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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Emergence and transmission</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emergence_and_transmission-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Emergence and transmission subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Emergence_and_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transfer_of_norms_between_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_of_norms_between_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Transfer of norms between groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_of_norms_between_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deviance_from_social_norms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deviance_from_social_norms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Deviance from social norms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deviance_from_social_norms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Social control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sociology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sociology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sociology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operant_conditioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operant_conditioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Operant conditioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operant_conditioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Focus_theory_of_normative_conduct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Focus_theory_of_normative_conduct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Focus theory of normative conduct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Focus_theory_of_normative_conduct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Descriptive_versus_injunctive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descriptive_versus_injunctive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Descriptive versus injunctive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descriptive_versus_injunctive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prescriptive_and_proscriptive_norms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prescriptive_and_proscriptive_norms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Prescriptive and proscriptive norms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prescriptive_and_proscriptive_norms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subjective_norms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subjective_norms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Subjective norms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subjective_norms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematical_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematical_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Mathematical representations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mathematical_representations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mathematical representations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mathematical_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Return_potential_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_potential_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Return potential model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_potential_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Game_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Game theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Game_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norme" title="Norme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Norme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="معيار اجتماعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معيار اجتماعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosial_normalar" title="Sosial normalar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosial normalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সমাজনির্ধারিত মান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমাজনির্ধারিত মান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kui-ho%C4%81n" title="Kui-hoān – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kui-hoān" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Социална норма – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социална норма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_social" title="Norma social – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Norma social" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_norma" title="Sociální norma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sociální norma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(sociologi)" title="Norm (sociologi) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Norm (sociologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziale_Norm" title="Soziale Norm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Soziale Norm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsiaalne_norm" title="Sotsiaalne norm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sotsiaalne norm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normas_sociales" title="Normas sociales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Normas sociales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arau_sozial" title="Arau sozial – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arau sozial" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="هنجار اجتماعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنجار اجتماعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norme_sociale" title="Norme sociale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Norme sociale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%8B" title="સામાજિક ધોરણો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સામાજિક ધોરણો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C_%EA%B7%9C%EB%B2%94" title="사회 규범 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회 규범" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyar_zamantakewa" title="Hanyar zamantakewa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hanyar zamantakewa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4" title="Սոցիալական նորմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոցիալական նորմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="सामाजिक प्रथा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सामाजिक प्रथा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%A1tvena_pravila" title="Društvena pravila – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Društvena pravila" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_sosial" title="Norma sosial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Norma sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_(scienze_sociali)" title="Norma (scienze sociali) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Norma (scienze sociali)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94" title="נורמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נורמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Әлеуметтік норма – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әлеуметтік норма" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuni_za_kijamii" title="Kanuni za kijamii – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kanuni za kijamii" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(civaknas%C3%AE)" title="Norm (civaknasî) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Norm (civaknasî)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_(sociolo%C4%A3ija)" title="Norma (socioloģija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Norma (socioloģija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialin%C4%97s_normos" title="Socialinės normos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Socialinės normos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1rsadalmi_norma" title="Társadalmi norma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Társadalmi norma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(sociale_wetenschappen)" title="Norm (sociale wetenschappen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Norm (sociale wetenschappen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84" title="規範 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="規範" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm" title="Norm – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Norm" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm" title="Norm – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Norm" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2rma_sociala" title="Nòrma sociala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nòrma sociala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ټولنیز معیار – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټولنیز معیار" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_spo%C5%82eczna" title="Norma społeczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Norma społeczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_social" title="Norma social – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Norma social" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm%C4%83_social%C4%83" title="Normă socială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Normă socială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Социальная норма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социальная норма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Social norm" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_(sociol%C3%B3gia)" title="Norma (sociológia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Norma (sociológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma" title="Norma – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Norma" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Друштвене норме – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Друштвене норме" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normi_(sosiologia)" title="Normi (sosiologia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Normi (sosiologia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Social norm" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="บรรทัดฐาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บรรทัดฐาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(sosyoloji)" title="Norm (sosyoloji) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Norm (sosyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asetra_mu_gyinap%C9%9Bn" title="Asetra mu gyinapɛn – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Asetra mu gyinapɛn" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Соціальна норма – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціальна норма" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="عالمی معیار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عالمی معیار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norm_(social)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">Norm (social)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Informal understanding of acceptable conduct</div> <p>A <b>social norm</b> is a shared standard of <a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">acceptable</a> behavior by a group.<sup id="cite_ref-lapinski_&_rimal_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapinski_&_rimal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social norms can both be informal understandings that govern the behavior of members of a society, as well as be codified into <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rule" class="extiw" title="wikt:rule">rules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pristl_et_al_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pristl_et_al-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social normative influences or social norms, are deemed to be powerful drivers of human behavioural changes and well organized and incorporated by major theories which explain <a href="/wiki/Human_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Human behaviour">human behaviour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Institutions are composed of multiple norms. Norms are shared social beliefs about behavior; thus, they are distinct from "ideas", "attitudes", and "values", which can be held privately, and which do not necessarily concern behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norms are contingent on context, social group, and historical circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars distinguish between regulative norms (which constrain behavior), constitutive norms (which shape interests), and prescriptive norms (which prescribe what actors <i>ought</i> to do).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of norms can be determined by a <a href="/wiki/Logic_of_appropriateness" title="Logic of appropriateness">logic of appropriateness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">logic of consequences</a>; the former entails that actors follow norms because it is socially appropriate, and the latter entails that actors follow norms because of cost-benefit calculations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three stages have been identified in the life cycle of a norm: (1) Norm emergence – <a href="/wiki/Norm_entrepreneurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm entrepreneurs">norm entrepreneurs</a> seek to persuade others of the desirability and appropriateness of certain behaviors; (2) Norm cascade – when a norm obtains broad acceptance; and (3) Norm internalization – when a norm acquires a "taken-for-granted" quality.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norms are robust to various degrees: some norms are often violated whereas other norms are so deeply internalized that norm violations are infrequent.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence for the existence of norms can be detected in the patterns of behavior within groups, as well as the articulation of norms in group discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some societies, individuals often limit their potential due to social norms, while others engage in social movements to challenge and resist these constraints. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_shake_hands_after_match.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tennis_shake_hands_after_match.jpg/220px-Tennis_shake_hands_after_match.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tennis_shake_hands_after_match.jpg/330px-Tennis_shake_hands_after_match.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tennis_shake_hands_after_match.jpg/440px-Tennis_shake_hands_after_match.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Shaking hands after a <a href="/wiki/Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports">sports</a> match is an example of a social norm.