CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Electronic voting in India - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ae8c5aef-1c45-418c-b831-99454b55fe33","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Electronic_voting_in_India","wgTitle":"Electronic voting in India","wgCurRevisionId":1258908263,"wgRevisionId":1258908263,"wgArticleId":501123,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Good articles","Use Indian English from February 2017","All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English","Use dmy dates from November 2017","Science and technology in India","Elections in India","Electronic voting by country"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Electronic_voting_in_India","wgRelevantArticleId": 501123,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q26961357","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true, "wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.18"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/EVM_VVPAT.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/EVM_VVPAT.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Electronic voting in India - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_India"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_India"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Electronic_voting_in_India rootpage-Electronic_voting_in_India skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Electronic+voting+in+India" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Electronic+voting+in+India" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Electronic+voting+in+India" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Electronic+voting+in+India" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Design_and_introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_and_introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Design and introduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_and_introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wider_adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wider_adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Wider adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wider_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_improvements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_improvements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Further improvements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_improvements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost_and_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_and_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cost and efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_and_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reliability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Export_to_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Export_to_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Export to other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Export_to_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electronic voting in India</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="ভারতে ইলেকট্রনিক ভোটিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতে ইলেকট্রনিক ভোটিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="भारत में इलेक्ट्रानिक वोटिंग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भारत में इलेक्ट्रानिक वोटिंग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भारत में इलेक्ट्रानिक मतदान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत में इलेक्ट्रानिक मतदान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎలక్ట్రానిక్ వోటింగ్ మిషన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎలక్ట్రానిక్ వోటింగ్ మిషన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF" title="بھارت میں الیکٹرانک ووٹنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بھارت میں الیکٹرانک ووٹنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26961357#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_India" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Electronic_voting_in_India" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_India"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_India"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Electronic_voting_in_India" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Electronic_voting_in_India" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&oldid=1258908263" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Electronic_voting_in_India&id=1258908263&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FElectronic_voting_in_India"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FElectronic_voting_in_India"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Electronic_voting_in_India&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26961357" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Component of Indian electoral system</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EVM_VVPAT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/EVM_VVPAT.jpg/240px-EVM_VVPAT.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/EVM_VVPAT.jpg/360px-EVM_VVPAT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/EVM_VVPAT.jpg/480px-EVM_VVPAT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Voter-verified_paper_audit_trail" title="Voter-verified paper audit trail">VVPAT</a> used with electronic voting machines in Indian elections</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:20em; border: 4px double #D4AF37;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">This article is part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #FF671F; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><small><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Politics of India</span></a></small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/80px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/120px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/160px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#0f8a46; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Constitution</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Amendment of the Constitution of India">Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and<br /> Fundamental Duties of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_India" title="Judicial review in India">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Civil_Code" title="Uniform Civil Code">Uniform Civil Code</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#0f8a46; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Government</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droupadi_Murmu" title="Droupadi Murmu">Droupadi Murmu</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of India">15th</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President of India</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagdeep_Dhankhar" title="Jagdeep Dhankhar">Jagdeep Dhankhar</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vice Presidents of India">14th</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of India">14th</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Secretary of India">Cabinet secretary</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gauba" title="Rajiv Gauba">Rajiv Gauba</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_government_ministries_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Union government ministries of India">Ministries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Government_of_India" title="Secretary to the Government of India">Secretaries</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#0f8a46; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Parliament</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_18th_Lok_Sabha" title="List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha">18th</a>)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="Speaker of the Lok Sabha">Speaker</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_Birla" title="Om Birla">Om Birla</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha">Deputy Speaker</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Vacant</i></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Lok_Sabha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the House (Lok Sabha)">Leader of the House</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_in_Lok_Sabha" title="Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha">Leader of the Opposition</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="Secretary General of the Lok Sabha">Secretary General</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Utpal Kumar Singh</li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Rajya_Sabha" title="List of current members of the Rajya Sabha">Members</a>)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Chairman</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagdeep_Dhankhar" title="Jagdeep Dhankhar">Jagdeep Dhankhar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chairperson_of_the_Rajya_Sabha" title="Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha">Deputy Speaker</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harivansh_Narayan_Singh" title="Harivansh Narayan Singh">Harivansh Narayan Singh</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Rajya_Sabha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the House (Rajya Sabha)">Leader of the House</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagat_Prakash_Nadda" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagat Prakash Nadda">Jagat Prakash Nadda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_in_Rajya_Sabha" title="Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha">Leader of the Opposition</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Rajya_Sabha" title="Secretary General of the Rajya Sabha">Secretary General</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Chandra_Mody" title="Pramod Chandra Mody">Pramod Chandra Mody</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Parliamentary_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)">Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Parliamentary_Affairs_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Parliamentary Affairs (India)">Cabinet Minister</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiren_Rijiju" title="Kiren Rijiju">Kiren Rijiju</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State (India)">Minister of State</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Ram_Meghwal" title="Arjun Ram Meghwal">Arjun Ram Meghwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Murugan" title="L. Murugan">L. Murugan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#0f8a46; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_India" title="Judiciary of India"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Law and judiciary</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law of India</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indian_criminal_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian criminal law">Indian criminal law</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Nyaya_Sanhita" title="Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita">Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Nagarik_Suraksha_Sanhita" title="Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita">Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Sakshya_Act,_2023" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Sakshya Act, 2023">Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Civil_Procedure_(India)" title="Code of Civil Procedure (India)">Code of Civil Procedure</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Justices_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Justices of India">50th</a>)</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhananjaya_Y._Chandrachud" title="Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud">Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sitting_judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India" title="List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Bar_Association_(India)" title="Supreme Court Bar Association (India)">Bar Association</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Council_of_India" title="Bar Council of India">Bar Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Courts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="District Courts of India">District Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_courts_in_India" title="List of district courts in India">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gram_Nyayalayas_Act,_2008" title="Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008">Gram Nyayalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of India">High Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_chief_justices" title="List of current Indian chief justices">Chief Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sitting_judges_of_the_high_courts_of_India" title="List of sitting judges of the high courts of India">Judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Adalat" title="Lok Adalat">Lok Adalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Panchayat">Nyaya Panchayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendency_of_court_cases_in_India" title="Pendency of court cases in India">Pendency of court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunals_in_India" title="Tribunals in India">Other tribunals</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_and_Justice_(India)" title="Ministry of Law and Justice (India)">Ministry of Law and Justice</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Law_and_Justice" title="Minister of Law and Justice">Minister</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Ram_Meghwal" title="Arjun Ram Meghwal">Arjun Ram Meghwal</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_for_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney-General for India">Attorney-General</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataramani" title="R. Venkataramani">R. Venkataramani</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_India" title="Solicitor General of India">Solicitor General</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tushar_Mehta" title="Tushar Mehta">Tushar Mehta</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Additional_Solicitor_General_of_India" title="Additional Solicitor General of India">Additional Solicitor General</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_Commission_of_India" title="Law Commission of India">Law Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Judicial_Appointments_Commission" title="National Judicial Appointments Commission">National Judicial Appointments Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Legal_Services_Authority" title="National Legal Services Authority">National Legal Services Authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#0f8a46; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics in India"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Elections and politics</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Election_Commissioner_of_India" title="Chief Election Commissioner of India">Chief Election Commissioner</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Kumar_(civil_servant)" title="Rajiv Kumar (civil servant)">Rajiv Kumar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Election_Commissioner_of_India" title="Election Commissioner of India">Election Commissioner</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyanesh_Kumar" title="Gyanesh Kumar">Gyanesh Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhbir_Singh_Sandhu" title="Sukhbir Singh Sandhu">Sukhbir Singh Sandhu</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_election_commission_(India)" title="State election commission (India)">State Election Commission</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(India)" title="Electoral College (India)">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electronic voting</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_presidential_elections" title="List of Indian presidential elections">Presidential elections</a> </b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Indian_presidential_election" title="2022 Indian presidential election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Indian_presidential_election" title="2017 Indian presidential election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_presidential_election" title="2012 Indian presidential election">2012</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_vice_presidential_elections" title="List of Indian vice presidential elections">Vice Presidential elections</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Indian_vice_presidential_election" title="2022 Indian vice presidential election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Indian_vice_presidential_election" title="2017 Indian vice presidential election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_vice_presidential_election" title="2012 Indian vice presidential election">2012</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_general_elections" title="List of Indian general elections">Lok Sabha elections</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha">Constituencies</a>)</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Indian_general_election" title="2014 Indian general election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Indian_general_election" title="2019 Indian general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_general_election" title="2024 Indian general election">2024</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rajya_Sabha_elections" title="List of Rajya Sabha elections">Rajya Sabha elections</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Rajya_Sabha_elections" title="2024 