CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Tok Pisin - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ceca11f6-4f67-4e7e-84d8-d4b3aa7ba205","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Tok_Pisin","wgTitle":"Tok Pisin","wgCurRevisionId":1256371957,"wgRevisionId":1256371957,"wgArticleId":71949,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Tok Pisin-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018","Language articles citing Ethnologue 25","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Pages with undetermined IPA","Language articles with Linguasphere code","Languages with ISO 639-2 code","Pages with plain IPA","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Mian-language text", "Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text","CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles containing video clips","English-based pidgins and creoles","Languages of Papua New Guinea","Subject–verb–object languages"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Tok_Pisin","wgRelevantArticleId":71949,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q34159","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm/1200px--WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="675"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm/800px--WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="450"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm/640px--WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="360"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Tok Pisin - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Tok_Pisin rootpage-Tok_Pisin skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tok+Pisin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tok+Pisin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tok+Pisin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tok+Pisin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Official status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regional variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tense_and_aspect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tense_and_aspect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Tense and aspect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tense_and_aspect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_Tok_Pisin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_Tok_Pisin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Development of Tok Pisin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_Tok_Pisin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Example text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tok Pisin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%AD_%E1%8D%92%E1%88%B2%E1%8A%95" title="ቶክ ፒሲን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቶክ ፒሲን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="टोक पिसिन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="टोक पिसिन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="لغة توك بيسين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة توك بيسين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_pisin" title="Tok pisin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tok pisin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ток-писин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ток-писин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ток писин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ток писин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_pisin" title="Tok pisin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tok pisin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_pisin" title="Tok pisin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tok pisin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisin" title="Pisin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pisin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_pisin" title="Tok pisin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tok pisin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokpisin%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Tokpisinšćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Tokpisinšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok-pisini_keel" title="Tok-pisini keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tok-pisini keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_pisin" title="Tok pisin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tok pisin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokpisino" title="Tokpisino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tokpisino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_pisin" title="Tok pisin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tok pisin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زبان توک پیسین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان توک پیسین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_pisin" title="Tok pisin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tok pisin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_pisin" title="Tok pisin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tok pisin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A1_%ED%94%BC%EC%8B%A0" title="톡 피신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="톡 피신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="टोक पिसिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टोक पिसिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokpisin%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Tokpisinšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Tokpisinšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_pisin" title="Tok pisin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tok pisin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tok_Pisin" title="Bahasa Tok Pisin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tok_pisin" title="Lingua tok pisin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua tok pisin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="טוק פיסין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טוק פיסין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Ток писин (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ток писин (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_pisin" title="Tok pisin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tok pisin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_pisin" title="Tok pisin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tok pisin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokpisins" title="Tokpisins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tokpisins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_pid%C5%BEin%C5%B3_kalba" title="Papua pidžinų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Papua pidžinų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisin" title="Pisin – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pisin" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_piszin_nyelv" title="Tok piszin nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tok piszin nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ток писин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ток писин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ടോക് പിസിൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടോക് പിസിൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტოკ პისინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტოკ პისინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="لغه توك بيسين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه توك بيسين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tok_Pisin" title="Bahasa Tok Pisin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Tok_Pisin" title="Bahaso Tok Pisin – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%94%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="トク・ピシン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トク・ピシン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_pisin" title="Tok pisin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tok pisin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_pisin" title="Tok pisin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tok pisin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_tok_pisin" title="Lenga tok pisin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga tok pisin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_tok_pisin" title="Język tok pisin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język tok pisin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_tok_pisin" title="Língua tok pisin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua tok pisin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_tok_pisin" title="Limba tok pisin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba tok pisin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ток-писин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ток-писин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagana_Tok_Pisin" title="Gagana Tok Pisin – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Gagana Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱴᱳᱠ ᱯᱤᱥᱤᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱴᱳᱠ ᱯᱤᱥᱤᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ток писин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ток писин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok-pisin" title="Tok-pisin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tok-pisin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_pisin" title="Tok pisin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tok pisin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tok_Pisin" title="Wikang Tok Pisin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="தோக் பிசின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோக் பிசின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ток-писин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ток-писин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ตอกปีซิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตอกปีซิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Ток-пісін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ток-пісін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="توک پیسین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="توک پیسین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok-pisin" title="Tok-pisin – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tok-pisin" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9A%E7%9A%AE%E9%92%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="巴布亚皮钦语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴布亚皮钦语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9E%E7%9A%AE%E6%AC%BD%E6%96%87" title="巴布亞皮欽文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴布亞皮欽文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9A%E7%9A%AE%E9%92%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="巴布亚皮钦语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴布亚皮钦语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tok_Pisin" title="Bahasa Tok Pisin – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Tok Pisin" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34159#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tok_Pisin" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Tok_Pisin" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Tok_Pisin" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&oldid=1256371957" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Tok_Pisin&id=1256371957&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTok_Pisin"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTok_Pisin"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tok_Pisin&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tok_Pisin" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin_phrasebook" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wiktionary mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Tok_Pisin" hreflang="en"><span>Wiktionary</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34159" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English creole spoken in Papua New Guinea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: tan;">Tok Pisin</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tok<span class="wrap"> </span>pisin]</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">130,000 (2004–2016)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a> speakers: 4,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-e25_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English Creole</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> Pacific<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Pidgin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Melanesian Pidgin (disambiguation)">Melanesian Pidgin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Tok Pisin</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tok Pisin alphabet">Tok Pisin alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Braille">Pidgin Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=457">tpi</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tpi" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tpi">tpi</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tokp1240">tokp1240</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=52-ABB-cc">52-ABB-cc</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="88" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A Tok Pisin speaker, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tok