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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kazakhstan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazakhstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spain-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spain subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blank_ballot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blank_ballot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Blank ballot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blank_ballot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blank_seats_(escaños_en_blanco)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blank_seats_(escaños_en_blanco)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Blank seats (<span><i>escaños en blanco</i></span>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blank_seats_(escaños_en_blanco)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United Kingdom subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NOTA_UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NOTA_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>NOTA UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NOTA_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Above_and_Beyond_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Above_and_Beyond_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Above and Beyond Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Above_and_Beyond_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inception_and_officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inception_and_officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.1</span> <span>Inception and officers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inception_and_officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.2</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.3</span> <span>Finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_Candidate_Deserves_My_Vote!_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_Candidate_Deserves_My_Vote!_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>No Candidate Deserves My Vote! party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_Candidate_Deserves_My_Vote!_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NOTA_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NOTA_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>NOTA party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NOTA_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zero,_None_Of_the_Above" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zero,_None_Of_the_Above"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Zero, None Of the Above</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zero,_None_Of_the_Above-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries_(None_of_the_Above_candidates_and_parties)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries_(None_of_the_Above_candidates_and_parties)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Other countries (None of the Above candidates and parties)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries_(None_of_the_Above_candidates_and_parties)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedures_that_function_like_"none_of_the_above"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedures_that_function_like_"none_of_the_above""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Procedures that function like "none of the above"</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Procedures_that_function_like_"none_of_the_above"-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Procedures that function like "none of the above" subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Procedures_that_function_like_"none_of_the_above"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-open_Nominations_(RON)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-open_Nominations_(RON)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Re-open Nominations (RON)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-open_Nominations_(RON)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illegal_ballots_in_Robert's_Rules_of_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegal_ballots_in_Robert's_Rules_of_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Illegal ballots in <i>Robert's Rules of Order</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegal_ballots_in_Robert's_Rules_of_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_award" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_award"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5</span> <span>No award</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_award-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">None of the above</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89" title="لا أحد من المذكورين بالأعلى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لا أحد من المذكورين بالأعلى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="উপরের কোনটিই নয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপরের কোনটিই নয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vot_en_blanc" title="Vot en blanc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vot en blanc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank_stemme" title="Blank stemme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blank stemme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%88%CE%AE%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Λευκή ψήφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λευκή ψήφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voto_en_blanco" title="Voto en blanco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Voto en blanco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malplena_vo%C4%89dono" title="Malplena voĉdono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malplena voĉdono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boto_zuri" title="Boto zuri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Boto zuri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_blanc" title="Vote blanc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vote blanc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="नोटा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नोटा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolom_kosong" title="Kolom kosong – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolom kosong" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Бәріне қарсымын – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бәріне қарсымын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F" title="നോട്ട – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നോട്ട" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="नोटा (मतदान) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नोटा (मतदान)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanco_stem" title="Blanco stem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Blanco stem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank_stemme" title="Blank stemme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blank stemme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨੋਟਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੋਟਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voto_em_branco" title="Voto em branco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Voto em branco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%85" title="Против всех – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Против всех" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/None_of_the_above" title="None of the above – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="None of the above" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyhj%C3%A4_%C3%A4%C3%A4ni" title="Tyhjä ääni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tyhjä ääni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blankr%C3%B6st" title="Blankröst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blankröst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE" title="నోటా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నోటా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vote_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vote_icon.svg/75px-Vote_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vote_icon.svg/113px-Vote_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vote_icon.svg/150px-Vote_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="393" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;border-top:#ddd 1px solid;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Balloting</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">Ballots</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absentee_ballot" title="Absentee ballot">Absentee ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_ballot" title="Provisional ballot">Provisional ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_ballot" title="Sample ballot">Sample ballot</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Candidate" title="Candidate">Candidates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Ballot measures</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Write-in_candidate" title="Write-in candidate">Write-in candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_(elections)" title="Slate (elections)">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticket_(election)" title="Ticket (election)">Ticket</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Collection</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_box" title="Ballot