Rajya Sabha elections">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Rajya_Sabha_elections" title="2023 Rajya Sabha elections">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Rajya_Sabha_elections" title="2022 Rajya Sabha elections">2022</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/State_Assembly_elections_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="State Assembly elections in India">State Assembly elections</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_elections_in_India" title="2019 elections in India">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_elections_in_India" title="2020 elections in India">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_elections_in_India" title="2021 elections in India">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_elections_in_India" title="2022 elections in India">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_elections_in_India" title="2023 elections in India">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_elections_in_India" title="2024 elections in India"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>National coalitions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance" title="National Democratic Alliance">NDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance" title="Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance">INDIA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India#National_parties" title="List of political parties in India">National parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India#State_parties" title="List of political parties in India">State parties</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#0f8a46; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Administrative divisions</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capitals</a>)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/State_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="State (India)">States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Union_territory_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union territory (India)">Union territories</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and union territories</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_divisions_in_India" title="List of divisions in India">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subdistricts_in_India" title="List of subdistricts in India">Sub-districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Development_Block" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Development Block">Community Development Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_India" title="List of metropolitan areas in India">Metropolitan Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_urban_agglomerations_in_India" title="List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India">Urban Agglomerations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#0f8a46; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_India" title="Federalism in India"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Federalism</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">Executive</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_governors" title="List of current Indian governors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor (India)">Lieutenant Governor/Administrator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_lieutenant_governors_and_administrators" title="List of current Indian lieutenant governors and administrators">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_chief_ministers" title="List of current Indian chief ministers">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_deputy_chief_ministers" title="List of current Indian deputy chief ministers">Deputy Chief Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_deputy_chief_ministers" title="List of current Indian deputy chief ministers">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Current_Indian_ministries" title="Template:Current Indian ministries">Ministries</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(India)" title="State legislature (India)">Legislative</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_legislative_speakers_and_chairpersons" title="List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairpersons">Speaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_legislative_speakers_and_chairpersons" title="List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairpersons">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(India)" title="Official Opposition (India)">Official Opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_opposition_leaders" title="List of current Indian opposition leaders">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_India" title="Local government in India">Local Government</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipal Governance</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporation_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporation of India">Municipal Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagar_Palika_(Municipality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagar Palika (Municipality)">Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Town Panchayat">Town Panchayat</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Panchayati_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchayati Raj">Panchayati Raj</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="District Panchayat">District Panchayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayat_Samiti_(Block)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchayat Samiti (Block)">Block Panchayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gram_Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram Panchayat">Gram Panchayat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#0f8a46; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Foreign relations</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of External Affairs (India)">Ministry of External Affairs</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Cabinet Minister</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S._Jaishankar" title="S. Jaishankar">S. Jaishankar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State (India)">Minister of State</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirti_Vardhan_Singh" title="Kirti Vardhan Singh">Kirti Vardhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabitra_Margherita" title="Pabitra Margherita">Pabitra Margherita</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(India)" title="Foreign Secretary (India)">Foreign Secretary</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinay_Mohan_Kwatra" title="Vinay Mohan Kwatra">Vinay Mohan Kwatra</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_India" title="List of diplomatic missions of India">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_India" title="List of diplomatic missions in India">in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_and_high_commissioners_of_India" title="List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India">Ambassadors and High Commissioners of India</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_and_high_commissioners_to_India" title="List of ambassadors and high commissioners to India">to India</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Citizenship_of_India" title="Overseas Citizenship of India">Overseas Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_passport" title="Indian passport">Passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_India" title="Visa policy of India">Visa policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Indian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Indian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Template:Foreign relations of India">Foreign Relations</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_Ministerial_Dialogue" title="2+2 Ministerial Dialogue">2+2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBIN" title="BBIN">BBIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">IBSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Naval_Symposium" title="Indian Ocean Naval Symposium">IONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim_Association" title="Indian Ocean Rim Association">IORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekong%E2%80%93Ganga_Cooperation" title="Mekong–Ganga Cooperation">MGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations" title="India and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">QUAD</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Africa–India relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="India–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-Latin_America_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="India-Latin America relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_India%E2%80%93Pacific_Islands_Cooperation" title="Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation">Pacific Islands</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_foreign_relations" title="History of Indian foreign relations">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_extradition_treaties" title="List of Indian extradition treaties">Extradition Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_foreign_aid" title="Indian foreign aid">Foreign aid by India</a> / <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_India" title="Foreign aid to India">to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_sanctions" title="India sanctions">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of international trips made by prime ministers of India">State Visits by Indian Prime Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_visits_to_India" title="List of diplomatic visits to India">State Visits to India</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir Conflict">Kashmir Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_India_and_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial disputes of India and Nepal">Disputes with Nepal</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:lightblue; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of India">Foreign Policy</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation_Programme" title="Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme">ITEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">Look East policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_e-Network_project" title="Pan-African e-Network project">Pan-African e-Network project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government" title="Foreign policy of the Indira Gandhi government">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Narendra_Modi_government" title="Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government">Narendra Modi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_India" title="Template:Politics of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_India" title="Template talk:Politics of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a> is the standard means of conducting elections using <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Voting_Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Voting Machines">Electronic Voting Machines</a> (EVMs) in India. The system was developed for the <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission of India</a> by state-owned <a href="/wiki/Electronics_Corporation_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics Corporation of India">Electronics Corporation of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Electronics" title="Bharat Electronics">Bharat Electronics</a>. Starting in the late 1990s, they were introduced in Indian elections in a phased manner. </p><p>Prior to the introduction of electronic voting, <a href="/wiki/Paper_ballot" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper ballot">paper ballots</a> were used and manual counting was done. The printed paper ballots were expensive, required substantial post-voting resources and time to count individual ballots and were prone to fraudulent voting with pre-filled fake ballots. Introduction of EVMs have brought down the costs significantly, reduces the time of counting to enable faster announcement of results and eliminated fraudulent practices due to safety features such as security locking, limits to rate of voting per minute and verification of thumb impressions. EVMs are stand-alone machines that use <a href="/wiki/Write_once_read_many" title="Write once read many">write once read many</a> memory. They are self-contained, <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a>-powered and do not need any networking capability. They do not have any wireless or wired components that connect to the internet. </p><p>Various opposition parties at times have alleged faulty EVMs after they failed to defeat the incumbent. In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> directed the Election Commission to include a paper trail to help confirm the reliable operation of EVMs. The Election Commission developed EVMs with <a href="/wiki/Voter-verified_paper_audit_trail" title="Voter-verified paper audit trail">voter-verified paper audit trail</a> (VVPAT) which was trialed in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Indian_general_election" title="2014 Indian general election">2014 Indian general election</a>. After the 2019 ruling by the Supreme Court, EVMs with accompanying VVPAT are used in all the elections with a small percentage (2%) of the VVPATs verified to ensure the reliability before certifying the final results. </p><p>The Election Commission of India has also claimed that the machines, system checks, safeguard procedures, and election protocols are tamper-proof. To mitigate any doubts regarding the hardware, prior to the election day, a sample number of votes for each political party nominee are entered into each machine, in the presence of polling agents and at the end of this sample trial run, the votes counted and matched with the entered sample votes, to ensure that the machine's hardware has not been tampered with, it is operating reliably and that there were no hidden votes pre-recorded in each machine. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paper_ballot" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper ballot">Paper ballots</a> were exclusively used during elections till the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Verma_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verma-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the paper ballots, substantial resources were required for printing, transportation, storage and counting of individual ballots.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paper ballots were prone to fraudulent voting and booth capturing, where party loyalists captured booths and stuffed them with pre-filled fake ballots.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brookings_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookings-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the late 1950s, there were multiple documented cases of such activities being reported and the problem grew between the 1950s and 1980s, becoming a serious and large scale problem in certain states and regions often accompanied with violence.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1970s, Election Commission of India sought a solution for the issues which resulted in the development of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic voting machines">electronic voting machines</a> (EVM).<sup id="cite_ref-Brookings_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookings-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_and_introduction">Design and introduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design and introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of using an Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) was proposed in 1977 and <a href="/wiki/Electronics_Corporation_of_India_Limited" title="Electronics Corporation of India Limited">Electronics Corporation of India</a> (ECIL) was tasked with the development of the same. A working model was evolved in 1979 and was showcased to various political parties in August 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-EVM_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EVM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Electronics_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharat Electronics Limited">Bharat Electronics</a> (BEL) and ECIL were tasked with manufacturing EVMs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EVMs were first trialed in May 1982 in the by-election to <a href="/wiki/Paravur_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paravur (State Assembly constituency)">Paravur</a> assembly constituency in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> in a limited number of polling stations.<sup id="cite_ref-Shukla_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shukla-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a ruling on a case filed against the usage of EVMs in the by-election, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> ruled that the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_People_Act,_1951" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation of People Act, 1951">Representation of People Act, 1951</a> and the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961 specified the usage of paper ballots and forbade the use of any new methods including electronic voting. The court stated the manner in which the orders were issued for the use of EVMs was unconstitutional and the usage of any alternate means would require to be specified under the law. By the time of the verdict, EVMs had been used in several other elections and the court did not rule on the results of those elections.