Pisin</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TOK</span> <span style="font-size:90%">PISS</span>-in</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pronounce1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pronounce1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pronounce2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pronounce2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">tawk, -⁠zin</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>Tok Pisin</small> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tok<span class="wrap"> </span>pisin]</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), often referred to by English speakers as <b>New Guinea Pidgin</b> or simply <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgin</a>, is an <a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a> spoken throughout <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. It is an official <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">language of Papua New Guinea</a> and the most widely used language in the country. However, in parts of the southern provinces of <a href="/wiki/Western_Province_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Western Province (Papua New Guinea)">Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Province" title="Gulf Province">Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Province_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Central Province (Papua New Guinea)">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oro_Province" title="Oro Province">Oro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milne_Bay_Province" title="Milne Bay Province">Milne Bay</a>, the use of Tok Pisin has a shorter history and is less universal, especially among older people. </p><p>Between five and six million people use Tok Pisin to some degree, although not all speak it fluently. Many now learn it as a first language, in particular the children of parents or grandparents who originally spoke different languages (for example, a mother from <a href="/wiki/Madang" title="Madang">Madang</a> and a father from <a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a>). Urban families in particular, and those of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Papua_New_Guinea_Constabulary" title="Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary">police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Defence_Force" title="Papua New Guinea Defence Force">defence force</a> members, often communicate among themselves in Tok Pisin, either never gaining fluency in a local language (<span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">tok ples</i></span>) or learning a local language as a second (or third) language, after Tok Pisin (and possibly <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>). Over the decades, Tok Pisin has increasingly overtaken <a href="/wiki/Hiri_Motu" title="Hiri Motu">Hiri Motu</a> as the dominant <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> among town-dwellers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhäuslerDuttonRomaine20031–5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhäuslerDuttonRomaine20031–5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps one million people now use Tok Pisin as a primary language. Tok Pisin is slowly "crowding out" other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">languages of Papua New Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhäuslerDuttonRomaine20031–5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhäuslerDuttonRomaine20031–5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F._Mihatlic_SVD_The_Jacaranda_Dictionary_and_Grammar_of_Melanesian_Pidgin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/F._Mihatlic_SVD_The_Jacaranda_Dictionary_and_Grammar_of_Melanesian_Pidgin.jpg/170px-F._Mihatlic_SVD_The_Jacaranda_Dictionary_and_Grammar_of_Melanesian_Pidgin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/F._Mihatlic_SVD_The_Jacaranda_Dictionary_and_Grammar_of_Melanesian_Pidgin.jpg/255px-F._Mihatlic_SVD_The_Jacaranda_Dictionary_and_Grammar_of_Melanesian_Pidgin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/F._Mihatlic_SVD_The_Jacaranda_Dictionary_and_Grammar_of_Melanesian_Pidgin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>A 1971 reference book on Tok Pisin (referring to the language as <i>Melanesian Pidgin</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tok-Pisin_New-Guinea-Pidgin_Pidgin-English_Melanesian-Pidgin_Papua-New-Guinea-Hotel-Room-Door-Sign_(DSC_3096).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tok-Pisin_New-Guinea-Pidgin_Pidgin-English_Melanesian-Pidgin_Papua-New-Guinea-Hotel-Room-Door-Sign_%28DSC_3096%29.jpg/220px-Tok-Pisin_New-Guinea-Pidgin_Pidgin-English_Melanesian-Pidgin_Papua-New-Guinea-Hotel-Room-Door-Sign_%28DSC_3096%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tok-Pisin_New-Guinea-Pidgin_Pidgin-English_Melanesian-Pidgin_Papua-New-Guinea-Hotel-Room-Door-Sign_%28DSC_3096%29.jpg/330px-Tok-Pisin_New-Guinea-Pidgin_Pidgin-English_Melanesian-Pidgin_Papua-New-Guinea-Hotel-Room-Door-Sign_%28DSC_3096%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tok-Pisin_New-Guinea-Pidgin_Pidgin-English_Melanesian-Pidgin_Papua-New-Guinea-Hotel-Room-Door-Sign_%28DSC_3096%29.jpg/440px-Tok-Pisin_New-Guinea-Pidgin_Pidgin-English_Melanesian-Pidgin_Papua-New-Guinea-Hotel-Room-Door-Sign_%28DSC_3096%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Hotel room door signs in Papua New Guinea</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Tok</i></span> originates from English <i>talk</i>, but has a wider application, also meaning 'word, speech, language'. <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Pisin</i></span> derives from the English word <i><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a></i>; the latter, in turn, may originate in the word <i>business</i>, which is descriptive of the typical development and use of pidgins as inter-ethnic trade languages. </p><p>While Tok Pisin's name in the language is <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Tok Pisin</i></span>, it is also called "New Guinea Pidgin"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENupela_Testamen_bilong_Bikpela_Jisas_Kraist1969_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENupela_Testamen_bilong_Bikpela_Jisas_Kraist1969-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in English. Papua New Guinean <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">anglophones</a> often refer to Tok Pisin as "Pidgin" when speaking English.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This usage of "Pidgin" differs from the term <i><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> (language)</i> as used in linguistics. <i>Tok Pisin</i> is not a pidgin in the latter sense, since it has become a first language for many people (rather than simply a <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> to facilitate communication with speakers of other languages). As such, it is considered a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> in linguistic terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tok Pisin language is a result of Pacific Islanders intermixing, when people speaking numerous different languages were sent to work on plantations in Queensland and various islands (see <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Islander" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sea Islander">South Sea Islander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">blackbirding</a>). The labourers began to develop a pidgin, drawing vocabulary primarily from English, but also from <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and their own <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> (perhaps especially <a href="/wiki/Kuanua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuanua language">Kuanua</a>, that of the <a href="/wiki/Tolai_people" title="Tolai people">Tolai</a> people of <a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="East New Britain">East New Britain</a>). </p><p>This English-based pidgin evolved into Tok Pisin in <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a> (where the German-based creole <a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Unserdeutsch language">Unserdeutsch</a> was also spoken). It became a widely used lingua franca and language of interaction between rulers and ruled, and among the ruled themselves who did not share a common vernacular. Tok Pisin and the closely related <a href="/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama">Bislama</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pijin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pijin">Pijin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, which developed in parallel, have traditionally been treated as varieties of a single Melanesian Pidgin English or "Neo-Melanesian" language. The flourishing of the mainly English-based Tok Pisin in German New Guinea (despite the language of the metropolitan power being German) is to be contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Hiri_Motu" title="Hiri Motu">Hiri Motu</a>, the lingua franca of <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a>, which was derived not from English but from <a href="/wiki/Motu_language" title="Motu language">Motu</a>, the vernacular of the indigenous people of the <a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a> area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_status">Official status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Official status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along with <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiri_Motu" title="Hiri Motu">Hiri Motu</a>, Tok Pisin is one of the three official languages of Papua New Guinea. It is frequently the language of debate in the <a href="/wiki/National_Parliament_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="National Parliament of Papua New Guinea">national parliament</a>. Most government documents are produced in English, but public information campaigns are often partially or entirely in Tok Pisin. While English is the main language in the education system, some schools use Tok Pisin in the first three years of elementary education to promote early literacy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_variations">Regional variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regional variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are considerable variations in vocabulary and grammar in various parts of Papua New Guinea, with distinct dialects in the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Highlands" title="New Guinea Highlands">New Guinea Highlands</a>, the north coast of Papua New Guinea, and islands outside of New Guinea. For example, Pidgin speakers from <a href="/wiki/Finschhafen" title="Finschhafen">Finschhafen</a> speak rather quickly and often have difficulty making themselves understood elsewhere. The variant spoken on <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buka,_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buka, Papua New Guinea">Buka</a> is moderately distinct from that of <a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(island)" title="New Ireland (island)">New Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="East New Britain">East New Britain</a> but is much closer to that than it is to the <a href="/wiki/Pijin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pijin">Pijin</a> spoken in the rest of the Solomon Islands. </p><p>There are 4 <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolects</a> of Tok Pisin: </p> <ol><li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Tok Bus</i></span> (meaning "talk of the remote areas") or <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Tok Kanaka</i></span> (meaning "talk of the people of the remote areas")</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Tok Bilong Asples</i></span> (meaning "language of the villages") which is the traditional rural Tok Pisin</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Tok Skul</i></span> (meaning "talk of the schools") or <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Tok Bilong Taun</i></span> (meaning "talk of the Towns") which is the urban Tok Pisin</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Tok Masta</i></span> (meaning "language of the colonizers", unsystematically simplified English with some Tok Pisin words<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhäuslerDuttonRomaine20031–5_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhäuslerDuttonRomaine20031–5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tok Pisin alphabet contains 21 <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a>, five of which are <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>, and four <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMundhenk1990372_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMundhenk1990372-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letters are (vowels in bold): </p> <dl><dd><b>a</b>, b, d, <b>e</b>, f, g, h, <b>i</b>, k, l, m, n, <b>o</b>, p, r, s, t, <b>u</b>, v, w, y</dd></dl> <p>Three of the digraphs (<span class="nowrap">⟨ai⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨au⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨oi⟩</span>) denote <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> while the fourth, <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span>, is used for both <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋɡ/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tok Pisin has a smaller number of <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> than its <a href="/wiki/Lexifier" title="Lexifier">lexifier</a> language, <a href="/wiki/English_phonology#Phonemes" title="English phonology">English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008195_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008195-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has around 24 core phonemes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008195_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008195-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5 <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> and around 19 <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a>. However, this varies with the local <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substrate</a> languages and the level of <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> of the speaker. More educated speakers, and/or those where the substrate language(s) have larger phoneme inventories, may have as many as 10 distinct vowels. </p><p>Nasal plus plosive offsets lose the plosive element in Tok Pisin e.g. English <i>hand</i> becomes Tok Pisin <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">han</i></span>. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Final_devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Final devoicing">voiced plosives become voiceless at the ends of words</a>, so that English <i>pig</i> is rendered as <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">pik</i></span> in Tok Pisin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008195_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008195-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Voiced plosives are pronounced by many speakers (especially of <a href="/wiki/Melanesian_languages" title="Melanesian languages">Melanesian</a> backgrounds) as <a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasalized plosives</a>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> can be either dental or alveolar consonants, while <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> is only alveolar.</li> <li>In most Tok Pisin dialects, the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> is pronounced as the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar tap">alveolar tap or flap</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span>. There can be variation between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008200_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008200-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The labiodental fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f<span class="wrap"> </span>v/</span> may be marginal, with contrastive use present only in heavily Anglicized varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008195_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008195-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> is variable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008199–200_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008199–200-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also variation between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> in some words, such as <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">faif</i></span>/<span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">faiv</i></span> 'five'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008196_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008196-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Likewise, there may be marginal use of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008195_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008195-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tok Pisin has five <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">pure vowels</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Vowel phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> has a suffix, <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">-im</i></span> (< Eng. <i>him</i>) to indicate <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitivity</a> (<span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">luk</i></span>, "look"; <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">lukim</i></span>, "see"). But some verbs, such as <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">kaikai</i></span> "eat", can be transitive without it. Tense is indicated by the separate words <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">bai</i></span> Future (< Eng. <i>by and by</i>) and <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">bin</i></span> (past) (< Eng. <i>been</i>). The present progressive tense is indicated by the word <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">stap</i></span> – e.g. <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Hem kaikai stap</i></span> "He is eating". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> does not indicate number, though pronouns do. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a> usually take the suffix <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">-pela</i></span> (now often pronounced <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">-pla</i></span>, though more so for pronouns, and <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">-pela</i></span> for adjectives; from "fellow") when modifying nouns; an exception is <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">liklik</i></span> "little".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also found on numerals and determiners: </p> <dl><dd>Tok Pisin: <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">wanpela</i></span> → Eng. "one"</dd> <dd>Tok Pisin: <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">tupela</i></span> → Eng. "two"</dd> <dd>Tok Pisin: <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">dispela boi</i></span> → Eng. "this bloke"</dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronouns</a> show <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">clusivity</a>. The paradigm varies depending on the local languages; <a href="/wiki/Dual_grammatical_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual grammatical number">dual number</a> is common, while the <a href="/wiki/Trial_(grammatical_number)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial (grammatical number)">trial</a> is less so. The largest Tok Pisin pronoun inventory is,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerhaar1995354_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerhaar1995354-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Trial</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>1st exclusive </th> <td><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">mi</i></span><br />(I)<br />< Eng. <i>me</i></td> <td><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">mitupela</i></span><br />(he/she and I)<br />< Eng. *<i>me two fellow</i></td> <td><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">mitripela</i></span><br />(both of them, and I)<br />Eng. *<i>me three fellow</i></td> <td><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">mipela</i></span><br />(all of them, and I)<br />Eng. *<i>me fellow</i> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>1st inclusive </th> <td> –</td> <td><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">yumitupela</i></span><br />(you and I)<br />< Eng. *<i>you me two fellow</i></td> <td><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">yumitripela</i></span><br />(both of you, and I)<br />< Eng. *<i>you me three fellow</i></td> <td><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">yumipela or yumi</i></span><br />(all of you, and I)<br />< Eng. *<i>you me fellow</i> or *<i>you me</i> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>2nd </th> <td><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">yu</i></span><br />(thou)<br />< Eng. <i>you</i></td> <td><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">yutupela</i></span><br />(you two)<br />< Eng. *<i>you two fellow</i></td> <td><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">yutripela</i></span><br />(you three)<br />< Eng. *<i>you three fellow</i></td> <td><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">yupela</i></span><br />(you four or more)<br />< Eng. *<i>you fellow</i> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>3rd </th> <td><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">em</i></span><br />(he/she/it)<br />< Eng. <i>him</i></td> <td><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">tupela</i></span><br />(they two)<br />< Eng. *<i>two fellow</i></td> <td><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">tripela</i></span><br />(they three)<br />< Eng. *<i>three fellow</i></td> <td><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">ol</i></span><br />(they four or more)<br />< Eng. <i>all</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">Reduplication</a> is very common in Tok Pisin. Sometimes it is used as a method of derivation; sometimes words just have it. Some words are distinguished only by reduplication: <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">sip</i></span> "ship", <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">sipsip</i></span> "sheep". </p><p>There are only two proper <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a>: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> preposition <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">bilong</i></span> (etym. < Eng. <i>belong</i>), which is equivalent to "of", "from" and some uses of "for": e.g. <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Ki bilong yu</i></span> "your key"; <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Ol bilong Godons</i></span> "They are from Gordon's".</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique</a> preposition <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">long</i></span> (etym. < Eng. <i>along</i>), which is used for various other relations (such as <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>): e.g. <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Mipela i bin go long blekmaket</i></span>. "We went to the black market".</li></ul> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrases</a> are used as prepositions, such as '<span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">long namel (bilong)'</i></span>, "in the middle of". </p><p>Several of these features derive from the common grammatical norms of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – although usually in a simplified form. Other features, such as <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a>, are however closer to English. </p><p>Sentences which have a 3rd person subject often put the word <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">i</i></span> immediately before the verb. This may or may not be written separate from the verb, occasionally written as a prefix. Although the word is thought to be derived from "he" or "is", it is not itself a pronoun or a verb but a grammatical marker used in particular constructions, e.g., <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Kar i tambu long hia</i></span> is "car forbidden here", i.e., "no parking". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tense_and_aspect">Tense and aspect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tense and aspect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Past tense: marked by <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">bin</i></span> (< Eng. <i>been</i>): </p> <dl><dd>Tok Pisin: <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Na praim minista i <b>bin</b> tok olsem.</i></span></dd> <dd>English: "And the prime minister spoke thus."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomaine1991629_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomaine1991629-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Continuative same tense is expressed through: verb + <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">i stap</i></span>. </p> <dl><dd>Tok Pisin: <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Em i slip <b>i stap</b></i></span>.</dd> <dd>English: "He/She is sleeping."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomaine1991631_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomaine1991631-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Completive or perfective aspect expressed through the word <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">pinis</i></span> (< Eng. <i>finish</i>): </p> <dl><dd>Tok Pisin: <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Em i lusim bot <b>pinis</b>.</i></span></dd> <dd>English: "He had got out of the boat."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Transitive words are expressed through <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">-im</i></span> (< Eng. <i>him</i>): </p> <dl><dd>Tok Pisin: <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Yu pinis<b>im</b> stori nau.</i></span></dd> <dd>English: "Finish your story now!"<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Future is expressed through the word "<span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">bai</i></span>" (< Eng. <i>by and by</i>): </p> <dl><dd>Tok Pisin: <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Nil nabaut <strong>bai</strong> i ros.