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About 30% of the wines are red, made from [[Blaufränkisch]] (also known as Lemberger, or as Kékfrankos in neighbouring [[Hungarian wine|Hungary]]), [[Pinot noir]] and locally bred varieties such as [[Zweigelt]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-645-zweigelt |title=Zweigelt Wine |publisher=Wine-Searcher}}</ref> Four thousand years of winemaking history counted for little after the "[[1985 diethylene glycol wine scandal|antifreeze scandal]]" of 1985, when it was revealed that some wine brokers had been [[adulterant|adulterating]] their wines with [[diethylene glycol]]. The scandal destroyed the market for Austrian wine and compelled Austria to tackle low standards of bulk wine production, and reposition itself as a producer of quality wines. The country is also home to [[Riedel (glass manufacturer)|Riedel]], makers of some of the most expensive [[wine glass]]es in the world. Some of the best producers of Austria include [[:de:Weingut Bründlmayer|Weingut Bründlmayer]], Weingut F.X. Pichler and Weingut Franz Hirtzberger, Weingut Nikolaihof, Weingut Knoll, Weingut Tement, and Weingut Sattlerhof. {{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ==History== {{see also|History of Austria}} There is archaeological evidence of grape growing in Traisental 4000 years ago. Grape seeds have been found in [[urn]]s dating back to 700 BC in [[Zagersdorf]],<ref name="WfA history">{{cite web|title=Viticulture in Austria – a journey in fast motion |publisher=Wines from Austria |url=http://www.winesfromaustria.com/wine/wineland_history.html |access-date=2007-04-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221211508/http://www.winesfromaustria.com/wine/wineland_history.html |archive-date=21 February 2007 |df=dmy}}</ref> whilst bronze wine flagons of the Celtic [[La Tène culture]] dating to the 5th century BC have been found at [[Dürrnberg]] in [[Salzburg (state)|Salzburg]] state.<ref>[http://www.ares.u-net.com/convent.htm The conventional history of the Celts] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406052006/http://www.ares.u-net.com/convent.htm |date=6 April 2007}}</ref> Viticulture thrived under the Romans, once [[Marcus Aurelius Probus]] ([[Roman emperor]] 276–282) had overturned the ban on growing grapes north of the Alps. Both [[Grüner Veltliner]] and [[Welschriesling]] appear to have been grown around the Danube since Roman times.<ref name="Blom">Blom, Philipp (2000) ''The Wines of Austria'' Faber & Faber {{ISBN|0-571-19533-4}}</ref> Viticulture suffered with the invasions of Bavarians, Slavs and [[Avars (Carpathians)|Avars]] after the fall of the [[Roman Empire]], but from 788 the rule of [[Charlemagne]] saw considerable reconstruction of vineyards and introduction of new grape presses. Once [[Otto the Great]] had seen off the threat from Magyar incursions in 955, Austrian viticulture was nurtured by the Church and encouraged among the populace at large.<ref name="WfA history"/> The first vineyard names recorded are Kremser Sandgrube in 1208, and Steiner Pfaffenberg in 1230.<ref name="WfA history"/> [[Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria|Rudolf IV]] introduced the first wine tax, ''Ungeld'', in 1359, as Vienna established itself as a centre for wine trading on the Danube.<ref name="WfA history"/> The wine business boomed in the 16th century, but the [[Thirty Years War]] and others of the 17th century took their toll, as much due to the heavy taxation of the period as the direct disruption of war. Various drink taxes were unified in 1780, as part of a drive by [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]] and [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] to encourage viticulture. An [[Decree|imperial decree]] of 17 August 1784 gave birth to the distinctive Austrian tradition of inns called ''Heurigen''. Derived from the German for "new wine", the decree allowed all winemakers to sell home-grown food with their wine all year round.<ref name="WfA history"/> Fir trees hung above the door alerted customers to the arrival of the new season's wine.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} The 19th century saw the arrival of all sorts of biological invaders. First there was [[powdery mildew]] (''[[Uncinula necator]]'') and [[downy mildew]] (''Peronospora''). One response to these fungal diseases from North America was the founding in 1860 of what became the Federal Institute for Viticulture and Pomology at [[Klosterneuburg]]. Then the [[phylloxera]] root aphid arrived in 1872 and wiped out most of the vineyards of [[central Europe]]. Although it took several decades for the industry to recover, it allowed lower quality grapes to be replaced with better varieties, particularly [[Grüner Veltliner]]. After [[World War I]], Austria was the third biggest wine producer in the world,<ref name="WfA history"/> much being exported in bulk for blending with wine from Germany and other countries.