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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Continued use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Embedded_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embedded_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Embedded systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embedded_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Emulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boot_sequence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boot_sequence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Boot sequence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boot_sequence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>File system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drive_naming_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drive_naming_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Drive naming scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drive_naming_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reserved_device_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reserved_device_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Reserved device names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reserved_device_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memory_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memory_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Memory management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memory_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DOS_under_OS/2_and_Windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DOS_under_OS/2_and_Windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>DOS under OS/2 and Windows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DOS_under_OS/2_and_Windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-User_interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>User interface</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-User_interface-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle User interface subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-User_interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terminate_and_stay_resident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminate_and_stay_resident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Terminate and stay resident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminate_and_stay_resident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Software-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Software subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Development tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">DOS</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_(bedryfstelsel)" title="DOS (bedryfstelsel) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="DOS (bedryfstelsel)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%84)" title="دوس (نظام تشغيل) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوس (نظام تشغيل)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-kompatibles_DOS" title="PC-kompatibles DOS – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="PC-kompatibles DOS" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketta-ops%C3%BCsteem" title="Ketta-opsüsteem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ketta-opsüsteem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3_(%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84)" title="داس (سیستم‌عامل) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داس (سیستم‌عامل)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A4" title="도스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8" title="डॉस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डॉस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_(DOS)" title="ಡಾಸ್‌ (DOS) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡಾಸ್‌ (DOS)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_(Disk_Operating_System)" title="DOS (Disk Operating System) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="DOS (Disk Operating System)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഡോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="DOS үйлдлийн систем – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="DOS үйлдлийн систем" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_(besturingssysteem)" title="DOS (besturingssysteem) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="DOS (besturingssysteem)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਡਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="DOS (оперативни систем) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="DOS (оперативни систем)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="டாஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டாஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D" title="డిస్క్ ఆపరేటింగ్ సిస్టమ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డిస్క్ ఆపరేటింగ్ సిస్టమ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170434" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of IBM PC-compatible operating systems</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the family of operating systems for the Intel x86 CPU. For the concept, see <a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">disk operating system</a>. For the type of cyber attack, see <a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">DoS</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/DOS_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="DOS (disambiguation)">DOS (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WinDOS" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ms-dosdir.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ms-dosdir.png/220px-Ms-dosdir.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ms-dosdir.png/330px-Ms-dosdir.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Ms-dosdir.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The boot screen and command-line interface of <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_6" class="mw-redirect" title="MS-DOS 6">MS-DOS 6</a>, with an example of its directory structure</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FreeDOS_Beta_9_pre-release5_(command_line_interface)_on_Bochs_sshot20040912.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FreeDOS_Beta_9_pre-release5_%28command_line_interface%29_on_Bochs_sshot20040912.png/220px-FreeDOS_Beta_9_pre-release5_%28command_line_interface%29_on_Bochs_sshot20040912.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FreeDOS_Beta_9_pre-release5_%28command_line_interface%29_on_Bochs_sshot20040912.png/330px-FreeDOS_Beta_9_pre-release5_%28command_line_interface%29_on_Bochs_sshot20040912.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FreeDOS_Beta_9_pre-release5_%28command_line_interface%29_on_Bochs_sshot20040912.png/440px-FreeDOS_Beta_9_pre-release5_%28command_line_interface%29_on_Bochs_sshot20040912.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The boot screen and command-line interface of <a href="/wiki/FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a>, showing version information and an example of its directory structure</figcaption></figure> <p><b>DOS</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a family of disk-based <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> for <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a> computers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DOS family primarily consists of <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">IBM PC DOS</a> and a rebranded version, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, both of which were introduced in 1981. Later compatible systems from other manufacturers include <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a> (1988), <a href="/wiki/ROM-DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ROM-DOS">ROM-DOS</a> (1989), <a href="/wiki/PTS-DOS" title="PTS-DOS">PTS-DOS</a> (1993), and <a href="/wiki/FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a> (1994). MS-DOS dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995. </p><p>Although the name has come to be identified specifically with this particular family of operating systems, <i>DOS</i> is a platform-independent acronym for <i><a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">disk operating system</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose use predates the IBM PC. Dozens of other operating systems also use the acronym, beginning with the mainframe <a href="/wiki/DOS/360_and_successors" title="DOS/360 and successors">DOS/360</a> from 1966. Others include <a href="/wiki/Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_ProDOS" title="Apple ProDOS">Apple ProDOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atari_DOS" title="Atari DOS">Atari DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodore_DOS" title="Commodore DOS">Commodore DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/TRSDOS" title="TRSDOS">TRSDOS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AmigaDOS" title="AmigaDOS">AmigaDOS</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_DOS_operating_systems" title="Comparison of DOS operating systems">Comparison of DOS operating systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_DOS_operating_systems" title="Timeline of DOS operating systems">Timeline of DOS operating systems</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CPM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/CPM.png/220px-CPM.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/CPM.png/330px-CPM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/CPM.png/440px-CPM.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apple_CP/M" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple CP/M">Apple CP/M</a> from <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Z-80_SoftCard" title="Z-80 SoftCard">Z-80 SoftCard</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">IBM PC DOS</a> (and the separately sold <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>) and its predecessor, <a href="/wiki/86-DOS" title="86-DOS">86-DOS</a>, ran on <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a> <a href="/wiki/16-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> processors. It was developed to be similar to <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a>'s <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a>—the dominant disk operating system for <a href="/wiki/8-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="8-bit">8-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">Intel 8080</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Zilog Z80</a> microcomputers—in order to simplify porting CP/M applications to MS-DOS. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibm_pc_5150.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ibm_pc_5150.jpg/220px-Ibm_pc_5150.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ibm_pc_5150.jpg/330px-Ibm_pc_5150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ibm_pc_5150.jpg/440px-Ibm_pc_5150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM Personal Computer</a> (IBM 5150 PC)</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a>, built with the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">Intel 8088</a> microprocessor, they needed an operating system. Chairman <a href="/wiki/John_Opel" class="mw-redirect" title="John Opel">John Opel</a> had a conversation with fellow United Way National Board Executive Committee member <a href="/wiki/Mary_Maxwell_Gates" title="Mary Maxwell Gates">Mary Maxwell Gates</a>, who referred Opel to her son <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> for help with an 8088-compatible build of CP/M.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IBM was then sent to Digital Research, and a meeting was set up. However, initial negotiations for the use of CP/M broke down: Digital Research wished to sell CP/M on a royalty basis, while IBM sought a single license, and to change the name to "PC DOS". Digital Research founder <a href="/wiki/Gary_Kildall" title="Gary Kildall">Gary Kildall</a> refused, and IBM withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-rolander_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rolander-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:86-DOS_running_assembler_and_HEX2BIN_(screenshot).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/86-DOS_running_assembler_and_HEX2BIN_%28screenshot%29.png/220px-86-DOS_running_assembler_and_HEX2BIN_%28screenshot%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/86-DOS_running_assembler_and_HEX2BIN_%28screenshot%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="169" /></a><figcaption>A simulated <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Computer_Products" title="Seattle Computer Products">SCP</a> <a href="/wiki/86-DOS" title="86-DOS">86-DOS</a> session</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="QDOS"></span> IBM again approached Bill Gates. Gates in turn approached <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Computer_Products" title="Seattle Computer Products">Seattle Computer Products</a>. There, programmer <a href="/wiki/Tim_Paterson" title="Tim Paterson">Tim Paterson</a> had developed a variant of <a href="/wiki/CP/M-80" class="mw-redirect" title="CP/M-80">CP/M-80</a>, intended as an internal product for testing SCP's new 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> card for the <a href="/wiki/S-100_bus" title="S-100 bus">S-100 bus</a>. The system was initially named QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System), before being made commercially available as <a href="/wiki/86-DOS" title="86-DOS">86-DOS</a>. Microsoft purchased 86-DOS, allegedly for US$50,000. This became Microsoft Disk Operating System, MS-DOS, introduced in 1981. Within a year Microsoft licensed MS-DOS to over 70 other companies,<sup id="cite_ref-freiberger19820823_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freiberger19820823-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which supplied the operating system for their own hardware, sometimes under their own names. Microsoft later required the use of the MS-DOS name, with the exception of the IBM variant. IBM continued to develop their version, <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS">PC DOS</a>, for the IBM PC. Digital Research became aware that an operating system similar to CP/M was being sold by IBM (under the same name that IBM insisted upon for CP/M), and threatened legal action. IBM responded by offering an agreement: they would give PC consumers a choice of PC DOS or <a href="/wiki/CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M-86</a>, Kildall's 8086 version. Side-by-side, CP/M cost US$200 more than PC DOS, and sales were low. CP/M faded, with MS-DOS and PC DOS becoming the marketed operating system for PCs and PC compatibles.