box">Ballot box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">Compulsory voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_voting" title="Early voting">Early voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_ballot_system" title="Open ballot system">Open ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polling_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Polling place">Polling place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_voting" title="Postal voting">Postal voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_precinct" title="Electoral precinct">Precinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_center" title="Vote center">Vote center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_booth" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting booth">Voting booth</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Vote_counting" title="Vote counting">Counting</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_vote_(representative_democracy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular vote (representative democracy)">Popular vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_(voting)" title="Tally (voting)">Tally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_machine" title="Voting machine">Voting machine</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;border-top:#ddd 1px solid;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral systems">Electoral systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">Plurality and majoritarian systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality-at-large voting">Plurality-at-large voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_ticket" title="General ticket">General ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usual_judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Usual judgment">Usual judgment</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional and semi-proportional systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">Single non-transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binomial_voting_system" title="Binomial voting system">Binomial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Single transferable voting">Single transferable voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_vote" title="Spare vote">Spare vote</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed electoral systems">Mixed-member systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Scorporo (negative vote transfer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Vote_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative Vote Plus">Alternative Vote Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual-member proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Majority bonus system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;border-top:#ddd 1px solid;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Voting strategies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issue_voting" title="Issue voting">Issue voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral fusion">Fusion voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-ticket_voting" title="Split-ticket voting">Split-ticket voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-ticket_voting" title="Straight-ticket voting">Straight-ticket voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">Tactical voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_pairing" title="Vote pairing">Vote pairing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Protest_vote" title="Protest vote">Protest votes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_vote" title="Donkey vote">Donkey vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_boycott" title="Election boycott">Election boycott</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">None of the above</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refused_ballot" title="Refused ballot">Refused ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoilt_vote" title="Spoilt vote">Spoilt vote</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;border-top:#ddd 1px solid;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Voting patterns and effects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coattail_effect" title="Coattail effect">Coattail effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_advice_application" title="Voting advice application">Voting advice application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_segments_in_political_polling" title="Voter segments in political polling">Likely voter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_voting" title="Paradox of voting">Paradox of voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_electioneering" title="Passive electioneering">Passive electioneering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_splitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote splitting">Vote splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_apathy" title="Political apathy">Political apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_fatigue" title="Voter fatigue">Voter fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Voter turnout</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Protest_vote" title="Protest vote">Protest votes</a></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;border-top:#ddd 1px solid;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a> and prevention</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_harvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot harvesting">Ballot harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_stuffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot stuffing">Ballot stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_intimidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter intimidation">Voter intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_buying" title="Vote buying">Vote buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_caging" title="Voter caging">Voter caging</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Prevention</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_ink" title="Election ink">Election ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_registration" title="Voter registration">Voter registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-to-end_verifiable_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="End-to-end verifiable voting">End-to-end verifiable voting</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Voting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Voting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Voting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Voting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"<b>None of the above</b>" (<b>NOTA</b>), or <b>none</b> for short, also known as "<b>against all</b>" or a "<b>scratch</b>" vote, is a <a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">ballot</a> option in some <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organizations</a>, designed to allow the voter to indicate disapproval of the candidates in a <a href="/wiki/Voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting system">voting system</a>. It is based on the principle that <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a> requires the ability to withhold consent in an election, just as they can by voting "No" on <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">ballot questions</a>. It must be contrasted with "<a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">abstention</a>", in which a voter does not cast a ballot. </p><p>Entities that include "None of the Above" on ballots as standard procedure include <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> („Не подкрепям никого“, "I don't support anyone"), <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">voto en blanco</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<i>vote blanc</i>, "blank vote"), <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">λευκό</span></span>, blank), <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> ("None of the above"), <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">kotak kosong</i></span>, "empty box"), <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">voto en blanco</i></span>, "blank vote"), <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> (<a href="/wiki/None_of_These_Candidates" title="None of These Candidates">None of These Candidates</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> had such an option on its ballots (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Против всех</span></span>, "against all") until it was abolished in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> introduced this option (<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">না ভোট</span></span>, "no vote") in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-bd_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bd-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> introduced this option on ballot papers for the <a href="/wiki/2013_Pakistani_general_election" title="2013 Pakistani general election">2013 Pakistan elections</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Pakistan" title="Election Commission of Pakistan">Election Commission of Pakistan</a> later rejected it.