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} However that intensification of viticulture sowed the seeds of its own destruction. During the twentieth century Austrian wine became a high-volume, industrialised business, with much of it being sold in bulk to Germany. A run of favourable years in the early 1980s saw massive yields of wines that were light, dilute and acidic, that nobody wanted. Wine brokers discovered that these wines could be made saleable by the addition of a little [[diethylene glycol]], more commonly found in [[Antifreeze#Ethylene glycol|antifreeze]], which imparted sweetness and body to the wine.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Some wine to break the ice |journal = Lancet |volume = 2 |issue = 8449 |page = 254 |year = 1985 |pmid = 2862427 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90300-9|s2cid = 36317758 }}</ref> The adulteration was difficult to detect chemically—the [[1985 Diethylene Glycol Wine Scandal|'antifreeze scandal']] broke when one of them tried to claim for the cost of the chemical on his tax return.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schamberg |first= Anne |title=Austrian wines pour a rich heritage all their own |publisher= Milwaukee Journal Sentinel |date=1998-07-05 |url=http://www2.jsonline.com/news/sunday/food/0705wine.stm |access-date=2007-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929141318/http://www2.jsonline.com/news/sunday/food/0705wine.stm |archive-date=29 September 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Although the amounts of glycol were less dangerous than the alcohol in the wine, and only a few middlemen were involved, exports collapsed and some countries banned Austrian wine altogether. The antifreeze jokes persist, but in fact the scandal was the saviour of the industry in Austria. Strict new regulations restricted yields among other things, producers moved towards more red wine and a dry style of white wine that was what the 1990s market would demand, and the middlemen went bust forcing producers to sell direct and encouraging the expression of local [[terroir]].<ref name="NickDobson">{{cite web|last=Dobson |first=Nick |title=Austrian Wine - an Overview |publisher=Nick Dobson Wines |url=http://www.nickdobsonwines.co.uk/acatalog/Austrian_Wine_Information.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130421005028/http://www.nickdobsonwines.co.uk/acatalog/Austrian_Wine_Information.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-04-21 |access-date=2007-04-26}}</ref> Perhaps most importantly, there was a massive change in the culture of wine production in Austria towards an emphasis on quality, as opposed to the low standards that permitted the scandal to happen in the first place.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} The Austrian Wine Marketing Board was created in 1986 as a response to the scandal, and Austria's membership of the European Union has prompted further revisions of her wine laws, notably the new DAC system of geographical appellations launched in 2002 (see [[#Classification|Classification]] section below). Today Austria lies 16th in the [[list of wine producing countries]] by volume (2011).{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ==Grape varieties== {| border="1" style="float:right;" ! style="text-align:left; background:navy; color:white;"|Grape<ref name="AWMB grapes">{{cite web|title=Austria The Wine Country |work=(includes vintage guide) |publisher=Austrian Wine Marketing Board |year=2005 |url=http://www.winesfromaustria.com/data/doku2005/docu2005_chapter1.pdf |access-date=2007-04-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927135609/http://www.winesfromaustria.com/data/doku2005/docu2005_chapter1.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> ! style="background:navy; color:white" | Vineyards |- | style="background:#edffed;"| Grüner Veltliner | {| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;" |- | style="text-align:right; width:50%;"| 36 || style="width:50%;"| .0% |} |- | style="background:#edffed;"| Other white (<2%) | {| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;" |- | style="text-align:right; width:50%;"| 11 || style="width:50%;"| .1% |} |- | style="background:#ffeded;"| Zweigelt | {| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;" |- | style="text-align:right; width:50%;"| 9 || style="width:50%;"| .0% |} |- | style="background:#edffed;"| Welschriesling | {| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;" |- | style="text-align:right; width:50%;"| 8 || style="width:50%;"| .9% |} |- | style="background:#ffeded;"| Other red (<2%) | {| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;" |- | style="text-align:right; width:50%;"| 