterydc.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302053842/https://www.oakhillcemeterydc.org/app/themes/oakhill/assets/records/592e.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oakhillcemeterydc.org&rft.atitle=Oak+Hill+Cemetery%2C+Georgetown%2C+D.C.+%28Rock+Creek%29+-+Lot+592+East&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oakhillcemeterydc.org%2Fapp%2Fthemes%2Foakhill%2Fassets%2Frecords%2F592e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcmemorials.com/index_indiv0001528.htm">"NEWLANDS, Francis: Fountain at Chevy Chase Circle in Washington, D.C."</a> D.C. Memorials. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007130321/http://dcmemorials.com/index_indiv0001528.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NEWLANDS%2C+Francis%3A+Fountain+at+Chevy+Chase+Circle+in+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=D.C.+Memorials&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcmemorials.com%2Findex_indiv0001528.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaron_Kraut2014" class="citation web cs1">Aaron Kraut (December 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethesdamagazine.com/Bethesda-Beat/2014/DC-Group-Tables-Discussion-Of-Newlands-Name-On-Chevy-Chase-Fountain/">"D.C. Group Tables Discussion of Newlands' Name On Chevy Chase Fountain"</a>. Bethesda Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007002452/http://www.bethesdamagazine.com/Bethesda-Beat/2014/DC-Group-Tables-Discussion-Of-Newlands-Name-On-Chevy-Chase-Fountain/">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(July 31, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/chevy-chase-newlands-fountain/2020/07/31/9d466cf4-d1c0-11ea-af07-1d058ca137ae_story.html">"D.C. neighborhood votes to remove plaque honoring white supremacist senator"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206183925/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/chevy-chase-newlands-fountain/2020/07/31/9d466cf4-d1c0-11ea-af07-1d058ca137ae_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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July 23, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513211401/https://www.kolotv.com/2020/07/23/community-petitions-to-change-name-of-newlands-park-in-reno/">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Newlands"</a>. <i>Reno Gazette Journal</i>. USA Today<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Newlands House"</a>. <i>U.S. National Park Service</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108155410/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/nevada/sen.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Senator+Francis+G.+Newlands+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnr%2Ftravel%2Fnevada%2Fsen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_G._Newlands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Francis_G._Newlands" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Francis G. Newlands">Francis G. Newlands</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0371">Francis Griffith Newlands papers MS 371</a> Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lVlkw_xjAV8">Video</a>: "A Closer Look at Chevy Chase Founder Francis G. Newlands," the Spring 2021 Chevy Chase Historical Society Lecture by historian and author William Rowley, emeritus professor of history at the University of Nevada-Reno</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressN000069" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=N000069">"Francis G. Newlands (id: N000069)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Francis+G.+Newlands+%28id%3A+N000069%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DN000069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+G.+Newlands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t0ms3t00c;view=1up;seq=7">Memorial addresses</a> for Francis G. Newlands delivered in the Senate on Jan. 3, 1918, and in the House on September 2, 1918.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Nevada">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 3</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1914_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="1914 United States Senate election in Nevada">1914</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henderson_(Nevada_politician)" title="Charles Henderson (Nevada politician)">Charles Henderson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Horace_F._Bartine" title="Horace F. Bartine">Horace F. Bartine</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Nevada" title="List of United States representatives from Nevada">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="NevadaAL !"><a href="/wiki/Nevada%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Nevada's at-large congressional district">Nevada's at-large congressional district</a></span> </b><br />1893–1903 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_D._Van_Duzer" title="Clarence D. Van Duzer">Clarence D. Van Duzer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Percival_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="John Percival Jones">John P. Jones</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nevada" title="List of United States senators from Nevada"> U.S. senator (Class 3) from Nevada</a> </b><br />1903–1917 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/William_M._Stewart" title="William M. Stewart">William M. Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_S._Nixon" title="George S. Nixon">George S. Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_A._Massey_(politician)" title="William A. Massey (politician)">William A. Massey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Key_Pittman" title="Key Pittman">Key Pittman</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Henderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles B. Henderson">Charles B. Henderson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Moses_E._Clapp" title="Moses E. Clapp">Moses E. Clapp</a><br />Minnesota</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Interstate_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce">United States Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce</a> </b><br />1913–1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith" title="Ellison D. Smith">Ellison D. Smith</a><br />South Carolina</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Nevada" title="Template:United States senators from Nevada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Nevada" title="Template talk:United States senators from Nevada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Nevada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Nevada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Nevada95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nevada" title="List of United States senators from Nevada">United States senators from Nevada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Stewart" title="William M. Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sharon" title="William Sharon">Sharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Fair" title="James G. Fair">Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Stewart" title="William M. Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Nixon" title="George S. Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Massey_(politician)" title="William A. Massey (politician)">Massey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Pittman" title="Key Pittman">Pittman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_L._Bunker" title="Berkeley L. Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Scrugham" title="James G. Scrugham">Scrugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Carville" title="Edward P. Carville">Carville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Malone" title="George W. Malone">Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Cannon" title="Howard Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chic_Hecht" title="Chic Hecht">Hecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bryan" title="Richard Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ensign" title="John Ensign">Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Heller" title="Dean Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacky_Rosen" title="Jacky Rosen">Rosen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Nye" title="James W. Nye">Nye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Jones_(Nevada_politician)" title="John P. Jones (Nevada politician)">Jones</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henderson_(Nevada_politician)" title="Charles Henderson (Nevada politician)">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasker_Oddie" title="Tasker Oddie">Oddie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_McCarran" title="Pat McCarran">McCarran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_S._Brown" title="Ernest S. Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bible" title="Alan Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cortez_Masto" title="Catherine Cortez Masto">Cortez Masto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation322" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#default;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Commerce_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Commerce chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Commerce_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Commerce chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Commerce_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Commerce chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation322" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce and Manufactures<br />(1816–1825)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hunter_(senator)" title="William Hunter (senator)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Dickerson" title="Mahlon Dickerson">Dickerson</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/135px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce<br />(1825–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Lloyd_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Lloyd (Massachusetts politician)">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_S._Johnston" title="Josiah S. Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Silsbee" title="Nathaniel Silsbee">Silsbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Goldsborough" title="Robert Henry Goldsborough">Goldsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabez_W._Huntington" title="Jabez W. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Haywood_Jr." title="William Henry Haywood Jr.">Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dodge" title="Henry Dodge">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Claiborne_Clay" title="Clement Claiborne Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Conkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Gordon" title="John B. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_W._Ransom" title="Matt W. Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._R._McMillan" title="Samuel J. R. McMillan">McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_W._Ransom" title="Matt W. Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knute_Nelson" title="Knute Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Clarke" title="James P. Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_U._Fletcher" title="Duncan U. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_L._Jones" title="Wesley L. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">H. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_D._Stephens" title="Hubert D. Stephens">Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_S._Copeland" title="Royal S. Copeland">Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bailey" title="Josiah Bailey">Bailey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstate Commerce<br />(1887–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Butler" title="Matthew Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Elkins" title="Stephen B. Elkins">Elkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_E._Clapp" title="Moses E. Clapp">Clapp</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith" title="Ellison D. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Cummins" title="Albert B. Cummins">Cummins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith" title="Ellison D. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Watson" title="James E. Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Couzens" title="James Couzens">Couzens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Dill" title="Clarence Dill">Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstate and Foreign Commerce/Commerce<br />(1947–1977)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_H._White" title="Wallace H. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_C._Johnson" title="Edwin C. Johnson">E. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Tobey" title="Charles W. Tobey">Tobey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce, Science, and Transportation<br />(1977–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Cannon" title="Howard Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Packwood" title="Bob Packwood">Packwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">Danforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings">Hollings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Pressler" title="Larry Pressler">Pressler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings">Hollings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings">Hollings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">Thune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wicker" title="Roger Wicker">Wicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Cantwell" title="Maria Cantwell">Cantwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_Nevada287" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Nevada" title="Template:United States representatives from Nevada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_representatives_from_Nevada" title="Template talk:United States representatives from Nevada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Nevada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States representatives from Nevada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_Nevada287" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Nevada" title="United States congressional delegations from Nevada">Members of the United States House of Representatives from Nevada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial (1861–1864)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Seat4" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cradlebaugh" title="John Cradlebaugh">Cradlebaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Newell_Mott" title="Gordon Newell Mott">Mott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">One at-large seat (1864–1983)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Worthington" title="Henry G. Worthington">Worthington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos_R._Ashley" title="Delos R. Ashley">Ashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitch_(politician)" title="Thomas Fitch (politician)">Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_West_Kendall" title="Charles West Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Woodburn" title="William Woodburn">Woodburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wren_(Nevada_politician)" title="Thomas Wren (Nevada politician)">Wren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollin_M._Daggett" title="Rollin M. Daggett">Daggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Williams_Cassidy" class="mw-redirect" title="George Williams Cassidy">Cassidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Woodburn" title="William Woodburn">Woodburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_F._Bartine" title="Horace F. Bartine">Bartine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_D._Van_Duzer" title="Clarence D. Van Duzer">Van Duzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Bartlett" title="George A. Bartlett">Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_E._Roberts" title="Edwin E. Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Evans" title="Charles R. Evans">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Arentz" title="Samuel S. Arentz">Arentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Richards" title="Charles L. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Arentz" title="Samuel S. Arentz">Arentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Scrugham" title="James G. Scrugham">Scrugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_J._Sullivan" title="Maurice J. Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_L._Bunker" title="Berkeley L. Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Russell" title="Charles H. Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_S._Baring_Jr." title="Walter S. Baring Jr.">Baring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Clifton_Young" title="Clarence Clifton Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_S._Baring_Jr." title="Walter S. Baring Jr.">Baring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Towell" title="David Towell">Towell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_David_Santini" title="James David Santini">Santini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts (1983–present)<br /><i>(3rd district established in 2003)</i><br /><i>(4th district established in 2013)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st district</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bilbray" title="James Bilbray">Bilbray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ensign" title="John Ensign">Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Berkley" title="Shelley Berkley">Berkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dina_Titus" title="Dina Titus">Titus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd district</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Vucanovich" title="Barbara Vucanovich">Vucanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gibbons_(American_politician)" title="Jim Gibbons (American politician)">Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Heller" title="Dean Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Amodei" title="Mark Amodei">Amodei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd district</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Porter" title="Jon Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dina_Titus" title="Dina Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Heck" title="Joe Heck">Heck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacky_Rosen" title="Jacky Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susie_Lee" title="Susie Lee">Lee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th district</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Horsford" title="Steven Horsford">Horsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cresent_Hardy" title="Cresent Hardy">Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruben_Kihuen" title="Ruben Kihuen">Kihuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Horsford" title="Steven Horsford">Horsford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000050616779">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/13118794">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/313479/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtX6PVCMXBvXgD8cVTPwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119470578">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr92041931">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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