<sup id="cite_ref-rolander_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rolander-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microsoft originally sold MS-DOS only to <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">original equipment manufacturers</a> (OEMs). One major reason for this was that not all early PCs were 100% <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a>. DOS was structured such that there was a separation between the system specific device driver code (<a href="/wiki/IO.SYS" title="IO.SYS">IO.SYS</a>) and the DOS kernel (<a href="/wiki/MSDOS.SYS" title="MSDOS.SYS">MSDOS.SYS</a>). Microsoft provided an OEM Adaptation Kit (OAK) which allowed OEMs to customize the device driver code to their particular system. By the early 1990s, most PCs adhered to IBM PC standards so Microsoft began selling a retail version of MS-DOS, starting with MS-DOS 5.0. </p><p>In the mid-1980s, Microsoft developed a <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_4.0_(multitasking)" title="MS-DOS 4.0 (multitasking)">multitasking version of DOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This version of DOS is generally referred to as "European MS-DOS 4" because it was developed for <a href="/wiki/International_Computers_Limited" title="International Computers Limited">ICL</a> and licensed to several European companies. This version of DOS supports preemptive multitasking, shared memory, device helper services and <a href="/wiki/New_Executable" title="New Executable">New Executable</a> ("NE") format executables. None of these features were used in later versions of DOS, but they were used to form the basis of the <a href="/wiki/OS/2_1.0" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 1.0">OS/2 1.0</a> kernel. This version of DOS is distinct from the widely released PC DOS 4.0 which was developed by IBM and based upon DOS 3.3. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_Research_CP-M-86_for_the_IBM_Personal_Computer_Version_1.0_720x400.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Digital_Research_CP-M-86_for_the_IBM_Personal_Computer_Version_1.0_720x400.png/220px-Digital_Research_CP-M-86_for_the_IBM_Personal_Computer_Version_1.0_720x400.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Digital_Research_CP-M-86_for_the_IBM_Personal_Computer_Version_1.0_720x400.png/330px-Digital_Research_CP-M-86_for_the_IBM_Personal_Computer_Version_1.0_720x400.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Digital_Research_CP-M-86_for_the_IBM_Personal_Computer_Version_1.0_720x400.png/440px-Digital_Research_CP-M-86_for_the_IBM_Personal_Computer_Version_1.0_720x400.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Digital Research <a href="/wiki/CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M-86</a> for the IBM Personal Computer Version 1.0</figcaption></figure> <p>Digital Research attempted to regain the market lost from CP/M-86, initially with <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS">Concurrent DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/DOS_Plus" title="DOS Plus">DOS Plus</a> (both compatible with both MS-DOS and CP/M-86 software), later with <a href="/wiki/Multiuser_DOS" title="Multiuser DOS">Multiuser DOS</a> (compatible with both MS-DOS and CP/M-86 software) and <a href="/wiki/DR_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="DR DOS">DR DOS</a> (compatible with MS-DOS software). Digital Research was bought by <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a>, and DR DOS became <a href="/wiki/PalmDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PalmDOS">PalmDOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novell_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell DOS">Novell DOS</a>; later, it was part of <a href="/wiki/Caldera_(company)" title="Caldera (company)">Caldera</a> (under the names <a href="/wiki/OpenDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenDOS">OpenDOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS_7.02" class="mw-redirect" title="DR-DOS 7.02">DR-DOS 7.02</a>/<a href="/wiki/DR-DOS_7.03" class="mw-redirect" title="DR-DOS 7.03">7.03</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lineo" title="Lineo">Lineo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DeviceLogics" title="DeviceLogics">DeviceLogics</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Letwin" title="Gordon Letwin">Gordon Letwin</a> wrote in 1995 that "DOS was, when we first wrote it, a one-time throw-away product intended to keep IBM happy so that they'd buy our languages."<sup id="cite_ref-letwin19950817_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letwin19950817-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft expected that it would be an interim solution before the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a>. The company planned to improve MS-DOS over time, so it would be almost indistinguishable from single-user Xenix, or <a href="/wiki/XEDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="XEDOS">XEDOS</a>, which would also run on the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z-8000" class="mw-redirect" title="Zilog Z-8000">Zilog Z-8000</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LSI-11" class="mw-redirect" title="LSI-11">LSI-11</a>; they would be <a href="/wiki/Upward_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Upward compatible">upwardly compatible</a> with Xenix, which <i><a href="/wiki/BYTE" class="mw-redirect" title="BYTE">BYTE</a></i> in 1983 described as "the multi-user MS-DOS of the future".<sup id="cite_ref-morgan198201_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morgan198201-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fiedler198310_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiedler198310-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Os2-1.0-prompt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Os2-1.0-prompt.png/220px-Os2-1.0-prompt.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Os2-1.0-prompt.png/330px-Os2-1.0-prompt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Os2-1.0-prompt.png/440px-Os2-1.0-prompt.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> 1.0 featured a text mode interface similar to MS-DOS.</figcaption></figure> <p>IBM, however, did not want to replace DOS.<sup id="cite_ref-howitt19841210_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howitt19841210-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> began selling Unix, Microsoft and IBM began developing OS/2 as an alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-letwin19950817_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letwin19950817-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two companies later had a series of disagreements over two successor operating systems to DOS, OS/2 and Windows.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They split development of their DOS systems as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last retail version of MS-DOS was MS-DOS 6.22; after this, MS-DOS became part of Windows 95, 98 and Me. The last retail version of PC DOS was PC DOS 2000 (also called PC DOS 7 revision 1), though IBM did later develop PC DOS 7.10 for OEMs and internal use. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a> project began on 26 June 1994, when Microsoft announced it would no longer sell or support MS-DOS. <a href="/wiki/Jim_Hall_(programmer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Hall (programmer)">Jim Hall</a> then posted a manifesto proposing the development of an open-source replacement. Within a few weeks, other programmers including <a href="/wiki/Pat_Villani" title="Pat Villani">Pat Villani</a> and Tim Norman joined the project. A kernel, the COMMAND.COM command line interpreter (shell), and core utilities were created by pooling code they had written or found available. There were several official pre-release distributions of FreeDOS before the FreeDOS 1.0 distribution was released on 3 September 2006. Made available under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (GPL), FreeDOS does not require license fees or royalties.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Microsoft_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Microsoft Windows">History of Microsoft Windows</a></div> <p>Early versions of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> ran on MS-DOS.<sup id="cite_ref-emulate_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emulate-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1990s, the Windows graphical shell saw heavy use on new DOS systems. In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> was bundled as a standalone operating system that did not require a separate DOS license. Windows 95 (and Windows 98 and ME, that followed it) took over as the default <a href="/wiki/OS_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="OS kernel">OS kernel</a>, though the MS-DOS component remained for compatibility. With Windows 95 and 98, but not ME, the MS-DOS component could be run without starting Windows.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-various-77715_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-various-77715-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-various-42623_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-various-42623-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With DOS no longer required to use Windows, the majority of users stopped using it directly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_use">Continued use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Continued use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DOSBox_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/DOSBox_screenshot.png/330px-DOSBox_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/DOSBox_screenshot.png/495px-DOSBox_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/DOSBox_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/DOSBox" title="DOSBox">DOSBox</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, available compatible systems are <a href="/wiki/FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/ROM-DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ROM-DOS">ROM-DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/PTS-DOS" title="PTS-DOS">PTS-DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/RxDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="RxDOS">RxDOS</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/REAL/32" class="mw-redirect" title="REAL/32">REAL/32</a>. Some computer manufacturers, including <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a>, sell computers with FreeDOS as an <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">OEM</a> operating system,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="I could not find freedos computers on dell's website, and it seems likely they stopped selling them since 2008 (January 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> and some developers and computer engineers still use it because it is close to the hardware.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Embedded_systems">Embedded systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Embedded systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DOS's structure of accessing hardware directly allows it to be used in <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded devices</a>. The final versions of DR-DOS are still aimed at this market.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ROM-DOS is used as operating system for the <a href="/wiki/Canon_PowerShot_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon PowerShot Pro">Canon PowerShot Pro</a> 70.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emulation">Emulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Emulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, it is possible to run <i><a href="/wiki/DOSEMU" title="DOSEMU">DOSEMU</a></i>, a Linux-native <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a> for running DOS programs at near native speed. There are a number of other <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulators</a> for running DOS on various versions of Unix and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> such as <a href="/wiki/DOSBox" title="DOSBox">DOSBox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOSBox_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOSBox-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DOSBox is designed for legacy gaming (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Quest" title="King's Quest">King's Quest</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a></i>) on modern operating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-emulate_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emulate-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOSBox_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOSBox-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DOSBox includes its own implementation of DOS which is strongly tied to the emulator and cannot run on real hardware, but can also boot MS-DOS, FreeDOS, or other DOS operating systems if needed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MS-DOS and IBM PC DOS related operating systems are commonly associated with machines using the <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> or compatible <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPUs</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatibles</a>. Machine-dependent versions of MS-DOS were produced for many non-IBM-compatible <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>-based machines, with variations from relabelling of the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> distribution under the manufacturer's name, to versions specifically designed to work with non-IBM-PC-compatible hardware. As long as application programs used DOS APIs instead of direct hardware access, they could run on both IBM-PC-compatible and incompatible machines. The original <a href="/wiki/FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a> kernel, <a href="/wiki/DOS-C" class="mw-redirect" title="DOS-C">DOS-C</a>, was derived from <a href="/wiki/DOS/NT" class="mw-redirect" title="DOS/NT">DOS/NT</a> for the Motorola 68000 series of CPUs in the early 1990s. While these systems loosely resembled the DOS architecture, applications were not binary compatible due to the incompatible instruction sets of these non-x86-CPUs. However, applications written in high-level languages could be ported easily. </p><p>DOS is a single-user, single-tasking operating system with basic <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel (computer science)">kernel</a> functions that are <a href="/wiki/Reentrant_(subroutine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reentrant (subroutine)">non-reentrant</a>: only one program at a time can use them, and DOS itself has no functionality to allow more than one program to execute at a time. The DOS kernel provides <a href="/wiki/DOS_API" title="DOS API">various functions for programs</a> (an <i>application program interface</i>), like character I/O, file management, memory management, program loading and termination. </p><p>DOS provides the ability for <a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">shell scripting</a> via <a href="/wiki/Batch_file" title="Batch file">batch files</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">filename extension</a> <code>.BAT</code>). Each line of a batch file is interpreted as a program to run. Batch files can also make use of internal commands, such as <a href="/wiki/GOTO" class="mw-redirect" title="GOTO">GOTO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conditional_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditional (programming)">conditional statements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The operating system offers an application programming interface that allows development of character-based applications, but not for accessing most of the <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">graphics cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer printer">printers</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mice</a>. This required programmers to access the hardware directly, usually resulting in each application having its own set of <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a> for each hardware peripheral. Hardware manufacturers would release specifications to ensure device drivers for popular applications were available.