8 || style="width:50%;"| .9% |} |- | style="background:#edffed;"| Müller-Thurgau | {| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;" |- | style="text-align:right; width:50%;"| 6 || style="width:50%;"| .8% |} |- | style="background:#edffed;"| Pinot blanc + Chardonnay | {| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;" |- | style="text-align:right; width:50%;"| 6 || style="width:50%;"| .1% |} |- | style="background:#ffeded;"| Blaufränkisch | {| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;" |- | style="text-align:right; width:50%;"| 5 || style="width:50%;"| .5% |} |- | style="background:#ffeded;"| Blauer Portugieser | {| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;" |- | style="text-align:right; width:50%;"| 4 || style="width:50%;"| .9% |} |- | style="background:#edffed;"| Riesling | {| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;" |- | style="text-align:right; width:50%;"| 3 || style="width:50%;"| .4% |} |- | style="background:#edffed;"| Neuburger | {| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;" |- | style="text-align:right; width:50%;"| 2 || style="width:50%;"| .3% |} |} As can be seen from the table, [[Grüner Veltliner]] is the dominant white grape in Austria, producing generally dry wines ranging from short-lived Heuriger wines to Spätleses capable of long life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-209-gruner-veltliner |title=Gruner Veltliner Wine |publisher=Wine-Searcher |access-date=2 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301165955/http://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-209-gruner-veltliner |archive-date=1 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The ancient [[Welschriesling]] variety is used in the [[noble rot]] dessert wines of the Neusiedlersee; it also makes undistinguished dry wines for drinking young, as does [[Müller-Thurgau]] (Rivaner). [[Neuburger]] was supposedly found as flotsam in the Danube in the 1850s, but is now known to be a cross between [[Silvaner]] and the ancient [[Roter Veltliner]]. [[Frühroter Veltliner]] is also known as Malvasier, suggesting a link to the [[Malvasia]] grape family of the Eastern Mediterranean. [[Muscat Ottonel]] is used in dessert wines from the Neusiedlersee, as is Bouvier, which is related to the muscat family and is a parent of the Orémus (Zéta) grape used in [[Tokaji]]. There were high hopes for [[Goldburger]], a cross between Welschriesling and [[Orangetraube]] bred in Klosterneuburg, but after an initial wave of planting, enthusiasm has dimmed. [[Zierfandler]] (Spätrot) and [[Rotgipfler]] are local grapes of the Thermenregion, and are often blended together as [[Spätrot-Rotgipfler]]. It is worth noting that [[Pinot gris]] is known as Ruländer in Austria, and sometimes as Grauburgunder; [[Pinot blanc]] is known as Weißburgunder or Weissburgunder, and [[Sauvignon blanc]] is called Muskat Sylvaner.<ref name="AWMB grapes"/> [[Riesling]] plays a much smaller role than in Germany, but the relatively small amount grown is used for some of Austria's most appreciated dry white wines.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} [[Zweigelt]] (sometimes called Zweigeltblau, a Blaufränkisch × St. Laurent cross) and [[Blauburger]] (Blaufränkisch × BlauerPortugieser) were bred at Klosterneuburg in the 1920s and now account for nearly half of Austria's red wine. The former can be made into powerful wines for ageing, the latter is easier to grow and is generally blended; both are also made into a lighter style for drinking young.<ref name="AWMB grapes"/> [[Blaufränkisch]] and [[Blauer Portugieser]] are the traditional red grapes of the region, being part of the blend of Hungary's [[Egri Bikavér]]. The former is the more "serious" variety, Blauer Portugieser produces fresh, fruity red wines for drinking young. [[St. Laurent (grape)|Saint Laurent]] came from France in the mid-19th century, and seems to have substantial [[Pinot noir]] (Blauerburgunder) parentage; St Laurent has a reputation for being problematic to grow, but can produce good quality wine. Blauer Wildbacher is probably an indigenous [[Vitis|wild grape]] variety, used to make a cult rosé called Schilcher in western Styria. [[Rössler]] is the latest variety to be bred at Klosterneuburg.<ref name="AWMB grapes"/> ==Classification== Since joining the EU the Austrians have made real efforts to improve matters. At present there are three systems—the traditional system based on the German scheme, a different classification used only in the [[Wachau (wine)|Wachau]], and a new system of regional [[appellation]]s called DACs that is being trialled in the Weinviertel.<ref name="NickDobson"/> ===National Classification=== [[File:Oestliche Smaragdeidechse Austria.