<sup id="cite_ref-tribune_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribune-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/2016_Bulgarian_presidential_election" title="2016 Bulgarian presidential election">2016 presidential election</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2017_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election" title="2017 Bulgarian parliamentary election">2017 parliamentary one</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> introduced a 'none of the above' option, which received in the presidential elections 5.59% of the vote in the first round and 4.47% in the run-off. It was also used in the 2019 mayoral election of Sofia.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> originally included the option (<span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">Бәріне қарсымын</span></span>, "against all") from 1995 to 2004, and from 2021 onwards after reintroducing the option,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which notably received 5.8% of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_presidential_election" title="2022 Kazakh presidential election">2022 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When "none of the above" is listed on a ballot, there is the possibility of NOTA receiving a <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">majority</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> of the vote, and so "winning" the election. This possibility is not purely theoretical, as NOTA has indeed won occasionally. In such a case, a variety of formal procedures may be invoked, including having the position remain vacant, having the position filled by appointment, re-opening <a href="/wiki/Nomination" title="Nomination">nominations</a>, or holding another election (in a body operating under <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">parliamentary procedure</a>), or it may have no effect, as in India and the US state of Nevada, where the next highest total wins regardless. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No electoral jurisdiction in Canada formally lists "none of the above" as a ballot option. However, in some provincial elections it is effectively possible to vote for "none of the above", by attending the polling station and formally "declining to vote".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These declined votes are counted and become part of the electoral record. </p><p>A businessman in <a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_British_Columbia" title="Prince George, British Columbia">Prince George</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> ran in the <a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">1997 federal election</a> in the district of <a href="/wiki/Prince_George%E2%80%94Bulkley_Valley" title="Prince George—Bulkley Valley">Prince George—Bulkley Valley</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the name Zznoneoff, Thea Bove (Thea Bove Zznoneoff); since ballots listed candidates alphabetically by surname, he appeared at the bottom. He came sixth of seven candidates with 0.977 percent of votes cast. </p><p>A resident of <a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, formerly known as Sheldon Bergson, had legally changed his name to "<a href="/wiki/Above_Znoneofthe" title="Above Znoneofthe">Above Znoneofthe</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had registered under that name as a candidate in several provincial and federal elections, most recently challenging the sitting prime minister's riding of <a href="/wiki/Papineau_(electoral_district)" title="Papineau (electoral district)">Papineau</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021 Canadian federal election</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_Party" title="Rhinoceros Party">Rhinoceros Party</a> candidate. His name order was chosen so that his name would always appear at the bottom of the ballot as "Znoneofthe, Above", although this only works federally as provincial election ballots do not list the candidates in surname order.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2020_Green_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2020 Green Party of Canada leadership election">2020 Green Party leadership election</a> featured a <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">preferential ballot</a> which allowed voters to select "none of the options" as a ranked selection.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ontario, the <a href="/wiki/None_of_the_Above_Party_of_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="None of the Above Party of Ontario">None of the Above Party of Ontario</a> is a registered political party, although its stated mandate is for its candidates to serve in the legislature as <a href="/wiki/Independent_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politics)">independent</a> representatives who reflect the views and interests of their constituents, rather than simply as a "reject all of the candidates" placeholder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colombia">Colombia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, a NOTA option in the ballots has been recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Colombia" title="Constitutional Court of Colombia">Constitutional Court of Colombia</a> by upholding a political reform law (Law 1475 of 2011), declaring that a None of the Above vote is "a political expression of dissent, abstention or inconformity with political effects" and also adding that "a None of the Above vote constitutes a valuable expression of dissent through which the electorate's will protection can be promoted. As such, the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Constitution_of_1991" title="Colombian Constitution of 1991">constitution</a> grants it a decisive importance in the election of uni-personal offices and public corporations". The NOTA option has been present in ballots since at least 1991; in fact legislative act 01 of 2009 instructs what should happen if NOTA would "win" an election.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance with the aforementioned Act, if an election for a public corporation (such as Congress, Assemblies or Councils), Governor, Mayor or the first round of the presidential elections would end with None of the Above as the absolute majority of valid ballots, the election must be repeated a single time with new candidates (for unipersonal offices, like president, governor or mayor) and for public corporations, the election must be repeated with only the lists which had achieved the threshold for seats. If the blank vote is again the majority in the new election, then the candidate with the most votes is declared elected. </p><p>In the regional elections of 2011 for the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Bello,_Antioquia" title="Bello, Antioquia">Bello, Antioquia</a>, 56.7% of voters picked None of the Above, defeating the uncontested candidate and prompting the election for Mayor to be repeated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="France">France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the NOTA vote has been recognised since the Revolution. According to the law currently (May 2023) applicable, "Blank ballot papers are counted separately and annexed to the minutes. They are not taken into account for the determination of the votes cast, but they are specially mentioned in the results of the ballot. An envelope containing no ballot paper is considered to be a blank ballot paper." The blank (i.e. "white") vote is considered as an act of political participation (very different to <a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">abstention</a> where the voter does not cast a ballot, as well as to casting an invalid ballot) sending the message that "none of the options suits me", for instance in the case of a referendum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India">India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/None_of_the_Above_in_Indian_Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="None of the Above in Indian Elections">None of the Above in Indian Elections</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NOTA_Option_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NOTA_Option_Logo.svg/220px-NOTA_Option_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NOTA_Option_Logo.svg/330px-NOTA_Option_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NOTA_Option_Logo.svg/440px-NOTA_Option_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Symbol used with NOTA option on ballot papers and electronic voting machines in India</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission of India</a> told the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a> in 2009 that it wished to offer the voter a "none of the above" option on ballots, which the government had generally opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-ibn_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibn-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_for_Civil_Liberties" title="People's Union for Civil Liberties">People's Union for Civil Liberties</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisation">non-governmental organisation</a>, filed a <a href="/wiki/Public-interest_litigation_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-interest litigation (India)">public-interest litigation</a> statement in support of this.