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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_9x"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Windows 9x</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_9x-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_NT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_NT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Windows NT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_NT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Version_history_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_history_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Version history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version_history_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_versions_(Windows_NT_3.1/3.5/3.51/4.0/2000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_versions_(Windows_NT_3.1/3.5/3.51/4.0/2000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1.1</span> <span>Early versions (Windows NT 3.1/3.5/3.51/4.0/2000)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_versions_(Windows_NT_3.1/3.5/3.51/4.0/2000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_XP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_XP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1.2</span> <span>Windows XP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_XP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_Vista" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_Vista"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1.3</span> <span>Windows Vista</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_Vista-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1.4</span> <span>Windows 7</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_8_and_8.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_8_and_8.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1.5</span> <span>Windows 8 and 8.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_8_and_8.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1.6</span> <span>Windows 10</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1.7</span> <span>Windows 11</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_365" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_365"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Windows 365</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_365-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multilingual_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multilingual_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Multilingual support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multilingual_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platform_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platform_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Platform support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platform_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_CE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_CE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Windows CE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_CE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xbox_OS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xbox_OS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Xbox OS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xbox_OS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Version_control_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_control_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Version control system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Version_control_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Version control system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Version_control_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-VFSForGit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VFSForGit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>VFSForGit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VFSForGit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_releases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_releases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Timeline of releases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_releases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_share_and_device_sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_share_and_device_sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Usage share and device sales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_share_and_device_sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Security subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-File_permissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_permissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>File permissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_permissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Alternative implementations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Microsoft Windows</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 148 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-148" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">148 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="माइक्रोसॉफ़्ट विन्डोज़ – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="माइक्रोसॉफ़्ट विन्डोज़" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="مايكروسوفت ويندوز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مايكروسوفت ويندوز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%27%E0%A6%9C" title="ৱিণ্ড'জ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৱিণ্ড'জ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="مایکروسافت ویندوز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مایکروسافت ویندوز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C" title="মাইক্রোসফট উইন্ডোজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাইক্রোসফট উইন্ডোজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows" title="Windows – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Windows" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="माइक्रोसॉफ्ट विंडोज़ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="माइक्रोसॉफ्ट विंडोज़" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows" title="Windows – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Windows" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="مایکروسافت ویندوز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مایکروسافت ویندوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9D" title="માઈક્રોસોફ્ટ વિન્ડોઝ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="માઈક્રોસોફ્ટ વિન્ડોઝ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%9C%88%EB%8F%84%EC%9A%B0" title="마이크로소프트 윈도우 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마이크로소프트 윈도우" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%84%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%A9_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6" title="Մայքրոսոֆթ Վինդոուզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մայքրոսոֆթ Վինդոուզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="माइक्रोसॉफ्ट विंडोज़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माइक्रोसॉफ्ट विंडोज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows" title="Windows – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Windows" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮೈಕ್ರೋಸಾಫ್ಟ್ ವಿಂಡೋಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೈಕ್ರೋಸಾಫ್ಟ್ ವಿಂಡೋಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%9A_%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%94" title="ໄມໂຄຣຊອບ ວິນໂດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄມໂຄຣຊອບ ວິນໂດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows" title="Windows – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Windows" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows" title="Windows – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Windows" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/la_.uindoz." title="la .uindoz. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="la .uindoz." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows" title="Windows – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Windows" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മൈക്രോസോഫ്റ്റ്‌ വിൻഡോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൈക്രോസോഫ്റ്റ്‌ വിൻഡോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C" title="मायक्रोसॉफ्ट विंडोज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मायक्रोसॉफ्ट विंडोज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="مايكروسوفت ويندوز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مايكروسوفت ويندوز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%96%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="မိုက်ခရိုဆော့ဖ် ဝင်းဒိုးစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မိုက်ခရိုဆော့ဖ် ဝင်းဒိုးစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C" title="माइक्रोसफ्ट विन्डोज – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="माइक्रोसफ्ट विन्डोज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows" title="Windows – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Windows" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9C" title="ମାଇକ୍ରୋସଫ୍ଟ ଉଇଣ୍ଡୋଜ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମାଇକ୍ରୋସଫ୍ଟ ଉଇଣ୍ଡୋଜ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਮਾਈਕ੍ਰੋਸਾਫ਼ਟ ਵਿੰਡੋਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਈਕ੍ਰੋਸਾਫ਼ਟ ਵਿੰਡੋਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%B9_%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B2" title="مائیکروسوفٹ ونڈوز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مائیکروسوفٹ ونڈوز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%BC_%D9%88%DB%90%D9%86%DA%89%D9%88%D8%B2" title="مايکروسافټ وېنډوز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مايکروسافټ وېنډوز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows" title="Windows – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Windows" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows" title="Windows – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Windows" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B4_%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱚᱯᱴ ᱣᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱚᱯᱴ ᱣᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් වින්ඩෝස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් වින්ඩෝස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%B2" title="مایکرۆسۆفت ویندۆز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مایکرۆسۆفت ویندۆز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="மைக்ரோசாப்ட் விண்டோசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மைக்ரோசாப்ட் விண்டோசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="విండోస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విండోస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ไมโครซอฟท์ วินโดวส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไมโครซอฟท์ วินโดวส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9_%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B2" title="مائیکروسافٹ ونڈوز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مائیکروسافٹ ونڈوز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%BB%9F%E8%A6%96%E7%AA%97" title="微軟視窗 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="微軟視窗" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows" title="Windows – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Windows" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%BD%AF%E8%A7%86%E7%AA%97" title="微软视窗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="微软视窗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows" title="Windows – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="Windows" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Microsoft Windows" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" 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style="display:none">Computer operating systems</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Windows" redirects here. For the part of a building, see <a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">Window</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Windows_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Windows (disambiguation)">Windows (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Microsoft Windows</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg/210px-Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg/315px-Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg/420px-Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="184" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo as of October 2021</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Closed-source</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">November 20, 1985<span class="noprint">; 39 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1985-11-20</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24H2 (10.0.26100.2454) (November 21, 2024<span class="noprint">; 12 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-11-21</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_stable_software_release/Windows_11&action=edit">[±]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest preview</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <dl><dt>Release Preview Channel</dt></dl> <p>24H2 (10.0.26100.2454) (November 21, 2024<span class="noprint">; 12 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-11-21</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_preview_software_release/Windows_11&action=edit">[±]</a></span> </p> <dl><dt>Beta Channel</dt></dl> <p>23H2 (10.0.22635.4515) (November 22, 2024<span class="noprint">; 11 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-11-22</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_preview_software_release/Windows_11&action=edit">[±]</a></span> </p> <dl><dt>Dev Channel</dt></dl> <p>24H2 (10.0.26120.2415) (November 22, 2024<span class="noprint">; 11 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-11-22</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_preview_software_release/Windows_11&action=edit">[±]</a></span> </p> <dl><dt>Canary Channel</dt></dl> 10.0.27754.1000 (November 20, 2024<span class="noprint">; 13 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-11-20</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_preview_software_release/Windows_11&action=edit">[±]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Marketing target</th><td class="infobox-data">Personal computing</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">Available in</a></th><td class="infobox-data">110 languages</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Update method</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Update" title="Windows Update">Windows Update</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_Update_Services" title="Windows Server Update