</i></span></dd> <dd>English: "If you take just any nails that happen to be around, those will rust."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerhaar1995315_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerhaar1995315-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_Tok_Pisin">Development of Tok Pisin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Development of Tok Pisin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tok Pisin is a language that developed out of regional dialects of the languages of the local inhabitants and English, brought into the country when English speakers arrived. There were four phases in the development of Tok Pisin that were laid out by Loreto Todd. </p> <ol><li>Casual contact between English speakers and local people developed a marginal pidgin.</li> <li>Pidgin English was used between the local people. The language expanded from the users' mother tongue.</li> <li>As the interracial contact increased, the vocabulary expanded according to the dominant language.</li> <li>In areas where English was the official language, a depidginization occurred (Todd, 1990).</li></ol> <p>Tok Pisin is also known as a "mixed" language. This means that it consists of characteristics of different languages. Tok Pisin obtained most of its vocabulary from the English language (i.e., English is its <a href="/wiki/Lexifier" title="Lexifier">lexifier</a>). The origin of the syntax is a matter of debate. Edward Wolfers claimed that the syntax is from the substratum languages—the languages of the local peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfers1971[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwG08AAAAIAAJpgPA413_413]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfers1971[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwG08AAAAIAAJpgPA413_413]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Derek_Bickerton" title="Derek Bickerton">Derek Bickerton</a>'s analysis of creoles, on the other hand, claims that the syntax of creoles is imposed on the grammarless pidgin by its first native speakers: the children who grow up exposed to only a pidgin rather than a more developed language such as one of the local languages or English. In this analysis, the original syntax of creoles is in some sense the default grammar humans are born with. </p><p>Pidgins are less elaborated than non-Pidgin languages. Their typical characteristics found in Tok Pisin are: </p> <ol><li>A smaller vocabulary which leads to metaphors to supply lexical units: <ul><li>Smaller vocabulary: <dl><dd><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">vot</i></span> = "election" (n) and "vote" (v)</dd> <dd><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">hevi</i></span> = "heavy" (adj) and "weight" (n)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphors</a>: <dl><dd><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">skru bilong han</i></span> (screw of the arm) = "<a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">elbow</a>"</dd> <dd><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">skru bilong lek</i></span> (screw of the leg) = "<a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knee</a>" (Just <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">skru</i></span> almost always indicates the knee. In liturgical contexts, <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">brukim skru</i></span> is "kneel.")</dd> <dd><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">gras bilong het</i></span> (grass of the head) = "hair" (Hall, 1966: 90f) (Most commonly just <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">gras</i></span> —see note on <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">skru bilong lek</i></span> above.)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumlocution" title="Circumlocution">Periphrases</a>: <dl><dd><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">nambawan pikinini bilong misis kwin</i></span> (literally "first child of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Mrs Queen</a>") = <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a>, then known through his relation to the Queen.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li>A reduced grammar: lack of <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Determiner_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiner (linguistics)">determiners</a>; reduced set of <a href="/wiki/Prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositions">prepositions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">conjunctions</a></li> <li>Less differentiated phonology: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span> are not distinguished in Tok Pisin (they are in free variation). The <a href="/wiki/Sibilant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilant consonant">sibilants</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span> are also not distinguished. <dl><dd>All of the English words <i>fish</i>, <i>peach</i>, <i>feast</i>, <i>piss</i>, and <i>peace</i> would have been realised in Tok Pisin as <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">pis</i></span>. In fact, the Tok Pisin <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">pis</i></span> means "fish" (and usually has a sound closer to [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span>], almost like the English word <i>piss</i>). English <i>piss</i> was reduplicated to keep it distinct: thus <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">pispis</i></span> means "urine" or "to urinate".</dd> <dd>Likewise, <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">sip</i></span> in Tok Pisin could have represented English <i>ship</i>, <i>jib</i>, <i>jeep</i>, <i>sieve</i>, <i>sheep</i>, or <i>chief</i>. In fact, it means "ship".</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many words in the Tok Pisin language are derived from <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a> influences), indigenous <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesian</a> languages, and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (part of the country was under German rule until 1919). Some examples: </p> <ul><li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">as</i></span> = "bottom", "cause", "beginning" (from <i>ass</i>/<i>arse</i>). <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">As ples bilong em</i></span> = "his birthplace". <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">As bilong diwai</i></span> = "the stump of a tree".</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">bagarap(im)</i></span> = "broken", "to break down" (from <i>bugger up</i>). The word is commonly used, with no vulgar undertone, in Tok Pisin and even in Papua New Guinea English. <ul><li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">bagarap olgeta</i></span> = "completely broken"</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">balus</i></span> = "bird" or more specifically a pigeon or dove (an Austronesian loan word); by extension "aeroplane"</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">belhat</i></span> = "angry" (lit. "belly hot")</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">belo</i></span> = "bell", as in <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">belo bilong lotu</i></span> = "church bell". By extension "lunch" or "midday break" (from the bell rung to summon diners to the table). A fanciful derivation has been suggested from the "bellows" of horns used by businesses to indicate the beginning of the lunch hour, but this seems less likely than the straightforward derivation.</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">bensin</i></span> = "petrol/gasoline" (from German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Benzin</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">bilong wanem?</i></span> = "why?"</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">braun</i></span> = "brown"</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">buai</i></span> = "betelnut"</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">bubu</i></span> = "grandparent", any elderly relation; also "grandchild". Possibly from <a href="/wiki/Hiri_Motu" title="Hiri Motu">Hiri Motu</a>, where it is a familiar form of "tubu", as in "tubuna" or "tubugu".</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">diwai</i></span> = "tree", "wood", "plant", "stick", etc.</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">gat bel</i></span> = "pregnant" (lit. "has belly"; <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">pasin bilong givim bel</i></span> = "fertility")</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">gras</i></span> = "hair" (from <i>grass</i>)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">gude</i></span> = "hello" (from <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/g%27day" class="extiw" title="wikt:g'day">g'day</a></i>)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">gut</i></span> = "good"</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">(h)amamas</i></span> = "happy"</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">hap</i></span> = a piece of, as in <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">hap diwai</i></span> = a piece of wood (from <i>half</i>) <ul><li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">hapsait</i></span> = "the other side" (from <i>half side</i>)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">hap ret</i></span> = "purple" (from <i>half red</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">haus</i></span> = "house" or "building" (from German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Haus</i></span> and/or English <i>house</i>) <ul><li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">hausboi/hausmeri</i></span> = "a male/female domestic servant"; <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">haus boi</i></span> can also mean "servants quarters"</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">haus kaikai</i></span> = restaurant ("house [of] food")</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">haus moni</i></span> = "bank" ("house [of] money")</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">haus sik</i></span> = "hospital" ("house [of] sick")</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">haus dok sik</i></span> = "animal hospital" ("house [of] dog sick")</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">haus karai</i></span> = "place of mourning" ("house [of] cry")</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">sit haus</i></span> (vulgar) = "toilet" ("shit house"), also: <ul><li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">liklik haus</i></span> = "toilet"</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">smol haus</i></span> = "toilet/bathroom" ("small house")</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi"><a href="/wiki/Haus_Tambaran" title="Haus Tambaran">haus tambaran</a></i></span> = "traditional Sepik-region house with artifacts of ancestors or for honoring ancestors; <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">tambaran</i></span> means "ancestor spirit" or "ghost"</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">hevi</i></span> = "heavy", "problem". <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Em i gat bigpela hevi</i></span> = "he has a big problem".</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">hukim pis</i></span> = "catch fish" (from <i>hook</i>)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">kaikai</i></span> = "food", "eat", "to bite" (Austronesian loan word) <ul><li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">kaikai bilong moningtaim</i></span> = "breakfast"</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">kaikai bilong nait</i></span> = "dinner/supper"</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">kakaruk</i></span> = "chicken" (probably onomatapoetic, from the crowing of the rooster)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">kamap</i></span> = "arrive", "become" (from <i>come up</i>)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">kisim</i></span> = "get", "take" (from <i>get them</i>)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">lotu</i></span> = "church", "worship" from Fijian, but sometimes <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">sios</i></span> is used for "church"</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">magani</i></span> = "wallaby" <ul><li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">bikpela magani</i></span> = "kangaroo" ("big wallaby")</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">mangi/manki</i></span> = "small boy"; by extension, "young man" (probably from the English jocular/affectionate usage <i>monkey</i>, applied to mischievous children, although a derivation from the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Männchen</i></span>, meaning "little man", has also been suggested)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">manmeri</i></span> = "people" (from <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">man</i></span> "man" and <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">meri</i></span> "woman")</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">maski</i></span> = "it doesn't matter", "don't worry about it" (probably from German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">macht nichts</i></span> = "it doesn't matter")</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">maus gras</i></span> = "moustache" ("mouth grass")</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">meri</i></span> = "woman" (from the English name <i>Mary</i>); also "female", e.g., <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">bulmakau meri</i></span> (lit. "bull-cow female") = cow.