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are varied definitions of social norms, but there is agreement among scholars that norms are:<sup id="cite_ref-:7_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>social and shared among members of a group,</li> <li>related to behaviors and shape decision-making,</li> <li>proscriptive or prescriptive</li> <li>socially acceptable way of living by a group of people in a society.</li></ol> <p>In 1965, Jack P. Gibbs identified three basic normative dimensions that all concepts of norms could be subsumed under: </p> <ol><li>"a collective evaluation of behavior in terms of what it <i>ought</i> to be"</li> <li>"a collective expectation as to what behavior <i>will be</i>"</li> <li>"particular <i>reactions</i> to behavior" (including attempts sanction or induce certain conduct)<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>According to Ronald Jepperson, <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. Katzenstein">Peter Katzenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wendt" title="Alexander Wendt">Alexander Wendt</a>, "norms are collective expectations about proper behavior for a given identity."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wayne Sandholtz argues against this definition, as he writes that shared expectations are an <i>effect</i> of norms, not an intrinsic quality of norms.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sandholtz, <a href="/wiki/Martha_Finnemore" title="Martha Finnemore">Martha Finnemore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Sikkink" title="Kathryn Sikkink">Kathryn Sikkink</a> define norms instead as "standards of appropriate behavior for actors with a given identity."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this definition, norms have an "oughtness" quality to them.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Michael Hechter and Karl-Dieter Opp define norms as "cultural phenomena that prescribe and proscribe behavior in specific circumstances."<sup id="cite_ref-:9_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologists Christine Horne and Stefanie Mollborn define norms as "group-level evaluations of behavior."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This entails that norms are widespread expectations of social approval or disapproval of behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars debate whether social norms are individual constructs or collective constructs.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economist and game theorist <a href="/wiki/Peyton_Young" title="Peyton Young">Peyton Young</a> defines norms as "patterns of behavior that are self-enforcing within a group."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He emphasizes that norms are driven by shared expectations: "Everyone conforms, everyone is expected to conform, and everyone wants to conform when they expect everyone else to conform."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He characterizes norms as devices that "coordinate people's expectations in interactions that possess multiple equilibria."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concepts such as "conventions", "customs", "morals", "mores", "rules", and "laws" have been characterized as equivalent to norms.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Institutions can be considered collections or clusters of multiple norms.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rules and norms are not necessarily distinct phenomena: both are standards of conduct that can have varying levels of specificity and formality.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laws are a highly formal version of norms.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laws, rules and norms may be at odds; for example, a law may prohibit something but norms still allow it.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norms are not the equivalent of an aggregation of individual attitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ideas, attitudes and values are not necessarily norms, as these concepts do not necessarily concern behavior and may be held privately.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Prevalent behaviors" and behavioral regularities are not necessarily norms.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instinctual or biological reactions, personal tastes, and personal habits are not necessarily norms.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emergence_and_transmission">Emergence and transmission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emergence and transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groups may adopt norms in a variety of ways. </p><p>Some stable and self-reinforcing norms may emerge spontaneously without conscious human design.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peyton Young goes as far as to say that "norms typically evolve without top-down direction... through interactions of individuals rather than by design."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norms may develop informally, emerging gradually as a result of repeated use of discretionary stimuli to control behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-hackman_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hackman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chong_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chong-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not necessarily laws set in writing, informal norms represent generally accepted and widely sanctioned routines that people follow in everyday life.<sup id="cite_ref-gerber_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gerber-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These informal norms, if broken, may not invite formal legal punishments or sanctions, but instead encourage reprimands, warnings, or <a href="/wiki/Othering" class="mw-redirect" title="Othering">othering</a>; <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>, for example, is generally thought of as wrong in society, but many jurisdictions do not legally prohibit it. </p><p>Norms may also be created and advanced through conscious human design by <a href="/wiki/Norm_entrepreneur" title="Norm entrepreneur">norm entrepreneurs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norms can arise formally, where groups explicitly outline and implement behavioral expectations. Legal norms typically arise from design.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kendall_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kendall-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of these norms we follow 'naturally' such as driving on the right side of the road in the US and on the left side in the UK, or not speeding in order to avoid a ticket. </p><p>Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink identify three stages in the life cycle of a norm:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Norm emergence</b>: Norm entrepreneurs seek to persuade others to adopt their ideas about what is desirable and appropriate.</li> <li><b>Norm cascade</b>: When a norm has broad acceptance and reaches a <a href="/wiki/Tipping_point_(sociology)" title="Tipping point (sociology)">tipping point</a>, with norm leaders pressuring others to adopt and adhere to the norm.</li> <li><b>Norm internalization</b>: When the norm has acquired a "taken-for-granted" quality where compliance with the norm is nearly automatic.</li></ol> <p>They argue that several factors may raise the influence of certain norms:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Legitimation:</b> Actors that feel insecure about their status and reputation may be more likely to embrace norms.</li> <li><b>Prominence</b>: Norms that are held by actors seen as desirable and successful are more likely to diffuse to others.</li> <li><b>Intrinsic qualities of the norm</b>: Norms that are specific, long-lasting, and universal are more likely to become prominent.</li> <li><b>Path dependency</b>: Norms that are related to preexisting norms are more likely to be widely accepted.</li> <li><b>World time-context</b>: Systemic shocks (such as wars, revolutions and economic crises) may motivate a search for new norms.</li></ul> <p>Christina Horne and Stefanie Mollborn have identified two broad categories of arguments for the emergence of norms:<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Consequentialism</b>: norms are created when an individual's behavior has consequences and externalities for other members of the group.</li> <li><b>Relationalism</b>: norms are created because people want to attract positive social reactions. In other words, norms do not necessarily contribute to the collective good.</li></ol> <p>Per consequentialism, norms contribute to the collective good. However, per relationalism, norms do not necessarily contribute to the collective good; norms may even be harmful to the collective.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have characterized norms as essentially unstable, thus creating possibilities for norm change.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Wayne Sandholtz, actors are more likely to persuade others to modify existing norms if they possess power, can reference existing foundational meta-norms, and can reference precedents.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social closeness between actors has been characterized as a key component in sustaining social norms.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfer_of_norms_between_groups">Transfer of norms between groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transfer of norms between groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individuals may also import norms from a previous organization to their new group, which can get adopted over time.<sup id="cite_ref-feldman_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feldman-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bm_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bm-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without a clear indication of how to act, people typically rely on their history to determine the best course forward; what was successful before may serve them well again. In a group, individuals may all import different histories or <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_script" title="Behavioral script">scripts</a> about appropriate behaviors; common experience over time will lead the group to define as a whole its take on the right action, usually with the integration of several members' schemas.<sup id="cite_ref-bm_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bm-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the importation paradigm, norm formation occurs subtly and swiftly<sup id="cite_ref-bm_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bm-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas with formal or informal development of norms may take longer. </p><p>Groups internalize norms by accepting them as reasonable and proper standards for behavior within the group. Once firmly established, a norm becomes a part of the group's operational structure and hence more difficult to change. While possible for newcomers to a group to change its norms, it is much more likely that the new individual will adopt the group's norms, values, and perspectives, rather than the other way around.<sup id="cite_ref-hackman_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hackman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deviance_from_social_norms">Deviance from social norms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Deviance from social norms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Normal_is_a_bad_word.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Normal_is_a_bad_word.jpg/220px-Normal_is_a_bad_word.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Normal_is_a_bad_word.jpg/330px-Normal_is_a_bad_word.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Normal_is_a_bad_word.jpg/440px-Normal_is_a_bad_word.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>"Normal = bad word", a <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, Slovenia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a> is defined as "<a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_(quality)" title="Nonconformity (quality)">nonconformity</a> to a set of norms that are accepted by a significant number of people in a <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> or <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-appelbaum_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appelbaum-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More simply put, if group members do not follow a norm, they become tagged as a deviant. In the <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology" title="Bibliography of sociology">sociological literature</a>, this can often lead to them being considered <a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">outcasts of society</a>. Yet, <a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">deviant behavior</a> amongst children is somewhat expected. Except the idea of this deviance manifesting as a <a href="/wiki/Criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal">criminal</a> action, the <a href="/wiki/Social_tolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Social tolerance">social tolerance</a> given in the example of the child is quickly withdrawn against the criminal. Crime is considered one of the most extreme forms of deviancy according to scholar <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shaw" title="Clifford Shaw">Clifford R. Shaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What is considered "normal" is relative to the location of the <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interaction</a> is taking place. In psychology, an individual who routinely disobeys group norms runs the risk of turning into the "<a href="/wiki/Institutionalization_(abnormal_psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutionalization (abnormal psychology)">institutionalized deviant</a>." Similar to the sociological definition, institutionalized deviants may be <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">judged</a> by other group members for their failure to adhere to norms. At first, group members may increase pressure on a non-conformist, attempting to engage the individual in conversation or explicate why he or she should follow their behavioral <a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/expectation">expectations</a>. The role in which one decides on whether or not to behave is largely determined on how their actions will affect others.