<sup id="cite_ref-Shukla_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shukla-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wider_adoption">Wider adoption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wider adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Post the court ruling, as there was no provision explicitly permitting the usage of EVMs, it was not deployed immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-Shukla_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shukla-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An amendment to the Representation of the People Act, 1951 which allowed the usage of EVMs, was passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a> in December 1988 and came into force in March 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-EVM_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EVM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LEVM_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LEVM-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1992, changes were made to the Conduction of Election Rules, 1961 by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> to permit the usage of electronic voting.<sup id="cite_ref-Shukla_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shukla-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deployment was delayed as general consensus could not be reached with the political parties and other stakeholders on the usage of EVMs.<sup id="cite_ref-EVM_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EVM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, the machines were used on an experimental basis across 25 state assembly constituencies during the <a href="/wiki/1998_elections_in_India" title="1998 elections in India">assembly elections</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. In May 2001, EVMs were used in all constituencies for the <a href="/wiki/2001_elections_in_India" title="2001 elections in India">state assembly elections</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, Kerala, <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. In 2004, in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_general_election" title="2004 Indian general election">General Election</a>, the EVMs were used in all 543 Parliamentary Constituencies for the first time. Since the time, all state assembly and parliamentary elections are held using the EVMs.<sup id="cite_ref-EVM_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EVM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LEVM_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LEVM-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_improvements">Further improvements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further improvements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As it was possible to know how many people from a polling station exactly voted for a candidate, there was a probability that a winning candidate might show favoritism or hold a grudge on specific areas depending on the votes received. In order to mitigate the issue, a <a href="/wiki/Totaliser" title="Totaliser">totaliser</a> was developed in 2008, which was connected to several EVM units and displayed only the overall results instead of votes from individual machines.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a consultation with the political parties in 2010, the Election Commission appointed an expert technical committee to study the feasibility of a <a href="/wiki/Voter-verified_paper_audit_trail" title="Voter-verified paper audit trail">voter-verified paper audit trail</a> (VVPAT) in EVMs as a measure of transparency.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee was tasked with examining the possibility of displaying a printed paper to a voter which consisted of the symbol of the party to which the vote was cast.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the recommendation of the committee, a VVPAT system was developed and was put on field trials in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2011, trials were conducted at 175 polling booths in <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherrapunjee" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherrapunjee">Cherrapunjee</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="East Delhi">East Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer" title="Jaisalmer">Jaisalmer</a> to test the performance of the VVPAT system under various weather conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>VVPAT was further introduced on a trial basis in a by-poll at <a href="/wiki/Noksen_(Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noksen (Assembly Constituency)">Noksen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a> in September 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later used in various <a href="/wiki/State_Assembly_elections_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="State Assembly elections in India">legislative elections</a> and in eight Lok Sabha constituencies in <a href="/wiki/2014_Indian_general_election" title="2014 Indian general election">2014 Indian general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a directive of the Supreme Court on 8 October 2013, the Election Commission of India introduced VVPATs along with EVMs in a phased manner.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the Supreme Court further directed that a small percentage (2%) of the VVPATs to be verified to ensure the reliability before the final results were certified.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_technology">Design and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Design and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electronicvotingmachinewithbucu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Electronicvotingmachinewithbucu.jpg/220px-Electronicvotingmachinewithbucu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Electronicvotingmachinewithbucu.jpg/330px-Electronicvotingmachinewithbucu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Electronicvotingmachinewithbucu.jpg/440px-Electronicvotingmachinewithbucu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1901" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption>Ballot unit (left) and Control unit (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>The EVM was designed by a team led by A.G. Rao and <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Poovaiah" title="Ravi Poovaiah">Ravi Poovaiah</a>, professors at <a href="/wiki/IIT_Bombay" title="IIT Bombay">IIT Bombay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An EVM consists of two units, a control unit, and the ballot unit which are connected by a cable.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unit_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unit-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ballot unit facilitates the actual voting by a voter and consists of a ballot paper screen with the names of candidates and their symbols alongside labeled buttons, indicator lights and <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille signage</a>. The control unit is responsible for the operational control of the ballot units, stores the vote counts and displays the results on <a href="/wiki/LED_displays" class="mw-redirect" title="LED displays">LED displays</a>. The control unit is pre-programmed at the time of manufacturing and cannot be altered later.<sup id="cite_ref-Unit_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unit-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The machines are powered by a 7.5 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a> battery inserted into the control unit.<sup id="cite_ref-EVM_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EVM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unit_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unit-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The designers intentionally opted for battery power, to prevent the possibility of power cables interfering with the functioning and the EVMs can function without a secondary power source.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two units work in tandem and cannot work independently. The EVMs do not have any communication components or <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> interface. The ballot unit has an internal clock and a pre-programmed protocol by which it records every input-output event with a timestamp provided it is powered.<sup id="cite_ref-Unit_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unit-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A single ballot unit can list a maximum of 16 candidates and as a part of the initial design, up to four ballot units could be connected in parallel to a single control unit to cater to a maximum of 64 candidates. After an upgrade in 2013, 24 ballot units can now be connected to a single unit so that it can cater to a maximum of 384 candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-EVM_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EVM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single machine can record a maximum of 2000 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-Line_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Line-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The devices were designed to prevent fraud by limiting the number of new votes can be entered into the machine in a given time frame. In a minute, the EVMs can register a maximum of five votes.<sup id="cite_ref-Verma_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verma-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brookings_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookings-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later version of the EVMs are all equipped with VVPAT capability.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VVPAT system which was an upgrade of the EVMs had modified software that allowed a printer to be attached to the machine.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2018, a built-in-hood was added to protect the printer and other devices from excess light and heat in VVPAT systems.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electionic_Voting_Machine_India_ballot_Unit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Electionic_Voting_Machine_India_ballot_Unit.svg/220px-Electionic_Voting_Machine_India_ballot_Unit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Electionic_Voting_Machine_India_ballot_Unit.svg/330px-Electionic_Voting_Machine_India_ballot_Unit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Electionic_Voting_Machine_India_ballot_Unit.svg/440px-Electionic_Voting_Machine_India_ballot_Unit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of the Ballot unit of the EVM used to cast votes</figcaption></figure> <p>The EVMs are inventoried and stored at secure locations when not in use. They are tracked by the Election Commission of India on a real-time basis and distributed randomly to the polling booths.<sup id="cite_ref-SOP_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOP-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the Election Commission decided to replace all first generation machines and most of the machines in use in 2024 belong to the third generation.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the elections, the machines are randomly allocated to polling booths and sample checks are carried out to ensure working condition. Ballot papers are inserted into the displays in the ballot unit and test votes for each nominee is entered into the machine in the presence of polling agents and counted to match with the entered sample votes.<sup id="cite_ref-Voting_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voting-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SOP_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOP-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the voting, the control units are sealed. The control unit is operated by the polling booth officer, while the ballot unit is operated by the voter in privacy. The officer confirms the voter's identification before electronically activating the ballot unit to accept a new vote. Once the voter enters the vote, the ballot unit displays the vote to the voter and records it in its memory. Post the voting, the polling officer presses the close button and the control unit registers the polled votes.<sup id="cite_ref-Unit_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unit-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SOP_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOP-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The units are identified by unique identifier numbers and the a particular control unit is designed to work with a specific ballot unit.<sup id="cite_ref-HinduCC_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HinduCC-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the polling process is completed, the votes are recorded in the device's memory on the same order of polling and the device's ability to accept additional votes is disabled.<sup id="cite_ref-Brookings_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookings-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolchok_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolchok-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The control unit can store the vote in its memory for more than ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-Voting_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voting-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Result_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Result-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the VVPAT system, when a vote is cast, it is recorded in its memory and simultaneously a serial number and vote data is printed out for the voter to verify the same.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Election Commission maintains a database of thumb impressions and signatures of the voters along with identification, which is matched in order to identify the eligibility of a voter and ensure that a voter cannot cast a ballot more than once.<sup id="cite_ref-Brookings_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookings-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SOP_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOP-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a poll closes on an election day, the Presiding officer will hand over an account of votes recorded in each machine to the polling agents of the political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-SOP_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOP-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The units are separated and the control units moved and stored separately in locked and guarded premises.<sup id="cite_ref-SOP_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOP-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of counting of votes, the results are displayed on the control unit on pressing the "Result" button.<sup id="cite_ref-Result_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Result-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The button cannot be pressed before the polling is closed by the polling officer-in-charge. It is usually hidden and is exposed only at the counting center in the presence of the designated officer. The total displayed will also be tallied with the count given on the polling day.<sup id="cite_ref-Unit_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unit-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SOP_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOP-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cost_and_efficiency">Cost and efficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cost and efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The manufacturing cost per EVM was <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>5,500</span> (equivalent to <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>59,000 or US$680 in 2023) for the first batch of machines that were purchased in 1989–90. The cost of the production of later models was estimated to be <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>8,670</span> (equivalent to <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>28,000 or US$320 in 2023) in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost was estimated to be <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>10,500</span> (equivalent to <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>17,000 or US$190 in 2023) per unit based on an additional order placed in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the design, production and procurement was capital intensive, it has helped reduce the cost incurred on the printing of ballot papers, their transportation and storage and the counting staff and the remuneration paid to them.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EVMs are easier to transport compared to ballot boxes as they are lighter, more portable, and come with <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a> carrying cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Unit_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unit-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As there are reduced probability of malfeasance and rejection of votes, it eliminates the requirement of re-polling due to these issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Brookings_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookings-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An independent study had also indicated that the voting by the economically weaker section have increased due to the ease of usage with EVMs.