</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">olgeta</i></span> = "all" (from <i>all together</i>)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">olsem wanem</i></span> = "what?", "what's going on?" (literally "like what"?); sometimes used as an informal greeting, similar to <i>what's up?</i> in English</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi"><a href="/wiki/Palopa" title="Palopa">palopa</a></i></span> - homosexual man, or transsexual woman</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">pisin</i></span> = "bird" (from <i>pigeon</i>). (The homophony of this word with the name of the language has led to a limited association between the two; <a href="/wiki/Mian_language" title="Mian language">Mian</a> speakers, for example, refer to Tok Pisin as <span title="Mian-language text"><i lang="mpt">wan weng</i></span>, literally "bird language".)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">pasim</i></span> = "close", "lock" (from <i>fasten</i>) <ul><li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">pasim maus</i></span> = "shut up", "be quiet", i.e. <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">yu pasim maus</i></span>, literally "you close mouth" = "shut up!"</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">paul</i></span> = "wrong", "confused", i.e. <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">em i paul</i></span> = "he is confused" (from English <i>foul</i>)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">pikinini</i></span> = "child", ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>-influenced <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca#Historical_sense" title="Lingua franca">Lingua franca</a>; cf. English <i><a href="/wiki/Pickaninny" title="Pickaninny">pickaninny</a></i></li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">raskol</i></span> = "thief, criminal" (from <i>rascal</i>)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">raus, rausim</i></span> (<span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">rausim</i></span> is the transitive form) = "get out, throw out, remove" (from German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">raus</i></span> meaning "out")</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">rokrok</i></span> = "frog" (probably onomatopoeic)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">sapos</i></span> = "if" (from <i>suppose</i>)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">save</i></span> = "know", "to do habitually" (ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>-influenced <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca#Historical_sense" title="Lingua franca">Lingua franca</a>, cf. English <i>savvy</i>)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">sit</i></span> = "remnant" (from <i>shit</i>)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">solwara</i></span> = "ocean" (from <i>salt water</i>)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">sop</i></span> = "soap"; also <ul><li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">sop bilong tut</i></span> = "toothpaste"</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">sop bilong gras</i></span> = "shampoo"</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">stap</i></span> = "stay", "be (somewhere)", "live" (from <i>stop</i>)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">susa</i></span> = "sister", though nowadays very commonly supplanted by <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">sista</i></span>. Some Tok Pisin speakers use <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">susa</i></span> for a sibling of the opposite gender, while a sibling of the same gender as the speaker is a <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">b(a)rata</i></span>.</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">susu</i></span> = "milk, breasts" (from Malay <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/susu#Malay" class="extiw" title="wikt:susu">susu</a></i></span>)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">tambu</i></span> = "forbidden", but also "in-laws" (mother-in-law, brother-in-law, etc.) and other relatives whom one is forbidden to speak to, or mention the name of, in some PNG customs (from <i>tabu</i> or <i>tambu</i> in <a href="/wiki/Taboo#Etymology" title="Taboo">various Austronesian languages</a>, the origin of Eng. <i>taboo</i>)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">tasol</i></span> = "only, just"; "but" (from <i>that's all</i>)</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Tok Inglis</i></span> = "English language"</li> <li><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">wanpela</i></span> = "one", "a" (<a href="/wiki/Indefinite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite article">indefinite article</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_text">Example text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Example text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 1 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></i> in Tok Pisin: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Yumi olgeta mama karim umi long stap fri na wankain long wei yumi lukim i gutpela na strepela tru. Yumi olgeta igat ting ting bilong wanem samting i rait na rong na mipela olgeta i mas mekim gutpela pasin long ol narapela long tingting bilong brata susa.</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Article 1 of the <i>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</i> in English: </p> <dl><dd><i>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The published court reports of Papua New Guinea refer to Tok Pisin as "Pidgin": see for example <i>Schubert v The State</i> [1979] PNGLR 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tokp1240"><i>Glottolog</i> entry for Tok Pisin</a> (itself evidence that the linguistic community considers it a language in its own right, and prefers to name it <i>Tok Pisin</i>), as well as numerous references therein.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">Liklik</i></span> can also be used as an <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverb</a> meaning "slightly", as in <span title="Tok Pisin-language text"><i lang="tpi">dispela bikpela liklik ston</i></span>, "this slightly big stone".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The language <a href="/wiki/Tolai_language" title="Tolai language">Tolai</a> is <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">often named</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as having had an important influence on early Tok Pisin.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e25-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/tpi">Tok Pisin</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pronounce1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pronounce1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurie Bauer, 2007, <i>The Linguistics Student's Handbook</i>, Edinburgh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pronounce2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pronounce2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924145535/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/tok_pisin">"Tok Pisin | Definition of Tok Pisin in English by Oxford Dictionaries"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries | English</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/tok_pisin">the original</a> on September 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+%7C+English&rft.atitle=Tok+Pisin+%7C+Definition+of+Tok+Pisin+in+English+by+Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Ftok_pisin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Tok+Pisin">"Definition of <i>Tok Pisin</i>"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Tok+Pisin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FTok%2BPisin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhäuslerDuttonRomaine20031–5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhäuslerDuttonRomaine20031–5_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhäuslerDuttonRomaine20031–5_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhäuslerDuttonRomaine20031–5_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMühlhäuslerDuttonRomaine2003">Mühlhäusler, Dutton & Romaine 2003</a>, pp. 1–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.V.2017" class="citation news cs1">A.V. (24 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2017/07/economist-explains-14">"Papua New Guinea's incredible linguistic diversity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Papua+New+Guinea%27s+incredible+linguistic+diversity&rft.date=2017-07-24&rft.au=A.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Feconomist-explains%2F2017%2F07%2Feconomist-explains-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENupela_Testamen_bilong_Bikpela_Jisas_Kraist1969-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENupela_Testamen_bilong_Bikpela_Jisas_Kraist1969_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNupela_Testamen_bilong_Bikpela_Jisas_Kraist1969">Nupela Testamen bilong Bikpela Jisas Kraist 1969</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMühlhäuslerMonaghan1999" class="citation book cs1">Mühlhäusler, Peter; Monaghan, Paul (1999). <i>Pidgin phrasebook</i> (2nd ed.). Hawthorn, Vic., Australia: Lonely Planet Publications. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0864425872" title="Special:BookSources/0864425872"><bdi>0864425872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pidgin+phrasebook&rft.place=Hawthorn%2C+Vic.%2C+Australia&rft.pages=99&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0864425872&rft.aulast=M%C3%BChlh%C3%A4usler&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Monaghan%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMundhenk1990372-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMundhenk1990372_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMundhenk1990">Mundhenk 1990</a>, p. 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008195-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008195_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008195_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008195_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008195_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008195_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith 2008</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008200-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008200_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith 2008</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008199–200-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008199–200_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith 2008</a>, pp. 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008196-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008196_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith 2008</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerhaar1995354-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerhaar1995354_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerhaar1995">Verhaar 1995</a>, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomaine1991629-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomaine1991629_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomaine1991">Romaine 1991</a>, p. 629.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomaine1991631-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomaine1991631_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomaine1991">Romaine 1991</a>, p. 631.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMühlhäusler1984" class="citation cs2">Mühlhäusler, Peter (1984), <i>Tok Pisin and its relevance to theoretical issues in creolistics and general linguistics</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tok+Pisin+and+its+relevance+to+theoretical+issues+in+creolistics+and+general+linguistics&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=M%C3%BChlh%C3%A4usler&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span> in <a href="#CITEREFWurmMühlhäusler1985">Wurm & Mühlhäusler 1985</a>, p. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMühlhäusler1984" class="citation cs2">Mühlhäusler, Peter (1984), <i>The scientific study of Tok Pisin: language planning and the Tok Pisin lexicon</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+scientific+study+of+Tok+Pisin%3A+language+planning+and+the+Tok+Pisin+lexicon&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=M%C3%BChlh%C3%A4usler&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span> in <a href="#CITEREFWurmMühlhäusler1985">Wurm & Mühlhäusler 1985</a>, p. 640.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerhaar1995315-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerhaar1995315_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerhaar1995">Verhaar 1995</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfers1971[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwG08AAAAIAAJpgPA413_413]-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfers1971[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwG08AAAAIAAJpgPA413_413]_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfers1971">Wolfers 1971</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wG08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA413">413</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/9654071/Prince-of-Wales-nambawan-pikinini-visits-Papua-New-Guinea.html">"Prince of Wales, 'nambawan pikinini', visits Papua New Guinea"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i>. 