Services">Windows Server Update Services</a> (WSUS)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a> (.msi, .msp),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/App_Installer" title="App Installer">App Installer</a> (.msix,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> .msixbundle<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a> (<a href="/wiki/APPX" class="mw-redirect" title="APPX">.appx</a>, .appxbundle),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Package_Manager" title="Windows Package Manager">Windows Package Manager</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARM64" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM64">ARM64</a><br /> Previously: <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">16-bit x86</a>, <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> family: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact" title="Windows Embedded Compact">Windows Embedded Compact</a>/Windows CE: Hybrid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a> and earlier: <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a> (<a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/VMM32" class="mw-redirect" title="VMM32">VMM32</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">Default<br />user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_shell" title="Windows shell">Windows shell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">commercial software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://windows.com">windows<wbr />.com</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1406#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Microsoft Windows</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Product_lining" title="Product lining">product line</a> of <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> developed and marketed by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. It is grouped into families and sub-families that cater to particular sectors of the computing industry – Windows (unqualified) for a consumer or corporate <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server" title="Windows Server">Windows Server</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_IoT" title="Windows IoT">Windows IoT</a> for an <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded system</a>. Windows is sold as either a consumer <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> product or licensed to <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">third-party hardware manufacturers</a> who sell products <a href="/wiki/Software_bundles" class="mw-redirect" title="Software bundles">bundled</a> with Windows. </p><p>The first version of Windows, <a href="/wiki/Windows_1.0" title="Windows 1.0">Windows 1.0</a>, was released on November 20, 1985, as a graphical <a href="/wiki/Operating_system_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating system shell">operating system shell</a> for <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> in response to the growing interest in <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a> (GUIs).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Windows" is a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">windowing system</a> in GUIs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1990 release of <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">Windows 3.0</a> catapulted its market success and led to various other product families, including the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact" title="Windows Embedded Compact">Windows CE/Embedded Compact</a>. Windows is the <a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">most popular desktop operating system</a> in the world, with a 70% <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> as of March 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Windows&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, according to <a href="/wiki/StatCounter" title="StatCounter">StatCounter</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-pc_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however when including <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">mobile OS</a>es, it is not the most used, in favor of <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of today, the most recent version of Windows is <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a> for consumer <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PCs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_11_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 11 Enterprise">Windows 11 Enterprise</a> for corporations, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2025" title="Windows Server 2025">Windows Server 2025</a> for servers. Still supported are some editions of <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2016" title="Windows Server 2016">Windows Server 2016</a> or later (and exceptionally with paid support down to <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Product_line">Product line</h2></div> <p>As of today, the only active top-level family is <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>. The first version, <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.1" title="Windows NT 3.1">Windows NT 3.1</a>, was intended for <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server computing</a> and corporate <a href="/wiki/Workstations" class="mw-redirect" title="Workstations">workstations</a>. It grew into a product line of its own and now consists of four sub-families that tend to be released almost simultaneously and share the same kernel. </p> <ul><li>Windows (unqualified): For a consumer or corporate <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet</a>. The latest version is <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a>. Its main competitors are <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> for personal computers and <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> for tablets (c.f. <a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems#Market_share_by_category" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share of operating systems § Market share by category</a>). <ul><li>Of note: 'Windows' refers to both the overall product line and to this sub-family of it.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server" title="Windows Server">Windows Server</a>: For a server computer. The latest version is <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2025" title="Windows Server 2025">Windows Server 2025</a>. Unlike its client sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme. The main competitor of this family is <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>. (c.f. <a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems#Market_share_by_category" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share of operating systems § Market share by category</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_PE" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows PE">Windows PE</a>: A lightweight version of its Windows sibling, meant to operate as a <a href="/wiki/Live_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Live OS">live operating system</a>, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers (especially on many computers at once), recovery, or troubleshooting purposes. The latest version is Windows PE 10.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_IoT" title="Windows IoT">Windows IoT</a> (previously Windows Embedded): For <a href="/wiki/IoT" class="mw-redirect" title="IoT">IoT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded</a> computers. The latest version is <a href="/wiki/Windows_IoT#Enterprise" title="Windows IoT">Windows 11 IoT Enterprise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Windows Server, the main competitor of this family is Linux. (c.f. <a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems#Market_share_by_category" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share of operating systems § Market share by category</a>)</li></ul> <p>These top-level Windows families are no longer actively developed: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a>: Intended for the consumer market only. The first version of this family was <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>, which was followed by <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a>. The last version of the Windows 9x family was <a href="/wiki/Windows_Me" title="Windows Me">Windows Me</a>, which was widely regarded as one of the worst operating systems of all time, with <i><a href="/wiki/PC_World" title="PC World">PC World</a></i> labeling it as "Mistake Edition" and placing it 4th in their list of <i>Worst Tech Products</i> in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-WinMEbad_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinMEbad-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All versions of this family have a <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">monolithic kernel</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> as a foundation along with the kernel first used with Windows 95. This line has since been defunct, with Microsoft now catering to the consumer market with Windows NT starting with Windows XP.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a>: The predecessor to Windows Phone, a mobile phone and <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDA</a> operating system. The first version was called <a href="/wiki/Pocket_PC_2000" title="Pocket PC 2000">Pocket PC 2000</a>. The third version, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_2003" title="Windows Mobile 2003">Windows Mobile 2003</a>, was the first version to adopt the Windows Mobile trademark. The last version was <a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.5" title="Windows Mobile 6.5">Windows Mobile 6.5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a>: Sold only to smartphone manufacturers. The first version was <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_7" title="Windows Phone 7">Windows Phone 7</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8" title="Windows Phone 8">Windows Phone 8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8.1" title="Windows Phone 8.1">Windows Phone 8.1</a>. It was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Mobile" title="Windows 10 Mobile">Windows 10 Mobile</a>, which is also defunct.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact" title="Windows Embedded Compact">Windows Embedded Compact</a>: Most commonly known by its former name, Windows CE, it is a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">hybrid kernel</a> operating system optimized for low power and memory systems, with <a href="/wiki/OEM" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM">OEMs</a> able to modify the <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">UI</a> to suit their needs. The final version was Windows Embedded Compact 2013, and it is succeeded by Windows IoT.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Version_history">Version history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_version_history" title="Microsoft Windows version history">Microsoft Windows version history</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions" title="List of Microsoft Windows versions">List of Microsoft Windows versions</a></div> <p>The term <i>Windows</i> collectively describes any or all of several generations of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> products. These products are generally categorized as follows: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_versions">Early versions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Windows_1.0" title="Windows 1.0">Windows 1.0</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_2.0" title="Windows 2.0">Windows 2.0</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_2.1" title="Windows 2.1">Windows 2.1</a></div> <p>The history of Windows dates back to 1981 when Microsoft started work on a program called "Interface Manager". The name "Windows" comes from the fact that the system was one of the first to use graphical boxes to represent programs; in the industry, at the time, these were called "windows" and the underlying software was called "windowing software."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was announced in November 1983 (after the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Apple Lisa</a>, but before the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_128K" title="Macintosh 128K">Macintosh</a>) under the name "Windows", but <a href="/wiki/Windows_1.0" title="Windows 1.0">Windows 1.0</a> was not released until November 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windows 1.0 was to compete with <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s operating system, but achieved little popularity. Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>. The shell of Windows 1.0 is a program known as the <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_Executive" class="mw-redirect" title="MS-DOS Executive">MS-DOS Executive</a>. Components included <a href="/wiki/Windows_Calculator" title="Windows Calculator">Calculator</a>, Calendar, <a href="/wiki/Cardfile" title="Cardfile">Cardfile</a>, <a href="/wiki/ClipBook_Viewer" title="ClipBook Viewer">Clipboard Viewer</a>, Clock, <a href="/wiki/Control_Panel_(Windows)" title="Control Panel (Windows)">Control Panel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Notepad" title="Windows Notepad">Notepad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Paint" title="Microsoft Paint">Paint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reversi" title="Reversi">Reversi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terminal_emulator" title="Terminal emulator">Terminal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Write" title="Microsoft Write">Write</a>. Windows 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows. Instead, all windows are <a href="/wiki/Tiling_window_manager" title="Tiling window manager">tiled</a>. Only modal dialog boxes may appear over other windows. Microsoft sold as included Windows Development libraries with the C development environment, which included numerous windows samples.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Windows_2.0" title="Windows 2.0">Windows 2.0</a> was released in December 1987, and was more popular than its predecessor. It features several improvements to the user interface and memory management.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windows 2.03 changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Microsoft_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.">Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft</a> alleging infringement on Apple's copyrights (eventually settled in court in Microsoft's favor in 1993).