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boot_sequence">Boot sequence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Boot sequence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Bootstrap_loader" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootstrap loader">bootstrap loader</a> on PC-compatible computers, the <a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">master boot record</a>, is located beginning at the <a href="/wiki/Boot_sector" title="Boot sector">boot sector</a>, the first sector on the first track (<a href="/wiki/Track0" title="Track0">track zero</a>), of the boot disk. The <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">ROM BIOS</a> will load this sector into memory at address <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">0000h</span>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">7C00h</span>, and typically check for a signature "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">55h AAh</span>" at offset <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">+1FEh</span>. If the sector is not considered to be valid, the ROM BIOS will try the next physical disk in the row, otherwise it will jump to the load address with certain registers set up.</li> <li>If the loaded boot sector happens to be a <a href="/wiki/Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">Master Boot Record</a> (MBR), as found on partitioned media, it will relocate itself to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0000h</span>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0600h</span> in memory,<sup id="cite_ref-dewassoc_com-master_boot_record_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dewassoc_com-master_boot_record-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> otherwise this step is skipped. The MBR code will scan the partition table, which is located within this sector, for an active partition (modern MBRs check if bit 7 is set at offset <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">+1BEh+10h*n</span>, whereas old MBRs simply check for a value of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">80h</span>), and, if found, load the first sector of the corresponding partition, which holds the <a href="/wiki/Volume_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume Boot Record">Volume Boot Record</a> (VBR) of that volume, into memory at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0000h</span>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">7C00h</span> in the similar fashion as if it had been loaded by the ROM BIOS itself. The MBR will then pass execution to the loaded portion with certain registers set up.</li> <li>The sector content loaded at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0000h</span>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">7C00h</span> constitutes a VBR now. VBRs are operating system specific and cannot be exchanged between different DOS versions in general, as the exact behaviour differs between different DOS versions. In very old versions of DOS such as DOS 1.x, the VBR would load the whole IO.SYS/IBMBIO.COM file into memory at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0000h</span>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0600h</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-pagetable-165_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pagetable-165-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this to work, these sectors had to be stored in consecutive order on disk by SYS. In later issues, it would locate and store the contents of the first two entries in the root directory at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0000h</span>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0500h</span> and if they happen to reflect the correct boot files as recorded in the VBR, the VBR would load the first 3 consecutive sectors of the IO.SYS/IBMBIO.COM file into memory at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0070h</span>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0000h</span>. The VBR also has to take care to preserve the contents of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disk_Parameter_Table&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disk Parameter Table (page does not exist)">Disk Parameter Table</a> (DPT). Finally, it passes control to the loaded portion by jumping to its entry point with certain registers set up (with considerable differences between different DOS versions).</li> <li>In later<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> DOS versions, where the VBR has loaded only the first 3 sectors of the IO.SYS/IBMBIO.COM file into memory, the loaded portion contains another boot loader, which will then load the remainder of itself into memory, using the root directory information stored at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0000h</span>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0500h</span>. For most versions, the file contents still need to be stored in consecutive order on disk. In older versions of DOS, which were still loaded as a whole, this step is skipped.</li> <li>The DOS system initialization code will initialize its built-in device drivers and then load the DOS kernel, located in <a href="/wiki/MSDOS.SYS" title="MSDOS.SYS">MSDOS.SYS</a> on MS-DOS systems, into memory as well. In Windows 9x, the DOS system initialization code and built-in device drivers and the DOS kernel are combined into a single IO.SYS file while MSDOS.SYS is used as a text configuration file.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/CONFIG.SYS" title="CONFIG.SYS">CONFIG.SYS</a> file is then read to <a href="/wiki/Parsing#Programming_languages" title="Parsing">parse</a> configuration parameters. The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">SHELL</span> variable specifies the location of the <a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">shell</a> which defaults to <a href="/wiki/COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</a>.</li> <li>The shell is loaded and executed.</li> <li>The startup batch file <a href="/wiki/AUTOEXEC.BAT" title="AUTOEXEC.BAT">AUTOEXEC.BAT</a> is then run by the shell.<sup id="cite_ref-evergreen_edu-config-sys_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evergreen_edu-config-sys-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The DOS system files loaded by the boot sector must be <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragmentation (computer)">contiguous</a> and be the first two <a href="/wiki/FAT_directory_table" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT directory table">directory entries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wustl_edu-misc_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wustl_edu-misc-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, removing and adding this file is likely to render the media unbootable. It is, however, possible to replace the shell at will, a method that can be used to start the execution of dedicated applications faster. This limitation does not apply to any version of DR DOS, where the system files can be located anywhere in the root directory and do not need to be contiguous. Therefore, system files can be simply copied to a disk provided that the boot sector is DR DOS compatible already. </p><p>In PC DOS and DR DOS 5.0 and above, the DOS system files are named <a href="/wiki/IBMBIO.COM" title="IBMBIO.COM">IBMBIO.COM</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/IO.SYS" title="IO.SYS">IO.SYS</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBMDOS.COM" title="IBMDOS.COM">IBMDOS.COM</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/MSDOS.SYS" title="MSDOS.SYS">MSDOS.SYS</a>. Older versions of DR DOS used DRBIOS.SYS and DRBDOS.SYS instead. </p><p>Starting with <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_7.0" class="mw-redirect" title="MS-DOS 7.0">MS-DOS 7.0</a> the binary system files IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS were combined into a single file IO.SYS whilst MSDOS.SYS became a configuration file similar to CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT. If the MSDOS.SYS <a href="/w/index.php?title=BootGUI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BootGUI (page does not exist)">BootGUI</a> directive is set to <code>0</code>, the boot process will stop with the command processor (typically COMMAND.COM) loaded, instead of executing WIN.COM automatically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_system">File system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: File system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DOS uses a filesystem which supports <a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">8.3 filenames</a>: 8 characters for the filename and 3 characters for the extension. Starting with DOS 2 hierarchical directories are supported. Each directory name is also 8.3 format but the maximum directory path length is 64 characters due to the internal current directory structure (CDS) tables that DOS maintains. Including the drive name, the maximum length of a fully qualified filename that DOS supports is 80 characters using the format drive:\path\filename.ext followed by a null byte. </p><p>DOS uses the <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">File Allocation Table</a> (FAT) filesystem. This was originally <a href="/wiki/FAT12" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT12">FAT12</a> which supported up to 4078 clusters per drive. DOS 3.0 added support for <a href="/wiki/FAT16" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16">FAT16</a> which used 16-bit allocation entries and supported up to 65518 clusters per drive. <a href="/wiki/Compaq_MS-DOS_3.31" class="mw-redirect" title="Compaq MS-DOS 3.31">Compaq MS-DOS 3.31</a> added support for <a href="/wiki/FAT16B" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16B">FAT16B</a> which removed the 32‑<a href="/wiki/Mebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebibyte">MiB</a> drive limit and could support up to 512 MiB. Finally MS-DOS 7.1 (the DOS component of Windows 9x) added support for <a href="/wiki/FAT32" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT32">FAT32</a> which used 32-bit allocation entries and could support hard drives up to 137 GiB and beyond. </p><p>Starting with DOS 3.1, file redirector support was added to DOS. This was initially used to support networking but was later used to support CD-ROM drives with <a href="/wiki/MSCDEX" title="MSCDEX">MSCDEX</a>. IBM PC DOS 4.0 also had preliminary installable file system (IFS) support but this was unused and removed in DOS 5.0. DOS also supported Block Devices ("Disk Drive" devices) loaded from CONFIG.SYS that could be used under the DOS file system to support network devices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drive_naming_scheme">Drive naming scheme</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Drive naming scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drive_letter_assignment" title="Drive letter assignment">Drive letter assignment</a></div> <p>In DOS, drives are referred to by identifying letters. Standard practice is to reserve "A" and "B" for <a href="/wiki/Floppy_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy drives">floppy drives</a>. On systems with only one floppy drive DOS assigns both letters to the drive, prompting the user to swap disks as programs alternate access between them. This facilitates copying from floppy to floppy or having a program run from one floppy while accessing its data on another. <a href="/wiki/Hard_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drives">Hard drives</a> were originally assigned the letters "C" and "D". DOS could only support one active partition per drive. As support for more hard drives became available, this developed into first assigning a drive letter to each drive's active <a href="/wiki/Primary_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary partition">primary partition</a>, then making a second pass over the drives to allocate letters to logical drives in the <a href="/wiki/Extended_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended partition">extended partition</a>, then a third pass to give any other non-active <a href="/wiki/Primary_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary partition">primary partitions</a> their names (where such additional partitions existed and contained a DOS-supported file system). Lastly, DOS allocates letters for <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">optical disc drives</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAM_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM disk">RAM disks</a>, and other hardware. Letter assignments usually occur in the order the drivers are loaded, but the drivers can instruct DOS to assign a different letter; drivers for network drives, for example, typically assign letters nearer to the end of the alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-driveletter_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-driveletter-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because DOS applications use these drive letters directly (unlike the /dev directory in <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems), they can be disrupted by adding new hardware that needs a drive letter. An example is the addition of a new hard drive having a primary partition where a pre-existing hard drive contains logical drives in extended partitions; the new drive will be assigned a letter that was previously assigned to one of the extended partition logical drives. Moreover, even adding a new hard drive having only logical drives in an extended partition would still disrupt the letters of RAM disks and optical drives. This problem persisted through Microsoft's DOS-based 9x versions of Windows until they were replaced by versions based on the NT line, which preserves the letters of existing drives until the user changes them.