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially with new members who perhaps do not know any better, groups may use <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">discretionary stimuli</a> to bring an individual's behavior back into line. Over time, however, if members continue to <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">disobey</a>, the group will <a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/give_up">give-up on</a> them as a <a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/lost_cause">lost cause</a>; while the group may not necessarily revoke their membership, they may give them only <a href="/wiki/Superficial_empathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial empathy">superficial consideration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hackman_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hackman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a worker is late to a meeting, for example, violating the office norm of <a href="/wiki/Punctuality" title="Punctuality">punctuality</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Supervisor" title="Supervisor">supervisor</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Co-worker" title="Co-worker">co-worker</a> may wait for the individual to arrive and pull him aside later to ask what happened. If the behavior continues, eventually the group may begin meetings without him since the individual "is always late." The group generalizes the individual's disobedience and promptly dismisses it, thereby reducing the member's influence and footing in future group disagreements. </p><p>Group tolerance for deviation varies across membership; not all group members receive the same treatment for norm violations. Individuals may build up a "reserve" of good behavior through <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a>, which they can borrow against later. These <i><a href="/wiki/Idiosyncrasy_credit" title="Idiosyncrasy credit">idiosyncrasy credits</a></i> provide a theoretical currency for understanding variations in group behavioral expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-hollander_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hollander-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teacher</a>, for example, may more easily forgive a straight-A student for <a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-social behavior">misbehaving</a>—who has past "good credit" saved up—than a repeatedly disruptive student. While past performance can help build idiosyncrasy credits, some group members have a higher balance to start with.<sup id="cite_ref-hollander_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hollander-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals can import idiosyncrasy credits from another group; <a href="/wiki/Child_actor" title="Child actor">childhood movie stars</a>, for example, who enroll in college, may experience more leeway in adopting school norms than other incoming freshmen. Finally, <a href="/wiki/Leaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders">leaders</a> or individuals in other <a href="/wiki/High_status" class="mw-redirect" title="High status">high-status</a> positions may begin with more credits and appear to be "above the rules" at times.<sup id="cite_ref-hackman_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hackman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hollander_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hollander-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even their idiosyncrasy credits are not bottomless, however; while held to a more <a href="/wiki/Leniency_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Leniency bias">lenient standard</a> than the average member, leaders may still face group rejection if their disobedience becomes too extreme. </p><p>Deviance also causes multiple emotions one experiences when going against a norm. One of those emotions widely attributed to deviance is <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">guilt</a>. Guilt is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> of duty which in turn becomes a primary object of <a href="/wiki/Moral_obligation" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral obligation">moral obligation</a>. Guilt is followed by an action that is questioned after its doing.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be described as something negative to the self as well as a negative state of feeling. Used in both instances, it is both an unpleasant feeling as well as a form of <a href="/wiki/Self-punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-punishment">self-punishment</a>. Using the metaphor of "<a href="/wiki/Dirty_hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty hands">dirty hands</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is the staining or tainting of oneself and therefore having to self cleanse away the filth. It is a form of reparation that confronts oneself as well as submitting to the possibility of anger and punishment from others. Guilt is a point in both action and feeling that acts as a stimulus for further "<a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">honorable</a>" actions. </p><p>A 2023 study found that <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">non-industrial societies</a> varied in their punishments of norm violations. <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a> varied based on the types of norm violations and the socio-economic system of the society. The study "found evidence that reputational punishment was associated with <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> and the absence of <a href="/wiki/Food_storage" title="Food storage">food storage</a>; material punishment was associated with the presence of food storage; physical punishment was moderately associated with greater dependence on <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">execution punishment</a> was moderately associated with <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whereas ideas in general do not necessarily have behavioral implications, Martha Finnemore notes that "norms by definition concern behavior. One could say that they are collectively held ideas about behavior."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norms running counter to the behaviors of the overarching society or culture may be transmitted and maintained within small subgroups of society. For example, Crandall (1988) noted that certain groups (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cheerleading" title="Cheerleading">cheerleading</a> squads, dance troupes, sports teams, sororities) have a rate of <a href="/wiki/Bulimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulimia">bulimia</a>, a publicly recognized life-threatening disease, that is much higher than society as a whole. Social norms have a way of maintaining order and organizing groups.<sup id="cite_ref-haung_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haung-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the field of social psychology, the roles of norms are emphasized—which can guide behavior in a certain situation or environment as "mental representations of appropriate behavior".<sup id="cite_ref-aarts_&_dijksterhuis/_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aarts_&_dijksterhuis/-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been shown that normative messages can promote <a href="/wiki/Pro-social_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-social behavior">pro-social behavior</a>, including decreasing alcohol use,<sup id="cite_ref-collins,_carey,_&_sliwinski_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins,_carey,_&_sliwinski-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increasing voter turnout,<sup id="cite_ref-gerber_&_rogers_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gerber_&_rogers-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reducing energy use.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the psychological definition of social norms' behavioral component, norms have two dimensions: how much a behavior is exhibited, and how much the group approves of that behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-jackson_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_control">Social control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although not considered to be formal laws within society, norms still work to promote a great deal of <a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">social control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are statements that regulate conduct. The cultural phenomenon that is the norm is the prescriber of acceptable behavior in specific instances. Ranging in variations depending on culture, race, religion, and geographical location, it is the foundation of the terms some know as acceptable as not to injure others, the golden rule, and to keep promises that have been pledged.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without them, there would be a world without consensus, common ground, or restrictions. Even though the law and a state's legislation is not intended to control social norms, society and the law are inherently linked and one dictates the other. This is why it has been said that the language used in some legislation is controlling and dictating for what should or should not be accepted. For example, the criminalization of familial sexual relations is said to protect those that are vulnerable, however even consenting adults cannot have sexual relationships with their relatives. The language surrounding these laws conveys the message that such acts are supposedly immoral and should be condemned, even though there is no actual victim in these consenting relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social norms can be enforced formally (e.g., through sanctions) or informally (e.g., through <a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">body language</a> and non-verbal communication cues).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because individuals often derive physical or psychological resources from group membership, groups are said to control <i>discretionary stimuli</i>; groups can withhold or give out more resources in response to members' adherence to group norms, effectively controlling member behavior through rewards and operant conditioning.<sup id="cite_ref-hackman_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hackman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a> research has found the more an individual values group-controlled resources or the more an individual sees group membership as central to his definition of self, the more likely he is to conform.<sup id="cite_ref-hackman_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hackman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social norms also allow an individual to assess what behaviors the group deems important to its existence or survival, since they represent a codification of belief; groups generally do not punish members or create norms over actions which they care little about.<sup id="cite_ref-hackman_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hackman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-feldman_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feldman-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norms in every culture create <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> that allows for people to become <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socialized</a> to the culture in which they live.<sup id="cite_ref-marshall_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marshall-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As social beings, individuals learn when and where it is appropriate to say certain things, to use certain words, to discuss certain topics or wear certain clothes, and when it is not. Thus, knowledge about <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a> norms is important for <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/impression" class="extiw" title="wikt:impression">impressions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-kamau_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamau-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is an individual's regulation of their nonverbal behavior. One also comes to know through experience what types of people he/she can and cannot discuss certain topics with or wear certain types of dress around. Typically, this knowledge is derived through experience (i.e. social norms are learned through <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interaction</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-kamau_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamau-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wearing a suit to a job interview in order to give a great first impression represents a common example of a social norm in the <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white collar work force</a>. </p><p>In his work "Order without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes", Robert Ellickson studies various interactions between members of <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">neighbourhoods</a> and communities to show how societal norms create order within a small group of people. He argues that, in a small community or neighborhood, many rules and disputes can be settled without a central governing body simply by the interactions within these communities.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociology">Sociology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In sociology, norms are seen as rules that bind an individual's actions to a specific sanction in one of two forms: a punishment or a reward.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through regulation of behavior, social norms create unique patterns that allow for distinguishing characteristics to be made between social systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This creates a boundary that allows for a differentiation between those that belong in a specific social setting and those that do not.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">functionalist</a> school, norms dictate the interactions of people in all social encounters. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> believed that norms are used to promote the creation of <a href="/wiki/Role" title="Role">roles</a> in society which allows for people of different levels of <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> structure to be able to function properly.<sup id="cite_ref-marshall_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marshall-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marx claims that this power dynamic creates <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Coleman_(sociologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Coleman (sociologist)">James Coleman (sociologist)</a> used both micro and macro conditions for his theory.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Coleman, norms start out as goal oriented actions by actors on the micro level.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the benefits do not outweigh the costs of the action for the actors, then a social norm would emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The norm's effectiveness is then determined by its ability to enforce its sanctions against those who would not contribute to the "optimal social order."