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Smaragd (emerald) Lizard, ''Lacerta viridis'', which gives its name to the highest level of the Wachau wine classification.]] The existing system was based on the German system during [[World War II]], but was modified after 1985. It is based on the [[Klosterneuburger Mostwaage]] (KMW), which measures the sugar content of the grapes at harvest in a way similar to the [[Öchsle scale]], where 1°KMW is ~5°Oe.<ref name="NickDobson"/> * '''Tafelwein''': >10.7°KMW, can come from more than one region * '''Landwein''': >14°KMW, >17 g/litre dry extract, <11.5% alcohol, <6 g/L [[residual sugar]]. A Tafelwein that comes from just one region. * '''Qualitätswein''': >15°KMW (can be [[chaptalization|chaptalised]] to 19°KMW for whites, 20°KMW for reds), >9% alcohol. Comes from a single wine district. * '''[[Kabinett]]''': >17°KMW Qualitätswein with no chaptalisation, residual sugar <9 g/litre, alcohol <12.7%. * '''Prädikatswein ''': covers the range from Spätlese to Eiswein, to which nothing can be added—no must, no chaptalisation. Most of the wines may not be released until 1 May after harvest.<ref name="NickDobson"/> ** '''[[Spätlese]]''': >19°KMW, wine not released until 1 March after harvest ** '''[[Auslese]]''': >21°KMW, bad grapes removed ** '''[[Beerenauslese]]''': >25°KMW, bad grapes removed ** '''[[Ausbruch]]''': >27°KMW, botrytised grapes, [[grape juice]] or [[late harvest wine]] may be added to assist the pressing operation. ** '''[[Trockenbeerenauslese]]''': >30°KMW, completely botrytised grapes ** '''[[Eiswein]]''': >25°KMW, further concentrated by being harvested and [[pressed (wine)|pressed]] when frozen.<ref name="NickDobson"/> ** '''[[Strohwein]]''' or '''Schilfwein''': >25°KMW, made from grapes dried on straw mats. ===Wachau Classification=== The "[[Vinea Wachau Nobilis Districtus]]" has three categories, all for dry wines: * '''Steinfeder''' ("Stone feather"—named after a grass, ''[[Stipa pennata]]'', that grows in the vineyards): maximum 11.5% alcohol, mostly for local [[quaffing]].<ref>[http://www.vinea-wachau.at/vinea/en/steinfeder.php Vinea Wachau: Steinfeder] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706095314/http://www.vinea-wachau.at/vinea/en/steinfeder.php |date=6 July 2011}}, accessed on May 15, 2008.</ref> * '''Federspiel''' (named after a falconry device): 11.5% to 12.5% alcohol and a minimum must weight of 17° KMW, roughly equivalent to Kabinett.<ref>[http://www.vinea-wachau.at/vinea/en/federspiel.php Vinea Wachau: Federspiel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212132315/http://www.vinea-wachau.at/vinea/en/federspiel.php |date=12 February 2011}}, accessed on May 15, 2008.</ref> * '''Smaragd''' (named after an 'emerald' lizard that lives in the vineyards): minimum 12.5% alcohol, with a maximum 9 g/litre residual sugar; some of the best dry whites in Austria.<ref>[http://www.vinea-wachau.at/vinea/en/smaragd.php Vinea Wachau: Smaragd] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117042131/http://www.vinea-wachau.at/vinea/en/smaragd.php |date=17 January 2011}}, accessed on May 15, 2008.</ref> ===Districtus Austriae Controllatus (DAC)=== {{main|Districtus Austriae Controllatus}} Districtus Austriae Controllatus, Latin for "Controlled District of Austria", is the new geographical appellation, similar to the French [[Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée|AOC]] or the Italian [[Denominazione di Origine Controllata|DOCG]]. Regional wine committees award the DAC to wines typical of their region. There are now ten DACs: # Weinviertel DAC (for [[Grüner Veltliner]]) # Mittelburgenland DAC (for [[Blaufränkisch]]) # Traisental DAC (for both [[Riesling]] and [[Grüner Veltliner]]) # Kremstal DAC (for both [[Riesling]] and [[Grüner Veltliner]]) # Kamptal DAC (for both [[Riesling]] and [[Grüner Veltliner]]) # Leithaberg DAC (for [[Grüner Veltliner]], [[Weißburgunder]], [[Chardonnay]], [[Neuburger]] and [[Blaufränkisch]], beginning September 2010) # Eisenberg DAC (for [[Blaufränkisch]], beginning September 2010) # Neusiedlersee DAC (100% Zweigelt for Klassik and min 60% Zweigelt for Reserve Cuvée Blend) # Wiener Gemischter Satz DAC (minimum of three white grape varieties of one vineyard, harvested and produced together) # Schilcherland DAC (for Blauer Wildbacher){{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ==Wine regions== [[File:Austria states english.png|300px|left|Austrian regions]] In 2005 Austria had 51,213 hectares of vineyard, almost all of it in the east of the country. Of these 31,425 ha are in the [[States of Austria|state]] of Niederösterreich (Lower Austria) and 15,386 ha in Burgenland<ref name="AWMB grapes"/> which together make up Weinland Österreich. Steiermark (Styria) accounts for 3,749 ha, Wien (Vienna) 621 ha and there are 32 ha in "the Austrian Mountains" (Bergland Österreich), which covers the rest of the country. The four main wine regions are split into 16 districts.