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windows 2.0 also introduced more sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_shortcut" title="Keyboard shortcut">keyboard shortcuts</a> and could make use of <a href="/wiki/Expanded_memory" title="Expanded memory">expanded memory</a>. </p><p>Windows 2.1 was released in two different versions: <a href="/wiki/Windows/286" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows/286">Windows/286</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows/386" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows/386">Windows/386</a>. Windows/386 uses the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_8086_mode" title="Virtual 8086 mode">virtual 8086 mode</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">Intel 80386</a> to multitask several DOS programs and the <a href="/wiki/Paging" class="mw-redirect" title="Paging">paged memory model</a> to emulate expanded memory using available <a href="/wiki/Extended_memory" title="Extended memory">extended memory</a>. Windows/286, in spite of its name, runs on both <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">Intel 80286</a> processors. It runs in <a href="/wiki/Real_mode" title="Real mode">real mode</a> but can make use of the <a href="/wiki/High_memory_area" title="High memory area">high memory area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-infoworld-19880704_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoworld-19880704-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to full Windows packages, there were runtime-only versions that shipped with early Windows software from third parties and made it possible to run their Windows software on MS-DOS and without the full Windows feature set. </p><p>The early versions of Windows are often thought of as graphical shells, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and used it for <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> services.<sup id="cite_ref-Evolution_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evolution-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even the earliest Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions; notably, having their own <a href="/wiki/Executable_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Executable file format">executable file format</a> and providing their own <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a> (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound). Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through <a href="/wiki/Nonpreemptive_multitasking" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpreemptive multitasking">cooperative multitasking</a>. Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme, which allows it to run applications larger than available memory: code segments and <a href="/wiki/Resource_(Windows)" title="Resource (Windows)">resources</a> are swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce; data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windows_3.x">Windows 3.x</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">Windows 3.0</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1" title="Windows 3.1">Windows 3.1</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_3.0_workspace.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/Windows_3.0_workspace.png/250px-Windows_3.0_workspace.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/Windows_3.0_workspace.png/375px-Windows_3.0_workspace.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/Windows_3.0_workspace.png/500px-Windows_3.0_workspace.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Windows 3.0, released in 1990</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">Windows 3.0</a>, released in 1990, improved the design, mostly because of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> and loadable virtual device drivers (<a href="/wiki/VxD" title="VxD">VxDs</a>) that allow Windows to share arbitrary devices between multi-tasked DOS applications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Windows 3.0 applications can run in <a href="/wiki/Protected_mode" title="Protected mode">protected mode</a>, which gives them access to several megabytes of memory without the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They run inside the same address space, where the segmented memory provides a degree of protection. Windows 3.0 also featured improvements to the user interface. Microsoft rewrote critical operations from <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> into <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly</a>. Windows 3.0 was the first version of Windows to achieve broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microsoft_Windows_for_Workgroups_3.11_mit_9_Setup_HD-Disketten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Microsoft_Windows_for_Workgroups_3.11_mit_9_Setup_HD-Disketten.jpg/220px-Microsoft_Windows_for_Workgroups_3.11_mit_9_Setup_HD-Disketten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Microsoft_Windows_for_Workgroups_3.11_mit_9_Setup_HD-Disketten.jpg/330px-Microsoft_Windows_for_Workgroups_3.11_mit_9_Setup_HD-Disketten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Microsoft_Windows_for_Workgroups_3.11_mit_9_Setup_HD-Disketten.jpg/440px-Microsoft_Windows_for_Workgroups_3.11_mit_9_Setup_HD-Disketten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3790" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption>Versions before Windows 95 had to be installed from <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disks</a> by end users (or in professional environments with a network installation); here Windows for Workgroups with nine 3.5-inch-disks to be inserted sequentially.</figcaption></figure> <p>Windows 3.1, made <a href="/wiki/General_availability_release" class="mw-redirect" title="General availability release">generally available</a> on March 1, 1992, featured a facelift. In August 1993, Windows for Workgroups, a special version with integrated <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-to-peer networking">peer-to-peer networking</a> features and a version number of 3.11, was released. It was sold along with Windows 3.1. Support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31, 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windows 3.2, released in 1994, is an updated version of the Chinese version of Windows 3.1.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The update was limited to this language version, as it fixed only issues related to the complex writing system of the Chinese language.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windows 3.2 was generally sold by computer manufacturers with a ten-disk version of <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> that also had <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese characters</a> in basic output and some translated utilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windows_9x">Windows 9x</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Me" title="Windows Me">Windows Me</a></div> <p>The next major consumer-oriented release of Windows, <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>, was released on August 24, 1995. While still remaining MS-DOS-based, Windows 95 introduced support for native <a href="/wiki/32-bit_application" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit application">32-bit applications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plug_and_play" title="Plug and play">plug and play</a> hardware, <a href="/wiki/Preemptive_multitasking" class="mw-redirect" title="Preemptive multitasking">preemptive multitasking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_file_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Long file name">long file names</a> of up to 255 characters, and provided increased stability over its predecessors. Windows 95 also introduced a redesigned, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented design">object oriented</a> user interface, replacing the previous <a href="/wiki/Program_Manager" title="Program Manager">Program Manager</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Start_menu" title="Start menu">Start menu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taskbar" title="Taskbar">taskbar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Explorer">Windows Explorer</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows_shell" title="Windows shell">shell</a>. Windows 95 was a major commercial success for Microsoft; Ina Fried of <a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a> remarked that "by the time Windows 95 was finally ushered off the market in 2001, it had become a fixture on computer desktops around the world."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft published four OEM Service Releases (OSR) of Windows 95, each of which was roughly equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Service_pack" title="Service pack">service pack</a>. The first OSR of Windows 95 was also the first version of Windows to be bundled with Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-apr96ms_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apr96ms-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2000, and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-Windows_95_Support_Lifecycle_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windows_95_Support_Lifecycle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windows 95 was followed up with the release of <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a> on June 25, 1998, which introduced the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Driver_Model" title="Windows Driver Model">Windows Driver Model</a>, support for <a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus#Overview" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB composite devices</a>, support for <a href="/wiki/ACPI" title="ACPI">ACPI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hibernation_(computing)" title="Hibernation (computing)">hibernation</a>, and support for <a href="/wiki/Multi-monitor" title="Multi-monitor">multi-monitor</a> configurations. Windows 98 also included integration with <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_4" title="Internet Explorer 4">Internet Explorer 4</a> through <a href="/wiki/Active_Desktop" title="Active Desktop">Active Desktop</a> and other aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Desktop_Update" title="Windows Desktop Update">Windows Desktop Update</a> (a series of enhancements to the Explorer shell which was also made available for Windows 95). In May 1999, Microsoft released <a href="/wiki/Windows_98_Second_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 98 Second Edition">Windows 98 Second Edition</a>, an updated version of Windows 98. Windows 98 SE added <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_5.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Explorer 5.0">Internet Explorer 5.0</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player" title="Windows Media Player">Windows Media Player</a> 6.2 amongst other upgrades. Mainstream support for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 2002, and extended support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Windows_98_Standard_Edition_Support_Lifecycle_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windows_98_Standard_Edition_Support_Lifecycle-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 14, 2000, Microsoft released <a href="/wiki/Windows_Me" title="Windows Me">Windows Me</a> (Millennium Edition), the last DOS-based version of Windows. Windows Me incorporated visual interface enhancements from its Windows NT-based counterpart <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a>, had faster boot times than previous versions (which however, required the removal of the ability to access a <a href="/wiki/Real_mode" title="Real mode">real mode</a> DOS environment, removing compatibility with some older programs),<sup id="cite_ref-FastBoot1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FastBoot1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expanded <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> functionality (including Windows Media Player 7, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Movie_Maker" title="Windows Movie Maker">Windows Movie Maker</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Image_Acquisition" title="Windows Image Acquisition">Windows Image Acquisition</a> framework for retrieving images from scanners and digital cameras), additional system utilities such as <a href="/wiki/System_File_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="System File Protection">System File Protection</a> and <a href="/wiki/System_Restore" title="System Restore">System Restore</a>, and updated <a href="/wiki/Home_network" title="Home network">home networking</a> tools.<sup id="cite_ref-pcw-me_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcw-me-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Windows Me was faced with criticism for its speed and instability, along with hardware compatibility issues and its removal of real mode DOS support. <i><a href="/wiki/PC_World" title="PC World">PC World</a></i> considered Windows Me to be one of the worst operating systems Microsoft had ever released, and the fourth worst tech product of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-WinMEbad_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinMEbad-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windows_NT">Windows NT</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Version_history_2">Version history</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Early_versions_(Windows_NT_3.1/3.5/3.51/4.0/2000)"><span id="Early_versions_.28Windows_NT_3.1.2F3.5.2F3.51.2F4.0.2F2000.29"></span>Early versions (Windows NT 3.1/3.5/3.51/4.0/2000)</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.1" title="Windows NT 3.1">Windows NT 3.1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.5" title="Windows NT 3.5">Windows NT 3.5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.51" title="Windows NT 3.51">Windows NT 3.51</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_Logo_(1992-2001).