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 September 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> ruled that the right to register a "none of the above" vote in elections should apply and ordered the Election Commission to provide such a button in the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_India" title="Electronic voting in India">electronic voting machines</a>, noting that it would increase participation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Election Commission also clarified that even though votes cast as NOTA are counted, they are considered as invalid votes so they will not change the outcome of the election process. They are not taken into account for calculating the total valid votes and will not be considered for determining the forfeiture of <a href="/wiki/Deposit_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposit (politics)">deposit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2014_Indian_general_election" title="2014 Indian general election">2014 general election</a>, NOTA polled 1.1% of the votes,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> counting to over 6,000,000.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specific symbol for NOTA, a ballot paper with a black cross across it, was introduced on 18 September 2015. The symbol is designed by <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Design" title="National Institute of Design">National Institute of Design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dna_2015_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dna_2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jain_2015_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_2015-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangerang_Sample_Ballot_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tangerang_Sample_Ballot_2018.jpg/220px-Tangerang_Sample_Ballot_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tangerang_Sample_Ballot_2018.jpg/330px-Tangerang_Sample_Ballot_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Tangerang_Sample_Ballot_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>A sample ballot for the uncontested 2018 mayoral elections in <a href="/wiki/Tangerang" title="Tangerang">Tangerang</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Indonesian Law 10 of 2016 regulates local elections, and includes provisions for elections in which there is only one candidate. In such cases, the candidate contests the election against a NOTA option (commonly referred to as <i>kotak kosong</i>/empty box), and is declared the winner if they manage to secure a majority of the valid votes. Otherwise, the election will be postponed to the next occurrence; the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">government of Indonesia</a> appoints an acting office holder until the new election, in which the losing candidate is eligible to stand again.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were three uncontested runs in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Indonesian_local_elections" title="2015 Indonesian local elections">2015 local elections</a>, nine in the <a href="/wiki/2017_Indonesian_local_elections" title="2017 Indonesian local elections">2017 local elections</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at least 13 in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Indonesian_local_elections" title="2018 Indonesian local elections">2018 local elections</a> (including the mayoral elections for <a href="/wiki/Tangerang" title="Tangerang">Tangerang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 25 in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Indonesian_local_elections" title="2020 Indonesian local elections">2020 local elections</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 37 in the <a href="/wiki/2024_Indonesian_local_elections" title="2024 Indonesian local elections">2024 local elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2024, three of the elections have resulted in NOTA "victories". In the <a href="/wiki/2018_Makassar_mayoral_election" title="2018 Makassar mayoral election">2018 election for mayor of Makassar</a>, the NOTA option received over 300,000 votes, 35,000 more than the sole candidate, forcing <a href="/wiki/2020_Makassar_mayoral_election" title="2020 Makassar mayoral election">a repeat election</a> in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, the elections for mayor of <a href="/wiki/Pangkalpinang" title="Pangkalpinang">Pangkalpinang</a> and the regent of <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Regency" title="Bangka Regency">Bangka Regency</a> also resulted in NOTA "wins".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kazakhstan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, the "none of the above" (Бәріне қарсымын, "against all") option is provided in voting ballots as per Article 37(1) of the Constitutional Law "On Elections".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially introduced in the <a href="/wiki/1991_Kazakh_presidential_election" title="1991 Kazakh presidential election">1991 presidential election</a>, voters could cross out candidate names as means of choosing NOTA.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The option was officially included in the election law in 1995 but removed in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its removal, activists protested by casting unofficial NOTA votes and engaging in spoiled voting.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Astana lawyer Anton Fabry unsuccessfully sought a complaint to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Kazakhstan" title="Supreme Court of Kazakhstan">Supreme Court</a>, alleging that the <a href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_(Kazakhstan)" title="Central Election Commission (Kazakhstan)">Central Election Commission</a> had completely neglected the interests of NOTA voters by excluding the voting option from the ballots as an "deliberate deception" to manipulate voter turnout.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2021_Kazakh_legislative_election" title="2021 Kazakh legislative election">2021 legislative election</a>, its absence was a significant issue,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading President <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a> to propose reinstating it, resulting in its reinstatement in June 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NOTA option for the first time was used again during the <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct elections</a> of rural <a href="/wiki/Akim" title="Akim">äkims</a> (local heads) in <a href="/wiki/2021_Kazakh_municipal_elections" title="2021 Kazakh municipal elections">July 2021</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_presidential_election" title="2022 Kazakh presidential election">2022 presidential election</a>, the NOTA option received 5.8% (460,484 votes), making it the second-largest picked option in the vote share.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Minister of Justice Qanat Musin clarified that NOTA votes would only be considered as evidence of voter turnout, not as a determining factor due to a lack of legislation on the matter, emphasizing its role as an exercise of the right to participate in elections.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norway">Norway</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Norwegian election regulation makes it mandatory to present voters with blank ballots in addition to all of the approved parties and election lists. In the <a href="/wiki/2013_Norwegian_parliamentary_election" title="2013 Norwegian parliamentary election">parliamentary election of 2013</a>, 12,874 votes, which is 0.45% of the total votes given, were blank. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peru">Peru</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Peru, the ballot is declared null and void if two-thirds of the voters vote blank. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1990 elections that led to the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, the Soviet version of "none of above" (cross out voting) led to new elections with new candidates in 200 races of the 1,500-seat <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">Congress of People's Deputies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JFund_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFund-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 100 incumbents representing the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> were defeated in the run-off, leading <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> to later say the "none of the above" option "helped convince the people they had real power even in a rigged election, and [it] played a role in building true democracy."