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} === Lower Austria === [[File:Austrianwineregions.png|thumb|right|400px| {{Div col|colwidth=22em}} [[#Wachau|'''1''' Wachau]]<br /> [[#Kremstal|'''2''' Kremstal]]<br /> [[#Kamptal|'''3''' Kamptal]]<br /> [[#Traisental|'''4''' Traisental]]<br /> [[#Wagram|'''5''' Wagram]]<br /> [[#Weinviertel|'''6''' Weinviertel]]<br /> [[#Carnuntum|'''7''' Carnuntum]]<br /> [[#Thermenregion|'''8''' Thermenregion]]<br /> [[#Neusiedlersee|'''9''' Neusiedlersee]]<br /> [[#Leithaberg|'''10''' Leithaberg]]<br /> [[#Rosalia|'''11''' Rosalia]]<br /> [[#Mittelburgenland|'''12''' Mittelburgenland]]<br /> [[#Eisenberg|'''13''' Eisenberg]]<br /> [[#Vienna|'''14''' Wien]]<br /> [[#Vulkanland Steiermark|'''15''' Vulkanland Steiermark]]<br /> [[#Südsteiermark|'''16''' Südsteiermark]]<br /> [[#Weststeiermark|'''17''' Weststeiermark]] {{div col end}}]] {{see also|Niederösterreich}} ==== Wachau ==== {{see also|Wachau}} This narrow valley of the Danube around [[Melk]]<ref>[http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_wachau.html map] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703115705/http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_wachau.html |date=3 July 2007}}</ref> is reminiscent of the great wine areas of the Rhine, with steep terraces that produce world-class [[Grüner Veltliner]] and [[Riesling]] wines. Climatically and geologically it marks the transition from the Alps to the Hungarian plains, leading to a diverse array of [[microclimates (wine)|microclimates]] and [[terroir]], with the river moderating the effects of the cold Alpine winds. As mentioned above, the Vinea Wachau Nobilis Districtus still clings to its own classification of Steinfeder, Federspiel and Smaragd, reserved for wines that are made 100% from Wachau grapes.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ==== Kremstal ==== {{see also|Kremstal}} Downstream of the Wachau lies the Kremstal region, centred on the town of [[Krems an der Donau|Krems]].<ref>[http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_kremstal.html map] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703120059/http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_kremstal.html |date=3 July 2007}}</ref> The valley opens out a little, the climate is a little warmer allowing more red wine to be produced, but otherwise Kremstal is quite similar to the Wachau.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ====Kamptal==== {{see also|Kamptal}} To the north of Krems lies [[Langenlois]], which is the main town of Kamptal, the valley of the river [[Kamp (river)|Kamp]].<ref>[http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_kamptal.html map] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703114817/http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_kamptal.html |date=3 July 2007}}</ref> The sandstone slopes are so steep that only a thin layer of soil is retained, and exposure to the sun is high. Riesling thrives on these steep slopes; closer to the Danube the valley broadens and more red grapes are grown.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ====Traisental==== {{see also|Traisental}} To the south of Krems lies Herzogenburg, at the centre of Traisental,<ref>[http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_traisental.html map] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703120019/http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_traisental.html |date=3 July 2007}}</ref> which was only designated as a wine district in 1995. Mostly Grüner Veltliner is grown here, which is made into a fresh style for drinking young.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ====Wagram==== Between Krems and Vienna lies the Wagram, which covers two very different areas. North of the Danube is the plateau of [[Wagram]], where the Grüner Veltliner is a bit more full-bodied and aromatic, and Roter Veltliner is something of a local speciality. Blauer Zweigelt and Pinot noir wines are also made here, as well as a little Eiswein.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} Further downstream, just outside Vienna lies [[Klosterneuburg]]. As the biggest private wine estate in the country, the [[Stift Klosterneuburg|abbey]] has played a formative role in Austrian wine for the last 900 years. The Federal Institute for Viticulture and Pomology was the world's first college of viticulture and continues to play an important part in the development of wine in Austria.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ====Weinviertel==== {{see also|Weinviertel}} The Weinviertel lies in the northeast corner of Austria, between the Danube and the Czech and Slovak borders.