<sup id="cite_ref-:06_53-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Popitz" title="Heinrich Popitz">Heinrich Popitz</a> is convinced that the establishment of social norms, that make the future actions of alter foreseeable for ego, solves the problem of <a href="/wiki/Contingency_(philosophy)" title="Contingency (philosophy)">contingency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a>). In this way, ego can count on those actions as if they would already have been performed and does not have to wait for their actual execution; social interaction is thus accelerated. Important factors in the standardization of behavior are sanctions<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and social roles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operant_conditioning">Operant conditioning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Operant conditioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The probability of these behaviours occurring again is discussed in the theories of <a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a>, who states that <a href="/wiki/Operant_conditioning" title="Operant conditioning">operant conditioning</a> plays a role in the process of social norm development. Operant conditioning is the process by which behaviours are changed as a function of their consequences. The probability that a behaviour will occur can be increased or decreased depending on the consequences of said behaviour. </p><p>In the case of social deviance, an individual who has gone against a norm will contact the negative contingencies associated with deviance, this may take the form of formal or informal rebuke, social isolation or censure, or more concrete punishments such as fines or imprisonment. If one reduces the deviant behavior after receiving a negative consequence, then they have learned via punishment. If they have engaged in a behavior consistent with a social norm after having an aversive stimulus reduced, then they have learned via negative reinforcement. Reinforcement increases behavior, while punishment decreases behavior. </p><p>As an example of this, consider a child who has painted on the walls of her house, if she has never done this before she may immediately seek a reaction from her mother or father. The form of reaction taken by the mother or father will affect whether the behaviour is likely to occur again in the future. If her parent is positive and approving of the behaviour it will likely reoccur (reinforcement) however, if the parent offers an aversive consequence (physical punishment, time-out, anger etc...) then the child is less likely to repeat the behaviour in future (punishment). </p><p>Skinner also states that humans are conditioned from a very young age on how to behave and how to act with those around us considering the outside influences of the society and location one is in.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Built to blend into the ambiance and attitude around us, deviance is a frowned upon action. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Focus_theory_of_normative_conduct">Focus theory of normative conduct</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Focus theory of normative conduct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cialdini" title="Robert Cialdini">Cialdini</a>, Reno, and Kallgren developed the focus theory of normative conduct to describe how individuals implicitly juggle multiple behavioral expectations at once. Expanding on conflicting prior beliefs about whether cultural, situational or personal norms motivate action, the researchers suggested the focus of an individual's attention will dictate what behavioral expectation they follow.<sup id="cite_ref-cialdini_1990_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cialdini_1990-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no clear consensus on how the term norm should be used.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martha_Finnemore" title="Martha Finnemore">Martha Finnemore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Sikkink" title="Kathryn Sikkink">Kathryn Sikkink</a> distinguish between three types of norms:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Regulative norms</b>: they "order and constrain behavior"</li> <li><b>Constitutive norms</b>: they "create new actors, interests, or categories of action"</li> <li><b>Evaluative and prescriptive norms</b>: they have an "oughtness" quality to them</li></ol> <p>Finnemore, Sikkink, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_W._Legro" title="Jeffrey W. Legro">Jeffrey W. Legro</a> and others have argued that the robustness (or effectiveness) of norms can be measured by factors such as: </p> <ul><li>The <b>specificity</b> of the norm: norms that are clear and specific are more likely to be effective<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>longevity</b> of the norm: norms with a history are more likely to be effective<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>universality</b> of the norm: norms that make general claims (rather than localized and particularistic claims) are more likely to be effective<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>prominence</b> of the norm: norms that are widely accepted among powerful actors are more likely to be effective<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Christina Horne argues that the robustness of a norm is shaped by the degree of support for the actors who sanction deviant behaviors; she refers to norms regulating how to enforce norms as "metanorms."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Beth_A._Simmons" title="Beth A. Simmons">Beth G. Simmons</a> and Hyeran Jo, diversity of support for a norm can be a strong indicator of robustness.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They add that institutionalization of a norm raises its robustness.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been posited that norms that exist within broader clusters of distinct but mutually reinforcing norms may be more robust.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Checkel" title="Jeffrey Checkel">Jeffrey Checkel</a> argues that there are two common types of explanations for the efficacy of norms:<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>: actors comply with norms due to coercion, cost-benefit calculations, and material incentives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Constructivism (philosophy of science)">Constructivism</a>: actors comply with norms due to social learning and socialization</li></ul> <p>According to Peyton Young, mechanisms that support normative behavior include:<sup id="cite_ref-:8_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_game" title="Coordination game">Coordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Social pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalling_(economics)" title="Signalling (economics)">Signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_point_(game_theory)" title="Focal point (game theory)">Focal points</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descriptive_versus_injunctive">Descriptive versus injunctive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Descriptive versus injunctive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Descriptive norms depict what happens, while injunctive norms describe what <i>should</i> happen. Cialdini, Reno, and Kallgren (1990) define a descriptive norm as people's perceptions of what is commonly done in specific situations; it signifies what most people do, without assigning judgment. The absence of trash on the ground in a parking lot, for example, transmits the descriptive norm that most people there do not <a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">litter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cialdini_1990_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cialdini_1990-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cialdini_2007_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cialdini_2007-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Injunctive norm, on the other hand, transmits group approval about a particular behavior; it dictates how an individual <i>should</i> behave.<sup id="cite_ref-cialdini_1990_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cialdini_1990-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cialdini_2007_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cialdini_2007-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schultz_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schultz-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rivis_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rivis-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watching another person pick up trash off the ground and throw it out, a group member may pick up on the injunctive norm that he ought to not litter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prescriptive_and_proscriptive_norms">Prescriptive and proscriptive norms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prescriptive and proscriptive norms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prescriptive norms are unwritten rules that are understood and followed by society and indicate what we should do.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expressing gratitude or writing a Thank You card when someone gives you a gift represents a prescriptive norm in American culture. Proscriptive norms, in contrast, comprise the other end of the same spectrum; they are similarly society's unwritten rules about what one should not do.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These norms can vary between cultures; while kissing someone you just met on the cheek is an acceptable greeting in some European countries, this is not acceptable, and thus represents a proscriptive norm in the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subjective_norms">Subjective norms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Subjective norms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subjective norms are determined by beliefs about the extent to which important others want a person to perform a behavior.When combined with attitude toward behavior, subjective norms shape an individual's intentions.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social influences are conceptualized in terms of the pressure that people perceive from important others to perform, or not to perform, a behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-rivis_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rivis-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social Psychologist Icek Azjen theorized that subjective norms are determined by the strength of a given normative belief and further weighted by the significance of a social referent, as represented in the following equation: SN ∝ Σ<i>n<sub>i</sub>m<sub>i ,</sub></i> where (n) is a normative belief and (m) is the motivation to comply with said belief.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematical_representations">Mathematical representations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mathematical representations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the last few decades, several theorists have attempted to explain social norms from a more theoretical point of view. By quantifying behavioral expectations graphically or attempting to plot the logic behind adherence, theorists hoped to be able to predict whether or not individuals would conform. The return potential model and game theory provide a slightly more economic conceptualization of norms, suggesting individuals can calculate the cost or benefit behind possible behavioral outcomes. Under these theoretical frameworks, choosing to obey or violate norms becomes a more deliberate, quantifiable decision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_potential_model">Return potential model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Return potential model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Return_Potential_Model,_Jackson,_1965.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Return_Potential_Model%2C_Jackson%2C_1965.jpeg/220px-Return_Potential_Model%2C_Jackson%2C_1965.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Return_Potential_Model%2C_Jackson%2C_1965.jpeg/330px-Return_Potential_Model%2C_Jackson%2C_1965.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f8/Return_Potential_Model%2C_Jackson%2C_1965.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>Figure 1. The return potential model (reproduced from Jackson, 1965).</figcaption></figure> <p>Developed in the 1960s, the return potential model provides a method for plotting and visualizing group norms. In the regular coordinate plane, the amount of behavior exhibited is plotted on the X-axis (label <i>a</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626024217/http://www.tau.ac.il/~toury/works/GT-Role-Norms.htm">Figure 1</a>) while the amount of group acceptance or approval gets plotted on the Y-axis (<i>b</i> in Figure 1).<sup id="cite_ref-jackson_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The graph represents the potential return or positive outcome to an individual for a given behavioral norm. Theoretically, one could plot a point for each increment of behavior how much the group likes or dislikes that action. For example, it may be the case that among first-year graduate students, strong social norms exist around how many daily cups of coffee a student drinks. If the return curve in Figure 1 correctly displays the example social norm, we can see that if someone drinks 0 cups of coffee a day, the group strongly disapproves. The group disapproves of the behavior of any member who drinks fewer than four cups of coffee a day; the group disapproves of drinking more than seven cups, shown by the approval curve dipping back below zero. As seen in this example, the return potential model displays how much group approval one can expect for each increment of behavior. </p> <ul><li><b>Point of maximum return</b>. The point with the greatest y-coordinate is called the point of maximum return, as it represents the amount of behavior the group likes the best.<sup id="cite_ref-jackson_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <i>c</i> in Figure 1 is labeling the return curve in general, the highlighted point just above it at X=6, represents the point of maximum return. Extending our above example, the point of maximum return for first-year graduate students would be 6 cups of coffee; they receive the most social approval for drinking exactly that many cups. Any more or any fewer cups would decrease the approval.</li> <li><b>Range of tolerable behavior</b>. Label <i>d</i> represents the range of tolerable behavior, or the amount of action the group finds acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-jackson_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It encompasses all the positive area under the curve. In Figure 1, the range of tolerable behavior extends is 3, as the group approves of all behavior from 4 to 7 and 7-4=3. Carrying over our coffee example again, we can see that first-years only approve of having a limited number of cups of coffee (between 4 and 7); more than 7 cups or fewer than 4 would fall outside the range of tolerable behavior. Norms can have a narrower or wider range of tolerable behavior. Typically, a narrower range of behavior indicates a behavior with greater consequences to the group.