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shelf life of an EVM is estimated to be 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Line_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Line-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reliability">Reliability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reliability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evmcontrolunit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Evmcontrolunit.jpg/220px-Evmcontrolunit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Evmcontrolunit.jpg/330px-Evmcontrolunit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Evmcontrolunit.jpg/440px-Evmcontrolunit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1844" data-file-height="1924" /></a><figcaption>Control unit in an EVM said to be tamper-proof by the Election Commission of India</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of EVMs and questions of their reliability have been raised by academics and politicians. In February 2010, an international conference held under the chairmanship of <a href="/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy" title="Subramanian Swamy">Subramanian Swamy</a> blamed the Election Commission for shirking from its responsibility on proving the transparency of EVMs.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2010, an independent security analysis undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Hari_K._Prasad" title="Hari K. Prasad">Hari K. Prasad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rop_Gonggrijp" title="Rop Gonggrijp">Rop Gonggrijp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Halderman" class="mw-redirect" title="Alex Halderman">Alex Halderman</a>, found that the machines could be manipulated by people who have physical access to the machines. While manufacturing, people with access could insert malicious hardware and people with physical access between voting and counting could change vote totals or learn about the results earlier. It suggested moving to a voting system that provides greater transparency such as paper ballots, <a href="/wiki/Optical_scan_voting_system" title="Optical scan voting system">precinct count optical scan</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Voter-verified_paper_audit_trail" title="Voter-verified paper audit trail">voter verified paper audit trail</a> for skeptical voters to observe the physical counting process to gain confidence that the outcome is fair.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolchok_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolchok-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2010, one of the authors of the research was charged with suspected EVM theft.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A research from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i> shared similar concerns that the EVMs could be manipulated during manufacturing, storage during the non-election periods and service of the machines by authorised technicians. It further suggested the usage of paper trail for verification and the use of authentication units to check the devices for counterfeit or tampered units.<sup id="cite_ref-HinduCC_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HinduCC-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2017, EVMs from multiple countries were hacked by programmers at the EVM Hacking village at the 25th <a href="/wiki/DEF_CON" title="DEF CON">DEF CON</a> conference held at <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian made EVMs however, were not included as part of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the Election Commission organized an open hackathon encouraging people to attempt hacking of EVMs used by the commission in various Indian elections.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Commission announced that no attempts were made to demonstrate any vulnerabilities in the event, the registered participants claimed that the Commission made only a few select machines available and imposed additional conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2019, a self proclaimed cyber expert based in London claimed that the results can be manipulated by using low frequency signals. The Election Commission however dismissed the allegations since the machines did not use wireless frequencies to communicate with other devices and no proof was provided by the expert to demonstrate the hacking of the devices.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Election Commission and the manufacturers of the EVMs have consistently rejected the possibility of EVM tampering.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have maintained that the machines are tamper-proof as the programming is done at a secure manufacturing facility. They have also contended that there is no connecting or transmission devices attached to the machines and the machines are securely stored with a real-time logging system in the machine detecting any access or attempts to change.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerns have also been raised on the software which could be tampered with during initial programming and could be programmed to register a particular button. The Commission responded that the buttons are interchangeable and the order of candidates is randomly selected.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been multiple cases against the usage of EVMs before the state high courts and the Supreme Court of India. The courts have often dismissed these cases and ruled in the favor of the Election Commission and the Supreme Court has declared that the use of EVMs is constitutionally valid.<sup id="cite_ref-Shukla_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shukla-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LEVM_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LEVM-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Public-interest_litigation_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-interest litigation (India)">PIL</a> was filed in the Supreme Court in 2011 for directing the Election Commission to modify the EVMs to give a slip printed with the symbol of the party in whose favor the voter cast.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 January 2012, <a href="/wiki/Delhi_High_Court" title="Delhi High Court">Delhi High Court</a> in its ruling on Subramanian Swamy's <a href="/wiki/Prerogative_writ" title="Prerogative writ">writ petition</a> challenging the use of EVMs in the present form asked the Election Commission to hold wider consultations with the executive, political parties and other stakeholders on the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following further petitions in the Supreme Court and the subsequent ruling in 2013 led to the use of VVPATs.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Export_to_other_countries">Export to other countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Export to other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> have acquired India-manufactured EVMs.<sup id="cite_ref-Export_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Export-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the Election Commission of Namibia acquired 1700 control units and 3500 ballot units from Bharat Electronics Limited and these units were used in the regional and presidential elections in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other Asian and African countries have also expressed interested in using the Indian made EVMs.<sup id="cite_ref-Export_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Export-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/None_of_the_above" title="None of the above">None of the above</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_voting#India" title="Postal voting">Postal voting in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk-limiting_audit" title="Risk-limiting audit">Risk-limiting audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter-verified_paper_audit_trail" title="Voter-verified paper audit trail">Voter-verified paper audit trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_machine" title="Voting machine">Voting machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/from-paper-ballots-to-switch-to-evm-and-the-introduction-of-nota-in-elections-learn-all-voting-system-in-classeswithnews18-6395737.html">"From Paper Ballots Then to EVMs & NOTA Now"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/News18" class="mw-redirect" title="News18">News18</a></i>. 21 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806043456/https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/from-paper-ballots-to-switch-to-evm-and-the-introduction-of-nota-in-elections-learn-all-voting-system-in-classeswithnews18-6395737.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=From+Paper+Ballots+Then+to+EVMs+%26+NOTA+Now&rft.date=2022-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Feducation-career%2Ffrom-paper-ballots-to-switch-to-evm-and-the-introduction-of-nota-in-elections-learn-all-voting-system-in-classeswithnews18-6395737.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verma-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verma_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verma_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVerma2005" class="citation journal cs1">Verma, Arvind (2005). "Policing Elections in India". <i>India Review</i>. <b>4</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">354–</span>376. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14736480500302217">10.1080/14736480500302217</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154413285">154413285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Review&rft.atitle=Policing+Elections+in+India&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E354-%3C%2Fspan%3E376&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14736480500302217&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154413285%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.aufirst=Arvind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/understanding-the-difference-between-electronic-voting-machines-and-ballot-papers-2525237-2024-04-10">"Difference between Electronic Voting Machines and Ballot Papers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i>. 10 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240601052002/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/understanding-the-difference-between-electronic-voting-machines-and-ballot-papers-2525237-2024-04-10">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Difference+between+Electronic+Voting+Machines+and+Ballot+Papers&rft.date=2024-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Finformation%2Fstory%2Funderstanding-the-difference-between-electronic-voting-machines-and-ballot-papers-2525237-2024-04-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSomanathan2019" class="citation report cs1">Somanathan, Madhavan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2019/04/05/indias-electoral-democracy-how-evms-curb-electoral-fraud/">India's electoral democracy: How EVMs curb electoral fraud</a> (Report). Brookings Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529074059/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2019/04/05/indias-electoral-democracy-how-evms-curb-electoral-fraud/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=India%27s+electoral+democracy%3A+How+EVMs+curb+electoral+fraud&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Somanathan&rft.aufirst=Madhavan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Fup-front%2F2019%2F04%2F05%2Findias-electoral-democracy-how-evms-curb-electoral-fraud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brookings-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brookings_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brookings_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brookings_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brookings_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brookings_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brookings_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebnathKapoorRavi2017" class="citation report cs1">Debnath, Sisir; Kapoor, Mudit; Ravi, Shamika (2017). The Impact of Electronic Voting Machines on Electoral Frauds, Democracy, and Development (Report). pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3041197">3041197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Electronic+Voting+Machines+on+Electoral+Frauds%2C+Democracy%2C+and+Development&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3041197%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Debnath&rft.aufirst=Sisir&rft.au=Kapoor%2C+Mudit&rft.au=Ravi%2C+Shamika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVaishnav2017" class="citation book cs1">Vaishnav, Milan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0nJDQAAQBAJ"><i>When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">87–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21620-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21620-2"><bdi>978-0-300-21620-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806043456/https://books.google.com/books?id=g0nJDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Crime+Pays%3A+Money+and+Muscle+in+Indian+Politics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21620-2&rft.aulast=Vaishnav&rft.aufirst=Milan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0nJDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaksena1993" class="citation book cs1">Saksena, N. S. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s9NszWp5fdYC"><i>India, Towards Anarchy, 1967–1992</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-296-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-296-3"><bdi>978-81-7017-296-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806043456/https://books.google.com/books?id=s9NszWp5fdYC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%2C+Towards+Anarchy%2C+1967%E2%80%931992&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-296-3&rft.aulast=Saksena&rft.aufirst=N.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds9NszWp5fdYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVerma2009" class="citation journal cs1">Verma, Arvind (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ijcjs.com/menu-script/index.php/ijcjs/article/view/353/284">"Situational Prevention and Elections in India"</a>. <i>International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">83–</span>97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Criminal+Justice+Sciences&rft.atitle=Situational+Prevention+and+Elections+in+India&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.aufirst=Arvind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fijcjs.com%2Fmenu-script%2Findex.php%2Fijcjs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F353%2F284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EVM-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EVM_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EVM_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EVM_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EVM_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EVM_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EVM_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.eci.gov.in/voter/history-of-evm/">"History of EVM"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404055121/https://old.eci.gov.in/voter/history-of-evm/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+EVM&rft.pub=Election+Commission+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.eci.gov.in%2Fvoter%2Fhistory-of-evm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/evms-vvpats-designed-manufactured-indigenously-by-2-psus-government-123031701024_1.html">"EVMs, VVPATS designed, manufactured indigenously by 2 PSUs: Government"</a>. <i>Business Standard</i>. 17 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230507011647/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/evms-vvpats-designed-manufactured-indigenously-by-2-psus-government-123031701024_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=EVMs%2C+VVPATS+designed%2C+manufactured+indigenously+by+2+PSUs%3A+Government&rft.date=2023-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fcurrent-affairs%2Fevms-vvpats-designed-manufactured-indigenously-by-2-psus-government-123031701024_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shukla-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shukla_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shukla_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shukla_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shukla_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shukla_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShukla2018" class="citation book cs1">Shukla, Alok (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gs91DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT70"><i>EVM Electronic Voting Machines</i></a>. Leadstart. pp. <span class="nowrap">70–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-35201-122-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-35201-122-3"><bdi>978-9-35201-122-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806043520/https://books.google.com/books?id=gs91DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT70#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EVM+Electronic+Voting+Machines&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=Leadstart&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9-35201-122-3&rft.aulast=Shukla&rft.aufirst=Alok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgs91DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/history-of-electronic-voting-machine-evms-in-india/article68015562.ece">"A brief history of EVMs in India"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240408072413/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/history-of-electronic-voting-machine-evms-in-india/article68015562.