4 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/9654071/Prince-of-Wales-nambawan-pikinini-visits-Papua-New-Guinea.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Prince+of+Wales%2C+%27nambawan+pikinini%27%2C+visits+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fprince-charles%2F9654071%2FPrince-of-Wales-nambawan-pikinini-visits-Papua-New-Guinea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=pdg">"TOKSAVE LONG OL RAITS BILONG OL MANMERI LONG OLGETA HAP BILONG DISPELA GIRAUN AS BILONG TOKTOK"</a>. <i>ohchr.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ohchr.org&rft.atitle=TOKSAVE+LONG+OL+RAITS+BILONG+OL+MANMERI+LONG+OLGETA+HAP+BILONG+DISPELA+GIRAUN+AS+BILONG+TOKTOK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FUDHR%2FPages%2FLanguage.aspx%3FLangID%3Dpdg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <i>United Nations</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuttonThomas1985" class="citation book cs1">Dutton, Thomas Edward; Thomas, Dicks (1985). <i>A New Course in Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-341-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-341-8"><bdi>978-0-85883-341-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15812820">15812820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Course+in+Tok+Pisin+%28New+Guinea+Pidgin%29&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15812820&rft.isbn=978-0-85883-341-8&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Edward&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Dicks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihalic1971" class="citation book cs1">Mihalic, Francis (1971). <i>The Jacaranda Dictionary and Grammar of Melanesian Pidgin</i>. <a href="/wiki/Milton,_Queensland" title="Milton, Queensland">Milton, Queensland</a>: Jacaranda Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7016-8112-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7016-8112-8"><bdi>978-0-7016-8112-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/213236">213236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacaranda+Dictionary+and+Grammar+of+Melanesian+Pidgin&rft.place=Milton%2C+Queensland&rft.pub=Jacaranda+Press&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F213236&rft.isbn=978-0-7016-8112-8&rft.aulast=Mihalic&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMühlhäuslerDuttonRomaine2003" class="citation book cs1">Mühlhäusler, Peter; Dutton, Thomas Edward; Romaine, Suzanne (2003). <i>Tok Pisin Texts from the Beginning to the Present</i>. Varieties of English Around the World. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fveaw.t9">10.1075/veaw.t9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4718-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4718-6"><bdi>978-90-272-4718-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tok+Pisin+Texts+from+the+Beginning+to+the+Present&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.series=Varieties+of+English+Around+the+World&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fveaw.t9&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4718-6&rft.aulast=M%C3%BChlh%C3%A4usler&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Dutton%2C+Thomas+Edward&rft.au=Romaine%2C+Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMundhenk1990" class="citation conference cs1">Mundhenk, Norm (1990). "Linguistic decisions in the Tok Pisin Bible". <i>Melanesian Pidgin and Tok Pisin</i>. Melanesian Pidgin and Tok Pisin: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Pidgins and Creoles in Melanesia. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 20. p. 345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fslcs.20.16mun">10.1075/slcs.20.16mun</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3023-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3023-2"><bdi>978-90-272-3023-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Linguistic+decisions+in+the+Tok+Pisin+Bible&rft.btitle=Melanesian+Pidgin+and+Tok+Pisin&rft.series=Studies+in+Language+Companion+Series&rft.pages=345&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fslcs.20.16mun&rft.isbn=978-90-272-3023-2&rft.aulast=Mundhenk&rft.aufirst=Norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1985" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, John Joseph (1985). <i>The Book of Pidgin English</i> (6th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Bathurst,_New_South_Wales" title="Bathurst, New South Wales">Bathurst, New South Wales</a>: Robert Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-404-14160-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-404-14160-8"><bdi>978-0-404-14160-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5354671">5354671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Pidgin+English&rft.place=Bathurst%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Robert+Brown&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5354671&rft.isbn=978-0-404-14160-8&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=John+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNupela_Testamen_bilong_Bikpela_Jisas_Kraist1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><i>Nupela Testamen bilong Bikpela Jisas Kraist</i> (in Tok Pisin). The Bible Society of Papua New Guinea. 1980. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-647-03671-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-647-03671-6"><bdi>978-0-647-03671-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12329661">12329661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nupela+Testamen+bilong+Bikpela+Jisas+Kraist&rft.pub=The+Bible+Society+of+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12329661&rft.isbn=978-0-647-03671-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomaine1991" class="citation book cs1">Romaine, Suzanne (1991). "The Pacific". In Cheshire, Jenny (ed.). <i>English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 619–636. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611889.042">10.1017/CBO9780511611889.042</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39565-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39565-6"><bdi>978-0-521-39565-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pacific&rft.btitle=English+Around+the+World%3A+Sociolinguistic+Perspectives&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=619-636&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511611889.042&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39565-6&rft.aulast=Romaine&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Geoff P. (2002). <i>Growing Up With Tok Pisin: Contact, Creolization, and Change in Papua New Guinea's National Language</i>. London: Battlebridge Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903292-06-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903292-06-8"><bdi>978-1-903292-06-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49834526">49834526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+Up+With+Tok+Pisin%3A+Contact%2C+Creolization%2C+and+Change+in+Papua+New+Guinea%27s+National+Language&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Battlebridge+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49834526&rft.isbn=978-1-903292-06-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Geoff+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Geoff P. (2008). "Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea: phonology". In Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd (eds.). <i>Varieties of English 3: The Pacific and Australasia</i>. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 188–209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019637-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019637-5"><bdi>978-3-11-019637-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tok+Pisin+in+Papua+New+Guinea%3A+phonology&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+English+3%3A+The+Pacific+and+Australasia&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pages=188-209&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019637-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Geoff+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerhaar1995" class="citation book cs1">Verhaar, John W.M. (1995). <i>Toward a Reference Grammar of Tok Pisin: An Experiment in Corpus Linguistics</i>. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, no. 26. Honolulu: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="University of Hawaiʻi">University of Hawaiʻi</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824816728" title="Special:BookSources/9780824816728"><bdi>9780824816728</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20006762">20006762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+a+Reference+Grammar+of+Tok+Pisin%3A+An+Experiment+in+Corpus+Linguistics&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.series=Oceanic+Linguistics+Special+Publications%2C+no.+26&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20006762%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780824816728&rft.aulast=Verhaar&rft.aufirst=John+W.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolker2008" class="citation book cs1">Volker, C.A. (2008). <i>Papua New Guinea Tok Pisin English Dictionary</i>. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-555112-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-555112-9"><bdi>978-0-19-555112-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papua+New+Guinea+Tok+Pisin+English+Dictionary&rft.place=South+Melbourne&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-555112-9&rft.aulast=Volker&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfers1971" class="citation conference cs1">Wolfers, Edward (1971). "A report on Neo-Melanesian". In <a href="/wiki/Dell_Hymes" title="Dell Hymes">Dell H. Hymes</a> (ed.). <i>Pidginization and Creolization of Languages</i>. Proceedings of a conference held at the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April 1968. Cambridge University Press. pp. 413–422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521078337" title="Special:BookSources/9780521078337"><bdi>9780521078337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=A+report+on+Neo-Melanesian&rft.btitle=Pidginization+and+Creolization+of+Languages&rft.pages=413-422&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780521078337&rft.aulast=Wolfers&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurmMühlhäusler1985" class="citation book cs1">Wurm, S. A.; Mühlhäusler, P., eds. (1985). <i>Handbook of Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin)</i>. Languages For Intercultural Communication In The Pacific Area Project of The Australian Academy of The Humanities, no. 1. Australian National University: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Linguistics" title="Pacific Linguistics">Pacific Linguistics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F145234">1885/145234</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-321-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-321-0"><bdi>978-0-85883-321-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12883165">12883165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Tok+Pisin+%28New+Guinea+Pidgin%29&rft.place=Australian+National+University&rft.series=Languages+For+Intercultural+Communication+In+The+Pacific+Area+Project+of+The+Australian+Academy+of+The+Humanities%2C+no.+1&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F145234&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12883165&rft.isbn=978-0-85883-321-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATok+Pisin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Throwim_Way_Leg" title="Throwim Way Leg">Throwim Way Leg</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Flannery" title="Tim Flannery">Tim Flannery</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has more on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tok_Pisin" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="tpi:"> Tok Pisin edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tok-pisin.com/">Tok Pisin Translation, Resources, and Discussion</a> Offers Tok Pisin translator, vocabulary, and discussion groups.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tokpisin.info">Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin) English Bilingual Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Tok Pisin phrasebook">Tok Pisin phrasebook</a> on <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="voy:Main Page">Wikivoyage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://THSlone.tripod.com/MPEB.html#tokpisin">A bibliography of Tok Pisin dictionaries, phrase books and study guides</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mihalicdictionary.org/">Revising the Mihalic Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160905125639/http://www.mihalicdictionary.org/">Archived</a> 2016-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a collaborative internet project to revise and update Fr. Frank Mihalic's <i>Grammar and Dictionary of Neo-Melanesian</i>. An illustrated online dictionary of Tok Pisin.