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Windows_Logo_%281992-2001%29.svg/220px-Windows_Logo_%281992-2001%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Windows_Logo_%281992-2001%29.svg/330px-Windows_Logo_%281992-2001%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Windows_Logo_%281992-2001%29.svg/440px-Windows_Logo_%281992-2001%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption>Windows logo (1995–2001)</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1988, a new development team within Microsoft (which included former <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> developers <a href="/wiki/Dave_Cutler" title="Dave Cutler">Dave Cutler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lucovsky" title="Mark Lucovsky">Mark Lucovsky</a>) began work on a revamped version of <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> operating system known as "NT OS/2". NT OS/2 was intended to be a secure, <a href="/wiki/Multi-user" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-user">multi-user</a> operating system with <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> compatibility and a modular, <a href="/wiki/Software_portability" title="Software portability">portable</a> kernel with <a href="/wiki/Preemptive_multitasking" class="mw-redirect" title="Preemptive multitasking">preemptive multitasking</a> and support for multiple processor architectures. However, following the successful release of <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">Windows 3.0</a>, the NT development team decided to rework the project to use an extended <a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> port of the <a href="/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API">Windows API</a> known as Win32 instead of those of OS/2. Win32 maintained a similar structure to the Windows <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a> (allowing existing Windows applications to easily be <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">ported</a> to the platform), but also supported the capabilities of the existing NT <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>. Following its approval by Microsoft's staff, development continued on what was now Windows NT, the first 32-bit version of Windows. However, IBM objected to the changes, and ultimately continued OS/2 development on its own.<sup id="cite_ref-insident_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insident-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thurrott-nt_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thurrott-nt-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windows NT was the first Windows operating system based on a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">hybrid kernel</a>. The hybrid kernel was designed as a modified <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a>, influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach microkernel</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rashid" title="Richard Rashid">Richard Rashid</a> at Carnegie Mellon University, but without meeting all of the criteria of a pure microkernel. </p><p>The first release of the resulting operating system, <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.1" title="Windows NT 3.1">Windows NT 3.1</a> (named to associate it with <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1" title="Windows 3.1">Windows 3.1</a>) was released in July 1993, with versions for desktop <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.5" title="Windows NT 3.5">Windows NT 3.5</a> was released in September 1994, focusing on performance improvements and support for <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NetWare" title="NetWare">NetWare</a>, and was followed up by <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.51" title="Windows NT 3.51">Windows NT 3.51</a> in May 1995, which included additional improvements and support for the <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> architecture. <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a> was released in June 1996, introducing the redesigned interface of <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> to the NT series. On February 17, 2000, Microsoft released <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a>, a successor to NT 4.0. The Windows NT name was dropped at this point in order to put a greater focus on the Windows brand.<sup id="cite_ref-thurrott-nt_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thurrott-nt-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Windows_XP">Windows XP</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_logo_variant_(2003).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/Windows_logo_variant_%282003%29.svg/220px-Windows_logo_variant_%282003%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/Windows_logo_variant_%282003%29.svg/330px-Windows_logo_variant_%282003%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/Windows_logo_variant_%282003%29.svg/440px-Windows_logo_variant_%282003%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>A variation of the 2001–2006 Windows logo from 2003 using the <a href="/wiki/Segoe" title="Segoe">Segoe</a> typeface instead of the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Gothic" title="Franklin Gothic">Franklin Gothic</a> typeface. This variation was mainly used for branding purposes.</figcaption></figure> <p>The next major version of Windows NT, <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>, was released to manufacturing (RTM) on August 24, 2001, and to the general public on October 25, 2001. The introduction of Windows XP aimed to unify the consumer-oriented <a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a> series with the architecture introduced by Windows NT, a change which Microsoft promised would provide better performance over its DOS-based predecessors. Windows XP would also introduce a redesigned user interface (including an updated Start menu and a "task-oriented" <a href="/wiki/File_Explorer" title="File Explorer">Windows Explorer</a>), streamlined multimedia and networking features, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_6" title="Internet Explorer 6">Internet Explorer 6</a>, integration with Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_account" title="Microsoft account">.NET Passport</a> services, a "<a href="/wiki/Windows_XP#Backwards_compatibility" title="Windows XP">compatibility mode</a>" to help provide <a href="/wiki/Backwards_compatibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Backwards compatibility">backwards compatibility</a> with software designed for previous versions of Windows, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Remote_Assistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Remote Assistance">Remote Assistance</a> functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-cnet-xpreview_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnet-xpreview-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At retail, Windows XP was marketed in two main <a href="/wiki/Stock_keeping_unit" title="Stock keeping unit">editions</a>: the "Home" edition was targeted towards consumers, while the "Professional" edition was targeted towards business environments and <a href="/wiki/Power_user" title="Power user">power users</a>, and included additional security and networking features. Home and Professional were later accompanied by the "<a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Center" title="Windows Media Center">Media Center</a>" edition (designed for <a href="/wiki/Home_theater_PC" title="Home theater PC">home theater PCs</a>, with an emphasis on support for <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> playback, <a href="/wiki/TV_tuner_card" title="TV tuner card">TV tuner cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">DVR</a> functionality, and remote controls), and the "Tablet PC" edition (designed for mobile devices meeting its <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Tablet_PC" title="Microsoft Tablet PC">specifications</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computer</a>, with support for <a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">stylus</a> pen input and additional pen-enabled applications).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainstream support for Windows XP ended on April 14, 2009. Extended support ended on April 8, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Windows 2000, Microsoft also changed its release schedules for server operating systems; the server counterpart of Windows XP, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a>, was released in April 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-thurrott-nt_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thurrott-nt-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was followed in December 2005, by Windows Server 2003 R2. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Windows_Vista">Windows Vista</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a></div> <p>After a lengthy <a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_Vista" title="Development of Windows Vista">development process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> was released on November 30, 2006, for volume licensing and January 30, 2007, for consumers. It contained a number of <a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_Vista" title="Features new to Windows Vista">new features</a>, from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant <a href="/wiki/Technical_features_new_to_Windows_Vista" title="Technical features new to Windows Vista">technical changes</a>, with a particular focus on <a href="/wiki/Security_and_safety_features_new_to_Windows_Vista" title="Security and safety features new to Windows Vista">security features</a>. It was available in a number of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_editions" title="Windows Vista editions">different editions</a>, and has been subject to <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_Vista" title="Criticism of Windows Vista">some criticism</a>, such as drop of performance, longer boot time, criticism of new UAC, and stricter license agreement. Vista's server counterpart, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a> was released in early 2008. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Windows_7">Windows 7</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a></div> <p>On July 22, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2" title="Windows Server 2008 R2">Windows Server 2008 R2</a> were released to manufacturing (RTM) and released to the public three months later on October 22, 2009. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new features, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with which Windows Vista was already compatible.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windows 7 has <a href="/wiki/Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">multi-touch</a> support, a redesigned <a href="/wiki/Windows_shell" title="Windows shell">Windows shell</a> with an updated <a href="/wiki/Taskbar" title="Taskbar">taskbar</a> with revealable <a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_7#Jump_lists" title="Features new to Windows 7">jump lists</a> that contain shortcuts to files frequently used with specific applications and shortcuts to tasks within the application,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a home networking system called <a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_7#HomeGroup" title="Features new to Windows 7">HomeGroup</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and performance improvements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Windows_8_and_8.1">Windows 8 and 8.1</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2012%E2%80%932015.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2012%E2%80%932015.svg/220px-Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2012%E2%80%932015.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2012%E2%80%932015.svg/330px-Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2012%E2%80%932015.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2012%E2%80%932015.svg/440px-Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2012%E2%80%932015.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="107" /></a><figcaption>Windows logo (2012–15)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a>, the successor to Windows 7, was released generally on October 26, 2012. A number of significant changes were made on Windows 8, including the introduction of a user interface based around Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Metro_(design_language)" title="Metro (design language)">Metro design language</a> with optimizations for <a href="/wiki/Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">touch-based</a> devices such as <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a> and all-in-one PCs. These changes include the <a href="/wiki/Start_menu#Third_version" title="Start menu">Start screen</a>, which uses large tiles that are more convenient for touch interactions and allow for the display of continually updated information, and a new class of <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">apps</a> which are designed primarily for use on touch-based devices. The new Windows version required a minimum resolution of 1024×768 pixels,<sup id="cite_ref-zdnet-smallertab_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zdnet-smallertab-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> effectively making it unfit for <a href="/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">netbooks</a> with 800×600-pixel screens. </p><p>Other changes include increased integration with <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud services</a> and other online platforms (such as <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networks</a> and Microsoft's own <a href="/wiki/OneDrive" title="OneDrive">OneDrive</a> (formerly SkyDrive) and <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Live">Xbox Live</a> services), the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Store">Windows Store</a> service for software distribution, and a new variant known as <a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">Windows RT</a> for use on devices that utilize the <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM architecture</a>, and a new keyboard shortcut for <a href="/wiki/Screenshot" title="Screenshot">screenshots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pcw-testdrivertm_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcw-testdrivertm-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bi-windows8_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bi-windows8-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bw-win8editions_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bw-win8editions-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bw8-buildingarm_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bw8-buildingarm-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-verge-talkswin8_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge-talkswin8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pcw-building_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcw-building-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An update to Windows 8, called <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was released on October 17, 2013, and includes features such as new live tile sizes, deeper <a href="/wiki/OneDrive" title="OneDrive">OneDrive</a> integration, and many other revisions. <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a> have been subject to some criticism, such as the removal of the <a href="/wiki/Start_menu" title="Start menu">Start menu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Windows_10">Windows 10</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_wordmark_darkblue_2015.