<sup id="cite_ref-JFund_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFund-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spain">Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blank_ballot">Blank ballot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Blank ballot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Owing to the Spanish voting regulations (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaci%C3%B3n_electoral_espa%C3%B1ola" class="extiw" title="es:Legislación electoral española">legislación electoral española</a></i></span>), <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> the blank ballot is recognized as 'none of the above' (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">voto en blanco</i></span>) but has very little chance to influence the distribution of seats within a democratic election. It is mostly considered as a statistical indicator of candidatures' disapproval. The blank ballots only increase the number of valid votes, raising the threshold of votes (3% and 5% depending on the election) which every political party has to overcome to be fully considered. The parties over the threshold get their seats according to the <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blank_seats_(escaños_en_blanco)"><span id="Blank_seats_.28esca.C3.B1os_en_blanco.29"></span>Blank seats (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">escaños en blanco</i></span>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Blank seats (escaños en blanco)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1999, several political parties<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have arisen in order to make visible the 'none of the above' option in the parliaments and force empty seats. "Blank Seats" ran for the Congress and Senate elections of 20 November 2011. Its programme is to leave empty the corresponding assigned seats by not taking full possession of their duties as congressperson, senator, etc. According to law, the seat remains assigned to the elected candidate until the possession act takes place, the elected candidate explicitly refuses or new elections are called. In this way, the political party and its candidates stay free from obligations and are not entitled to receive any money from the public funding scheme for politics. </p><p>By voting such option at the local elections in May 2011, the citizens of the villages of <a href="/wiki/Gironella" title="Gironella">Gironella</a> (Barcelona) and <a href="/wiki/Foix%C3%A0" title="Foixà">Foixà</a> (Girona) were able to reduce the number of politicians in their councils by one and two respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, citizenship supported Blank Seats at different municipalities, including <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, with 15,582 votes (averaging 1.71% of valid votes). </p><p>The <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ciudadanos_En_Blanco" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudadanos En Blanco">Ciudadanos En Blanco</a></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Blank_Votes" title="Citizens for Blank Votes">Citizens for Blank Votes</a>) party aims to give blank ballots the meaning of representing empty seats if the votes indicate so as for any other party, disbanding the party when such law would be approved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UK electoral counting procedures require that all votes be counted and announced, including 'rejected' votes. 'Rejected votes' are classified into four categories,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Protest_vote" title="Protest vote">protest votes</a> are recorded with others rejected as 'voter's intention uncertain'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NOTA_UK">NOTA UK</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: NOTA UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NOTA UK is a voluntary organisation set up in 2010 to campaign for a formal None Of The Above (NOTA) option to be added to ballot papers for all future UK elections. It has made numerous written evidence submissions<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Political_and_Constitutional_Reform_Select_Committee" title="Political and Constitutional Reform Select Committee">Political and Constitutional Reform Select Committee</a> (PCRC)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making the case for NOTA 'with teeth', i.e. formalised consequences for the election result in the event of a NOTA 'win' (as opposed to 'faux' NOTA, whereby the next placed candidate takes office anyway as happens in India and elsewhere). As a result of these representations, the PCRC explicitly recommended in its final report on 'voter engagement', published in February 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the next UK government should hold a public consultation before May 2016 solely on inclusion of NOTA on UK ballot papers. This in turn has led to increased support for and awareness of NOTA UK's campaign and its founder, recording artist and music producer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamie_Stanley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamie Stanley (page does not exist)">Jamie Stanley</a> (known as Mailman), being asked to give a number of media interviews.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No public consultation materialised as the incoming <a href="/wiki/Second_Cameron_ministry" title="Second Cameron ministry">Conservative majority government</a> scrapped the PCRC, effectively disregarding all of its recommendations. </p><p>Since 2015, in part thanks to NOTA UK's lobbying, it has been a policy of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party of England and Wales</a> to get a form of NOTA (RON – Re-Open Nominations) on UK ballot papers.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the run-up to the 2017 UK general election, NOTA UK wrote to the Green party suggesting that they should reword the policy so that, instead of RON, it refers specifically to the more self-explanatory NOTA, and that they should also place the policy centre stage in their next manifesto.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Above_and_Beyond_Party">Above and Beyond Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Above and Beyond Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Above_and_Beyond_Party_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7c/Above_and_Beyond_Party_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption>Logo of the Above and Beyond Party</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Above and Beyond Party</b> was founded in 2015 and fielded eight candidates in the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a>, none of whom were elected. Their sole stated policy was to introduce a "none of the above" option on all UK ballot papers.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's logo is based on the West African <a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra symbol</a> "Aya", "derived from a fern tree which famously grows in difficult-to-survive places", and a symbol of resilience.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics pointed out that their website and Facebook page at the time indicated that they had policy ideas and a political agenda beyond the single issue of NOTA and appeared to be jumping on the bandwagon of other NOTA campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inception_and_officers">Inception and officers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Inception and officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party registered with the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_Kingdom)" title="Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)">Electoral Commission</a> on 18 March 2015. The Electoral Commission listed the party leader, nominating officer and campaigns officer as Mark Flanagan and the treasurer was Karen Stanley.<sup id="cite_ref-PP2551_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PP2551-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party chairman was Michael Ross.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was de-registered by the Electoral Commission on 3 November 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-PP2551_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PP2551-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Above and Beyond fielded four candidates in the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a>. The candidates stood in <a href="/wiki/Clwyd_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Clwyd West (UK Parliament constituency)">Clwyd West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheadle_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cheadle (UK Parliament constituency)">Cheadle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sheffield Central (UK Parliament constituency)">Sheffield Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leeds_North_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Leeds North West (UK Parliament constituency)">Leeds North West</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency)">Sheffield Hallam</a> the party endorsed Carlton Reeve, an independent candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No Above and Beyond candidate received 5% or more of the votes cast, therefore all lost their <a href="/wiki/Deposit_(politics)#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposit (politics)">deposit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finance">Finance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party raised funds partially through "AboveBeyond" music nights.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_Candidate_Deserves_My_Vote!_party"><span id="No_Candidate_Deserves_My_Vote.21_party"></span>No Candidate Deserves My Vote! party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: No Candidate Deserves My Vote! party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/No_Candidate_Deserves_My_Vote!" title="No Candidate Deserves My Vote!">No Candidate Deserves My Vote!