<sup id="cite_ref-hackman_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hackman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Intensity</b>. The intensity of the norm tells how much the group cares about the norm, or how much group <a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">affect</a> is at stake to be won or lost. It is represented in the return potential model by the total amount of area subsumed by the curve, regardless of whether the area is positive or negative.<sup id="cite_ref-jackson_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A norm with low intensity would not vary far from the x-axis; the amount of approval or disapproval for given behaviors would be closer to zero. A high-intensity norm, however, would have more extreme approval ratings. In Figure 1, the intensity of the norm appears high, as few behaviors invoke a rating of indifference.</li> <li><b>Crystallization</b>. Finally, norm crystallization refers to how much variance exists within the curve; translated from the theoretical back to the actual norm, it shows how much agreement exists between group members about the approval for a given amount of behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-jackson_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be that some members believe the norm more central to group functioning than others. A group norm like how many cups of coffee first years should drink would probably have low crystallization since a lot of individuals have varying beliefs about the appropriate amount of caffeine to imbibe; in contrast, the norm of not plagiarizing another student's work would likely have high crystallization, as people uniformly agree on the behavior's unacceptability. Showing the overall group norm, the return potential model in Figure 1 does not indicate the crystallization. However, a return potential model that plotted individual data points alongside the cumulative norm could demonstrate the variance and allow us to deduce crystallization.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Game_theory">Game theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Game theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></div> <p>Another general formal framework that can be used to represent the essential elements of the social situation surrounding a norm is the <a href="/wiki/Repeated_game" title="Repeated game">repeated game</a> of game theory. Rational choice, a branch of game theory, deals with the relations and actions socially committed among rational agents.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A norm gives a person a <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thumb" title="Rule of thumb">rule of thumb</a> for how they should behave. However, a <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rational</a> person acts according to the rule only if it is beneficial for them. The situation can be described as follows. A norm gives an <a href="/wiki/Expectation_(epistemic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expectation (epistemic)">expectation</a> of how other people act in a given situation (macro). A person acts optimally given the expectation (micro). For a norm to be <a href="/wiki/Structural_stability" title="Structural stability">stable</a>, people's actions must reconstitute the expectation without change (micro-macro feedback loop). A set of such correct stable expectations is known as a <a href="/wiki/Nash_equilibrium" title="Nash equilibrium">Nash equilibrium</a>. Thus, a stable norm must constitute a Nash equilibrium.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Nash equilibrium, no one actor has any positive incentive in individually deviating from a certain action.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social norms will be implemented if the actions of that specific norm come into agreement by the support of the Nash equilibrium in the majority of the game theoretical approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From a game-theoretical point of view, there are two <a href="/wiki/Explanation" title="Explanation">explanations</a> for the vast variety of norms that exist throughout the world. One is the difference in games. Different parts of the world may give different environmental contexts and different people may have different values, which may result in a difference in games. The other is <a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_selection" title="Equilibrium selection">equilibrium selection</a> not explicable by the game itself. Equilibrium selection is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Coordination_game" title="Coordination game">coordination</a>. For a simple example, driving is common throughout the world, but in some countries people drive on the right and in other countries people drive on the left (see <a href="/wiki/Coordination_game" title="Coordination game">coordination game</a>). A framework called comparative <a href="/wiki/Institutional_analysis" title="Institutional analysis">institutional analysis</a> is proposed to deal with the game theoretical structural understanding of the variety of social norms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaching_experiment" title="Breaching experiment">Breaching experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention (norm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_(ethics)" title="Ideal (ethics)">Ideal (ethics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Norm (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_of_reciprocity" title="Norm of reciprocity">Norm of reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normality_(behavior)" title="Normality (behavior)">Normality (behavior)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_(sociology)" title="Normalization (sociology)">Normalization (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical value">Philosophical value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_complex" title="Rule complex">Rule complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norms_marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Social norms marketing">Social norms marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">Taboo</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output 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portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/19px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/29px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/38px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Clothing" title="Portal:Clothing">Clothing</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/21px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lapinski_&_rimal-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lapinski_&_rimal_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLapinskiRimal2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lapinski, M. 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"An explication of social norms". <i>Communication Theory</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 127–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fct%2F15.2.127">10.1093/ct/15.2.127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+Theory&rft.atitle=An+explication+of+social+norms&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127-147&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fct%2F15.2.127&rft.aulast=Lapinski&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rft.au=Rimal%2C+R.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pristl_et_al-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pristl_et_al_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPristlKilianMann2020" class="citation journal cs1">Pristl, A-C; Kilian, S; Mann, A. 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Disentangling socialnormative influences on sustainable consumption behaviour"</a>. <i>Consumer Behav</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 635–654. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcb.1890">10.1002/cb.1890</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228807152">228807152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Consumer+Behav.&rft.atitle=When+does+a+social+norm+catch+the+worm%3F+Disentangling+socialnormative+influences+on+sustainable+consumption+behaviour&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=635-654&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcb.1890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228807152%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pristl&rft.aufirst=A-C&rft.au=Kilian%2C+S&rft.au=Mann%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fcb.1890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegro1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_W._Legro" title="Jeffrey W. 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Revisiting the "Failure" of Internationalism"</a>. <i>International Organization</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 31–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F002081897550294">10.1162/002081897550294</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8183">0020-8183</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2703951">2703951</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154368865">154368865</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417195735/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2703951">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=Which+Norms+Matter%3F+Revisiting+the+%22Failure%22+of+Internationalism&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-63&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0020-8183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154368865%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2703951%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F002081897550294&rft.aulast=Legro&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2703951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnemore1996" class="citation book cs1">Finnemore, Martha (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh"><i>National Interests in International Society</i></a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 22–24, 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801483233" title="Special:BookSources/9780801483233"><bdi>9780801483233</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh">10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601221422/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Interests+in+International+Society&rft.pages=22-24%2C+26-27&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt1rv61rh%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780801483233&rft.aulast=Finnemore&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt1rv61rh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2015" class="citation journal cs1">Young, H. Peyton (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-economics-080614-115322">"The Evolution of Social Norms"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Economics</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 359–387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-economics-080614-115322">10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115322</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-1383">1941-1383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Economics&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Social+Norms&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=359-387&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-economics-080614-115322&rft.issn=1941-1383&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=H.+Peyton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-economics-080614-115322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTannenwald1999" class="citation journal cs1">Tannenwald, Nina (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F002081899550959">"The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Normative Basis of Nuclear Non-Use"</a>. <i>International Organization</i>. <b>53</b> (3): 433–468. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F002081899550959">10.1162/002081899550959</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8183">0020-8183</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2601286">2601286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=The+Nuclear+Taboo%3A+The+United+States+and+the+Normative+Basis+of+Nuclear+Non-Use&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=433-468&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0020-8183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2601286%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F002081899550959&rft.aulast=Tannenwald&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1162%252F002081899550959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnemoreSikkink1998" class="citation journal cs1">Finnemore, Martha; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=International+Norm+Dynamics+and+Political+Change&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=887-917&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0020-8183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10950888%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2601361%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F002081898550789&rft.aulast=Finnemore&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft.au=Sikkink%2C+Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2601361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrmannShannon2001" class="citation journal cs1">Herrmann, Richard K.; Shannon, Vaughn P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=Defending+International+Norms%3A+The+Role+of+Obligation%2C+Material+Interest%2C+and+Perception+in+Decision+Making&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=621-654&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0020-8183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145661726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3078659%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F00208180152507579&rft.aulast=Herrmann&rft.aufirst=Richard+K.&rft.au=Shannon%2C+Vaughn+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3078659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegrosCislaghi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Legros, Sophie; Cislaghi, Beniamino (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619866455">"Mapping the Social-Norms Literature: An Overview of Reviews"</a>. <i>Perspectives on Psychological Science</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 62–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1745691619866455">10.1177/1745691619866455</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-6916">1745-6916</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6970459">6970459</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31697614">31697614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+Social-Norms+Literature%3A+An+Overview+of+Reviews&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=62-80&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6970459%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1745-6916&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31697614&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1745691619866455&rft.aulast=Legros&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft.au=Cislaghi%2C+Beniamino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F1745691619866455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs1965" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbs, Jack P. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2774978">"Norms: The Problem of Definition and Classification"</a>. <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>70</b> (5): 586–594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F223933">10.1086/223933</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602">0002-9602</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2774978">2774978</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14269217">14269217</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27377450">27377450</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211223225756/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2774978">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Norms%3A+The+Problem+of+Definition+and+Classification&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=586-594&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27377450%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F223933&rft.issn=0002-9602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2774978%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14269217&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=Jack+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2774978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzenstein1996" class="citation book cs1">Katzenstein, Peter (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bPjkBhKWBOsC"><i>The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10469-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10469-2"><bdi>978-0-231-10469-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930174758/https://books.google.com/books?id=bPjkBhKWBOsC">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+National+Security%3A+Norms+and+Identity+in+World+Politics&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10469-2&rft.aulast=Katzenstein&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbPjkBhKWBOsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandholtz2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sandholtz, Wayne (2017). <i>International Norm Change</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.588">10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.588</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190228637" title="Special:BookSources/9780190228637"><bdi>9780190228637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Norm+Change&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.588&rft.isbn=9780190228637&rft.aulast=Sandholtz&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHecherOpp2001" class="citation book cs1">Hecher, Michael; Opp, Karl-Dieter (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/9781610442800"><i>Social Norms</i></a>. Russell Sage Foundation. pp. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87154-354-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87154-354-7"><bdi>978-0-87154-354-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/9781610442800">10.7758/9781610442800</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522201327/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/9781610442800">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-52817-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-52817-0"><bdi>978-0-511-52817-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1127523562">1127523562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutions+and+social+conflict&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1127523562&rft.isbn=978-0-511-52817-0&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1127523562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreeckThelen2005" class="citation book cs1">Streeck, Wolfgang; Thelen, Kathleen Ann (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s16hvDNAytQC"><i>Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies</i></a>. 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(1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/1/12921744/1/Social%20Norms%20and%20Social%20Roles.pdf">"Social Norms and Social Roles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Columbia Law Review</i>. <b>96</b> (4): 903–968. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1123430">10.2307/1123430</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-1958">0010-1958</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1123430">1123430</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153823271">153823271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Social+Norms+and+Social+Roles&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=903-968&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0010-1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153823271%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1123430%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1123430&rft.aulast=Sunstein&rft.aufirst=Cass+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2F1%2F12921744%2F1%2FSocial%2520Norms%2520and%2520Social%2520Roles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeckSikkink1998" class="citation book cs1">Keck, Margaret E.; Sikkink, Kathryn (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt5hh13f"><i>Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3444-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3444-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-3444-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt5hh13f">10.7591/j.ctt5hh13f</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522050152/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt5hh13f">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Activists+beyond+Borders%3A+Advocacy+Networks+in+International+Politics&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt5hh13f%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3444-0&rft.aulast=Keck&rft.aufirst=Margaret+E.&rft.au=Sikkink%2C+Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt5hh13f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kendall-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kendall_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kendall, D. (2011) <i>Sociology in our times</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandholtz2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sandholtz, Wayne (2008-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066107087766">"Dynamics of International Norm Change: Rules against Wartime Plunder"</a>. <i>European Journal of International Relations</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 101–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354066107087766">10.1177/1354066107087766</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-0661">1354-0661</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143721778">143721778</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524135429/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354066107087766">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Dynamics+of+International+Norm+Change%3A+Rules+against+Wartime+Plunder&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-131&rft.date=2008-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143721778%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1354-0661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1354066107087766&rft.aulast=Sandholtz&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F1354066107087766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiener2008" class="citation book cs1">Wiener, Antje (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/invisible-constitution-of-politics/4053D3FF95B9C86BF395186DFFE0D10E"><i>The Invisible Constitution of Politics: Contested Norms and International Encounters</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89596-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89596-5"><bdi>978-0-521-89596-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507020950/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/invisible-constitution-of-politics/4053D3FF95B9C86BF395186DFFE0D10E">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invisible+Constitution+of+Politics%3A+Contested+Norms+and+International+Encounters&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89596-5&rft.aulast=Wiener&rft.aufirst=Antje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Finvisible-constitution-of-politics%2F4053D3FF95B9C86BF395186DFFE0D10E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrookTrue2012" class="citation journal cs1">Krook, Mona Lena; True, Jacqui (2012-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066110380963">"Rethinking the life cycles of international norms: The United Nations and the global promotion of gender equality"</a>. <i>European Journal of International Relations</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 103–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354066110380963">10.1177/1354066110380963</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-0661">1354-0661</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145545535">145545535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+life+cycles+of+international+norms%3A+The+United+Nations+and+the+global+promotion+of+gender+equality&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103-127&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145545535%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1354-0661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1354066110380963&rft.aulast=Krook&rft.aufirst=Mona+Lena&rft.au=True%2C+Jacqui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F1354066110380963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandholtz2009" class="citation book cs1">Sandholtz, Wayne (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RdjFjwEACAAJ"><i>International Norms and Cycles of Change</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 16–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-985537-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-985537-7"><bdi>978-0-19-985537-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930174759/https://books.google.com/books?id=RdjFjwEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Time+and+Punishment%3A+How+Individuals+Respond+to+Being+Sanctioned+in+Voluntary+Associations&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=441-491&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246017181%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-9602&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F717102&rft.aulast=Doering&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Ody-Brasier%2C+Amandine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F717102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marshall-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marshall_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marshall_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, G. <i>Oxford Dictionary of Sociology</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kamau-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kamau_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kamau_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamau, C. 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[S.l.]: ROUTLEDGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-24192-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-24192-8"><bdi>978-1-003-24192-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1274199773">1274199773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SOCIOLOGY+OF+LAW+AS+THE+SCIENCE+OF+NORMS&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pub=ROUTLEDGE&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1274199773&rft.isbn=978-1-003-24192-8&rft.aulast=HYDEN&rft.aufirst=HAKAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1274199773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See The International Handbook of Sociology, ed. by Stella R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+Pervasiveness+and+Persistence+of+the+Feminine+Beauty+Ideal+in+Children%27s+Fairy+Tales&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=711-726&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54711044%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3594706%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0891243203255605&rft.aulast=Baker-Sperry&rft.aufirst=Lori&rft.au=Grauerholz%2C+Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3594706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cialdini_1990-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cialdini_1990_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cialdini_1990_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cialdini_1990_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCialdiniRenoKallgren1990" class="citation journal cs1">Cialdini, R.B.; Reno, R.R.; Kallgren, C.A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=Why+Comply%3F+Social+Learning+and+European+Identity+Change&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=553-588&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0020-8183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143511229%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3078657%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F00208180152507551&rft.aulast=Checkel&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3078657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cialdini_2007-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cialdini_2007_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cialdini_2007_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCialdini2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cialdini, R (2007). "Descriptive social norms as underappreciated sources of social control". <i>Psychometrika</i>. <b>72</b> (2): 263–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11336-006-1560-6">10.1007/s11336-006-1560-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121708702">121708702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychometrika&rft.atitle=Descriptive+social+norms+as+underappreciated+sources+of+social+control&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=263-268&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11336-006-1560-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121708702%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cialdini&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schultz-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schultz_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultzCialdiniGriskevicius2007" class="citation journal cs1">Schultz, Nolan; Cialdini, Goldstein; Griskevicius (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csusm-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/10211.3/199684/1/Schultz200718.pdf">"The constructive, destructive, and reconstructive power of social norms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Psychological Science</i>. <b>18</b> (5): 429–434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.2007.01917.x">10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01917.