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Windows_wordmark_darkblue_2015.svg/220px-Windows_wordmark_darkblue_2015.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Windows_wordmark_darkblue_2015.svg/330px-Windows_wordmark_darkblue_2015.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Windows_wordmark_darkblue_2015.svg/440px-Windows_wordmark_darkblue_2015.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>Windows logo (2015–21)</figcaption></figure> <p>On September 30, 2014, Microsoft announced <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> as the successor to Windows 8.1. It was released on July 29, 2015, and addresses shortcomings in the user interface first introduced with Windows 8. Changes on PC include the return of the Start Menu, a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_desktop" title="Virtual desktop">virtual desktop</a> system, and the ability to run Windows Store apps within windows on the desktop rather than in full-screen mode. <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> is said to be available to update from qualified <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> with SP1, <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8.1" title="Windows Phone 8.1">Windows Phone 8.1</a> devices from the Get Windows 10 Application (for <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Windows_Update" title="Windows Update">Windows Update</a> (<a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2017, Microsoft announced the migration of its Windows source code repository from <a href="/wiki/Perforce" title="Perforce">Perforce</a> to <a href="/wiki/Git" title="Git">Git</a>. This migration involved 3.5 million separate files in a 300-gigabyte repository.<sup id="cite_ref-PBright_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBright-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By May 2017, 90 percent of its engineering team was using Git, in about 8500 commits and 1760 Windows builds per day.<sup id="cite_ref-PBright_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBright-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2021, shortly before Microsoft's announcement of Windows 11, Microsoft updated their lifecycle policy pages for Windows 10, revealing that support for their last release of Windows 10 will end on October 14, 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-Windows10HomeAndProLifecycle_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windows10HomeAndProLifecycle-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Windows10EntAndEduLifecycle_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windows10EntAndEduLifecycle-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 27, 2023, Microsoft announced that version 22H2 would be the last of Windows 10.<sup id="cite_ref-winroadmapupdate_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winroadmapupdate-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg/220px-Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg/330px-Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg/440px-Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="184" /></a><figcaption>Windows logo (2021–present)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Windows_11">Windows 11</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a></div> <p>On June 24, 2021, <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a> was announced as the successor to Windows 10 during a livestream. The new operating system was designed to be more user-friendly and understandable. It was released on October 5, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of May 2022,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Windows&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Windows 11 is a free upgrade to Windows 10 users who meet the system requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-windows11specs_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-windows11specs-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Windows_365">Windows 365</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Azure_Virtual_Desktop" title="Azure Virtual Desktop">Azure Virtual Desktop</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_365" title="Microsoft 365">Microsoft 365</a> or <a href="/wiki/Windows/386" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows/386">Windows/386</a>.</div> <p>In July 2021, Microsoft announced it will start selling subscriptions to virtualized Windows desktops as part of a new <i>Windows 365</i> service in the following month. The new service will allow for <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">cross-platform usage</a>, aiming to make the operating system available for both Apple and Android users. It is a separate service and offers several variations including Windows 365 Frontline, Windows 365 Boot, and the Windows 365 app.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Subscription_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscription service">subscription service</a> will be accessible through any <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>. The new service is an attempt at capitalizing on the growing trend, fostered during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, for businesses to adopt a hybrid <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">remote work</a> environment, in which "employees split their time between the office and home". As the service will be accessible through web browsers, Microsoft will be able to bypass the need to publish the service through <a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a> or the <a href="/wiki/App_Store_(Apple)" title="App Store (Apple)">Apple App Store</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microsoft announced Windows 365 availability to business and enterprise customers on August 2, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multilingual_support">Multilingual support</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Multilingual_User_Interface" title="Multilingual User Interface">Multilingual User Interface</a></div> <p>Multilingual support has been built into Windows since Windows 3.0. The language for both the keyboard and the interface can be changed through the Region and Language Control Panel. Components for all supported input languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Input_Method_Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Input Method Editor">Input Method Editors</a>, are automatically installed during Windows installation (in Windows XP and earlier, files for East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and files for right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic, may need to be installed separately, also from the said Control Panel). Third-party IMEs may also be installed if a user feels that the provided one is insufficient for their needs. Since Windows 2000, English editions of Windows NT have East Asian IMEs (such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pinyin_IME" title="Microsoft Pinyin IME">Microsoft Pinyin IME</a> and Microsoft Japanese IME) bundled, but files for East Asian languages may be manually installed on Control Panel. </p><p>Interface languages for the operating system are free for download, but some languages are limited to certain editions of Windows. <a href="/wiki/Language_Interface_Pack" title="Language Interface Pack">Language Interface Packs</a> (LIPs) are redistributable and may be downloaded from Microsoft's Download Center and installed for any edition of Windows (XP or later) – they translate most, but not all, of the Windows interface, and require a certain base language (the language which Windows originally shipped with). This is used for most languages in emerging markets. Full Language Packs, which translate the complete operating system, are only available for specific editions of Windows (Ultimate and Enterprise editions of Windows Vista and 7, and all editions of Windows 8, 8.1 and RT except Single Language). They do not require a specific base language and are commonly used for more popular languages such as French or Chinese. These languages cannot be downloaded through the Download Center, but are available as optional updates through the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Update" title="Windows Update">Windows Update</a> service (except Windows 8). </p><p>The interface language of installed applications is not affected by changes in the Windows interface language. The availability of languages depends on the application developers themselves. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a> introduce a new Language Control Panel where both the interface and input languages can be simultaneously changed, and language packs, regardless of type, can be downloaded from a central location. The PC Settings app in <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012_R2" title="Windows Server 2012 R2">Windows Server 2012 R2</a> also includes a counterpart settings page for this. Changing the interface language also changes the language of preinstalled <a href="/wiki/Windows_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Store">Windows Store</a> apps (such as Mail, Maps and News) and certain other Microsoft-developed apps (such as Remote Desktop). The above limitations for language packs are however still in effect, except that full language packs can be installed for any edition except Single Language, which caters to emerging markets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Platform_support">Platform support</h4></div> <p>Windows NT included support for several platforms before the <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> became dominant in the professional world. <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a> and its predecessors supported <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a> and <a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a> R4000 (although some of the platforms implement <a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit computing</a>, the OS treated them as 32-bit). Windows 2000 dropped support for all platforms, except the third generation x86 (known as <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>) or newer in 32-bit mode. The client line of the Windows NT family still ran on IA-32 up to <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a><sup id="cite_ref-windows11specs_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-windows11specs-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the server line of the Windows NT family still ran on IA-32 up to <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a>). </p><p>With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture (<a href="/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64">IA-64</a>), Microsoft released new versions of Windows to support it. Itanium versions of <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a> were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 counterparts. Windows XP 64-Bit Edition (Version 2003), released in 2003, is the last Windows client operating system to support Itanium. Windows Server line continues to support this platform until <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a>; Windows Server 2008 R2 is the last Windows operating system to support Itanium architecture. </p><p>On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Professional_x64_Edition" title="Windows XP Professional x64 Edition">Windows XP Professional x64 Edition</a> and Windows Server 2003 x64 editions to support <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> (or simply x64), the 64-bit version of x86 architecture. <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> was the first client version of Windows NT to be released simultaneously in IA-32 and x64 editions. As of 2024, x64 is still supported. </p><p>An edition of Windows 8 known as <a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">Windows RT</a> was specifically created for computers with <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM architecture</a>, and while ARM is still used for Windows smartphones with Windows 10, tablets with Windows RT will not be updated. Starting from <a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Fall_Creators_Update" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 10 Fall Creators Update">Windows 10 Fall Creators Update</a> (version 1709) and later includes support for ARM-based PCs.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windows_CE">Windows CE</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Windows_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows CE">Windows CE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a></div> <p>Windows CE (officially known as <i>Windows Embedded Compact</i>), is an edition of Windows that runs on <a href="/wiki/Handheld_PC" title="Handheld PC">minimalistic computers</a>, like satellite navigation systems and some mobile phones. Windows Embedded Compact is based on its own dedicated kernel, dubbed Windows CE kernel. Microsoft licenses Windows CE to <a href="/wiki/OEM" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM">OEMs</a> and device makers. The OEMs and device makers can modify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, while Windows CE provides the technical foundation to do so. </p><p>Windows CE was used in the <a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a> along with Sega's own proprietary OS for the console. Windows CE was the core from which <a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a> was derived. Its successor, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_7" title="Windows Phone 7">Windows Phone 7</a>, was based on components from both <a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_CE_6.0" title="Windows Embedded CE 6.0">Windows CE 6.0 R3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact_7" title="Windows Embedded Compact 7">Windows CE 7.0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8" title="Windows Phone 8">Windows Phone 8</a> however, is based on the same NT-kernel as Windows 8. </p><p>Windows Embedded Compact is not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Embedded" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows XP Embedded">Windows XP Embedded</a> or <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0_Embedded" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows NT 4.0 Embedded">Windows NT 4.0 Embedded</a>, modular editions of Windows based on Windows NT kernel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xbox_OS">Xbox OS</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xbox_system_software" title="Xbox system software">Xbox system software</a></div> <p>Xbox OS is an unofficial name given to the version of Windows that runs on <a href="/wiki/Xbox" title="Xbox">Xbox</a> consoles.