<sup id="cite_ref-driveletter_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-driveletter-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under DOS, this problem can be worked around by defining a SUBST drive and installing the DOS program into this logical drive. The assignment of this drive would then be changed in a batch job whenever the application starts. Under some versions of <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS">Concurrent DOS</a>, as well as under <a href="/wiki/Multiuser_DOS" title="Multiuser DOS">Multiuser DOS</a>, System Manager and <a href="/wiki/REAL/32" class="mw-redirect" title="REAL/32">REAL/32</a>, the reserved drive letter L: will automatically be assigned to the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Load_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Load drive">load drive</a> whenever an application starts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reserved_device_names">Reserved device names</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reserved device names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">Device file</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"LPT1" redirects here. For underlying hardware, see <a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"COM1" redirects here. For underlying hardware, see <a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a> and <a href="/wiki/COM_(hardware_interface)" title="COM (hardware interface)">COM (hardware interface)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_Reserved_Name_Error.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Windows_Reserved_Name_Error.png/400px-Windows_Reserved_Name_Error.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Windows_Reserved_Name_Error.png/600px-Windows_Reserved_Name_Error.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Windows_Reserved_Name_Error.png/800px-Windows_Reserved_Name_Error.png 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Error message when attempting to use a reserved name while naming or renaming a file or folder</figcaption></figure> <p>There are <a href="/wiki/Reserved_word" title="Reserved word">reserved</a> device names in DOS that cannot be used as filenames regardless of extension as they are occupied by built-in character devices. These restrictions also affect several Windows versions, in some cases causing crashes and security vulnerabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reserved names are: </p> <ul><li><code>COM1</code> through <code>COM9</code> (<a href="/wiki/COM_(hardware_interface)" title="COM (hardware interface)">serial communication ports</a>)</li> <li><code>LPT1</code> through <code>LPT9</code> (<a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a> for <a href="/wiki/Line_printer" title="Line printer">line printers</a>)</li> <li><code>CON</code> ("console"; represents keyboard in the input <a href="/wiki/Stream_(computing)" title="Stream (computing)">stream</a> and display in the output stream)</li> <li><code>AUX</code> ("auxiliary"; represents the first connected COM port)<sup id="cite_ref-PCMagPortDef_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCMagPortDef-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><code>PRN</code> ("printer"; represents the first connected LPT port)<sup id="cite_ref-PCMagPortDef_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCMagPortDef-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><code>NUL</code> (<a href="/wiki/Null_device" title="Null device">null device</a>) added in <a href="/wiki/86-DOS" title="86-DOS">86-DOS</a> 1.10 and <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">PC DOS</a> 1.0</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a>, typing in the location of the reserved name (such as CON/CON, AUX/AUX, or PRN/PRN) crashes the operating system, of which Microsoft has provided a security fix for the issue. In <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>, the name of the file or folder using a reserved name silently reverts to its previous name, with no notification or error message. In <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> and later, attempting to use a reserved name for a file or folder brings up an error message saying "The specified device name is invalid." </p><p>These names (except for NUL) have continued to be supported in all versions of MS-DOS, PC DOS and DR-DOS ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_Built-in_devices_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_Built-in_devices-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <code>LST</code> was also available in some OEM versions of MS-DOS 1.25, whereas other OEM versions of MS-DOS 1.25 already used <code>LPT1</code> (first <a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">line printer</a>) and <code>COM1</code> (first <a href="/wiki/COM_(hardware_interface)" title="COM (hardware interface)">serial communication device</a>) instead, as introduced with PC DOS. In addition to <code>LPT1</code> and <code>LPT2</code> as well as <code>COM1</code> to <code>COM3</code>, Hewlett-Packard's OEM version of <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_2.11" class="mw-redirect" title="MS-DOS 2.11">MS-DOS 2.11</a> for the <a href="/wiki/HP_Portable_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="HP Portable Plus">HP Portable Plus</a> also supported <code>LST</code> as alias for <code>LPT2</code> and <code>82164A</code> as alias for <code>COM2</code>;<sup id="cite_ref-HP_1985_PP_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP_1985_PP-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HP_1986_PP_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP_1986_PP-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it also supported <code>PLT</code> for <a href="/wiki/Plotter" title="Plotter">plotters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HP_1985_PP_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP_1985_PP-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HP_1986_PP_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP_1986_PP-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise, <code>COM2</code>, <code>LPT2</code>, <code>LPT3</code> and the <code>CLOCK$</code> (still named <code>CLOCK</code> in some issues of MS-DOS 2.11<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_2014_Altos_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_2014_Altos-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HP_1985_PP_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP_1985_PP-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HP_1986_PP_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP_1986_PP-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) clock device were introduced with DOS 2.0, and <code>COM3</code> and <code>COM4</code> were added with DOS 3.3.<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_Built-in_devices_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_Built-in_devices-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the multitasking <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_4.0_(multitasking)" title="MS-DOS 4.0 (multitasking)">MS-DOS 4</a> supported <code>KEYBD$</code> and <code>SCREEN$</code>. <a href="/wiki/DR_DOS_5.0" class="mw-redirect" title="DR DOS 5.0">DR DOS 5.0</a> and higher and Multiuser DOS support an <code><a href="/wiki/$IDLE$" class="mw-redirect" title="$IDLE$">$IDLE$</a></code> device for dynamic idle detection to saving power and improve multitasking. <code>LPT4</code> is an optional built-in driver for a fourth line printer supported in some versions of DR-DOS since 7.02. <code>CONFIG$</code> constitutes the <a href="/wiki/Real_mode" title="Real mode">real mode</a> <a href="/wiki/Legacy_Plug_and_Play" title="Legacy Plug and Play">PnP</a> manager in MS-DOS 7.0–8.0. </p><p><code>AUX</code> typically defaults to <code>COM1</code>, and <code>PRN</code> to <code>LPT1</code> (<code>LST</code>),<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_Built-in_devices_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_Built-in_devices-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these defaults can be changed in some versions of DOS to point to other serial or parallel devices.<sup id="cite_ref-HP_1985_PP_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP_1985_PP-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HP_1986_PP_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP_1986_PP-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_OD-A3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <code>PLT</code> device (present only in some HP OEM versions of MS-DOS) was reconfigurable as well.<sup id="cite_ref-HP_1985_PP_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP_1985_PP-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HP_1986_PP_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP_1986_PP-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Filenames ended with a <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">:</span>) such as <code>NUL:</code> conventionally indicate device names, but the colon is not actually a part of the name of the built-in device drivers. Colons are not necessary to be typed in some cases, for example: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-dosbatch mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">ECHO</span> This achieves nothing <span class="p">></span> NUL </pre></div> <p>It is still possible to create files or directories using these reserved device names, such as through direct editing of directory data structures in disk sectors. Such naming, such as starting a file name with a space, has sometimes been used by viruses or hacking programs to obscure files from users who do not know how to access these locations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memory_management">Memory management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Memory management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/DOS_memory_management" title="DOS memory management">DOS memory management</a></div> <p>DOS was designed for the Intel 8088 processor, which can only directly access a maximum of 1 MiB of RAM.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller19925_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller19925-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both IBM and Microsoft chose 640 <a href="/wiki/Kibibytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibytes">kibibytes</a> (KiB) as the maximum amount of memory available to programs and reserved the remaining 384 KiB for video memory, the <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only memory</a> of adapters on some video and network peripherals, and the system's BIOS. By 1985, some DOS applications were already hitting the memory limit, while much of reserved was unused, depending on the machine's specifications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller199242–44_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller199242–44-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specifications were developed to allow access to additional memory. The first was the <a href="/wiki/Expanded_Memory_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Expanded Memory Specification">Expanded Memory Specification</a> (EMS) was designed to allow memory on an add-on card to be accessed via a 64 KiB page frame in the reserved upper memory area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller199267–68_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller199267–68-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 80386 and later systems could use a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_8086_mode" title="Virtual 8086 mode">virtual 8086 mode</a> (V86) mode memory manager like <a href="/wiki/EMM386" title="EMM386">EMM386</a> to create expanded memory from extended memory without the need of an add-on card.