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+EVMs+in+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fhistory-of-electronic-voting-machine-evms-in-india%2Farticle68015562.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LEVM-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LEVM_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LEVM_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LEVM_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/uploads/monthly_2022_11/10386732_LegalHistoryofEVMsandVVPATs_pdf.a942a6ed2e36892f92adecb5e88f6d3d">Legal history of EVMs</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission of India</a>. November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Legal+history+of+EVMs&rft.pub=Election+Commission+of+India&rft.date=2022-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eci.gov.in%2Feci-backend%2Fpublic%2Fuploads%2Fmonthly_2022_11%2F10386732_LegalHistoryofEVMsandVVPATs_pdf.a942a6ed2e36892f92adecb5e88f6d3d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/ballot-boxes-to-evms-incredible-journey-of-election-commission-indelibly-inked-in-history/articleshow/108095109.cms?from=mdr">"Ballot boxes to EVMs: Incredible journey of Election Commission indelibly inked in history"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i>. 29 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Ballot+boxes+to+EVMs%3A+Incredible+journey+of+Election+Commission+indelibly+inked+in+history&rft.date=2024-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Felections%2Flok-sabha%2Findia%2Fballot-boxes-to-evms-incredible-journey-of-election-commission-indelibly-inked-in-history%2Farticleshow%2F108095109.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/New+counting+method+for+Assembly+polls/1/21718.html">"New counting method for Assembly polls"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i>. 4 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312065130/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/New+counting+method+for+Assembly+polls/1/21718.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=New+counting+method+for+Assembly+polls&rft.date=2008-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiatoday.intoday.in%2Fstory%2FNew%2Bcounting%2Bmethod%2Bfor%2BAssembly%2Bpolls%2F1%2F21718.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/elections2009/volume1/Chap-39.pdf">"Know Your Electronic Voting Machine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Press_Information_Bureau" title="Press Information Bureau">Press Information Bureau</a></i> (Press release). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605194131/http://pib.nic.in/elections2009/volume1/Chap-39.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Know+Your+Electronic+Voting+Machine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpib.nic.in%2Felections2009%2Fvolume1%2FChap-39.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/evm-vvpat-case-supreme-court-lok-sabha-elections-13763213.html">"EVM-VVPAT case: Why were VVPATs introduced? What is the controversy?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/First_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="First Post">First Post</a></i>. 24 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603163708/https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/evm-vvpat-case-supreme-court-lok-sabha-elections-13763213.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Post&rft.atitle=EVM-VVPAT+case%3A+Why+were+VVPATs+introduced%3F+What+is+the+controversy%3F&rft.date=2024-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fexplainers%2Fevm-vvpat-case-supreme-court-lok-sabha-elections-13763213.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRanjan2011" class="citation news cs1">Ranjan, Rakesh (15 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/27901-delhi-hc-to-decide-on-evms.html">"Delhi HC to decide on EVMs"</a>. <i>The Pioneer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107192211/http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/27901-delhi-hc-to-decide-on-evms.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pioneer&rft.atitle=Delhi+HC+to+decide+on+EVMs&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft.aulast=Ranjan&rft.aufirst=Rakesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2Fnation%2F27901-delhi-hc-to-decide-on-evms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-vvpat-was-brought-in-why-oppn-wants-all-slips-verified-9258995/">"Why VVPAT was brought in, why Opposition wants all slips verified"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. 9 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240501114558/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-vvpat-was-brought-in-why-oppn-wants-all-slips-verified-9258995/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Why+VVPAT+was+brought+in%2C+why+Opposition+wants+all+slips+verified&rft.date=2024-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fwhy-vvpat-was-brought-in-why-oppn-wants-all-slips-verified-9258995%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131018140639/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-21/news/29683624_1_polling-stations-voter-electronic-voting-machine">"Election Commission to introduce EVM and VVPAT system for more transparent electronic voting"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i>. 21 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-21/news/29683624_1_polling-stations-voter-electronic-voting-machine">the original</a> on 18 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Election+Commission+to+introduce+EVM+and+VVPAT+system+for+more+transparent+electronic+voting&rft.date=2011-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2F2011-06-21%2Fnews%2F29683624_1_polling-stations-voter-electronic-voting-machine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130413205244/http://www.kolkatanews.net/story/817207">"New voting machines found perfect: Election Commission"</a>. <i>Kolkata News</i>. 28 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kolkatanews.net/story/817207">the original</a> on 13 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kolkata+News&rft.atitle=New+voting+machines+found+perfect%3A+Election+Commission&rft.date=2011-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kolkatanews.net%2Fstory%2F817207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=109901">"New Voting Machines Found Perfect: EC"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daijiworld_Media" title="Daijiworld Media">Daijiworld Media</a></i>. 28 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106133222/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=109901">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daijiworld+Media&rft.atitle=New+Voting+Machines+Found+Perfect%3A+EC&rft.date=2011-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fnews%2Fnews_disp.asp%3Fn_id%3D109901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/nagaland-first-to-use-vvpat-device-for-voting-113090401142_1.html">"Nagaland first to use VVPAT device for voting"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Standard" title="Business Standard">Business Standard</a></i>. 4 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Nagaland+first+to+use+VVPAT+device+for+voting&rft.date=2014-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fpti-stories%2Fnagaland-first-to-use-vvpat-device-for-voting-113090401142_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2013" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Bikash (4 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412002416/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-04/news/41765831_1_npf-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-vvpat">"VVPAT used or the first time in Noksen bypolls"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-04/news/41765831_1_npf-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-vvpat">the original</a> on 12 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=VVPAT+used+or+the+first+time+in+Noksen+bypolls&rft.date=2013-09-04&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Bikash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2F2013-09-04%2Fnews%2F41765831_1_npf-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-vvpat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/473723-india-devises-flawless-ballot-mechanism">"India devises flawless ballot mechanism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_News_International" title="The News International">The News International</a></i>. 19 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053023/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/473723-india-devises-flawless-ballot-mechanism">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+International&rft.atitle=India+devises+flawless+ballot+mechanism&rft.date=2013-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Farchive%2Fprint%2F473723-india-devises-flawless-ballot-mechanism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections-2014/ls-polls-voters-to-get-automated-receipts-at-gandhinagar-114042901134_1.html">"LS polls: Voters to get 'automated-receipts' at Gandhinagar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Standard" title="Business Standard">Business Standard</a></i>. 29 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=LS+polls%3A+Voters+to+get+%27automated-receipts%27+at+Gandhinagar&rft.date=2014-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Felections-2014%2Fls-polls-voters-to-get-automated-receipts-at-gandhinagar-114042901134_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/vvpat-machine-to-be-on-demonstration-for-10-days/article5868161.ece">"VVPAT machine to be on demonstration for 10 days"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 4 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200530024131/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/vvpat-machine-to-be-on-demonstration-for-10-days/article5868161.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=VVPAT+machine+to+be+on+demonstration+for+10+days&rft.date=2014-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkarnataka%2Fvvpat-machine-to-be-on-demonstration-for-10-days%2Farticle5868161.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502062650/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=40874">"Civil Appeal No.9093 of 2013"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=40874">the original</a> on 2 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+of+India&rft.atitle=Civil+Appeal+No.9093+of+2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjudis.nic.in%2Fsupremecourt%2Fimgs1.aspx%3Ffilename%3D40874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/elections-2014-sc-directive-to-ec-for-paper-trail-in-evms/article5213604.ece">"Elections 2014: SC directive to EC for paper trail in EVMs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 8 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200530081148/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/elections-2014-sc-directive-to-ec-for-paper-trail-in-evms/article5213604.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Elections+2014%3A+SC+directive+to+EC+for+paper+trail+in+EVMs&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Felections-2014-sc-directive-to-ec-for-paper-trail-in-evms%2Farticle5213604.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/politics/ec-announces-lok-sabha-election-dates-vvpats-to-be-used-in-all-polling-stations-help-bring-more-accuracy-in-voting-6232831.html">"EC announces Lok Sabha election dates: VVPATs, to be used in all polling stations, help bring more accuracy in voting"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Firstpost" title="Firstpost">Firstpost</a></i>. 10 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402174127/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/ec-announces-lok-sabha-election-dates-vvpats-to-be-used-in-all-polling-stations-help-bring-more-accuracy-in-voting-6232831.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=EC+announces+Lok+Sabha+election+dates%3A+VVPATs%2C+to+be+used+in+all+polling+stations%2C+help+bring+more+accuracy+in+voting&rft.date=2019-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fec-announces-lok-sabha-election-dates-vvpats-to-be-used-in-all-polling-stations-help-bring-more-accuracy-in-voting-6232831.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/evm-vvpat-pass-test-in-lok-sabha-polls/articleshow/69469579.cms">"EVM-VVPAT pass test in Lok Sabha polls"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i>. 23 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190616143716/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/evm-vvpat-pass-test-in-lok-sabha-polls/articleshow/69469579.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=EVM-VVPAT+pass+test+in+Lok+Sabha+polls&rft.date=2019-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Felections%2Flok-sabha%2Findia%2Fevm-vvpat-pass-test-in-lok-sabha-polls%2Farticleshow%2F69469579.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2024/03/30/meet-the-team-members-who-conceptualised-the-electronic-voting-machine.html">"Meet the team members who conceptualised the EVM"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Week_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Week (magazine)">The Week</a></i>. 7 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240422120144/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2024/03/30/meet-the-team-members-who-conceptualised-the-electronic-voting-machine.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Meet+the+team+members+who+conceptualised+the+EVM&rft.date=2024-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.in%2Ftheweek%2Fcurrent%2F2024%2F03%2F30%2Fmeet-the-team-members-who-conceptualised-the-electronic-voting-machine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bel-india.in/product/electronic-voting-machine/">"Electronic Voting Machine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Electronics_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharat Electronics Limited">Bharat Electronics Limited</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240526084148/https://bel-india.in/product/electronic-voting-machine/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bharat+Electronics+Limited&rft.atitle=Electronic+Voting+Machine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbel-india.in%2Fproduct%2Felectronic-voting-machine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unit-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unit_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unit_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unit_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unit_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unit_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unit_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unit_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://164.100.137.42/web/assets/uploads/2017/01/EVM%20Singal%20post%20in%20English%20-%202018.pdf">"User manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission of India</a>. February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240723092554/http://164.100.137.42/web/assets/uploads/2017/01/EVM%20Singal%20post%20in%20English%20-%202018.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=User+manual&rft.pub=Election+Commission+of+India&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F164.100.137.42%2Fweb%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F01%2FEVM%2520Singal%2520post%2520in%2520English%2520-%25202018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abplive.com/technology/evm-work-without-electricity-model-m3-battery-pack-vvpat-how-does-it-operate-abpp-1679427">"Can EVMs Work Without Electricity? Let's Find Out"</a>. <i>ABP News</i>. 12 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806043959/https://news.abplive.com/technology/evm-work-without-electricity-model-m3-battery-pack-vvpat-how-does-it-operate-abpp-1679427">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABP+News&rft.atitle=Can+EVMs+Work+Without+Electricity%3F+Let%27s+Find+Out&rft.date=2024-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abplive.com%2Ftechnology%2Fevm-work-without-electricity-model-m3-battery-pack-vvpat-how-does-it-operate-abpp-1679427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-elections-2024-faqs-what-is-an-evm-and-how-does-it-work-2944231#5">"Lok Sabha elections 2024 FAQs: What is an EVM and how does it work?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Herald" title="Deccan Herald">Deccan Herald</a></i>. 20 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806044001/https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-elections-2024-faqs-what-is-an-evm-and-how-does-it-work-2944231#5">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Lok+Sabha+elections+2024+FAQs%3A+What+is+an+EVM+and+how+does+it+work%3F&rft.date=2024-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Felections%2Findia%2Flok-sabha-elections-2024-faqs-what-is-an-evm-and-how-does-it-work-2944231%235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/lok-sabha-elections-2019-check-faqs-related-to-evms-1478528-2019-03-15">"Lok Sabha elections 2019: Check FAQs related to EVMS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i>. 15 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413214705/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/lok-sabha-elections-2019-check-faqs-related-to-evms-1478528-2019-03-15">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Lok+Sabha+elections+2019%3A+Check+FAQs+related+to+EVMS&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Finformation%2Fstory%2Flok-sabha-elections-2019-check-faqs-related-to-evms-1478528-2019-03-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Line-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Line_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Line_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/elections/all-you-need-to-know-about-electronic-voting-machines/article68070856.ece">"All you need to know about electronic voting machines"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Business_Line" title="Business Line">Business Line</a></i>. 