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hawaii.edu/satocenter/langnet/definitions/tokpisin.html">Tok Pisin background, vocabulary, sounds, and grammar</a>, by Jeff Siegel</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/tok-pisin">Radio Australia Tok Pisin service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCau_6QfTRE_VFd0lZVgjZmA">Tok Pisin Radio on Youtube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120126125709/http://www.bible.is/toc?version=TPIPNG&language=Tok+Pisin">Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin (The Bible in Tok Pisin)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/PNG/tok_pisin_hc.html">Eukarist</a> Anglican liturgy of Holy Communion in Tok Pisin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED401761.pdf"><i>Tokpisin Grammar Workbook for English Speakers. A Practical Approach to Learning the Sentence Structure of Melanesian Pidgin (or Tokpisin).</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roberteklund.info/PNG-TokPisin.htm">Robert Eklund's Tok Pisin Page</a> – with recorded dialogs, children's ditties and a hymn (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ida.liu.se/~g-robek/PNG-TokPisin.htm">alternative address</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_tpi_swadesh-1">Tok Pisin Swadesh List</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Project" title="Rosetta Project">Rosetta Project</a></li> <li>Audio and video recordings of a Tok Pisin event. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/36676">Traditional "house cry"/"kisim sori na kam" ceremony for big man Paul Ine</a>. Archived with <a href="/wiki/Kaipuleohone" title="Kaipuleohone">Kaipuleohone</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Template:Languages of Papua New Guinea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Template talk:Languages of Papua New Guinea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Papua New Guinea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">Languages of Papua New Guinea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiri_Motu" title="Hiri Motu">Hiri Motu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tok Pisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">Papua New Guinean Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adzera_language" title="Adzera language">Adzera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanab_language" title="Amanab language">Amanab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awad_Bing_language" title="Awad Bing language">Awad Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barok_language" title="Barok language">Barok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimin_language" title="Bimin language">Bimin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bola_language_(Austronesian)" title="Bola language (Austronesian)">Bola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukawa_language" title="Bukawa language">Bugawac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedua_language" title="Dedua language">Dedua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobu_language" title="Dobu language">Dobu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatmul_language" title="Iatmul language">Iatmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2te_language" title="Kâte language">Kâte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobon_language" title="Kobon language">Kobon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovai_language" title="Kovai language">Kovai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolai_language" title="Tolai language">Kuanua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuman_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Kuman language (New Guinea)">Kuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurti_language" title="Kurti language">Kurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihir_language" title="Lihir language">Lihir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandara_language" title="Mandara language">Mandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangseng_language" title="Mangseng language">Mangseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbula_language" title="Mbula language">Mbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seim_language" title="Seim language">Mende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussau-Emira_language" title="Mussau-Emira language">Mussau-Emira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutu_language" title="Mutu language">Mutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekgini_language" title="Nekgini language">Nekgini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaing_language" title="Ngaing language">Ngaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niwer_Mil_language" title="Niwer Mil language">Niwer Mil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobonob_language" title="Nobonob language">Nobonob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numanggang_language" title="Numanggang language">Numanggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyindrou_language" title="Nyindrou language">Nyindrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Pele-Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petats_language" title="Petats language">Petats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoaaina_language" title="Ramoaaina language">Ramoaaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seimat_language" title="Seimat language">Seimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solong_language" title="Solong language">Solong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burum_language" title="Burum language">Somba-Siawari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suau_language" title="Suau language">Suau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangga_language" title="Tangga language">Tangga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobo language">Tobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneapa_language" title="Uneapa language">Uneapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ura_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Ura language (Papua New Guinea)">Ura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitu_language" title="Vitu language">Vitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waris_language" title="Waris language">Waris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Papuan<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angan_languages" title="Angan languages">Angan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akoye_language" title="Akoye language">Akoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angaataha_language" title="Angaataha language">Angaataha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankave_language" title="Ankave language">Ankave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamtai_language" title="Hamtai language">Hamtai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasa_language" title="Kamasa language">Kamasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawacha_language" title="Kawacha language">Kawacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menya_language" title="Menya language">Menya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safeyoka_language" title="Safeyoka language">Safeyoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbari_language" title="Simbari language">Simbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susuami_language" title="Susuami language">Susuami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tainae_language" title="Tainae language">Tainae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagwoia_language" title="Yagwoia language">Yagwoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yipma_language" title="Yipma language">Yipma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Awin%E2%80%93Pa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Awin–Pa languages">Awin–Pa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awin_language" title="Awin language">Awin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_language" title="Pa language">Pa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Binanderean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Binanderean languages">Binanderean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baruga_language" title="Baruga language">Baruga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binandere_language" title="Binandere language">Binandere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewage_language" title="Ewage language">Ewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korafe_language" title="Korafe language">Korafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orokaiva_language" title="Orokaiva language">Orokaiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suena_language" title="Suena language">Suena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekora_language" title="Yekora language">Yekora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_language" title="Zia language">Zia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bosavi_languages" title="Bosavi languages">Bosavi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimele_language" title="Aimele language">Aimele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beami_language" title="Beami language">Beami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edolo_language" title="Edolo language">Edolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluli_language" title="Kaluli language">Kaluli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasua_language" title="Kasua language">Kasua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onobasulu_language" title="Onobasulu language">Onobasulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_language" title="Sonia language">Sonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuave_language" title="Chuave language">Chuave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom_language" title="Dom language">Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golin_language" title="Golin language">Golin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandawo_language" title="Kandawo language">Kandawo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaugel_language" title="Kaugel language">Kaugel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuman_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Kuman language (New Guinea)">Kuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maring_language" title="Maring language">Maring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melpa_language" title="Melpa language">Melpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narak_language" title="Narak language">Narak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nii_language" title="Nii language">Nii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomane_language" title="Nomane language">Nomane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt-Yui_language" title="Salt-Yui language">Salt-Yui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinasina_language" title="Sinasina language">Sinasina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembagla_language" title="Tembagla language">Tembagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahgi_language" title="Wahgi language">Wahgi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="New Ireland languages">New Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilur_language" title="Bilur language">Bilur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanamaket_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanamaket language">Fanamaket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandas_language" title="Kandas language">Kandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konomala_language" title="Konomala language">Konomala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolai_language" title="Tolai language">Kuanua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_language" title="Label language">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niwer_Mil_language" title="Niwer Mil language">Niwer Mil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patpatar_language" title="Patpatar language">Patpatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoaaina_language" title="Ramoaaina language">Ramoaaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siar language">Siar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursurunga_language" title="Sursurunga language">Sursurunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwar_Feni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warwar Feni language">Warwar Feni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duna%E2%80%93Pogaya_languages" title="Duna–Pogaya languages">Duna–Pogaya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duna_language" title="Duna language">Duna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogaya_language" title="Pogaya language">Pogaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Kutubuan_languages" title="East Kutubuan languages">East Kutubuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasu_language" title="Fasu language">Fasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiwaga_language" title="Fiwaga language">Fiwaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foi_language" title="Foi language">Foi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fembe_language" title="Fembe