</a> was registered as a political party with the UK Electoral Commission on 23 November 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The No Candidate Deserves My Vote party's single objective is to introduce a bill to Parliament to have a "none of the above" option added to every local and general election ballot paper of the future. They feel this will allow the UK electorate to exercise their democratic right to vote to say that none of the parties currently represents them, which will encourage their democratic responsibility to turn out to vote. If a candidate wins an election it is the intention to stay as a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> until the change in the law is enacted. Only then will the candidate step down and the party be disbanded. </p><p>It is the intention of the party that, if a NOTA gains the majority vote, it should cause an automatic <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-election</a>, the idea being that the majority will have given a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a> in the candidates. If the same candidates stand under the same policies, then the electorate simply votes NOTA until the candidates change their policies to something that the electorate can vote for. </p><p>In 2010, Stephen Phillips of <a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a> stood in the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">UK general election</a> on behalf of No Candidate Deserves My Vote.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phillips received 327 votes, or 0.7% of the vote, placing 7th out of 9 candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NOTA_party">NOTA party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: NOTA party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NOTA Party, in recent years also known as Notavote, was registered as a political party with the UK Electoral Commission on 2 March 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the intention of the NOTA party to field candidates in every UK parliamentary constituency. The respective NOTA candidates would not have continued in office had they received the most votes; this was merely a mechanism to simulate the recording of a formal NOTA vote. The party was registered as 'NOTA' and not 'None of the Above' as the latter is a prohibited expression regarding registration as a party name.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A subsequent attempt to re-register the NOTA party in 2014 was blocked by the Electoral Commission<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the grounds that the acronym 'NOTA' is as good as the phrase 'None of the Above', the logic being that it would confuse voters into thinking it is possible to cast a formal vote for 'None of the Above' when they would in fact just be voting for another party, albeit one standing on a single issue NOTA platform. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zero,_None_Of_the_Above"><span id="Zero.2C_None_Of_the_Above"></span>Zero, None Of the Above</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Zero, None Of the Above"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>None Of The Above Zero was a candidate at the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010 general election</a> in <a href="/wiki/Filton_and_Bradley_Stoke_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Filton and Bradley Stoke (UK Parliament constituency)">Filton and Bradley Stoke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously known as Eric Mutch, he changed his name by deed poll to stand under that name. As candidates are listed by surname first he appeared on the ballot paper as "Zero, None Of The Above",<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in effect giving voters a "none of the above" option since had he been elected he would have resigned immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He came last with 172 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">British parliamentary elections of 2010</a>, a former boxer changed his name by <a href="/wiki/Deed_poll" title="Deed poll">deed poll</a> from <a href="/wiki/Terry_Marsh_(boxer)" title="Terry Marsh (boxer)">Terry Marsh</a> to "None Of The Above X", in order to run as a parliamentary candidate under that name in the constituency of <a href="/wiki/South_Basildon_and_East_Thurrock_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Basildon and East Thurrock (UK Parliament constituency)">South Basildon and East Thurrock</a>. Claiming that he will not take the seat if he wins, he told BBC Essex: "I don't take it for one moment that it would be a vote for me. ... I'm doing what I think the Electoral Commission should be doing and what should be on every ballot paper in any electoral process." BBC News reported that, while the Registration of Political Parties (Prohibited Words and Expressions) (Amendment) Order 2005 stipulates that no political party can be registered in the UK under the name "None of the Above", there is no legislation against a person changing their name by deed poll and appearing on the ballot paper as "None Of the Above".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the event he polled 0.3% of the vote, the lowest of any candidate standing.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Another individual changed his name by deed poll to "None Of The Above" in order to stand as a candidate in <a href="/wiki/Chingford_and_Woodford_Green_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Chingford and Woodford Green (UK Parliament constituency)">Chingford and Woodford Green</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the surname <i>Above</i>, he was listed first on the ballot paper in alphabetical order, with all the other candidates listed below.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a> Anarchists group has run a campaign urging people to "Vote Nobody" since 2008<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many other <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> groups worldwide have promoted similar slogans.</li> <li>The Landless Peasant Party, which advocates the ownership of land by those who live on it and the replacement of income tax by a flat land tax,<sup id="cite_ref-Landlesspeasants.org_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landlesspeasants.org-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and whose leader Derek Jackson gained publicity for standing against then- Prime Minister Gordon Brown in his home constituency in the 2010 elections,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> include a pledge to add a "None of the above" option to the ballot in all UK elections.<sup id="cite_ref-Landlesspeasants.org_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landlesspeasants.org-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/None_of_the_above_2024_presidential_campaigns" class="mw-redirect" title="None of the above 2024 presidential campaigns">None of the above 2024 presidential campaigns</a></div> <p>The origins of the ballot option "None of the Above" in the United States can be traced to when the State of <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> adopted "<a href="/wiki/None_of_These_Candidates" title="None of These Candidates">None of These Candidates</a>" as a ballot option in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">United States presidential primaries</a>, individuals can vote for <a href="/wiki/Unpledged_delegates" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpledged delegates">unpledged delegates</a> by voting <a href="/wiki/Uncommitted_(voting_option)" title="Uncommitted (voting option)">Uncommitted</a>. "None of the above" is also permitted in the bylaws of the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a>, with NOTA winning the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2024_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries">2024 presidential primaries</a> in North Carolina and Massachusetts. </p><p>In 1998 in California, citizen proponents of Proposition 23, titled the "None of the Above Act", qualified a new State ballot initiative through circulated petitions submitted to the Secretary of State,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the measure was defeated in the March 2000 general election 64% to 36%.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Were it to be passed by the voters, it was meant to require this new ballot option for all state and federal elective offices, exempting only local judicial races; in determining official election results, the "none of the above" voter tally would be discarded in favor of the candidate with the greatest number of votes.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>No similar options were known to have been permitted in any other states as of 2022. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_countries_(None_of_the_Above_candidates_and_parties)"><span id="Other_countries_.28None_of_the_Above_candidates_and_parties.29"></span>Other countries (None of the Above candidates and parties)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other countries (None of the Above candidates and parties)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, None of the above (Ниједан од понуђених одговора, НОПО) was a parliamentary political party, founded in 2010 by Budimir Grom, which was mostly popularized on <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and less so on other social networking websites. In <a href="/wiki/2012_Serbian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Serbian parliamentary election">2012 Serbian parliamentary election</a> they received 22,905 votes, and thus won one seat in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Serbia">National Assembly of Serbia</a>.