16 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806044001/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/elections/all-you-need-to-know-about-electronic-voting-machines/article68070856.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu+Business+Line&rft.atitle=All+you+need+to+know+about+electronic+voting+machines&rft.date=2024-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fnews%2Felections%2Fall-you-need-to-know-about-electronic-voting-machines%2Farticle68070856.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/all-questions-about-evms-are-answered-here-1399009.html">"All Questions About EVMs Are Answered Here"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/News18" class="mw-redirect" title="News18">News18</a></i>. 11 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528145904/https://www.news18.com/news/india/all-questions-about-evms-are-answered-here-1399009.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=All+Questions+About+EVMs+Are+Answered+Here&rft.date=2017-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fall-questions-about-evms-are-answered-here-1399009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/new-evms-to-have-paper-trail-bel-187950.html">"New EVMs to have paper trail: BEL"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Firstpost" title="Firstpost">Firstpost</a></i>. 19 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120123043020/http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/new-evms-to-have-paper-trail-bel-187950.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=New+EVMs+to+have+paper+trail%3A+BEL&rft.date=2012-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Ffwire%2Fnew-evms-to-have-paper-trail-bel-187950.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVishnoi2018" class="citation news cs1">Vishnoi, Anubhuti (11 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/all-vvpats-in-2019-to-come-with-hood-to-keep-light-at-bay/articleshow/64547730.cms">"All VVPATs in 2019 to come with hood to keep light at bay"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192500/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/all-vvpats-in-2019-to-come-with-hood-to-keep-light-at-bay/articleshow/64547730.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=All+VVPATs+in+2019+to+come+with+hood+to+keep+light+at+bay&rft.date=2018-06-11&rft.aulast=Vishnoi&rft.aufirst=Anubhuti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fall-vvpats-in-2019-to-come-with-hood-to-keep-light-at-bay%2Farticleshow%2F64547730.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOP-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SOP_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOP_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOP_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOP_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOP_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOP_42-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOP_42-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceodaman.nic.in/Document-2023/EVM%20Manual%20August%202023%20final.pdf">EVM operating manual</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229052204/https://ceodaman.nic.in/Document-2023/EVM%20Manual%20August%202023%20final.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=EVM+operating+manual&rft.pub=Election+Commission+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fceodaman.nic.in%2FDocument-2023%2FEVM%2520Manual%2520August%25202023%2520final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eci.gov.in/evm-management-system">"EVM Management System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission of India</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EVM+Management+System&rft.pub=Election+Commission+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eci.gov.in%2Fevm-management-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/evm-tamper-election-commission-aap-congress-969140-2017-04-03">"Amid tampering row, Election Commission to replace 9 lakh EVMs before 2019"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i>. 3 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Amid+tampering+row%2C+Election+Commission+to+replace+9+lakh+EVMs+before+2019&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Fevm-tamper-election-commission-aap-congress-969140-2017-04-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/top-experts-from-iit-who-helped-design-indias-most-tamper-proof-evms-5728218">"Top Experts From IIT Who Helped Design India's Most Tamper-Proof EVMs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a></i>. 23 May 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240601071223/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/top-experts-from-iit-who-helped-design-indias-most-tamper-proof-evms-5728218">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NDTV&rft.atitle=Top+Experts+From+IIT+Who+Helped+Design+India%27s+Most+Tamper-Proof+EVMs&rft.date=2024-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Ftop-experts-from-iit-who-helped-design-indias-most-tamper-proof-evms-5728218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voting-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voting_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voting_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-look-inside-the-electronic-voting-machine/article23036380.ece">"A look inside the electronic voting machine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 10 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726061540/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-look-inside-the-electronic-voting-machine/article23036380.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+look+inside+the+electronic+voting+machine&rft.date=2019-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fa-look-inside-the-electronic-voting-machine%2Farticle23036380.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HinduCC-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HinduCC_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HinduCC_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/making-electronic-voting-machines-tamperproof-some-administrative-and-technical-suggestions/article64931407.ece">"Making Electronic Voting Machines Tamper-proof: Some Administrative and Technical Suggestions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy</a></i>. 30 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231023161300/https://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/making-electronic-voting-machines-tamperproof-some-administrative-and-technical-suggestions/article64931407.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu+Centre+for+Politics+and+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Making+Electronic+Voting+Machines+Tamper-proof%3A+Some+Administrative+and+Technical+Suggestions&rft.date=2018-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehinducentre.com%2Fthe-arena%2Fmaking-electronic-voting-machines-tamperproof-some-administrative-and-technical-suggestions%2Farticle64931407.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/sc-order-on-evm-vvpat-verification-case-likely-today-all-you-need-to-know-124042400119_1.html">"After EC's reply to SC queries, verdict on EVM-VVPAT case likely today"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Standard" title="Business Standard">Business Standard</a></i>. 26 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427023217/https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/sc-order-on-evm-vvpat-verification-case-likely-today-all-you-need-to-know-124042400119_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=After+EC%27s+reply+to+SC+queries%2C+verdict+on+EVM-VVPAT+case+likely+today&rft.date=2024-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Felections%2Flok-sabha-election%2Fsc-order-on-evm-vvpat-verification-case-likely-today-all-you-need-to-know-124042400119_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolchok-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolchok_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolchok_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolchokWustrowHaldermanPrasad2010" class="citation book cs1">Wolchok, Scott; Wustrow, Eric; Halderman, J. Alex; Prasad, Hari K.; Kankipati, Arun; Sakhamuri, Sai Krishna; Yagati, Vasavya; Gonggrijp, Rop (4 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1866307.1866309">"Security analysis of India's electronic voting machines"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer and communications security</i>. ACM. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1866307.1866309">10.1145/1866307.1866309</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-45030-245-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-45030-245-6"><bdi>978-1-45030-245-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240718180542/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1866307.1866309">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Security+analysis+of+India%27s+electronic+voting+machines&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+17th+ACM+conference+on+Computer+and+communications+security&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=2010-10-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1866307.1866309&rft.isbn=978-1-45030-245-6&rft.aulast=Wolchok&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Wustrow%2C+Eric&rft.au=Halderman%2C+J.+Alex&rft.au=Prasad%2C+Hari+K.&rft.au=Kankipati%2C+Arun&rft.au=Sakhamuri%2C+Sai+Krishna&rft.au=Yagati%2C+Vasavya&rft.au=Gonggrijp%2C+Rop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F1866307.1866309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Result-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Result_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Result_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/what-is-an-electronic-voting-machine-all-faqs-about-evm-2524001-2024-04-06">"What is an electronic voting machine? All FAQs about EVM"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i>. 23 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240520192524/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/what-is-an-electronic-voting-machine-all-faqs-about-evm-2524001-2024-04-06">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=What+is+an+electronic+voting+machine%3F+All+FAQs+about+EVM&rft.date=2024-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Finformation%2Fstory%2Fwhat-is-an-electronic-voting-machine-all-faqs-about-evm-2524001-2024-04-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/explainers/2024/Apr/14/how-sc-pushed-the-vvpat-transparency-envelope-so-far">"How SC pushed the VVPAT transparency envelope so far"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a></i>. 14 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512230744/https://www.newindianexpress.com/explainers/2024/Apr/14/how-sc-pushed-the-vvpat-transparency-envelope-so-far">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=How+SC+pushed+the+VVPAT+transparency+envelope+so+far&rft.date=2024-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fexplainers%2F2024%2FApr%2F14%2Fhow-sc-pushed-the-vvpat-transparency-envelope-so-far&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/election-results-2019-what-time-will-counting-start-how-are-evm-votes-counted-will-final-results-be-delayed-201613-2019-05-22">"Election results 2019: What time will counting start, how are EVM votes counted?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Today_(India)" title="Business Today (India)">Business Today</a></i>. 23 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Today&rft.atitle=Election+results+2019%3A+What+time+will+counting+start%2C+how+are+EVM+votes+counted%3F&rft.date=2019-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesstoday.in%2Flatest%2Feconomy-politics%2Fstory%2Felection-results-2019-what-time-will-counting-start-how-are-evm-votes-counted-will-final-results-be-delayed-201613-2019-05-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/once-reviled-evm-emerges-clear-winner-in-lok-sabha-elections-2044362">"Zero Complaints Came Up After Lok Sabha Polls, Claims Expert Behind EVMs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528144457/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/once-reviled-evm-emerges-clear-winner-in-lok-sabha-elections-2044362">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NDTV&rft.atitle=Zero+Complaints+Came+Up+After+Lok+Sabha+Polls%2C+Claims+Expert+Behind+EVMs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fonce-reviled-evm-emerges-clear-winner-in-lok-sabha-elections-2044362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/explainers/how-evm-votes-are-counted-why-ec-changed-rule-on-postal-ballots-in-2019-whats-oppositions-concern-8918695.html">"How EVM Votes Are Counted, Why EC Changed Rule On Postal Ballots In 2019, What's Opposition's Concern?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/News18" class="mw-redirect" title="News18">News18</a></i>. 3 June 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603053813/https://www.news18.com/explainers/how-evm-votes-are-counted-why-ec-changed-rule-on-postal-ballots-in-2019-whats-oppositions-concern-8918695.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=How+EVM+Votes+Are+Counted%2C+Why+EC+Changed+Rule+On+Postal+Ballots+In+2019%2C+What%27s+Opposition%27s+Concern%3F&rft.date=2024-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fexplainers%2Fhow-evm-votes-are-counted-why-ec-changed-rule-on-postal-ballots-in-2019-whats-oppositions-concern-8918695.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceomanipur.nic.in/documents/FAQ%20on%20EVM.pdf">FAQs on EVMs</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Chief Electoral Officer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204221419/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/documents/FAQ%20on%20EVM.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=FAQs+on+EVMs&rft.pub=Chief+Electoral+Officer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fceomanipur.nic.in%2Fdocuments%2FFAQ%2520on%2520EVM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/electronics-corp-bharat-electronics-get-evm-contracts/">"Electronics Corp, Bharat Electronics get EVM contracts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. 7 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106055216/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/electronics-corp-bharat-electronics-get-evm-contracts/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Electronics+Corp%2C+Bharat+Electronics+get+EVM+contracts&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fbusiness%2Fcompanies%2Felectronics-corp-bharat-electronics-get-evm-contracts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/india/assembly-elections-2021-what-are-evms-how-are-they-used-all-you-need-to-know-about-electronic-voting-6426191.html">"All you need to know about electronic voting"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/First_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="First Post">First Post</a></i>. 29 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603163834/https://www.firstpost.com/india/assembly-elections-2021-what-are-evms-how-are-they-used-all-you-need-to-know-about-electronic-voting-6426191.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Post&rft.atitle=All+you+need+to+know+about+electronic+voting&rft.date=2021-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Findia%2Fassembly-elections-2021-what-are-evms-how-are-they-used-all-you-need-to-know-about-electronic-voting-6426191.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-electronic-voting-machines-have-improved-indias-democracy/">"How electronic voting machines have improved India's democracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>. 6 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240520071612/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-electronic-voting-machines-have-improved-indias-democracy/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+electronic+voting+machines+have+improved+India%27s+democracy&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2019-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2Fhow-electronic-voting-machines-have-improved-indias-democracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/shelf-life-of-50-evms-ending-have-to-buy-14-lakh-for-2019-ec/">"Shelf-life of 50% EVMs ending, have to buy 14 lakh for 2019: EC"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. 25 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106055155/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/shelf-life-of-50-evms-ending-have-to-buy-14-lakh-for-2019-ec/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Shelf-life+of+50%25+EVMs+ending%2C+have+to+buy+14+lakh+for+2019%3A+EC&rft.date=2015-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Findia-news-india%2Fshelf-life-of-50-evms-ending-have-to-buy-14-lakh-for-2019-ec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130203213930/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article106271.ece">"Swamy for expert panel on secure EVMs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article106271.ece">the original</a> on 3 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Swamy+for+expert+panel+on+secure+EVMs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2Farticle106271.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/electronic-voting-machine-stolen-this-man-blamed-428563">"Electronic voting machine stolen, this man blamed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a></i>. 