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From <a href="/wiki/Xbox_One" title="Xbox One">Xbox One</a> onwards it is an implementation with an emphasis on virtualization (using <a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a>) as it is three operating systems running at once, consisting of the core <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>, a second implemented for games and a more Windows-like environment for applications.<sup id="cite_ref-xboxonethreesystems_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xboxonethreesystems-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft updates Xbox One's OS every month, and these updates can be downloaded from the Xbox Live service to the Xbox and subsequently installed, or by using offline recovery images downloaded via a PC.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was originally based on NT 6.2 (Windows 8) kernel, and the latest version runs on an NT 10.0 base. This system is sometimes referred to as "Windows 10 on Xbox One".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xbox One and <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S" title="Xbox Series X and Series S">Xbox Series</a> operating systems also allow limited (due to licensing restrictions and testing resources) backward compatibility with previous generation hardware,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Xbox 360's system is backwards compatible with the original Xbox.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Version_control_system">Version control system</h2></div> <p>Up to and including every version before <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a>, Microsoft used an in-house version control system named Source Library Manager (SLM). Shortly after Windows 2000 was released, Microsoft switched to a fork of Perforce named Source Depot.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system was used up until 2017 once the system could not keep up with the size of Windows.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Microsoft had begun to integrate Git into <a href="/wiki/Team_Foundation_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Team Foundation Server">Team Foundation Server</a> in 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Windows (and Office) continued to rely on Source Depot.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Windows code was divided among 65 different repositories with a kind of virtualization layer to produce unified view of all of the code.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2017 Microsoft announced that it would start using <a href="/wiki/Git" title="Git">Git</a>, an open source version control system created by <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, and in May 2017 they reported that the migration into a new Git repository was complete.<sup id="cite_ref-PBright_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBright-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VFSForGit">VFSForGit</h3></div> <p>Because of its large, decades-long history, however, the Windows codebase is not especially well suited to the decentralized nature of <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> development that Git was originally created to manage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Each Git repository contains a complete history of all the files,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which proved unworkable for Windows developers because cloning the whole repository takes several hours.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Microsoft has been working on a new project called the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_File_System_for_Git" title="Virtual File System for Git">Virtual File System for Git</a> (VFSForGit) to address these challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021 the VFS for Git was superseded by <b>Scalar</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_releases">Timeline of releases</h2></div> <div class="templateVersion l" style="margin-left: -1em;"><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Legend:</b></span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #FDB3AB; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="Old version, no longer maintained">Old version, not maintained</span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #FEF8C6; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="Old version, yet still maintained">Old version, still maintained</span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #D4F4B4; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="Latest stable version"><b>Latest version</b></span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #FED1A0; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="Latest preview of a future release">Latest preview version</span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; display: none;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #C1E6F5; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="A future release">Future release</span></div><div style="clear: left;"></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232966811">.mw-parser-output .hover-highlight tr:hover,.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable tr:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}</style> <table class="wikitable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9">Table of Windows versions </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Product name </th> <th rowspan="2">Latest version </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/General_availability" class="mw-redirect" title="General availability">General availability</a> date </th> <th rowspan="2">Codename </th> <th colspan="2">Support until<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="3">Latest version of </th></tr> <tr> <th>Mainstream </th> <th>Extended </th> <th style="width:50px;"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">IE</a> </th> <th style="width:50px;"><a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a> </th> <th style="width:50px;"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Edge</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_1.0" title="Windows 1.0">Windows 1.0</a> </td> <td>1.04 </td> <td>November 20, 1985 </td> <td>Interface Manager </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="11" align="center">December 31, 2001 </td> <td rowspan="4" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td rowspan="11" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td rowspan="25" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="2.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_2.0" title="Windows 2.0">Windows 2.0</a> </td> <td>2.03 </td> <td>December 9, 1987 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="2.1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_2.1" title="Windows 2.1">Windows 2.1</a> </td> <td>2.11 </td> <td>May 27, 1988 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="3.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">Windows 3.0</a> </td> <td>3.0 </td> <td>May 22, 1990 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="3.1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1" title="Windows 3.1">Windows 3.1</a> </td> <td>3.1 </td> <td>April 6, 1992 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_5" title="Internet Explorer 5">5</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="3.101"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1x" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 3.1x">Windows For Workgroups 3.1</a> </td> <td>3.1 </td> <td>October 1992 </td> <td>Sparta, Winball </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 3.1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.1" title="Windows NT 3.1">Windows NT 3.1</a> </td> <td>NT 3.1.528 </td> <td>July 27, 1993 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_2" title="Internet Explorer 2">2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="3.111"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1x" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 3.1x">Windows For Workgroups 3.11</a> </td> <td>3.11 </td> <td>August 11, 1993 </td> <td>Sparta, Winball </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_5" title="Internet Explorer 5">5</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="3.2"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1x" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 3.1x">Windows 3.2</a> </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>November 22, 1993 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 3.5"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.5" title="Windows NT 3.5">Windows NT 3.5</a> </td> <td>NT 3.5.807 </td> <td>September 21, 1994 </td> <td>Daytona </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_3" title="Internet Explorer 3">3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 3.51"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.51" title="Windows NT 3.51">Windows NT 3.51</a> </td> <td>NT 3.51.1057 </td> <td>May 30, 1995 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_5" title="Internet Explorer 5">5</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="4.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> </td> <td>4.0.950 </td> <td>August 24, 1995 </td> <td>Chicago, 4.0 </td> <td align="center">December 31, 2000 </td> <td align="center">December 31, 2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_5" title="Internet Explorer 5">5.5</a> </td> <td>8.0a </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 4.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a> </td> <td>NT 4.0.1381 </td> <td>July 31, 1996 </td> <td>Cairo </td> <td align="center" rowspan="3">June 30, 2002 </td> <td align="center">June 30, 2004 </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_6" title="Internet Explorer 6">6</a> </td> <td>3.0a </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="4.10"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a> </td> <td>4.10.1998 </td> <td>June 25, 1998 </td> <td>Memphis, 97, 4.1 </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">July 11, 2006 </td> <td rowspan="9">9.0c </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="4.11"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_98_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 98 SE">Windows 98 SE</a> </td> <td>4.10.2222 </td> <td>May 5, 1999 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 5.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a> </td> <td>NT 5.0.2195 </td> <td>February 17, 2000 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td align="center">June 30, 2005 </td> <td align="center">July 13, 2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="4.90"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Me" title="Windows Me">Windows Me</a> </td> <td>4.90.3000 </td> <td>September 14, 2000 </td> <td>Millennium, 4.9 </td> <td align="center">December 31, 2003 </td> <td align="center">July 11, 2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 5.1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> </td> <td>NT 5.1.2600 </td> <td>October 25, 2001 </td> <td>Whistler </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">April 14, 2009 </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">April 8, 2014 </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_8" title="Internet Explorer 8">8</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 5.21"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_64-bit_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows XP 64-bit Edition">Windows XP 64-bit Edition</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">NT 5.2.3790 </td> <td>March 28, 2003 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 5.22"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a> </td> <td>April 24, 2003 </td> <td>Whistler Server </td> <td align="center">July 13, 2010 </td> <td align="center">July 14, 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 5.23"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Professional_x64_Edition" title="Windows XP Professional x64 Edition">Windows XP Professional x64 Edition</a> </td> <td>April 25, 2005 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">April 14, 2009 </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">April 8, 2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 5.24"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Fundamentals_for_Legacy_PCs" title="Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs">Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs</a> </td> <td>NT 5.1.2600 </td> <td>July 8, 2006 </td> <td>Eiger, Mönch </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 6.0"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> </td> <td>NT 6.0.6003 </td> <td>January 30, 2007 </td> <td>Longhorn </td> <td align="center">April 10, 2012 </td> <td align="center">April 11, 2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_9" title="Internet Explorer 9">9</a> </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 5.25"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Home_Server" title="Windows Home Server">Windows Home Server</a> </td> <td>NT 5.2.4500 </td> <td>November 4, 2007 </td> <td>Quattro </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">January 8, 2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_8" title="Internet Explorer 8">8</a> </td> <td>9.0c </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 6.01"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a> </td> <td>NT 6.0.6003 </td> <td>February 27, 2008 </td> <td>Longhorn Server </td> <td align="center" rowspan="3">January 13, 2015 </td> <td align="center" rowspan="3">January 14, 2020 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_9" title="Internet Explorer 9">9</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">11 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 6.1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">NT 6.1.7601 </td> <td>October 22, 2009 </td> <td>Windows 7<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_11" title="Internet Explorer 11">11</a> </td> <td rowspan="7">109 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 6.11"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2" title="Windows Server 2008 R2">Windows Server 2008 R2</a> </td> <td>October 22, 2009 </td> <td>Windows Server 7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 6.12"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Home_Server_2011" title="Windows Home Server 2011">Windows Home Server 2011</a> </td> <td>NT 6.1.8400 </td> <td>April 6, 2011 </td> <td>Vail </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">April 12, 2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 6.21"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">NT 6.2.9200 </td> <td>September 4, 2012 </td> <td>Server 8 </td> <td align="center">October 9, 2018 </td> <td align="center">October 10, 2023 </td> <td rowspan="2">11.