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10211.3%2F199684">10211.3/199684</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17576283">17576283</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19200458">19200458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=The+constructive%2C+destructive%2C+and+reconstructive+power+of+social+norms&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=429-434&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10211.3%2F199684&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19200458%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17576283&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.2007.01917.x&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Nolan&rft.au=Cialdini%2C+Goldstein&rft.au=Griskevicius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsusm-dspace.calstate.edu%2Fbitstream%2F10211.3%2F199684%2F1%2FSchultz200718.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rivis-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rivis_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivis_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivis, Amanda, Sheeran, Paschal. "Descriptive Norms as an Additional Predictor in the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A Meta-Analysis". 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilson-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilson_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonLizzioZaunerGallois2001" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, K.L.; Lizzio, A.J.; Zauner, S.; Gallois, C. (2001). "Social rules for managing attempted interpersonal domination in the workplace: Influence of status and gender". <i>Sex Roles</i>. <b>44</b> (3/4): 129–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1010998802612">10.1023/a:1010998802612</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142800037">142800037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sex+Roles&rft.atitle=Social+rules+for+managing+attempted+interpersonal+domination+in+the+workplace%3A+Influence+of+status+and+gender&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=129-154&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2Fa%3A1010998802612&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142800037%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=K.L.&rft.au=Lizzio%2C+A.J.&rft.au=Zauner%2C+S.&rft.au=Gallois%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerryHogg2000" class="citation book cs1">Terry, Deborah J.; Hogg, Michael A., eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44961884"><i>Attitudes, behavior, and social context : the role of norms and group membership</i></a>. Mahwah, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-17974-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-585-17974-3"><bdi>0-585-17974-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44961884">44961884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attitudes%2C+behavior%2C+and+social+context+%3A+the+role+of+norms+and+group+membership&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=L.+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44961884&rft.isbn=0-585-17974-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F44961884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90029-s">"Author index for volume 50"</a>. <i>Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes</i>. <b>50</b> (2): 411. 1991. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0749-5978%2891%2990029-s">10.1016/0749-5978(91)90029-s</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0749-5978">0749-5978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organizational+Behavior+and+Human+Decision+Processes&rft.atitle=Author+index+for+volume+50&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=411&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0749-5978%2891%2990029-s&rft.issn=0749-5978&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2F0749-5978%2891%2990029-s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Voss, Thomas. Game-Theoretical Perspectives on the Emergence of Social Norms. Social Norms, 2001, p.105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Bicchieri" title="Cristina Bicchieri">Bicchieri, Cristina</a>. 2006. The Grammar of Society: The Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms, New York: Cambridge University Press, Ch. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Voss 2001, p. 105</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a <i>topic</i> profile for <i><b><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q205665" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q205665">Social norm</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Axelrod_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Axelrod (political scientist)">Axelrod, Robert</a> (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionofcoop00axel"><i>The Evolution of Cooperation</i></a></span>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465021222" title="Special:BookSources/9780465021222"><bdi>9780465021222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Cooperation&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Basic+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780465021222&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionofcoop00axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Appelbaum, R. P., Carr, D., Duneir, M., Giddens, A. (2009). Conformity, Deviance, and Crime. <i>Introduction to Sociology</i>, New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., p. 173.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1982" class="citation journal cs1">Becker, H. S. (1982). "Culture: A Sociological View". <i>Yale Review</i>. <b>71</b> (4): 513–527.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Review&rft.atitle=Culture%3A+A+Sociological+View&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=513-527&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+norm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bicchieri, C. (2006). <i>The Grammar of Society: The Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms</i>, New York: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumer1956" class="citation journal cs1">Blumer, H (1956). 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(2008). "Social norms". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, 2nd Edition.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_norm&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBicchieriMuldoon" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bicchieri, Cristina; Muldoon, Ryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/social-norms/">"Social Norms"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. 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href="/wiki/Conceptual_system" title="Conceptual system">Conceptual system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_(linguistics)" title="Context (linguistics)">Context</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_wisdom" title="Conventional wisdom">Conventional wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">Cultural movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">National epics</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_folk-epics" title="List of world folk-epics">World folk-epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">Facts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Factoid" title="Factoid">factoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_stance" title="Life stance">Life stance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(social_sciences)" title="Lifestyle (social sciences)">Lifestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Memes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memeplex" title="Memeplex">Memeplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_model" title="Mental model">Mental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metanarrative" title="Metanarrative">Metanarrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindset" title="Mindset">Mindset</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">Paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theory" title="Philosophical theory">Philosophical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_view_(philosophy)" title="Point of view (philosophy)">Point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presuppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_world_beliefs" title="Primal world beliefs">Primal world beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_tunnel" title="Reality tunnel">Reality tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_(psychology)" title="Schema (psychology)">Schemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_thought" title="School of thought">School of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(psychology)" title="Set (psychology)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_reality" title="Social reality">Social reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">Theory of everything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umwelt" title="Umwelt">Umwelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Value system">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aspects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aspects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Biases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attentional_bias" title="Attentional bias">Attentional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Attitude polarization">Attitude polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief_bias" title="Belief bias">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_narcissism" title="Collective narcissism">Collective narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congruence_bias" title="Congruence bias">Congruence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptomnesia" title="Cryptomnesia">Cryptomnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">Filter bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophily" title="Homophily">Homophily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_error" title="Observational error">Observational error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observer-expectancy_effect" title="Observer-expectancy effect">Observer-expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_exposure_theory" title="Selective exposure theory">Selective exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_perception" title="Selective perception">Selective perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clever_Hans" title="Clever Hans">Clever Hans effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishful_thinking" title="Wishful thinking">wishful thinking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_bias" title="Status quo bias">Status quo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotyping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">ethnic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Change and<br />maintenance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">Argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_change" title="Attitude change">Attitude change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Brainwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_reporting" title="Circular reporting">Circular reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_dissonance" title="Cultural dissonance">Cultural dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_education" title="Values education">values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">Excommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">negationism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral entrepreneur">Moral entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polite_fiction" title="Polite fiction">Polite fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_engineering" title="Political engineering">Political engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Religious conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_uniformity" title="Religious uniformity">Religious uniformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self-censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">Social control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">Social engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">Social progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_dissent" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of dissent">Suppression of dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woozle_effect" title="Woozle effect">Woozle effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">Ceremonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funerals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity (philosophy)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">Liminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">Oaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rites of passage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_coming-of-age_ceremony" title="Secular coming-of-age ceremony">secular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Social status</a> / <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_boundaries" title="Symbolic boundaries">Symbolic boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene_paradox" title="Abilene paradox">Abilene paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">Collectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_behavior" title="Collective behavior">Collective behavior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_animal_behavior" title="Collective animal behavior">animal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_effervescence" title="Collective effervescence">Collective effervescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_theory" title="Consensus theory">Consensus theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture-bound_syndrome" title="Culture-bound syndrome">Culture-bound syndromes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deindividuation" title="Deindividuation">Deindividuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublethink" title="Doublethink">Doublethink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">Emotional contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entitativity" title="Entitativity">Entitativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consensus_effect" title="False consensus effect">False consensus effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_action_(sociology)" title="Group action (sociology)">Group action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_cohesiveness" title="Group