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMueller1998169_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMueller1998169-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second specification was the <a href="/wiki/Extended_Memory_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended Memory Specification">Extended Memory Specification</a> (XMS) for 80286 and later systems. This provided a way to copy data to and from extended memory, access to the 65,520-byte <a href="/wiki/High_memory_area" title="High memory area">high memory area</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMueller1998243–244_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMueller1998243–244-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> directly above the first megabyte of memory and the <a href="/wiki/Upper_memory_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper memory block">upper memory block</a> area. Generally XMS support was provided by <a href="/wiki/HIMEM.SYS" title="HIMEM.SYS">HIMEM.SYS</a> or a V86 mode memory manager like <a href="/wiki/QEMM" title="QEMM">QEMM</a> or <a href="/wiki/386MAX" title="386MAX">386MAX</a> which also supported EMS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller199279–80_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller199279–80-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting with DOS 5,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMueller1998243_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMueller1998243-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DOS could directly take advantage of the HMA by loading its kernel code and disk buffers there via the <code>DOS=HIGH</code> statement in CONFIG.SYS. DOS 5+ also allowed the use of available upper memory blocks via the <code>DOS=UMB</code> statement in CONFIG.SYS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller1992150–151_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller1992150–151-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DOS_under_OS/2_and_Windows"><span id="DOS_under_OS.2F2_and_Windows"></span>DOS under OS/2 and Windows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: DOS under OS/2 and Windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Virtual_DOS_machine" title="Virtual DOS machine">Virtual DOS machine</a></div> <p>The DOS emulation in OS/2 and Windows runs in much the same way as native applications do. They can access all of the drives and services, and can even use the host's clipboard services. Because the drivers for file systems and such forth reside in the host system, the DOS emulation needs only provide a DOS API translation layer which converts DOS calls to OS/2 or Windows system calls. The translation layer generally also converts BIOS calls and virtualizes common I/O port accesses which many DOS programs commonly use. </p><p>In Windows 3.1 and 9x, the DOS virtual machine is provided by WINOLDAP. WinOldAp creates a virtual machine based on the program's PIF file, and the system state when Windows was loaded. The DOS graphics mode, both character and graphic, can be captured and run in the window. DOS applications can use the Windows clipboard by accessing extra published calls in WinOldAp, and one can paste text through the WinOldAp graphics. </p><p>The emulated DOS in OS/2 and Windows NT is based upon DOS 5. Although there is a default configuration (config.sys and autoexec.bat), one can use alternate files on a session-by-session basis. It is possible to load drivers in these files to access the host system, although these are typically third-party. </p><p>Under OS/2 2.x and later, the DOS emulation is provided by DOSKRNL. This is a file that represents the combined IBMBIO.COM and IBMDOS.COM, the system calls are passed through to the OS/2 windowing services. DOS programs run in their own environment, the bulk of the DOS utilities are provided by bound DOS / OS2 applications in the \OS2 directory. OS/2 can run Windows 3.1 applications by using a modified copy of Windows (Win-OS/2). The modifications allow Windows 3.1 programs to run seamlessly on the OS/2 desktop, or one can start a WinOS/2 desktop, similar to starting Windows from DOS. </p><p>OS/2 allows for 'DOS from Drive A:', (VMDISK). This is a real DOS, like MS-DOS 6.22 or PC DOS 5.00. One makes a bootable floppy disk of the DOS, adds a number of drivers from OS/2, and then creates a special image. The DOS booted this way has full access to the system, but provides its own drivers for hardware. One can use such a disk to access cdrom drives for which there is no OS/2 driver. </p><p>In all 32-bit (IA-32) editions of the Windows NT family since 1993, DOS emulation is provided by way of a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_DOS_machine" title="Virtual DOS machine">virtual DOS machine</a> (NTVDM). 64-bit (IA-64 and x86-64) versions of Windows do not support NTVDM and cannot run 16-bit DOS applications directly; third-party emulators such as DOSbox can be used to run DOS programs on those machines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="User_interface">User interface</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: User interface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DOS systems use a <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a>. A program is started by entering its filename at the command prompt. DOS systems include utility programs and provide internal commands that do not correspond to programs.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an attempt to provide a more user-friendly environment, numerous software manufacturers wrote <a href="/wiki/File_manager" title="File manager">file management programs</a> that provided users with <a href="/wiki/WIMP_(computing)" title="WIMP (computing)">WIMP</a> interfaces. Microsoft Windows is a notable example, eventually resulting in <a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Microsoft Windows 9x</a> becoming a self-contained program loader, and replacing DOS as the most-used PC-compatible program loader. <a href="/wiki/Text_user_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Text user interface">Text user interface</a> programs included <a href="/wiki/Norton_Commander" title="Norton Commander">Norton Commander</a>, <a href="/wiki/DOS_Navigator" title="DOS Navigator">DOS Navigator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkov_Commander" title="Volkov Commander">Volkov Commander</a>, Quarterdesk <a href="/wiki/DESQview" title="DESQview">DESQview</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Borland_Sidekick" title="Borland Sidekick">Sidekick</a>. <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical user interface</a> programs included Digital Research's <a href="/wiki/Graphics_Environment_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics Environment Manager">GEM</a> (originally written for CP/M) and <a href="/wiki/GEOS_(16-bit_operating_system)" title="GEOS (16-bit operating system)">GEOS</a>. </p><p>Eventually, the manufacturers of major DOS systems began to include their own environment managers. MS-DOS/IBM DOS 4 included <a href="/wiki/DOS_Shell" title="DOS Shell">DOS Shell</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DR DOS 5.0, released the following year, included <a href="/wiki/ViewMAX" title="ViewMAX">ViewMAX</a>, based upon GEM.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminate_and_stay_resident">Terminate and stay resident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Terminate and stay resident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Terminate-and-stay-resident_program" title="Terminate-and-stay-resident program">Terminate-and-stay-resident program</a></div> <p>Although DOS is not a multitasking operating system, it does provide a <i>terminate-and-stay-resident</i> (TSR) function which allows programs to remain resident in memory. These programs can hook the system timer or keyboard interrupts to allow themselves to run tasks in the background or to be invoked at any time, preempting the current running program and effectively implementing a simple form of multitasking on a program-specific basis. The DOS <a href="/wiki/PRINT_(command)" title="PRINT (command)">PRINT</a> command does this to implement background print spooling. <a href="/wiki/Borland_Sidekick" title="Borland Sidekick">Borland Sidekick</a>, a popup <a href="/wiki/Personal_information_manager" title="Personal information manager">personal information manager</a> (PIM), also uses this technique. </p><p>Terminate-and-stay-resident programs are also used to provide additional features not available by default. Programs like CED and <a href="/wiki/DOSKEY" title="DOSKEY">DOSKEY</a> provide command-line editing facilities beyond what is available in COMMAND.COM. Programs like the Microsoft CD-ROM Extensions (MSCDEX) provide access to files on CD-ROM disks. </p><p>Some TSRs can even perform a rudimentary form of task switching. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">shareware</a> program Back and Forth (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has a hotkey to save the state of the currently-running program to disk, load another program, and switch to it, making it possible to switch "back and forth" between programs (albeit slowly, due to the disk access required). Back and Forth could not enable <a href="/wiki/Background_process" title="Background process">background processing</a> however; that needed <a href="/wiki/DESQview" title="DESQview">DESQview</a> (on at least a <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">386</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:DOS_software" title="Category:DOS software">Category:DOS software</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arachne_VESA_Mode.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arachne_VESA_Mode.png/250px-Arachne_VESA_Mode.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arachne_VESA_Mode.png/375px-Arachne_VESA_Mode.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arachne_VESA_Mode.png/500px-Arachne_VESA_Mode.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Arachne web browser</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachne_(web_browser)" title="Arachne (web browser)">Arachne</a>, a 16-bit graphical <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBase" title="DBase">dBase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graphics" title="Harvard Graphics">Harvard Graphics</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Presentation" title="Presentation">presentation</a> graphics design program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3" title="Lotus 1-2-3">Lotus 1-2-3</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheet</a> which has been credited with the success of the IBM PC<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_Commander" title="Norton Commander">Norton Commander</a> and <a href="/wiki/XTree" title="XTree">XTree</a>, file management utilities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PKZIP" title="PKZIP">PKZIP</a>, the utility that quickly became the standard in file compression</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProComm" class="mw-redirect" title="ProComm">ProComm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qmodem" title="Qmodem">Qmodem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telix" title="Telix">Telix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a> communication programs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borland_Sidekick" title="Borland Sidekick">Sidekick</a>, personal information manager that could be used from within other programs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WordPerfect" title="WordPerfect">WordPerfect</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processor</a> that was dominant in the 1980s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WordStar" title="WordStar">WordStar</a>, word processor originally for CP/M that became popular on the IBM PC</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_tools">Development tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Development tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> language interpreters. <a href="/wiki/BASICA" class="mw-redirect" title="BASICA">BASICA</a> and <a href="/wiki/GW-BASIC" title="GW-BASIC">GW-BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJGPP" title="DJGPP">DJGPP</a>, the 32-bit DPMI DOS port of <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">gcc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Macro_Assembler" title="Microsoft Macro Assembler">Microsoft Macro Assembler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft C">Microsoft C</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CodeView" title="CodeView">CodeView</a> from Microsoft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcom_C/C%2B%2B" title="Watcom C/C++">Watcom C/C++</a> from <a href="/wiki/Watcom" title="Watcom">Watcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_Pascal" title="Turbo Pascal">Turbo Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turbo_BASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbo BASIC">Turbo BASIC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turbo_C" title="Turbo C">Turbo C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turbo_Prolog" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbo Prolog">Turbo Prolog</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turbo_Assembler" title="Turbo Assembler">Turbo Assembler</a> from <a href="/wiki/Borland" title="Borland">Borland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</a> (the command line interpreter for DOS and <a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> (Digital Research early operating system similar to DOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk Control Program">Disk Control Program</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_Control_Program" class="extiw" title="de:Disk Control Program">de</a>]</span> (DCP, an MS-DOS derivative by the former East-German <a href="/wiki/VEB_Robotron" title="VEB Robotron">VEB Robotron</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS_API" title="DOS API">DOS API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS/V" title="DOS/V">DOS/V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_DOS_games" title="Index of DOS games">Index of DOS games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_DOS_operating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of DOS operating systems">List of DOS operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-MOS/386" title="PC-MOS/386">PC-MOS/386</a> (a DOS-compatible multiuser operating system)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA-compatible_text_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="VGA-compatible text mode">VGA-compatible text mode</a>, the base of DOS's TUI on IBM PC compatibles</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMurdock1988" class="citation book cs1">Murdock, Everett (1988). <i>DOS the Easy Way</i>. EasyWay Downloadable Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-923178-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-923178-00-7"><bdi>0-923178-00-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DOS+the+Easy+Way&rft.pub=EasyWay+Downloadable+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-923178-00-7&rft.aulast=Murdock&rft.aufirst=Everett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/dos">Dictionary.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112185542/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/dos">Archived</a> 2017-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/11/obituaries/mary-gates-64-helped-her-son-start-microsoft.html">"Mary Gates, 64; Helped Her Son Start Microsoft"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 1994-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mary+Gates%2C+64%3B+Helped+Her+Son+Start+Microsoft&rft.date=1994-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F06%2F11%2Fobituaries%2Fmary-gates-64-helped-her-son-start-microsoft.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rolander-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rolander_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rolander_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRolander" class="citation interview cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Rolander" title="Tom Rolander">Rolander, Tom</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071104052350/http://www.podtech.net/home/3801/the-rest-of-the-story-how-bill-gates-beat-gary-kildall-in-os-war-part-1">"The rest of the story: How Bill Gates beat Gary Kildall in OS war, Part 1"</a>. <i>The Scoble Show</i> (Interview). Interviewed by Scoble, Robert. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.podtech.net/home/3801/the-rest-of-the-story-how-bill-gates-beat-gary-kildall-in-os-war-part-1">the original</a> on 2007-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scoble+Show&rft.atitle=The+rest+of+the+story%3A+How+Bill+Gates+beat+Gary+Kildall+in+OS+war%2C+Part+1&rft.aulast=Rolander&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.podtech.net%2Fhome%2F3801%2Fthe-rest-of-the-story-how-bill-gates-beat-gary-kildall-in-os-war-part-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBove2005" class="citation book cs1">Bove, Tony (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justsaynotomicro00bove"><i>Just Say No to Microsoft</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/No_Starch_Press" title="No Starch Press">No Starch Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justsaynotomicro00bove/page/9">9</a>–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59327-064-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59327-064-X"><bdi>1-59327-064-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+Say+No+to+Microsoft&rft.pages=9-11&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-59327-064-X&rft.aulast=Bove&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjustsaynotomicro00bove&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freiberger19820823-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-freiberger19820823_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreiberger1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freiberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Freiberger">Freiberger, Paul</a> (1982-08-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22">"Bill Gates, Microsoft and the IBM Personal Computer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>: 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318020802/https://books.google.com/books?id=VDAEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA19&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Bill+Gates%2C+Microsoft+and+the+IBM+Personal+Computer&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1982-08-23&rft.aulast=Freiberger&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVDAEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/larryosterman/archive/2004/03/22/94209.aspx">"Did you know that OS/2 wasn't Microsoft's first non Unix multi-tasking operating system?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104092239/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/larryosterman/archive/2004/03/22/94209.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+you+know+that+OS%2F2+wasn%27t+Microsoft%27s+first+non+Unix+multi-tasking+operating+system%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fb%2Flarryosterman%2Farchive%2F2004%2F03%2F22%2F94209.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.technet.com/b/exchange/archive/2004/03/05/larry-osterman-s-biography.aspx">"Larry Osterman's Biography"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602232429/http://blogs.technet.com/b/exchange/archive/2004/03/05/larry-osterman-s-biography.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Larry+Osterman%27s+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.technet.com%2Fb%2Fexchange%2Farchive%2F2004%2F03%2F05%2Flarry-osterman-s-biography.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-letwin19950817-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-letwin19950817_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-letwin19950817_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLetwin1995" class="citation newsgroup cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Letwin" title="Gordon Letwin">Letwin, Gordon</a> (1995-08-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/?hl=en#!original/comp.os.ms-windows.misc/-iNeep60eVE/Xl5ddAtJENcJ">"What's happening to OS/2"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.os.os2.advocacy">comp.os.os2.advocacy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:DDFvKo.G4M@lab.lwpi.com">DDFvKo.G4M@lab.lwpi.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+happening+to+OS%2F2&rft.pub=comp.os.os2.advocacy&rft.date=1995-08-17&rft_id=news%3ADDFvKo.G4M%40lab.lwpi.com%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.aulast=Letwin&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fforum%2F%3Fhl%3Den%23%21original%2Fcomp.os.ms-windows.misc%2F-iNeep60eVE%2FXl5ddAtJENcJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morgan198201-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morgan198201_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1982" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Chris (January 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-01/1982_01_BYTE_07-01_The_IBM_Personal_Computer#page/n7/mode/2up">"Of IBM, Operating Systems, and Rosetta Stones"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BYTE" class="mw-redirect" title="BYTE">BYTE</a></i>: 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=Of+IBM%2C+Operating+Systems%2C+and+Rosetta+Stones&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1982-01&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1982-01%2F1982_01_BYTE_07-01_The_IBM_Personal_Computer%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fiedler198310-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fiedler198310_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFiedler1983" class="citation journal cs1">Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-10/1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX#page/n133/mode/2up">"The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BYTE" class="mw-redirect" title="BYTE">BYTE</a></i>: 132<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=The+Unix+Tutorial+%2F+Part+3%3A+Unix+in+the+Microcomputer+Marketplace&rft.pages=132&rft.date=1983-10&rft.aulast=Fiedler&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1983-10%2F1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX%23page%2Fn133%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-howitt19841210-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-howitt19841210_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowitt1984" class="citation journal cs1">Howitt, Doran (1984-12-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=si4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA31">"Unix and the Single User"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>: 28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129162940/https://books.google.com/books?id=si4EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Unix+and+the+Single+User&rft.pages=28&rft.date=1984-12-10&rft.aulast=Howitt&rft.aufirst=Doran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsi4EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollack1991" class="citation journal cs1">Pollack, Andrew (1991-07-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/27/business/microsoft-widens-its-split-with-ibm-over-software.html">"Microsoft Widens Its Split With I.B.M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Widens+Its+Split+With+I.B.M.+Over+Software&rft.date=1991-07-27&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F07%2F27%2Fbusiness%2Fmicrosoft-widens-its-split-with-ibm-over-software.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrinkley1999" class="citation journal cs1">Brinkley, Joel (1999-05-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/28/business/ibm-executive-describes-price-pressure-by-microsoft.html">"I.B.M. Executive Describes Price Pressure by Microsoft"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211172916/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990DEEDD1630F93BA15756C0A96F958260">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=I.B.M.+Executive+Describes+Price+Pressure+by+Microsoft&rft.date=1999-05-28&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F05%2F28%2Fbusiness%2Fibm-executive-describes-price-pressure-by-microsoft.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(programmer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hall (programmer)">Hall, Jim</a> (2002-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120529010945/http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/The-past-present-and-future-of-the-FreeDOS-Project/">"The past, present, and future of the FreeDOS Project"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxdevices.com/articles/AT3952799051.html">the original</a> on 2012-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+past%2C+present%2C+and+future+of+the+FreeDOS+Project&rft.date=2002-03-25&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxdevices.com%2Farticles%2FAT3952799051.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(programmer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hall (programmer)">Hall, Jim</a> (2006-09-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070527173146/http://www.freedos.org/freedos/about/">"History of FreeDOS"</a>. freedos.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freedos.org/freedos/about/">the original</a> on 2007-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HOW+TO%3A+Coax+retro+DOS+games+to+play+on+Vista&rft.date=2006-10-13&rft.aulast=Bannan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapcmag.com%2Fhow_to_coax_retro_dos_games_to_play_on_vista.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040707000544/http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles%2Farchive%2F95win%2F95win21%2F95win21.asp&guid=">"Finding The DOS In Windows 95"</a>. <i>Smart Computing</i>. March 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smartcomputing.com/Editorial/article.asp?article=articles/archive/95win/95win21/95win21.asp&guid=">the original</a> on 2004-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smart+Computing&rft.atitle=Finding+The+DOS+In+Windows+95&rft.date=1996-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartcomputing.com%2FEditorial%2Farticle.asp%3Farticle%3Darticles%2Farchive%2F95win%2F95win21%2F95win21.asp%26guid%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-various-77715-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-various-77715_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChen2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chen_(Microsoft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Chen (Microsoft)">Chen, Raymond</a> (2007-12-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20071224-00/?p=24063">"What was the role of MS-DOS in Windows 95?"</a>. <i>The Old New Thing - Site Home - MSDN Blogs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140205100822/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2007/12/24/6849530.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Old+New+Thing+-+Site+Home+-+MSDN+Blogs&rft.atitle=What+was+the+role+of+MS-DOS+in+Windows+95%3F&rft.date=2007-12-24&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevblogs.microsoft.com%2Foldnewthing%2F20071224-00%2F%3Fp%3D24063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-various-42623-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-various-42623_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/138996">"Description of Restarting Computer in MS-DOS Mode"</a>. <i>support.microsoft.com</i>. 2007-01-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140205101959/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/138996">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=support.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Description+of+Restarting+Computer+in+MS-DOS+Mode&rft.date=2007-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fkb%2F138996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rxdos.sourceforge.net/">"Home"</a>. <i>rxdos.sourceforge.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rxdos.sourceforge.net&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frxdos.sourceforge.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(programmer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hall (programmer)">Hall, Jim</a> (2007-07-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025185935/http://www.freedos.org/jhall/blog/?yr=2007">"Jim Hall's blog - 2007"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freedos.org/jhall/blog/?yr=2007">the original</a> on 2012-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jim+Hall%27s+blog+-+2007&rft.date=2007-07-13&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedos.org%2Fjhall%2Fblog%2F%3Fyr%3D2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319090122/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/segtopic.aspx/e510_nseries?c=us&cs=19&l=en&s=dhs">"Dell PCs Featuring FreeDOS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dell.com/content/topics/segtopic.aspx/e510_nseries?c=us&cs=19&l=en&s=dhs">the original</a> on 2008-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Datalight+DOS+Selected+for+Canon%27s+New+Line+of+Digital+Still+Cameras&rft.date=1999-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m0EIN%2Fis_1999_Feb_23%2Fai_53930374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOSBox-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOSBox_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOSBox_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dosbox.com/information.php">"DOSBox Information"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080525111324/http://www.dosbox.com/information.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juniper.net/security/auto/vulnerabilities/vuln1043.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Windows+MS-DOS+Device+Name+DoS+Vulnerability&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juniper.net%2Fsecurity%2Fauto%2Fvulnerabilities%2Fvuln1043.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PCMagPortDef-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PCMagPortDef_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCMagPortDef_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=DOS+device+names&i=41766,00.asp">"DOS device names definition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929150356/http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0%2C2542%2Ct%3DDOS+device+names%26i%3D41766%2C00.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=DOS+device+names+definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Fencyclopedia_term%2F0%2C2542%2Ct%3DDOS%2Bdevice%2Bnames%26i%3D41766%2C00.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Microsoft_Built-in_devices-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_Built-in_devices_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_Built-in_devices_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_Built-in_devices_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120721143046/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/74496/en-us">"MS-DOS Device Driver Names Cannot be Used As File Names"</a>. Revision 2.0. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 2003-05-12. KB74496, Q74496. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/74496/en-us">the original</a> on 2012-07-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MS-DOS+Device+Driver+Names+Cannot+be+Used+As+File+Names&rft.series=Revision+2.0&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2003-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fkb%2F74496%2Fen-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HP_1985_PP-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HP_1985_PP_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP_1985_PP_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP_1985_PP_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP_1985_PP_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP_1985_PP_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_hpportableblePLUSTechnicalReferenceManualAug1985_25919880"><i>Hewlett-Packard - Technical Reference Manual - Portable PLUS</i></a> (1 ed.). Corvallis, OR, USA: <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Hewlett-Packard Company">Hewlett-Packard Company</a>, Portable Computer Division. August 1985. 45559-90001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hewlett-Packard+-+Technical+Reference+Manual+-+Portable+PLUS&rft.place=Corvallis%2C+OR%2C+USA&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Hewlett-Packard+Company%2C+Portable+Computer+Division&rft.date=1985-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbitsavers_hpportableblePLUSTechnicalReferenceManualAug1985_25919880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HP_1986_PP-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HP_1986_PP_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP_1986_PP_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP_1986_PP_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP_1986_PP_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP_1986_PP_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeffcalc.hp41.eu/hpplus/files/techrefman.pdf"><i>Hewlett-Packard - Technical Reference Manual - Portable PLUS</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (2 ed.). Portable Computer Division, Corvallis, OR, USA: <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Hewlett-Packard Company">Hewlett-Packard Company</a>. December 1986 [August 1985]. 45559-90006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128194426/http://www.jeffcalc.hp41.eu/hpplus/files/techrefman.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hewlett-Packard+-+Technical+Reference+Manual+-+Portable+PLUS&rft.place=Portable+Computer+Division%2C+Corvallis%2C+OR%2C+USA&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Hewlett-Packard+Company&rft.date=1986-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeffcalc.hp41.eu%2Fhpplus%2Ffiles%2Ftechrefman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Microsoft_2014_Altos-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_2014_Altos_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatersonMicrosoft2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Paterson" title="Tim Paterson">Paterson, Tim</a>; Microsoft (2013-12-19) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/microsoft-research-license-agreement-msdos-v1-1-v2-0/">"Microsoft DOS V1.1 and V2.0: /msdos/v20source/SKELIO.TXT, /msdos/v20source/HRDDRV.ASM"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326183713/http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/microsoft-research-license-agreement-msdos-v1-1-v2-0/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+DOS+V1.1+and+V2.0%3A+%2Fmsdos%2Fv20source%2FSKELIO.TXT%2C+%2Fmsdos%2Fv20source%2FHRDDRV.ASM&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum%2C+Microsoft&rft.date=2013-12-19&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fatchm%2Fmicrosoft-research-license-agreement-msdos-v1-1-v2-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. While the publishers claim this would be MS-DOS 1.1 and 2.0, it actually is <a href="/wiki/SCP_MS-DOS_1.25" class="mw-redirect" title="SCP MS-DOS 1.25">SCP MS-DOS 1.25</a> and a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Altos_MS-DOS_2.11" class="mw-redirect" title="Altos MS-DOS 2.11">Altos MS-DOS 2.11</a> and <a href="/wiki/TeleVideo_PC_DOS_2.11" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11">TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_1997_OD-A3-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul1997" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Matthias R. (1997-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031004074600/http://www-student.informatik.uni-bonn.de/~frinke/ibmbioa3.zip">"Caldera OpenDOS 7.01/7.02 Update Alpha 3 IBMBIO.COM README.TXT"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-bonn.de/~uzs180/download/ibmbioa3.zip">the original</a> on 2003-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caldera+OpenDOS+7.01%2F7.02+Update+Alpha+3+IBMBIO.COM+README.TXT&rft.date=1997-10-02&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Matthias+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-bonn.de%2F~uzs180%2Fdownload%2Fibmbioa3.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225154705/http://mirror.macintosharchive.org/max1zzz.co.uk/+Windows%20&%20DOS/DOS/System/Novell/Support/Bins/Op702src.zip">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller19925-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller19925_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailesMueller1992">Bailes & Mueller 1992</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller199242–44-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller199242–44_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailesMueller1992">Bailes & Mueller 1992</a>, pp. 42–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller199267–68-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller199267–68_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailesMueller1992">Bailes & Mueller 1992</a>, pp. 67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMueller1998169-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMueller1998169_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMueller1998">Mueller 1998</a>, pp. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMueller1998243–244-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMueller1998243–244_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMueller1998">Mueller 1998</a>, pp. 243–244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller199279–80-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller199279–80_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailesMueller1992">Bailes & Mueller 1992</a>, p. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMueller1998243-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMueller1998243_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMueller1998">Mueller 1998</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller1992150–151-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailesMueller1992150–151_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailesMueller1992">Bailes & Mueller 1992</a>, pp. 150–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurdock2008" class="citation book cs1">Murdock, Everett (2008). <i>DOS the Easy Way</i>. EasyWay Downloadable Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-923178-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-923178-02-4"><bdi>978-0-923178-02-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DOS+the+Easy+Way&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=EasyWay+Downloadable+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-923178-02-4&rft.aulast=Murdock&rft.aufirst=Everett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurdock2008" class="citation book cs1">Murdock, Everett (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vrsSflB2o5sC"><i>DOS the Easy Way</i></a>. EasyWay Downloadable Books. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-923178-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-923178-02-4"><bdi>978-0-923178-02-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318124401/http://books.google.com/books?id=vrsSflB2o5sC">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-03-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DOS+the+Easy+Way&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=EasyWay+Downloadable+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-923178-02-4&rft.aulast=Murdock&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvrsSflB2o5sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDvorakAnis1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Dvorak" class="mw-redirect" title="John Charles Dvorak">Dvorak, John Charles</a>; Anis, Nick (1991). <i>Dvorak's Guide to DOS and PC Performance</i>. <a href="/wiki/Osborne_McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Osborne McGraw-Hill">Osborne McGraw-Hill</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">442–</span>444.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dvorak%27s+Guide+to+DOS+and+PC+Performance&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E442-%3C%2Fspan%3E444&rft.pub=Osborne+McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Dvorak&rft.aufirst=John+Charles&rft.au=Anis%2C+Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Version 1.47 is archived at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105062838/http://archives.scovetta.com/pub/fehq/DOSUtils/b_f_147.zip">"Back and Forth 1.47"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.scovetta.com/pub/fehq/DOSUtils/b_f_147.zip">the original</a> on 2013-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Back+and+Forth+1.47&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.scovetta.com%2Fpub%2Ffehq%2FDOSUtils%2Fb_f_147.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span> and says "(C) 1990 by Progressive Solutions, Inc."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarrow2002" class="citation web cs1">Darrow, Barbara (2002-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109203535/http://www.crn.com/it-channel/18818026">"Whatever Happened To Lotus 1-2-3?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crn.com/it-channel/18818026">the original</a> on 2009-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whatever+Happened+To+Lotus+1-2-3%3F&rft.date=2002-02-01&rft.aulast=Darrow&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crn.com%2Fit-channel%2F18818026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>IBM Corp., IBM, (January 1984). "IBM DOS Release 2.10 Cloth bound retail hard board box". 1st edition. IBM Corp. Item Number. 6183946</li> <li>IBM Corp., IBM, (January 1984). "Disk Operating System User's guide (DOS Release 2.10)". 1st edition. Microsoft Corp. (100 pages including colour illustrations) Item Number. 6183947</li> <li>IBM Corp., IBM, (January 1984). "Disk Operating System Manual (DOS Release 2.10)". 1st edition. Microsoft Corp. (574 looseleaf pages in 3 ring folder) Item No. 6183940</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMueller1998" class="citation book cs1">Mueller, Scott (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/URP_8th_edition"><i>Upgrading and Repairing PCs</i></a> (Eighth ed.). <a href="/wiki/Que_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Que Publishing">Que Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7897-1295-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7897-1295-4"><bdi>0-7897-1295-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upgrading+and+Repairing+PCs&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.pub=Que+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7897-1295-4&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FURP_8th_edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBailesMueller1992" class="citation book cs1">Bailes, Lenny; Mueller, John (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memorymanagement00bail"><i>Memory Management and Multitasking Beyond 640K</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8306-3476-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8306-3476-2"><bdi>0-8306-3476-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory+Management+and+Multitasking+Beyond+640K&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8306-3476-2&rft.aulast=Bailes&rft.aufirst=Lenny&rft.au=Mueller%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemorymanagement00bail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506004555/http://www.patersontech.com/dos/origins-of-dos.aspx">Origins of DOS</a>, articles and manuals by Tim Paterson.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028074338/http://oldfiles.org.uk/powerload/timeline.htm">Timeline of DOS and Windows versions</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2007-10-28)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100815001119/http://www.ii.pw.edu.pl/~borkowsm/dos.htm">"DOS - where hardware is the only limit"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ii.pw.edu.pl/~borkowsm/dos.htm">the original</a> on 2010-08-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DOS+-+where+hardware+is+the+only+limit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ii.pw.edu.pl%2F~borkowsm%2Fdos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121209035503/http://purl.oclc.org/net/Batfiles/">Batfiles: The DOS batch file programming handbook</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-rise-of-dos-how-microsoft-got-the-ibm-pc-os-contract">"The Rise of DOS: How Microsoft Got the IBM PC OS Contract"</a>. <i>pcmag.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pcmag.com&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+DOS%3A+How+Microsoft+Got+the+IBM+PC+OS+Contract&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-rise-of-dos-how-microsoft-got-the-ibm-pc-os-contract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217192920/http://www.jumpjet.info/Application-Software/DOS/sfn.htm">"Application Software - DOS Short File Name Family"</a>. <i>www.jumpjet.info</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jumpjet.info/Application-Software/DOS/sfn.htm">the original</a> on 2020-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jumpjet.info&rft.atitle=Application+Software+-+DOS+Short+File+Name+Family&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jumpjet.info%2FApplication-Software%2FDOS%2Fsfn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOS" class="Z3988"></span> "(...) An archive of carefully hand selected FREE [and <a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">abandoned</a>] software for DOS."