</li> <li>Geoff Richardson changed his full name to "Of The Above None" and stood as an independent for the seat of <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Gilmore" title="Division of Gilmore">Gilmore</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2007_Australian_federal_election" title="2007 Australian federal election">2007 Australian federal election</a>. His name appeared as NONE, Of the Above on the ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/2010_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="2010 Ukrainian presidential election">2010 Ukrainian presidential election</a>, a candidate Vasiliy Humeniuk changed his name to <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Protyvsih" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasily Protyvsih">Vasily Protyvsih</a> (Vasily Against-all). "Against all candidates" is the name of the "none of the above" vote used in Russia and Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-Pres_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pres-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Michael Moore</a> advocated a <a href="/wiki/Write-in_candidate" title="Write-in candidate">write-in candidate</a> <i>Ficus (the plant) for Congress</i> as a unified vote for <i>none of the above</i> in congressional seats where the incumbent was running unopposed.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>David Gatchell of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> ran for <a href="/wiki/2002_Tennessee_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Tennessee gubernatorial election">governor in 2002</a> and for <a href="/wiki/2006_Tennessee_United_States_Senate_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Tennessee United States Senate election">Senate in 2006</a> as a protest, officially changing his middle name from Leroy to None of the Above.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, he got 3,738 votes (0.2 percent).</li> <li>For the <a href="/wiki/2013_Pakistani_general_election" title="2013 Pakistani general election">2013 Pakistani general election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Pakistan" title="Election Commission of Pakistan">Election Commission of Pakistan</a> unilaterally decided that a 'none of the above' box would be available as a voting option on ballot papers.<sup id="cite_ref-tribune_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribune-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the commission subsequently decided against it owing to the short amount of time remaining until the elections.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept was suggested to the Election Commission by Abid Hassan Manto, a constitutional expert and a senior lawyer of the Supreme Court of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Ossetia" title="Elections in South Ossetia">Elections in South Ossetia</a> have an "against all" option.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Abkhazia" title="Elections in Abkhazia">Elections in Abkhazia</a> have a "None of the above" option.</li> <li>In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/States_Assembly" title="States Assembly">States Assembly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a> voted to introduce a 'None of the Above' ballot option for uncontested elections, which is set to debut at the <a href="/wiki/2022_Jersey_general_election" title="2022 Jersey general election">2022 Jersey general election</a>. This has been designed as a means to eliminate uncontested elections to the Island's parliament. If the number of candidates standing for election is equal to or fewer than the available vacancies, voters will have the option to vote for 'None of the Above' to reject the candidate and hold a new election, effectively functioning as a confirmatory ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedures_that_function_like_"none_of_the_above""><span id="Procedures_that_function_like_.22none_of_the_above.22"></span>Procedures that function like "none of the above"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Procedures that function like "none of the above""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most ballots do not have a formal "none of the above" option, but some have procedures that work in a similar way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Argentina casting an envelope without a ballot in a <a href="/wiki/Ballot_box" title="Ballot box">ballot box</a> counts as a blank vote. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1989_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Polish legislative election">1989 legislative election in Poland</a> voters were able to vote against the only candidate running, often from the ruling <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> by crossing out the candidate's name on the ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-JFund_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFund-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, voters defeated the sitting prime minister and dozens of leading Communists because they failed to get the required majority.<sup id="cite_ref-JFund_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFund-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-open_Nominations_(RON)"><span id="Re-open_Nominations_.28RON.29"></span>Re-open Nominations (RON)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Re-open Nominations (RON)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many students' unions in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, and others<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use a similar ballot option called 're-open nominations' (RON)<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">IRV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> (STV) elections. These include the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Students_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Union of Students (United Kingdom)">National Union of Students</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin_Students%27_Union" title="University College Dublin Students' Union">UCD Student's Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>. The difference is that RON is a vote against all candidates in FPTP (<a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">first-past-the-post</a>) and all subsequent candidates in an IRV or STV election. </p><p>RON is not strictly a <b>none of the above</b> candidate in transferable vote elections, as when RON is eliminated during the count its votes are transferred to other candidates if those preferences exist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illegal_ballots_in_Robert's_Rules_of_Order"><span id="Illegal_ballots_in_Robert.27s_Rules_of_Order"></span>Illegal ballots in <i>Robert's Rules of Order</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Illegal ballots in Robert's Rules of Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American <i><a href="/wiki/Robert%27s_Rules_of_Order" title="Robert's Rules of Order">Robert's Rules of Order, Newly Revised (RONR)</a></i> describes various forms of illegal ballots, which are ballots which do not count for any candidate. Blanks are treated as "scrap paper", and are of no effect, but "unintelligible ballots or ballots cast for an unidentifiable candidate or a fictional character are treated as illegal votes. All illegal votes cast by legal voters… are taken into account in determining the number of votes cast for purposes of computing the majority." RONR always requires a majority for election; thus, casting an illegal ballot or one for a hopeless candidate, whether on the ballot or as a write-in, is equivalent to voting No for all other candidates. "The principle is that a choice has no mandate from the voting body unless approval is expressed by more than half of those entitled to vote and registering any evidence of having some opinion."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_award">No award</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: No award"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/None_of_the_above" title="Special:EditPage/None of the above">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22None+of+the+above%22">"None of the above"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22None+of+the+above%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22None+of+the+above%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22None+of+the+above%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22None+of+the+above%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22None+of+the+above%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Voting for the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugo Awards">Hugo Awards</a> is by instant runoff voting, in which nominees for a category are ranked. There are normally seven options: six nominees, plus "No Award". A first preference vote for no award implies that the voter believes that either the category should be abolished, or that none of the nominees are worthy of an award. A second or subsequent preference implies that any higher-ranked nominees are worthy of an award, while those ranked lower are not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the film <i><a href="/wiki/Brewster%27s_Millions_(1985_film)" title="Brewster's Millions (1985 film)">Brewster's Millions</a>,</i> the protagonist Brewster (played by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pryor" title="Richard Pryor">Richard Pryor</a>) is required, under certain conditions, to spend $30,000,000 in thirty days in order to inherit $300,000,000. After failing to lose money through gambling and inadvisable investments, he joins the race for Mayor of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and throws most of his money at a protest campaign urging voters to support None of the Above. The two major candidates sue Brewster for his confrontational rhetoric, leading to a massive settlement which of course furthers their competitor's goal. Brewster is forced to end his campaign when he learns that he is leading in the polls as a write-in candidate and has to publicly announce that he if he won the mayoralty he wants to decline it but is surprised his "None of the Above" campaign became so popular. (Under the conditions of the inheritance deal, Brewster was not permitted to permanently acquire any assets using the $30,000,000, with the Mayor of New York's $60,000 per annum salary being considered an asset.) Neither candidate wins the election, and a new election with different candidates must be held.