language">Fembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobasi_language" title="Gobasi language">Gobasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konai_language" title="Konai language">Konai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubo_language" title="Kubo language">Kubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odoodee_language" title="Odoodee language">Odoodee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Samo language (New Guinea)">Samo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angal_language" title="Angal language">Angal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nete_language" title="Nete language">Bisorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enga_language" title="Enga language">Enga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huli_language" title="Huli language">Huli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipili_language" title="Ipili language">Ipili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewa_language" title="Kewa language">Kewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaka_language" title="Kyaka language">Kyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembena_language" title="Lembena language">Lembena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samberigi_language" title="Samberigi language">Samberigi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaki_Ae_language" title="Kaki Ae language">Kaki Ae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keoru_language" title="Keoru language">Keoru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opao_language" title="Opao language">Opao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orokolo_language" title="Orokolo language">Orokolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toaripi_language" title="Toaripi language">Toaripi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tairuma_language" title="Tairuma language">Tairuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ok%E2%80%93Oksapmin_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ok–Oksapmin languages">Ok–Oksapmin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimin_language" title="Bimin language">Bimin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiwol_language" title="Faiwol language">Faiwol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_language" title="Mian language">Mian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngalum_language" title="Ngalum language">Ngalum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninggerum_language" title="Ninggerum language">Ninggerum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksapmin_language" title="Oksapmin language">Oksapmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setaman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Setaman language">Setaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suganga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Suganga language">Suganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefol_language" title="Telefol language">Telefol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifal_language" title="Tifal language">Tifal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urap language">Urap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonggom_language" title="Yonggom language">Yonggom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadibi_language" title="Dadibi language">Dadibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folopa_language" title="Folopa language">Folopa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tirio_languages" title="Tirio languages">Tirio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abom_language" title="Abom language">Abom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baramu_language" title="Baramu language">Baramu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitur_language" title="Bitur language">Bitur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirio_Papuan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirio Papuan language">Tirio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Were_language" title="Were language">Were</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikobi_language" title="Ikobi language">Ikobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omati_language" title="Omati language">Omati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumu_language" title="Rumu language">Rumu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Larger families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre–Huon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainantu%E2%80%93Goroka_languages" title="Kainantu–Goroka languages">Kainantu–Goroka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramu%E2%80%93Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Ramu–Lower Sepik languages">Ramu–Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Papuan_languages" title="Southeast Papuan languages">Southeast Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enga_Sign_Language" title="Enga Sign Language">Enga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailge_Sign_Language" title="Kailge Sign Language">Kailge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehek_Sign_Language" title="Mehek Sign Language">Mehek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Avejaha_Sign_Language" title="Mount Avejaha Sign Language">Mount Avejaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island_Sign_Language" title="Rossel Island Sign Language">Rossel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinasina_Sign_Language" title="Sinasina Sign Language">Sinasina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanib_Sign_Language" title="Wanib Sign Language">Wanib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mid-Pacific_English-based_pidgins_and_creoles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mid-Pacific_English-based_pidgins_and_creoles" title="Template:Mid-Pacific English-based pidgins and creoles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mid-Pacific_English-based_pidgins_and_creoles" title="Template talk:Mid-Pacific English-based pidgins and creoles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mid-Pacific_English-based_pidgins_and_creoles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mid-Pacific English-based pidgins and creoles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mid-Pacific_English-based_pidgins_and_creoles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mid-Pacific English-based <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tok Pisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pijin_language" title="Pijin language">Pijin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama">Bislama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_Islands_Pidgin_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loyalty Islands Pidgin English (page does not exist)">Loyalty Islands Pidgin English</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Caledonian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Caledonian Pidgin English (page does not exist)">New Caledonian Pidgin English</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Pidgin_English" title="Micronesian Pidgin English">Micronesian Pidgin English</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Kanaka_English" title="Queensland Kanaka English">Queensland Kanaka English</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maori_Pidgin_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maori Pidgin English (page does not exist)">Maori Pidgin English</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Plantation_Pidgin" title="Samoan Plantation Pidgin">Samoan Plantation Pidgin</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji" title="Languages of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Caledonia" title="Languages of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Languages of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tokelau" title="Languages of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34159#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34159#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34159#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4171567-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85135827">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="jazyk tok pisin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph319017&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538918005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032173911">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&oldid=1256371957">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&oldid=1256371957</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English-based_pidgins_and_creoles" title="Category:English-based pidgins and creoles">English-based pidgins and creoles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Languages of Papua New Guinea">Languages of Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object_languages" title="Category:Subject–verb–object languages">Subject–verb–object languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tok_Pisin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tok Pisin-language text">Articles containing Tok Pisin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_citing_Ethnologue_25" title="Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 25">Language articles citing Ethnologue 25</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_undetermined_IPA" title="Category:Pages with undetermined IPA">Pages with undetermined IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linguasphere_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linguasphere code">Language articles with Linguasphere code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_with_ISO_639-2_code" title="Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code">Languages with ISO 639-2 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Mian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Mian-language text">Articles containing Mian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Malay_(macrolanguage)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text">Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_foreign_language_sources_(ISO_639-2)" title="Category:CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)">CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 16:46<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tok_Pisin&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-x6txf","wgBackendResponseTime":1373,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.974","walltime":"1.220","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9127,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":201502,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7900,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":108799,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 953.846 1 -total"," 25.72% 245.304 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 24.08% 229.683 1 Template:Infobox"," 15.21% 145.089 178 Template:Lang"," 13.94% 132.969 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.78% 112.345 26 Template:IPA"," 9.63% 91.873 2 Template:IPA-all"," 8.59% 81.897 4 Template:Navbox"," 8.38% 79.909 20 Template:Sfn"," 8.12% 77.477 3 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.579","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17639819,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA.V.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuttonThomas1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMihalic1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMundhenk1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMühlhäusler1984\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMühlhäuslerDuttonRomaine2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMühlhäuslerMonaghan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNupela_Testamen_bilong_Bikpela_Jisas_Kraist1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomaine1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerhaar1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfers1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWurmMühlhäusler1985\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed span\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 24,\n [\"IPA-all\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA-link\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAlink\"] = 23,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Interwiki\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 178,\n [\"Languages of Papua New Guinea\"] = 1,\n [\"Mid-pacific English-based pidgins and creoles\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"Notetag\"] = 4,\n [\"Oceania topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 20,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 1,\n [\"Strong\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-x6txf","timestamp":"20241124053048","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tok Pisin","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tok_Pisin","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q34159","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q34159","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-15T03:46:16Z","dateModified":"2024-11-09T16:46:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a4\/WIKITONGUES-_Priscilla_speaking_Tok_Pisin.webm","headline":"English creole spoken in Papua New Guinea"}</script> </body> </html>