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 6.22"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> </td> <td>October 26, 2012 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">January 12, 2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_10" title="Internet Explorer 10">10</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 6.31"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">NT 6.3.9600 </td> <td>October 17, 2013 </td> <td>Blue </td> <td align="center">January 9, 2018 </td> <td align="center">January 10, 2023 </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_11" title="Internet Explorer 11">11</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">11.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="NT 6.32"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012_R2" title="Windows Server 2012 R2">Windows Server 2012 R2</a> </td> <td>October 18, 2013 </td> <td>Server Blue </td> <td align="center">October 9, 2018 </td> <td align="center">October 10, 2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="NT 10.01"><span style="display: none;">Old version, yet still maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> </td> <td>NT 10.0.19045 </td> <td>July 29, 2015 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Windows_10#Updates_and_support" title="Windows 10">Various</a></i> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">October 14, 2025<sup id="cite_ref-Windows10HomeAndProLifecycle_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windows10HomeAndProLifecycle-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Windows10EntAndEduLifecycle_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windows10EntAndEduLifecycle-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="6">12 </td> <td rowspan="6">131 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="NT 10.02"><span style="display: none;">Old version, yet still maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2016" title="Windows Server 2016">Windows Server 2016</a> </td> <td>NT 10.0.14393 </td> <td>October 12, 2016 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td align="center">January 11, 2022 </td> <td align="center">January 12, 2027 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="NT 10.03"><span style="display: none;">Old version, yet still maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2019" title="Windows Server 2019">Windows Server 2019</a> </td> <td>NT 10.0.17763 </td> <td>October 2, 2018 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td align="center">January 9, 2024 </td> <td align="center">January 9, 2029 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="NT 10.11"><span style="display: none;">Old version, yet still maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2022" title="Windows Server 2022">Windows Server 2022</a> </td> <td>NT 10.0.20348 </td> <td>August 18, 2021 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td align="center">October 13, 2026 </td> <td align="center">October 14, 2031 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="templateVersion c" style="color:black; background-color: #D4F4B4;" title="Current stable version" data-sort-value="NT 10.12"><span style="display: none;">Current stable version:</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a></b> </td> <td>NT 10.0.26100 </td> <td>October 5, 2021 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Windows_11#Updates_and_support" title="Windows 11">Various</a></i> </td> <td align="center" colspan="2">October 12, 2027<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td class="templateVersion c" style="color:black; background-color: #D4F4B4;" title="Current stable version" data-sort-value="NT 10.13"><span style="display: none;">Current stable version:</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2025" title="Windows Server 2025">Windows Server 2025</a></b> </td> <td>NT 10.0.26100 </td> <td>November 1, 2024 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>October 9, 2029 </td> <td>October 10, 2034 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="width:100%;overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Timeline of Windows versions <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:100%;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suite_des_versions_de_Windows.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Windows family tree"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Suite_des_versions_de_Windows.svg/700px-Suite_des_versions_de_Windows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Suite_des_versions_de_Windows.svg/1050px-Suite_des_versions_de_Windows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Suite_des_versions_de_Windows.svg/1400px-Suite_des_versions_de_Windows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Suite_des_versions_de_Windows.svg" title="File:Suite des versions de Windows.svg"> </a></div>The Windows family tree</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_share_and_device_sales">Usage share and device sales</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share of operating systems</a></div> <div style="text-align:center"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Windows_usage_share" title="Template:Windows usage share"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Windows_usage_share" title="Template talk:Windows usage share"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Windows_usage_share" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Windows usage share"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg/200px-Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg/300px-Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg/400px-Windows_logo_and_wordmark_-_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="184" /></a></span> <p><b>Version market share</b><br /> As a percentage of desktop and laptop systems using <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Microsoft Windows</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to <a href="/wiki/StatCounter" title="StatCounter">StatCounter</a> data as of November 2024<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="margin:0 auto;text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Desktop OS </th> <th>StatCounter </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="0"><i>Other versions</i> </th> <td>0.06% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="5.1"><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> </th> <td>0.25% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="6.1"><a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> </th> <td>2.47% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="6.2"><a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> </th> <td>0.16% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="6.3"><a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a> </th> <td>0.31% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="10.0_0"><a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> </th> <td>61.83% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="10.0_1"><a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a> </th> <td>34.94% </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p>Use of <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> has exceeded Windows 7 globally since early 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For desktop and laptop computers, according to <a href="/wiki/Net_Applications" title="Net Applications">Net Applications</a> and <a href="/wiki/StatCounter" title="StatCounter">StatCounter</a> (which track the use of operating systems in devices that are active on the Web), Windows was the most used operating-system family in August 2021, with around 91% usage share according to Net Applications<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and around 76% usage share according to StatCounter.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Including personal computers of all kinds (e.g., desktops, laptops, mobile devices, and game consoles), Windows OSes accounted for 32.67% of usage share in August 2021, compared to Android (highest, at 46.03%), <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>'s 13.76%, <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a>'s 2.81%, and macOS's 2.51%, according to Net Applications<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 30.73% of usage share in August 2021, compared to Android (highest, at 42.56%), iOS/iPadOS's 16.53%, and macOS's 6.51%, according to StatCounter.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those statistics do not include servers (including <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, where Linux has significantly more market share than Windows) as Net Applications and StatCounter use web browsing as a proxy for all use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Early versions of Windows were designed at a time where <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> and networking were less common, and had few built-in security features; they did not provide access privileges to allow a user to prevent other users from accessing their files, and they did not provide <a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">memory protection</a> to prevent one process from reading or writing another process's address space or to prevent a process from code or data used by privileged-mode code. </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a> series offered the option of having profiles for multiple users with separate profiles and home folders, it had no concept of <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_least_privilege" title="Principle of least privilege">access privileges</a>, allowing any user to edit others' files. In addition, while it ran separate 32-bit applications in separate address spaces, protecting an application's code and data from being read or written by another application, it did not protect the first megabyte of memory from <a href="/wiki/Userland_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Userland (computing)">userland</a> applications for compatibility reasons. This area of memory contains code critical to the functioning of the operating system, and by writing into this area of memory an application can <a href="/wiki/Crash_(computing)" title="Crash (computing)">crash</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hang_(computing)" title="Hang (computing)">freeze</a> the operating system. This was a source of instability as faulty applications could accidentally write into this region, potentially corrupting important operating system memory, which usually resulted in some form of system error and halt.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> was far more secure, implementing access privileges and full memory protection, and, while 32-bit programs meeting the DoD's C2 security rating,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet these advantages were nullified<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag may be based upon an improper synthesis of sources. (November 2023)">improper synthesis?</span></a></i>]</sup> by the fact that, prior to <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a>, the default user account created during the setup process was an <a href="/wiki/Windows_administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows administrator">administrator</a> account; the user, and any program the user launched, had full access to the machine. Though <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> did offer an option of turning administrator accounts into limited accounts, the majority of home users did not do so, partially due to the number of programs which required administrator rights to function properly. As a result, most home users still ran as administrator all the time. These architectural flaws, combined with Windows's very high popularity, made Windows a frequent target of <a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">computer worm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">virus</a> writers.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patrizio2_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patrizio2-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, although Windows NT and its successors are designed for security (including on a network) and multi-user PCs, they were not initially designed with Internet security in mind as much, since, when it was first developed in the early 1990s, Internet use was less prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2002 strategy memo entitled "Trustworthy computing" sent to every Microsoft employee, Bill Gates declared that security should become Microsoft's highest priority.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> introduced a privilege elevation system called <a href="/wiki/User_Account_Control" title="User Account Control">User Account Control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When logging in as a standard user, a logon session is created and a <a href="/wiki/Token_(Windows_NT_architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Token (Windows NT architecture)">token</a> containing only the most basic privileges is assigned. In this way, the new logon session is incapable of making changes that would affect the entire system. When logging in as a user in the Administrators group, two separate tokens are assigned. The first token contains all privileges typically awarded to an administrator, and the second is a restricted token similar to what a standard user would receive. User applications, including the <a href="/wiki/Windows_shell" title="Windows shell">Windows shell</a>, are then started with the restricted token, resulting in a reduced privilege environment even under an Administrator account. When an application requests higher privileges or "Run as administrator" is clicked, UAC will prompt for confirmation and, if consent is given (including administrator credentials if the account requesting the elevation is not a member of the administrators group), start the process using the unrestricted token.<sup id="cite_ref-kennykerr2_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennykerr2-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leaked documents from 2013 to 2016 codenamed <a href="/wiki/Vault_7" title="Vault 7">Vault 7</a> detail the capabilities of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the ability to compromise operating systems such as Windows.