23 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804144918/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/electronic-voting-machine-stolen-this-man-blamed-428563">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NDTV&rft.atitle=Electronic+voting+machine+stolen%2C+this+man+blamed&rft.date=2010-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Felectronic-voting-machine-stolen-this-man-blamed-428563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/aug/22/us-elections-hacking-voting-machines-def-con">"Kids at hacking conference show how easily US elections could be sabotaged"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 22 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806044003/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/aug/22/us-elections-hacking-voting-machines-def-con">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kids+at+hacking+conference+show+how+easily+US+elections+could+be+sabotaged&rft.date=2018-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2018%2Faug%2F22%2Fus-elections-hacking-voting-machines-def-con&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/defcon-hackers-find-holes-in-every-voting-machine">"DEFCON Hackers Found Many Holes in Voting Machines and Poll Systems"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a></i>. 3 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419122623/https://spectrum.ieee.org/defcon-hackers-find-holes-in-every-voting-machine">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE&rft.atitle=DEFCON+Hackers+Found+Many+Holes+in+Voting+Machines+and+Poll+Systems&rft.date=2017-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fdefcon-hackers-find-holes-in-every-voting-machine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSircar2019" class="citation news cs1">Sircar, Sushovan (24 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thequint.com/news/india/evm-hack-still-possible-hari-prasad-who-demonstrated-it-in-2010">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'EVM Hack Still Possible': Engineer Who Demonstrated It In 2010"</a>. <i>The Quint</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804162525/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/evm-hack-still-possible-hari-prasad-who-demonstrated-it-in-2010">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quint&rft.atitle=%27EVM+Hack+Still+Possible%27%3A+Engineer+Who+Demonstrated+It+In+2010&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft.aulast=Sircar&rft.aufirst=Sushovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thequint.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fevm-hack-still-possible-hari-prasad-who-demonstrated-it-in-2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShetty2018" class="citation web cs1">Shetty, K. Ashok Vardhan (30 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/making-electronic-voting-machines-tamperproof-some-administrative-and-technical-suggestions/article64931407.ece">"Making Electronic Voting Machines Tamper-proof: Some Administrative and Technical Suggestions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231023161300/https://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/making-electronic-voting-machines-tamperproof-some-administrative-and-technical-suggestions/article64931407.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Making+Electronic+Voting+Machines+Tamper-proof%3A+Some+Administrative+and+Technical+Suggestions&rft.date=2018-08-30&rft.aulast=Shetty&rft.aufirst=K.+Ashok+Vardhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehinducentre.com%2Fthe-arena%2Fmaking-electronic-voting-machines-tamperproof-some-administrative-and-technical-suggestions%2Farticle64931407.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/india/parties-fail-take-evm-hackathon-2008271">"Parties fail to take EVM hackathon challenge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Herald" title="Deccan Herald">Deccan Herald</a></i>. 3 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231205070925/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/parties-fail-take-evm-hackathon-2008271">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Parties+fail+to+take+EVM+hackathon+challenge&rft.date=2017-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Findia%2Fparties-fail-take-evm-hackathon-2008271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrabhu2017" class="citation news cs1">Prabhu, Sunil (3 June 2017). Tikku, Aloke (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-commission-evm-challenge-today-aap-hackathon-too-10-points-1707370">"The EVM (Vote Machine) 'Hackathons' That Weren't: 10 Points"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225052942/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-commission-evm-challenge-today-aap-hackathon-too-10-points-1707370">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NDTV&rft.atitle=The+EVM+%28Vote+Machine%29+%27Hackathons%27+That+Weren%27t%3A+10+Points&rft.date=2017-06-03&rft.aulast=Prabhu&rft.aufirst=Sunil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Felection-commission-evm-challenge-today-aap-hackathon-too-10-points-1707370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVishnoi2019" class="citation news cs1">Vishnoi, Anubhuti (23 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ec-its-technical-expert-committee-member-ecil-tear-into-syed-shujas-claims/articleshow/67651055.cms?from=mdr">"EC, its technical expert committee member & ECIL tear into Syed Shuja's claims"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0389">0013-0389</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804155536/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ec-its-technical-expert-committee-member-ecil-tear-into-syed-shujas-claims/articleshow/67651055.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=EC%2C+its+technical+expert+committee+member+%26+ECIL+tear+into+Syed+Shuja%27s+claims&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft.issn=0013-0389&rft.aulast=Vishnoi&rft.aufirst=Anubhuti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fec-its-technical-expert-committee-member-ecil-tear-into-syed-shujas-claims%2Farticleshow%2F67651055.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/evm-hacking-election-commission-writes-to-delhi-police-seeking-fir-against-self-proclaimed-cyber-expert/article61549977.ece">"EVM hacking claim: Election Commission of India writes to Delhi Police seeking filing of FIR against self-proclaimed cyber expert"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 22 January 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804155538/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/evm-hacking-election-commission-writes-to-delhi-police-seeking-fir-against-self-proclaimed-cyber-expert/article61549977.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=EVM+hacking+claim%3A+Election+Commission+of+India+writes+to+Delhi+Police+seeking+filing+of+FIR+against+self-proclaimed+cyber+expert&rft.date=2019-01-22&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fevm-hacking-election-commission-writes-to-delhi-police-seeking-fir-against-self-proclaimed-cyber-expert%2Farticle61549977.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/election-commission-full-text-response-on-evm-hacking-claim-syed-shuja-london-event-1435965-2019-01-21">"Motivated slugfest: Election Commission slams man claiming EVMs can be hacked"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i>. 21 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122193744/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/election-commission-full-text-response-on-evm-hacking-claim-syed-shuja-london-event-1435965-2019-01-21">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Motivated+slugfest%3A+Election+Commission+slams+man+claiming+EVMs+can+be+hacked&rft.date=2019-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Felections%2Fstory%2Felection-commission-full-text-response-on-evm-hacking-claim-syed-shuja-london-event-1435965-2019-01-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamani2017" class="citation news cs1">Ramani, Srinivasan (18 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/thread/politics-and-policy/it-takes-a-heck-of-a-lot-to-hack-an-evm/article21832708.ece">"It takes a heck of a lot to hack an EVM"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606002645/https://www.thehindu.com/thread/politics-and-policy/it-takes-a-heck-of-a-lot-to-hack-an-evm/article21832708.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=It+takes+a+heck+of+a+lot+to+hack+an+EVM&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft.aulast=Ramani&rft.aufirst=Srinivasan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fthread%2Fpolitics-and-policy%2Fit-takes-a-heck-of-a-lot-to-hack-an-evm%2Farticle21832708.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/evms-cannot-be-tampered-k-j-rao/499148/">"EVMs cannot be tampered: K J Rao"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Express">Indian Express</a></i>. 7 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813202122/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/evms-cannot-be-tampered-k-j-rao/499148/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Express&rft.atitle=EVMs+cannot+be+tampered%3A+K+J+Rao&rft.date=2009-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fevms-cannot-be-tampered-k-j-rao%2F499148%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZia2023" class="citation news cs1">Zia, Hasan (28 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oneworldnews.com/kaam-ki-baat/complete-guide-on-how-to-vote-in-india/">"Complete Guide on How to Vote in India"</a>. <i>One World News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406100614/https://www.oneworldnews.com/kaam-ki-baat/complete-guide-on-how-to-vote-in-india/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=One+World+News&rft.atitle=Complete+Guide+on+How+to+Vote+in+India&rft.date=2023-03-28&rft.aulast=Zia&rft.aufirst=Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oneworldnews.com%2Fkaam-ki-baat%2Fcomplete-guide-on-how-to-vote-in-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-asks-ec-five-queries-in-evm-vvpat-case-is-a-microcontroller-used-in-evms-is-one-time-programmable-or-not/article68100796.ece">"SC says EVM microcontrollers are 'agnostic', do not recognise parties or candidates, only buttons"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 24 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509182631/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-asks-ec-five-queries-in-evm-vvpat-case-is-a-microcontroller-used-in-evms-is-one-time-programmable-or-not/article68100796.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=SC+says+EVM+microcontrollers+are+%27agnostic%27%2C+do+not+recognise+parties+or+candidates%2C+only+buttons&rft.date=2024-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fsc-asks-ec-five-queries-in-evm-vvpat-case-is-a-microcontroller-used-in-evms-is-one-time-programmable-or-not%2Farticle68100796.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNandan_Nilekani2012" class="citation book cs1">Nandan Nilekani (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mTAOHFrwRNsC&pg=PA115"><i>Imagining India: Ideas for the New Century</i></a>. Penguin. pp. <span class="nowrap">115–</span>117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341799-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341799-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341799-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240521152907/https://books.google.com/books?id=mTAOHFrwRNsC&pg=PA115#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+India%3A+Ideas+for+the+New+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341799-6&rft.au=Nandan+Nilekani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmTAOHFrwRNsC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220032341/http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/wc%2031211p.txt">"SC order on EVM"</a>. <i>Supreme Court of India</i>. 25 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/wc%2031211p.txt">the original</a> on 20 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+of+India&rft.atitle=SC+order+on+EVM&rft.date=2011-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourtnic.nic.in%2Fsupremecourt%2Ftemp%2Fwc%252031211p.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jul2611/at092">"SC seeks EC reply on EVM modification"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Assam_Tribune" title="The Assam Tribune">The Assam Tribune</a></i>. 25 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219142425/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jul2611/at092">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Assam+Tribune&rft.atitle=SC+seeks+EC+reply+on+EVM+modification&rft.date=2011-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assamtribune.com%2Fscripts%2Fdetailsnew.asp%3Fid%3Djul2611%2Fat092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/do-evms-need-modification-sc-asks-ec-to-decide-in-3-weeks/822122/0">"Do EVMs need modification? SC asks EC to decide in 3 weeks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Express">Indian Express</a></i>. 25 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Do+EVMs+need+modification%3F+SC+asks+EC+to+decide+in+3+weeks&rft.date=2011-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fdo-evms-need-modification-sc-asks-ec-to-decide-in-3-weeks%2F822122%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/35970-hc-puts-trust-in-evm.html">"EVMs not tamper-proof: Delhi HC"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pioneer_(India)" title="The Pioneer (India)">The Pioneer</a></i>. 18 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120126185432/http://dailypioneer.com/nation/35970-hc-puts-trust-in-evm.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pioneer&rft.atitle=EVMs+not+tamper-proof%3A+Delhi+HC&rft.date=2012-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2Fnation%2F35970-hc-puts-trust-in-evm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/supreme-court-asks-election-commission-to-introduce-paper-trail-in-evms-213615-2013-10-08">"Supreme Court asks Election Commission to introduce paper trail in EVMs"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. 8 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110150943/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/supreme-court-asks-election-commission-to-introduce-paper-trail-in-evms-213615-2013-10-08">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+asks+Election+Commission+to+introduce+paper+trail+in+EVMs&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fnorth%2Fstory%2Fsupreme-court-asks-election-commission-to-introduce-paper-trail-in-evms-213615-2013-10-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160209105724/http://www.lawetalnews.com/article/4442/Field-trial-of-new-EVMs-with-paper-trail-under-way--ECI-informs-SC.htm">"Field trial of new EVMs with paper trail under way: ECI informs SC"</a>. <i>Law</i>. 27 September 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawetalnews.com/article/4442/Field-trial-of-new-EVMs-with-paper-trail-under-way--ECI-informs-SC.htm">the original</a> on 9 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law&rft.atitle=Field+trial+of+new+EVMs+with+paper+trail+under+way%3A+ECI+informs+SC&rft.date=2012-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawetalnews.com%2Farticle%2F4442%2FField-trial-of-new-EVMs-with-paper-trail-under-way--ECI-informs-SC.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106191725/http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/sc%201373512p.txt">"Supreme Court hearing in Special Leave to Appeal (Civil) No(s).13735/2012"</a>. <i>Supreme Court of India</i>. New Delhi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/sc%201373512p.txt">the original</a> on 6 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+of+India&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+hearing+in+Special+Leave+to+Appeal+%28Civil%29+No%28s%29.13735%2F2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourtnic.nic.in%2Fsupremecourt%2Ftemp%2Fsc%25201373512p.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Export-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Export_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Export_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTiwariHerstatt2012" class="citation web cs1">Tiwari, Rajnish; Herstatt, Cornelius (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.global-innovation.net/publications/PDF/Working_Paper_67.pdf">"India – A Lead Market for Frugal Innovations? Extending the Lead Market Theory to Emerging Economies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_University_of_Technology" title="Hamburg University of Technology">Hamburg University of Technology</a>. p. 18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325154123/http://www.global-innovation.net/publications/PDF/Working_Paper_67.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+%E2%80%93+A+Lead+Market+for+Frugal+Innovations%3F+Extending+the+Lead+Market+Theory+to+Emerging+Economies&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Hamburg+University+of+Technology&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=Tiwari&rft.aufirst=Rajnish&rft.au=Herstatt%2C+Cornelius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.global-innovation.net%2Fpublications%2FPDF%2FWorking_Paper_67.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130709132413/http://www.namibiansun.com/politics/ecn-unveils-tamper-free-voting-machines.54679">"ECN unveils 'tamper-free' voting machines"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Sun" title="Namibian Sun">Namibian Sun</a></i>. 