cohesiveness">Group cohesiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_dynamics" title="Group dynamics">Group dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">Group emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_polarization" title="Group polarization">Group polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupshift" title="Groupshift">Groupshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">Herd behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterical_contagion" title="Hysterical contagion">Hysterical contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_cascade" title="Information cascade">Information cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoritarianism" title="Majoritarianism">Majoritarianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Mob rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_action_(sociology)" title="Mass action (sociology)">Mass action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milieu_control" title="Milieu control">Milieu control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">Moral panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralistic_ignorance" title="Pluralistic ignorance">Pluralistic ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoconsensus" title="Pseudoconsensus">Pseudoconsensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">Self-organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_action" title="Social action">Social action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">Social behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">Social emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_facilitation" title="Social facilitation">Social facilitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_facilitation_in_animals" title="Social facilitation in animals">animal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">Social group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_proof" title="Social proof">Social proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">Status quo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmergy" title="Stigmergy">Stigmergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_justification" title="System justification">System justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">Axioms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tacit_assumption" title="Tacit assumption">tacit assumptions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_framework" title="Conceptual framework">Conceptual framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">Evidence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">anecdotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanation" title="Explanation">Explanations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">fideism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning-making" title="Meaning-making">Meaning-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-knowledge">Meta-knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">Methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_learning" title="Observational learning">Observational learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reasoning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">fallacious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">Testimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_theory_of_truth" title="Consensus theory of truth">consensus theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criteria_of_truth" title="Criteria of truth">criteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_disclosure" title="World disclosure">World disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">Ætiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">mind–body problem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everything" title="Everything">Everything</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nothing" title="Nothing">Nothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idios_kosmos" title="Idios kosmos">Idios kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matter (philosophy)">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology" title="Comparative mythology">comparative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_myth" title="Political myth">political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">Otherworlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_mundi" title="Axis mundi">axes mundi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservables</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Value</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Aesthetic taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic value">Aesthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">Almsgiving</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">Codes of conduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Étiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unclean_animal" title="Unclean animal">unclean animals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culpability" title="Culpability">Culpability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_(philosophy)" title="Maxim (philosophy)">Maxims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obligation" title="Obligation">Obligations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxeology" title="Praxeology">Praxeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Qualities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime, The</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">Taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unspoken_rule" title="Unspoken rule">Unspoken rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Works of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrongdoing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Examples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Examples</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)" title="Attitude (psychology)">Attitudes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Economic and<br />political <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">Radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hòa Hảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Schools of<br /><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Hedonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Naturalism (Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism (Western)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralist_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralist school">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nonverbal_communication" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template talk:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nonverbal_communication" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nonverbal_communication" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modalities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modality_(semiotics)" title="Modality (semiotics)">Modalities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blushing" title="Blushing">Blushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">Body language</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kinesics" title="Kinesics">Kinesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body-to-body_communication" title="Body-to-body communication">Body-to-body communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_Action_Coding_System" title="Facial Action Coding System">Facial Action Coding System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtle_expression" title="Subtle expression">Subtle expression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">Gesture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gestures" title="List of gestures">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-independent_gestures" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech-independent gestures">Speech-independent gestures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_communication" title="Haptic communication">Haptic communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation" title="Imitation">Imitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization#Human_movement" title="Synchronization">Interpersonal synchrony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">Laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculesics" title="Oculesics">Oculesics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_contact" title="Eye contact">Eye contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupillary_response" title="Pupillary response">Pupil dilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactic_communication" title="Olfactic communication">Olfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posture_(psychology)" title="Posture (psychology)">Posture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxemics" title="Proxemics">Proxemics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">Emotional prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralanguage" title="Paralanguage">Paralanguage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">Intonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">Loudness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">Prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">Rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Voice quality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social context</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-context_and_low-context_cultures" title="High-context and low-context cultures">High-context and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social norm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-bit_message" title="One-bit message">One-bit message</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missed_call" title="Missed call">Missed call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_service_code" title="Silent service code">Silent service code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_communication" title="Unconscious communication">Unconscious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage" title="Non-verbal leakage">Non-verbal leakage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-faceted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">Affect display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">Emotion recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impression_(psychology)" title="First impression (psychology)">First impression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Broader_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Broader concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_interpersonal_communicative_skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic interpersonal communicative skills">Basic interpersonal communicative skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunchi" title="Nunchi">Nunchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_skills" title="People skills">People skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">Social behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cue" title="Social cue">Social cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_competence" title="Social competence">Social competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_skills" title="Social skills">Social skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsaid" title="Unsaid">Unsaid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_information" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further information</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aprosodia" title="Aprosodia">Aprosodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorder" title="Childhood disintegrative disorder">Childhood disintegrative disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssemia" title="Dyssemia">Dyssemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_learning_disorder" title="Nonverbal learning disorder">Nonverbal learning disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_(pragmatic)_communication_disorder" title="Social (pragmatic) communication disorder">Social (pragmatic) communication disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">Limbic system</a> / <a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">Limbic lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_neuron" title="Mirror neuron">Mirror neuron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_detection" title="Lie detection">Lie detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudian_slip" title="Freudian slip">Freudian slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(poker)" title="Tell (poker)">Poker tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(advertising)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention (advertising)">Targeted advertising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_processing_of_body_language" title="Computer processing of body language">Computer processing of body language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">Emotion recognition in conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">Gesture recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_facial_expression_databases" title="List of facial expression databases">List of facial expression databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Birdwhistell" title="Ray Birdwhistell">Ray Birdwhistell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_communication" title="Behavioral communication">Behavioral communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assertiveness" title="Assertiveness">Assertive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deference" title="Deference">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive-aggressive_behavior" title="Passive-aggressive behavior">Passive-aggressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_management" title="Impression management">Impression management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic sign lexicons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Verbal communication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-verbal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_signing" title="Tactile signing">Tactile signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadoma" title="Tadoma">Tadoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">Mime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimoplastic_art" title="Mimoplastic art">Mimoplastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtext" title="Subtext">Subtext</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205665#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1122692/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4132883-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85123980">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11966932n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11966932n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sociální normy"><a rel="nofollow" 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