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrusso.github.io/VirtualXP/VirtualXP.htm">Online Windows XP Simulator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/microsoft/MS-DOS/tree/main">MS-DOS v1.25, v2.0, v4.0 Source Code</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disk_operating_systems_(DOS)372" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disk_operating_systems" title="Template:Disk operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disk_operating_systems" title="Template talk:Disk operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disk_operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disk operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disk_operating_systems_(DOS)372" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">Disk operating systems</a> (DOS)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MS-DOS, IBM PC DOS,<br />compatible systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*API_*Timeline_*Comparison_*Commands_*Games189"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOS_API" title="DOS API">API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_DOS_operating_systems" title="Timeline of DOS operating systems">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_DOS_operating_systems" title="Comparison of DOS operating systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_DOS_commands" title="List of DOS commands">Commands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_DOS_games" title="Index of DOS games">Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_4.0_(multitasking)" title="MS-DOS 4.0 (multitasking)">Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0/4.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_7" title="MS-DOS 7">MS-DOS 7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">IBM PC DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS/V" title="DOS/V">DOS/V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="H-DOS">H-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novell_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell DOS">Novell DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM-DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ROM-DOS">ROM-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SISNE_plus" title="SISNE plus">SISNE plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTS-DOS" title="PTS-DOS">PTS-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_4680_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 4680 OS">4680 OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4690_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="4690 OS">4690 OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/86-DOS" title="86-DOS">86-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADOS_(Russian_operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="ADOS (Russian operating system)">ADOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_CP/M-86" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent CP/M-86">Concurrent CP/M-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS">Concurrent DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP/K" class="mw-redirect" title="CP/K">CP/K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datapac_System_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Datapac System Manager">Datapac System Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS_Plus" title="DOS Plus">DOS Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K8918-OS" class="mw-redirect" title="K8918-OS">K8918-OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP/M-86" class="mw-redirect" title="MP/M-86">MP/M-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiuser_DOS" title="Multiuser DOS">Multiuser DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetWare_PalmDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="NetWare PalmDOS">NetWare PalmDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novell_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell DOS">Novell DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenDOS">OpenDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-MOS/386" title="PC-MOS/386">PC-MOS/386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REAL/32" class="mw-redirect" title="REAL/32">REAL/32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-86" class="mw-redirect" title="SB-86">SB-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCP1700" class="mw-redirect" title="SCP1700">SCP1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towns_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Towns OS">Towns OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboDOS" title="TurboDOS">TurboDOS</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmigaDOS" title="AmigaDOS">AmigaDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMSDOS" title="AMSDOS">AMSDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANDOS" title="ANDOS">ANDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ProDOS" title="Apple ProDOS">Apple ProDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_SOS" title="Apple SOS">Apple SOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_DOS" title="Atari DOS">Atari DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_TOS" title="Atari TOS">Atari TOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW-DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="BW-DOS">BW-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_DOS" title="Commodore DOS">Commodore DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS_68K" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS 68K">Concurrent DOS 68K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS_V60" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS V60">Concurrent DOS V60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromemco_DOS" title="Cromemco DOS">Cromemco DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSI-DOS" title="CSI-DOS">CSI-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_BATCH-11/DOS-11" title="DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11">DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIP_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="DIP DOS">DIP DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS/360" class="mw-redirect" title="DOS/360">DOS/360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS_XL" title="DOS XL">DOS XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edos" title="Edos">Edos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS_(8-bit_operating_system)" title="EOS (8-bit operating system)">EOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLEX_(operating_system)" title="FLEX (operating system)">FLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEMDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="GEMDOS">GEMDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDEDOS" title="IDEDOS">IDEDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMDOS" title="IMDOS">IMDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-DOS" title="IS-DOS">iS-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIS_(operating_system)" title="ISIS (operating system)">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myarc_Disk_Operating_System" title="Myarc Disk Operating System">MDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCA_MicroDOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCA MicroDOS (page does not exist)">MicroDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP/M" title="MP/M">MP/M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSX-DOS" title="MSX-DOS">MSX-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="MyDOS">MyDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewDos/80" title="NewDos/80">NewDos/80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/M" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/M">OS/M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTDOS" title="PTDOS">PTDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="RealDOS">RealDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-80" class="mw-redirect" title="SB-80">SB-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_User_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Single User Control Program">SCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_QDOS" title="Sinclair QDOS">Sinclair QDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_General_RDOS" title="Data General RDOS">RDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SmartDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="SmartDOS">SmartDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpartaDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="SpartaDOS">SpartaDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpartaDOS_X" title="SpartaDOS X">SpartaDOS X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Support_SuperDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical Support SuperDOS">Technical Support SuperDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top-DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-DOS">Top-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-DOS" title="TR-DOS">TR-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRSDOS" title="TRSDOS">TRSDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboDOS" title="TurboDOS">TurboDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="UDOS">UDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-DOS" title="Z-DOS">Z-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z80-RIO" title="Z80-RIO">Z80-RIO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Disk_operating_systems" title="Category:Disk operating systems">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_disk_operating_systems_called_DOS" title="List of disk operating systems called DOS">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems310" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Operating_systems" title="Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Operating_systems" title="Template talk:Operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operating_systems310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_software_engineering" title="Forensic software engineering">Forensic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_operating_systems" title="History of operating systems">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of user features of operating systems">User features comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">Disk operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_operating_system" title="Distributed operating system">Distributed operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbyist_operating_system" title="Hobbyist operating system">Hobbyist operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_enough_operating_system" title="Just enough operating system">Just enough operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_operating_system" title="Network operating system">Network operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system" title="Object-oriented operating system">Object-oriented operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer_operating_system" title="Supercomputer operating system">Supercomputer operating system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exokernel" title="Exokernel">Exokernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multikernel" title="Multikernel">Multikernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vkernel" title="Vkernel">vkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">Rump kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unikernel" title="Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">User space and kernel space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Computer multitasking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_switch" title="Context switch">Context switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">Interrupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control_block" title="Process control block">Process control block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Scheduling<br />algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-priority_pre-emptive_scheduling" title="Fixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling">Fixed-priority preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue" title="Multilevel feedback queue">Multilevel feedback queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">Round-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortest_job_next" title="Shortest job next">Shortest job next</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)" title="Memory management (operating systems)">Memory management</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/System_resource" title="System resource">resource</a> protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_error" title="Bus error">Bus error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_protection_fault" title="General protection fault">General protection fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">Memory paging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">Memory protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_ring" title="Protection ring">Protection ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmentation_fault" title="Segmentation fault">Segmentation fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">Storage</a> access,<br /><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting#BOOT-LOADER" title="Booting">Boot loader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defragmentation" title="Defragmentation">Defragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">Device file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_tape_library" title="Virtual tape library">Virtual tape library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supporting concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction" title="Hardware abstraction">HAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD">Live CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">Live USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">User 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class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>59 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.next-6567bdfc66-vr4pf","wgBackendResponseTime":191,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.967","walltime":"1.196","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5560,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":138623,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4530,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":28,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":204645,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1019.075 1 -total"," 36.18% 368.696 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.28% 145.481 9 Template:Cite_book"," 12.42% 126.542 32 Template:Cite_web"," 10.50% 107.016 5 Template:Navbox"," 9.83% 100.193 1 Template:Disk_operating_systems"," 8.88% 90.498 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.45% 86.102 8 Template:Sfn"," 5.44% 55.392 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.29% 43.718 7 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