5 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.namibiansun.com/politics/ecn-unveils-tamper-free-voting-machines.54679">the original</a> on 9 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Namibian+Sun&rft.atitle=ECN+unveils+%27tamper-free%27+voting+machines&rft.date=2013-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.namibiansun.com%2Fpolitics%2Fecn-unveils-tamper-free-voting-machines.54679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/evms-may-be-under-a-cloud-in-india-but-more-than-20-nations-use-them-1548701598543.html">"EVMs may be under a cloud in India but more than 20 nations use them"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mint_(newspaper)" title="Mint (newspaper)">Mint</a></i>. 29 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616223228/https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/evms-may-be-under-a-cloud-in-india-but-more-than-20-nations-use-them-1548701598543.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mint&rft.atitle=EVMs+may+be+under+a+cloud+in+India+but+more+than+20+nations+use+them&rft.date=2019-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpolicy%2Fevms-may-be-under-a-cloud-in-india-but-more-than-20-nations-use-them-1548701598543.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+voting+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Elections_in_India1977" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_elections" title="Template:Indian elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_elections" title="Template talk:Indian elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Elections_in_India1977" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_general_elections" title="List of Indian general elections">General elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Indian_general_election" title="1920 Indian general election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Indian_general_election" title="1923 Indian general election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Indian_general_election" title="1926 Indian general election">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Indian_general_election" title="1930 Indian general election">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Indian_general_election" title="1934 Indian general election">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Indian_general_election" title="1945 Indian general election">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_Indian_general_election" title="1951–52 Indian general election">1951–52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Indian_general_election" title="1957 Indian general election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Indian_general_election" title="1962 Indian general election">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Indian_general_election" title="1967 Indian general election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Indian_general_election" title="1971 Indian general election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election" title="1980 Indian general election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Indian_general_election" title="1984 Indian general election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Indian_general_election" title="1989 Indian general election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Indian_general_election" title="1991 Indian general election">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Indian_general_election" title="1996 Indian general election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Indian_general_election" title="1998 Indian general election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Indian_general_election" title="1999 Indian general election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_general_election" title="2004 Indian general election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Indian_general_election" title="2009 Indian general election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Indian_general_election" title="2014 Indian general election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Indian_general_election" title="2019 Indian general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_general_election" title="2024 Indian general election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Indian_general_election" title="Next Indian general election"><i>Next</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_legislative_assembly_elections" title="List of Indian state legislative assembly elections">State elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Indian_general_election" title="1920 Indian general election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Indian_general_election" title="1923 Indian general election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Indian_general_election" title="1926 Indian general election">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Indian_general_election" title="1930 Indian general election">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Indian_general_election" title="1934 Indian general election">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1937 Indian provincial elections">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Indian_general_election" title="1945 Indian general election">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1946 Indian provincial elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1951–52 elections in India">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1954 elections in India">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1955 elections in India">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1957 elections in India">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1960 elections in India">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1961 elections in India">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1962 elections in India">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1964 elections in India">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1965 elections in India">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1967 elections in India">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1968 elections in India">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1969 elections in India">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1970 elections in India">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1971 elections in India">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1972 elections in India">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1974 elections in India">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1975 elections in India">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1977 elections in India">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1978 elections in India">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1979 elections in India">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1980 elections in India">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1982 elections in India">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1983 elections in India">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1984 elections in India">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1985 elections in India">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1987 elections in India">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1988 elections in India">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1989 elections in India">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1990 elections in India">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1991 elections in India">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1992 elections in India">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1993 elections in India">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1994 elections in India">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1995 elections in India">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1996 elections in India">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1997 elections in India">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1998 elections in India">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="1999 elections in India">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="2000 elections in India">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="2001 elections in India">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="2002 elections in India">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="2003 elections in India">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="2004 elections in India">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="2005 elections in India">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="2006 elections in India">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="2007 elections in India">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="2008 elections in India">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="2009 elections in India">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_elections_in_India" title="2010 elections in India">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_elections_in_India" title="2011 elections in India">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_elections_in_India" title="2012 elections in India">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_elections_in_India" title="2013 elections in India">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_elections_in_India#Legislative_Assembly_elections" title="2014 elections in India">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_elections_in_India" title="2015 elections in India">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_elections_in_India" title="2016 elections in India">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_elections_in_India" title="2017 elections in India">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_elections_in_India" title="2018 elections in India">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_elections_in_India" title="2019 elections in India">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_elections_in_India" title="2020 elections in India">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_elections_in_India" title="2021 elections in India">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_elections_in_India" title="2022 elections in India">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_elections_in_India" title="2023 elections in India">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_elections_in_India" title="2024 elections in India">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_elections_in_India" title="2025 elections in India"><i>2025</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_elections_in_India" title="2026 elections in India"><i>2026</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2027_elections_in_India" title="2027 elections in India"><i>2027</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_elections_in_India" title="2028 elections in India"><i>2028</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: Elections in the <a href="/wiki/Template:Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands_elections" title="Template:Andaman and Nicobar Islands elections">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Andhra_Pradesh_elections" title="Template:Andhra Pradesh elections">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Arunachal_Pradesh_elections" title="Template:Arunachal Pradesh elections">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Assam_elections" title="Template:Assam elections">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bihar_elections" title="Template:Bihar elections">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Chhattisgarh_elections" title="Template:Chhattisgarh elections">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Chandigarh_elections" title="Template:Chandigarh elections">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Delhi_elections" title="Template:Delhi elections">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Goan_elections" title="Template:Goan elections">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Gujarat_elections" title="Template:Gujarat elections">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Haryana_elections" title="Template:Haryana elections">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Himachal_Pradesh_elections" title="Template:Himachal Pradesh elections">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jammu_and_Kashmir_elections" title="Template:Jammu and Kashmir elections">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jharkhand_elections" title="Template:Jharkhand elections">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Karnataka_elections" title="Template:Karnataka elections">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kerala_elections" title="Template:Kerala elections">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Madhya_Pradesh_elections" title="Template:Madhya Pradesh elections">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Maharashtra_elections" title="Template:Maharashtra elections">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Manipur_elections" title="Template:Manipur elections">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Meghalaya_elections" title="Template:Meghalaya elections">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mizoram_elections" title="Template:Mizoram elections">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nagaland_elections" title="Template:Nagaland elections">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Odisha_elections" title="Template:Odisha elections">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Puducherry_elections" title="Template:Puducherry elections">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Punjab_(India)_elections" title="Template:Punjab (India) elections">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Rajasthan_elections" title="Template:Rajasthan elections">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikkimese_elections" title="Template:Sikkimese elections">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tamil_Nadu_elections" title="Template:Tamil Nadu elections">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Telangana_elections" title="Template:Telangana elections">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tripura_elections" title="Template:Tripura elections">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Uttar_Pradesh_elections" title="Template:Uttar Pradesh elections">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Uttarakhand_elections" title="Template:Uttarakhand elections">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Bengal_elections" title="Template:West Bengal elections">West Bengal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_presidential_elections" title="Template:Indian presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_vice_presidential_elections" title="Template:Indian vice presidential elections">Vice presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Rajya_Sabha" title="Template:Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&oldid=1258908263">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&oldid=1258908263</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Category:Science and technology in India">Science and technology in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Elections_in_India" title="Category:Elections in India">Elections in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electronic_voting_by_country" title="Category:Electronic voting by country">Electronic voting by country</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_February_2017" title="Category:Use Indian English from February 2017">Use Indian English from February 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2017">Use dmy dates from November 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 08:28<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_voting_in_India&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electronic voting in India</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>5 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-64b5bb4b79-g8mz6","wgBackendResponseTime":186,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.057","walltime":"1.196","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9389,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":264556,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3050,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":32,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":339268,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 994.797 1 -total"," 59.34% 590.272 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.11% 239.811 51 Template:Cite_news"," 17.64% 175.461 19 Template:Cite_web"," 11.94% 118.753 1 Template:Politics_of_India"," 11.68% 116.176 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.53% 74.873 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.09% 70.506 3 Template:INRConvert"," 5.92% 58.925 3 Template:INRConvert/inflation"," 5.66% 56.341 3 Template:INRConvert/inflation/b"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.577","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6676299,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-67794785f5-vw844","timestamp":"20250301021718","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Electronic voting in India","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_voting_in_India","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q26961357","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q26961357","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-03T03:26:10Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T08:28:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/68\/EVM_VVPAT.jpg","headline":"Component of Indian electoral system"}</script> </body> </html>