<ref>[http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_weinviertel.html map] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708094301/http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_weinviertel.html |date=8 July 2007}}</ref> The biggest single wine region in Austria is home to half the Grüner Veltliner in the country (subject of the first DAC), and considerable amounts of [[Welschriesling]], but most of Austria's varieties can be found here. Even [[sparkling wine]] is made from Riesling and Grüner Veltliner in the far northeast around Poysdorf.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ====Carnuntum==== {{see also|Carnuntum}} The deep soils between Vienna and the Neusiedlersee are rapidly establishing a reputation for well-balanced red wines made from Zweigelt and Blaufränkisch. Being close to Vienna and full of history, the area<ref>[http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_carnuntum.html map] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703120238/http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_carnuntum.html |date=3 July 2007}}</ref> is a popular area to visit.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ====Thermenregion==== {{see also|Thermenregion}} The spa region south of Vienna saw two wine regions, [[Gumpoldskirchen]] and [[Bad Vöslau]],<ref>[http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_thermen.html map] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703120324/http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_thermen.html |date=3 July 2007}}</ref> merged in 1985. Climatically similar to Burgundy, with a wide variation in soils, all kinds of grape varieties are made here, many being made into heurigen wines. Perhaps the most interesting wines are the Spätrot-Rotgipflers, made from a blend of the local varieties Zierfandler (Spätrot) and Rotgipfler, both of which are white grapes despite their names.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} === Burgenland === {{see also|Burgenland}} ====Neusiedlersee==== {{see also|Neusiedlersee}} The east side of the [[Neusiedler See]]<ref>[http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_ns.html map] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703115025/http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_ns.html |date=3 July 2007}}</ref> is also known as Seewinkel, "corner of the lake". The shallow Neusiedler See (Lake Neusiedl) is one of the few places on earth where [[noble rot]] attacks grapes reliably every year. This means that [[noble rot|botrytised]] dessert wines can be made more easily, and hence sold more cheaply, than in other areas famous for this style of wine. Increasingly, red wine is also being made in this region.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ====Leithaberg==== {{see also|Neusiedlersee-Hügelland}} The "hill country" to the west of the lake<ref>[http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_nshl.html map] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703120356/http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_nshl.html |date=3 July 2007}}</ref> offers a diversity of terrain that is reflected in the number of grape varieties and styles of wine made here. Perhaps the most famous is the Ruster Ausbruch dessert wine from the western shore of the lake.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ====Mittelburgenland==== {{see also|Mittelburgenland|Oberpullendorf (district)}} The Mittelburgenland is a southern continuation of the forested hills to the west of the Neusiedlersee.<ref>[http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_mittlbgld.html map] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703115801/http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_mittlbgld.html |date=3 July 2007}}</ref> The nickname "Blaufränkischland" reflects the dominant variety here, which is the subject of the only red wine DAC and can be very good, the Bordeaux varieties also do well here.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ====Eisenberg==== {{see also|Südburgenland|Oberwart (district)|Güssing (district)|Jennersdorf (district)}} The most famous vineyard of the South Burgenland, Eisenberg<ref>[http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_suedbgld.html map] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703115224/http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_suedbgld.html |date=3 July 2007}}</ref> reflects the red, iron-rich soil which imparts a distinct spiciness to the Blaufränkisch grown here. A speciality here is [[Uhudler]] wine, made from hybrids with North American species such as [[Isabella grape|Isabella]], [[Concord (grape)|Concord]], [[Delaware (grape)|Delaware]], [[Noah grape|Noah]], [[Elvira (grape)|Elvira]] and [[Ripadella]], which was banned for a while after the 1985 scandal.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ===Vienna=== {{see also|Vienna}} There are 621 ha of vineyards within the city limits of the Austrian capital.