</li> <li>In the sixth-season episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Planet_and_the_Planeteers" title="Captain Planet and the Planeteers">Captain Planet</a></i> called "Dirty Politics" three of the Eco-Villains are running for president and kidnap the fourth candidate, who is the most popular. Despite this over seventy percent vote None of the Above resulting in the need for a new election.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Neil_Smith" title="L. Neil Smith">L. Neil Smith</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Probability_Broach" title="The Probability Broach">The Probability Broach</a></i> has an <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> becomes a <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> state after a successful <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a> and the overthrowing and execution of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> by firing squad for treason in 1794, where None of the Above (which is always an option on the ballot)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> has received the most votes for President of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Confederacy" title="North American Confederacy">North American Confederacy</a> on two occasions. The first time was in <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>, defeating Lucy Kropotkin by only one vote and would serve until 1972 as the NAC's 24th President. The second time was in <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a> and again in <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a>, being elected "President for Life" in <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a>, serving as the 28th President and essentially abolishing the presidency.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavy_Gravy" title="Wavy Gravy">Wavy Gravy</a> has run a "<a href="/wiki/Nobody_for_President" title="Nobody for President">Nobody for President</a>" campaign during several different election years in the United States.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See 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class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolutely_Nobody" title="Absolutely Nobody">Absolutely Nobody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_boycott" title="Election boycott">Election boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">Motion of no confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refused_ballot" title="Refused ballot">Refused ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">Tactical voting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906002157/http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/index.cfm/fuseaction/viewItem/itemID/12773">"Russians Divided Over Electoral Reforms: Angus Reid Global Monitor"</a>. Angus-reid.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/index.cfm/fuseaction/viewItem/itemID/12773">the original</a> on 6 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russians+Divided+Over+Electoral+Reforms%3A+Angus+Reid+Global+Monitor&rft.pub=Angus-reid.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angus-reid.com%2Fpolls%2Findex.cfm%2Ffuseaction%2FviewItem%2FitemID%2F12773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANone+of+the+above" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bd-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bd_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Bangladesh-amends-election-law-incorporating-no-vote-option/articleshow/3233530.cms">"Bangladesh amends election law incorporating 'no' vote option"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 14 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928221029/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-14/rest-of-world/27918086_1_general-elections-votes-amendment">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+amends+election+law+incorporating+%27no%27+vote+option&rft.date=2008-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Frest-of-world%2FBangladesh-amends-election-law-incorporating-no-vote-option%2Farticleshow%2F3233530.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANone+of+the+above" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribune-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tribune_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tribune_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/530557/none-of-the-above-vote-to-be-added-to-ballots-ecp/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'None of the above' vote to be added to ballots: ECP"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a></i>. 3 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=%27None+of+the+above%27+vote+to+be+added+to+ballots%3A+ECP&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F530557%2Fnone-of-the-above-vote-to-be-added-to-ballots-ecp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANone+of+the+above" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investor.bg/ikonomika-i-politika/332/a/glasovete-ne-podkrepiam-nikogo-niama-da-vliiaiat-vyrhu-barierata-za-vlizane-v-ns-215944/">"Гласовете 'Не подкрепям никого' няма да влияят върху бариерата за влизане в НС"</a>. <i>Investor.bg</i> (in Bulgarian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investor.bg&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5+%27%D0%9D%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8F%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%27+%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%8F%D1%82+%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%85%D1%83+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%9D%D0%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investor.bg%2Fikonomika-i-politika%2F332%2Fa%2Fglasovete-ne-podkrepiam-nikogo-niama-da-vliiaiat-vyrhu-barierata-za-vlizane-v-ns-215944%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANone+of+the+above" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nova.bg/news/view/2019/10/29/267042/%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8F%D0%BC-%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%B2-%D0%B1%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0/">"Квадратчето 'не подкрепям никого' отново в бюлетините за балотажа"</a>. <i>nova.bg</i> (in Bulgarian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mvcwestsussex.org.uk. 20 March 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvcwestsussex.org.uk/glossary.html#RON">the original</a> on 21 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Make+Votes+Count+In+West+Sussex&rft.pub=Mvcwestsussex.org.uk&rft.date=2006-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mvcwestsussex.org.uk%2Fglossary.html%23RON&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANone+of+the+above" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Robert, Henry M. (2011). <i>Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised</i>, 11th ed., p. 415-416 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060509042833/http://www.robertsrules.com/interp_list.html#2006_5">"RONR Official Interpretations: 2006-5: Ballot Elections: Voting "No" or "None of the Above"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site</i>. The Robert's Rules Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertsrules.com/interp_list.html#2006_5">the original</a> on 9 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Official+Robert%27s+Rules+of+Order+Web+Site&rft.atitle=RONR+Official+Interpretations%3A+2006-5%3A+Ballot+Elections%3A+Voting+%22No%22+or+%22None+of+the+Above%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertsrules.com%2Finterp_list.html%232006_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANone+of+the+above" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=None_of_the_above&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notauk.org">NOTA UK campaigning for real and lasting electoral reform in the UK since 2010</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rainbowcoalition.ca">Rainbow Coalition – NOTA on Ballot – Random Selection of Man & Woman from pool of NOTA electorate following first past the post win</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040602135355/http://www.nota.org/">Voters for None of the Above</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130123062135/http://login.findlaw.com/scripts/callaw?dest=ca/caapp4th/31/747.html">Green Party of California v. 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