<ref>[http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_wien.html map] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703115343/http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_wien.html |date=3 July 2007}}</ref> Vines were grown within the city walls of Vienna in the Middle Ages, although they have now been pushed into the outskirts. Riesling, Chardonnay and Pinot blanc are grown on the limestone soils towards Klosterneuburg, whereas red grapes do better on the rich soil to the south of the city. [[Viticulture|Field blends]] known as [[Gemischter Satz]] are common here, and most wine is drunk young in the city's heurigen.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ===Styria=== {{see also|Styria|Duchy of Styria}} Under a 2002 amendment to the wine laws, '''Steirerland''' (the modern Austrian [[Styria|state]]) replaced '''Steiermark''' as the name for Styria on wine.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ====Vulkanland Steiermark==== {{see also|Südoststeiermark}} The many extinct volcanoes east of Graz give a rich soil which imparts a spiciness to the variety of grapes grown in Southeast Styria. The climate is a little cooler here, especially at night, giving a long [[growing season]] resulting in wines that are crisp, aromatic and full bodied.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} Thirteen hundred hectares of vineyards are cultivated—all located around [[Klöch]], [[Sankt Anna am Aigen]] and [[Straden]] and situated primarily on the slopes of the extinct volcanoes which characterize the landscape.<ref name="austrian.wine.co.at">[http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_suedstmk.html map] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703115109/http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_suedstmk.html |date=3 July 2007}}</ref> Some vineyards are up to 650 m above sea level.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} The main grape varieties grown in this region are [[Welschriesling]], [[Chardonnay]] (called Morillon), [[Weißburgunder]] (Pinot blanc) and [[Grauburgunder]] (Pinot gris), [[Gelber Muskateller]], the [[Traminer]] family, [[Sauvignon blanc]] and [[Riesling]]; red wines feature [[Zweigelt]] as well as other grapes, including [[St. Laurent (grape)|St. Laurent]] or [[Blauburgunder]] (Pinot noir).{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} [[Viticulture]] is generally a part-time job for wine-growers; their produce is sold mainly in the numerous [[Heurigen]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ====Südsteiermark==== {{see also|Südsteiermark}} Südsteiermark (South Styria), near the [[Slovenia]]n border,<ref name="austrian.wine.co.at"/> is mainly [[Sauvignon blanc]] country—however, the 1,950 hectares of vineyards also include Welschriesling, Morillon, Muskateller and Traminer.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} Soil types include [[sandstone]], [[shale]], [[clay]] and [[shelly limestone]]. The combination of warm days and cool nights gives a long growing season, resulting in crisp, aromatic and full-bodied wines.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} The warm humid climate and steep hills make this one of the toughest places in Austria to be a [[vigneron]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ====Weststeiermark==== {{see also|Weststeiermark}} Southwest of Graz<ref>[http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_weststmk.html map] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703115635/http://www.austrian.wine.co.at/wine/reg_weststmk.html |date=3 July 2007}}</ref> lie ancient vineyards which mainly produce a cult rosé called [[Schilcher (wine)|Schilcher]]. Made from the indigenous [[Blauer Wildbacher]] grape, genuine Schilcher carries a mark with a white horse, after the [[Lipizzaner]]s bred in [[Piber]] for the [[Spanish Riding School]] in Vienna.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ==See also== * [[1985 diethylene glycol wine scandal]] * [[Old World wine]] * [[Slovenian wine]] * [[Winemaking]] * [[Agriculture in Austria]] ==References== {{Reflist|3}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927135544/http://www.winesfromaustria.com/data/doku2005/docu2005.pdf Statistics] about Austrian wine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121002121832/http://www.winemonger.com/catalog/winemonger-talk/austrian-wine-classifications/2006/01/11/ Classifications] of Austrian wine * [http://www.austrianwine.com Austrian Wine Marketing] * [https://www.austrianvineyards.com/ Austrian Vineyards], map of Austrian wine origins * [http://www.wineanorak.com/austria/austrian_wine_1_introduction.htm Wine Anorak website—Austrian section] * 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