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2019, computer experts reported that the <a href="/wiki/BlueKeep" title="BlueKeep">BlueKeep</a> security vulnerability, <a href="/wiki/CVE_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CVE (identifier)">CVE</a>-<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-0708">2019-0708</a>, that potentially affects older unpatched Windows versions via the program's <a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol" title="Remote Desktop Protocol">Remote Desktop Protocol</a>, allowing for the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Remote_code_execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote code execution">remote code execution</a>, may include related flaws, collectively named <i><a href="/wiki/DejaBlue" class="mw-redirect" title="DejaBlue">DejaBlue</a></i>, affecting newer Windows versions (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> and all recent versions) as well.<sup id="cite_ref-WRD-201908132_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-201908132-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, experts reported a Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Security_vulnerability" class="mw-redirect" title="Security vulnerability">security vulnerability</a>, <a href="/wiki/CVE_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CVE (identifier)">CVE</a>-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1162">2019-1162</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Legacy_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Legacy code">legacy code</a> involving <a href="/wiki/Text_Services_Framework#ctfmon" title="Text Services Framework">Microsoft CTF and ctfmon (ctfmon.exe)</a>, that affects all <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> versions from <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> to the then most recent <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> versions; a patch to correct the flaw is available.<sup id="cite_ref-TP-201908142_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TP-201908142-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microsoft releases security patches through its <a href="/wiki/Windows_Update" title="Windows Update">Windows Update</a> service approximately once a month (usually the <a href="/wiki/Patch_Tuesday" title="Patch Tuesday">second Tuesday</a> of the month), although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Versions subsequent to Windows 2000 SP3 and Windows XP implemented automatic download and installation of updates, substantially increasing the number of users installing security updates.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windows integrates the Windows Defender antivirus, which is seen as one of the best available.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windows also implements <a href="/wiki/Secure_Boot" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Boot">Secure Boot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control-flow_integrity" title="Control-flow integrity">Control Flow Guard</a>, ransomware protection, <a href="/wiki/BitLocker" title="BitLocker">BitLocker</a> disk encryption, a firewall, and Windows SmartScreen. </p><p>In July 2024, Microsoft signalled an intention to limit kernel access and improve overall security, following a highly publicised <a href="/wiki/2024_CrowdStrike-related_IT_outages" title="2024 CrowdStrike-related IT outages">CrowdStrike update</a> that caused 8.5 million Windows PCs to crash.<sup id="cite_ref-CrowdStrike9to5_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrowdStrike9to5-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of that initiative is to rewrite parts of Windows in <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Memory-safe" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory-safe">memory-safe</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_permissions">File permissions</h3></div> <p>All Windows versions from Windows NT 3 have been based on a file system permission system referred to as <a href="/wiki/AGDLP" title="AGDLP">AGDLP</a> (Accounts, Global, Domain Local, Permissions) in which file permissions are applied to the file/folder in the form of a 'local group' which then has other 'global groups' as members. These global groups then hold other groups or users depending on different Windows versions used. This system varies from other vendor products such as <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/NetWare" title="NetWare">NetWare</a> due to the 'static' allocation of permission being applied directly to the file or folder. However using this process of AGLP/AGDLP/AGUDLP allows a small number of static permissions to be applied and allows for easy changes to the account groups without reapplying the file permissions on the files and folders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_implementations">Alternative implementations</h2></div> <p>Owing to the operating system's popularity, a number of applications have been released that aim to provide compatibility with Windows applications, either as a <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">compatibility layer</a> for another operating system, or as a standalone system that can run software written for Windows out of the box. These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_(software)" title="Wine (software)">Wine</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open-source">free and open-source</a> implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API">Windows API</a>, allowing one to run many Windows applications on x86-based platforms, including <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>. Wine developers refer to it as a "compatibility layer"<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and use Windows-style APIs to emulate Windows environment. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CrossOver_(software)" title="CrossOver (software)">CrossOver</a> – a Wine package with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors to Wine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(software)" title="Proton (software)">Proton</a> – A fork of Wine by Valve to run Windows games on Linux and other Unix-like OS.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS">ReactOS</a> – an open-source OS intended to run the same software as Windows, originally designed to simulate Windows NT 4.0, later aiming at Windows 7 compatibility. It has been in the <a href="/wiki/Development_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Development stage">development stage</a> since 1996.</li> <li><b>Freedows OS</b> – an open-source attempt at creating a Windows clone for x86 platforms, intended to be released under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>. Started in 1996 by Reece K. Sellin, the project was never completed, getting only to the stage of design discussions which featured a number of novel concepts until it was suspended in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wintel" title="Wintel">Wintel</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.microsoft.com/help/5046740">"November 21, 2024—KB5046740 (OS Build 26100.2454) Preview"</a>. <i>Microsoft Support</i>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Support&rft.atitle=November+21%2C+2024%E2%80%94KB5046740+%28OS+Build+26100.2454%29+Preview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fhelp%2F5046740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.windows.com/windows-insider/2024/11/14/releasing-windows-11-build-26100-2448-to-the-release-preview-channel">"Releasing Windows 11 Build 26100.2448 to the Release Preview Channel"</a>. <i>Windows Insider Blog</i>. 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November 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windows+Insider+Blog&rft.atitle=Announcing+Windows+11+Insider+Preview+Build+22635.4515+%28Beta+Channel%29&rft.date=2024-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.windows.com%2Fwindows-insider%2F2024%2F11%2F22%2Fannouncing-windows-11-insider-preview-build-22635-4515-beta-channel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.windows.com/windows-insider/2024/11/22/previewing-recall-with-click-to-do-on-copilot-pcs-with-windows-insiders-in-the-dev-channel">"Previewing Recall with Click to Do on Copilot+ PCs with Windows Insiders in the Dev Channel"</a>. <i>Windows Insider Blog</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thocp.net/companies/microsoft/microsoft_company.htm">the original</a> on May 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thocp.net%2Fcompanies%2Fmicrosoft%2Fmicrosoft_company.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112112159/http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?LN=en-us&p1=3078&x=10&y=11">"Windows 3.1 Standard Edition Support Lifecycle"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windows+3.1+Standard+Edition+Support+Lifecycle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Flifecycle%2F%3FLN%3Den-us%26p1%3D3078%26x%3D10%26y%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061108051648/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/129451">"Microsoft Windows Simplified Chinese 3.2 Upgrade Is Available"</a>. <i>Microsoft Support</i>. Microsoft. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Window+10+Home+and+Pro+Lifecycle&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flifecycle%2Fproducts%2Fwindows-10-home-and-pro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Windows10EntAndEduLifecycle-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Windows10EntAndEduLifecycle_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Windows10EntAndEduLifecycle_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/windows-10-enterprise-and-education">"Window 10 Enterprise and Education Lifecycle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210701160716/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/windows-10-enterprise-and-education">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft&rft.atitle=Windows+client+roadmap+update&rft.date=2023-04-27&rft.aulast=Leznek&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcommunity.microsoft.com%2Ft5%2Fwindows-it-pro-blog%2Fwindows-client-roadmap-update%2Fba-p%2F3805227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden2023" class="citation news cs1">Bowden, Zack (April 27, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.windowscentral.com/software-apps/windows-10/windows-10-is-finished-microsoft-confirms-version-22h2-is-the-last">"Windows 10 is finished — Microsoft confirms 'version 22H2' is the last"</a>. <i>Windows Central</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230903135717/https://www.windowscentral.com/software-apps/windows-10/windows-10-is-finished-microsoft-confirms-version-22h2-is-the-last">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Windows+Central&rft.atitle=Windows+10+is+finished+%E2%80%94+Microsoft+confirms+%27version+22H2%27+is+the+last&rft.date=2023-04-27&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=Zack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.windowscentral.com%2Fsoftware-apps%2Fwindows-10%2Fwindows-10-is-finished-microsoft-confirms-version-22h2-is-the-last&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox" class="citation web cs1">Cox, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespectrum.com/story/news/local/mesquite/2021/09/13/pc-periodicals-windows-11-release-date-october-5/8316090002/">"Windows 11 release date is October 5"</a>. <i>The Spectrum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218183810/https://www.thespectrum.com/story/news/local/mesquite/2021/09/13/pc-periodicals-windows-11-release-date-october-5/8316090002/">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectrum&rft.atitle=Windows+11+release+date+is+October+5&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespectrum.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmesquite%2F2021%2F09%2F13%2Fpc-periodicals-windows-11-release-date-october-5%2F8316090002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2021" class="citation web cs1">Warren, Tom (June 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/24/22546791/microsoft-windows-11-announcement-features-updates">"Microsoft announces Windows 11, with a new design, Start menu, and more"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624150725/https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/24/22546791/microsoft-windows-11-announcement-features-updates">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Microsoft+announces+Windows+11%2C+with+a+new+design%2C+Start+menu%2C+and+more&rft.date=2021-06-24&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2021%2F6%2F24%2F22546791%2Fmicrosoft-windows-11-announcement-features-updates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-windows11specs-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-windows11specs_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-windows11specs_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/windows-11-specifications">"Windows 11 Specs and System Requirements"</a>. Microsoft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531013104/https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/windows-11-specifications">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windows+11+Specs+and+System+Requirements&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fwindows%2Fwindows-11-specifications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2023" class="citation web cs1">Warren, Tom (April 6, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/4/6/23672363/microsoft-windows-365-frontline-lg-tv-integration-features">"Microsoft's Windows 365 Cloud PCs get more flexible, LG TV integration, and more"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230903135720/https://www.theverge.com/2023/4/6/23672363/microsoft-windows-365-frontline-lg-tv-integration-features">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Microsoft%27s+Windows+365+Cloud+PCs+get+more+flexible%2C+LG+TV+integration%2C+and+more&rft.date=2023-04-06&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2023%2F4%2F6%2F23672363%2Fmicrosoft-windows-365-frontline-lg-tv-integration-features&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley2021" class="citation web cs1">Foley, Mary Jo (July 14, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-brings-windows-to-the-cloud-with-windows-365-and-cloud-pc/">"Microsoft brings Windows to the cloud with Windows 365 and Cloud PC"</a>. <i>ZDNet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728074255/https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-brings-windows-to-the-cloud-with-windows-365-and-cloud-pc/">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Microsoft+brings+Windows+to+the+cloud+with+Windows+365+and+Cloud+PC&rft.date=2021-07-14&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fmicrosoft-brings-windows-to-the-cloud-with-windows-365-and-cloud-pc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilley2021" class="citation news cs1">Tilley, Aaron (July 14, 2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/microsoft-aims-to-put-windows-in-hands-of-apple-android-users-through-hybrid-work-11626274801">"Microsoft Aims to Put Windows in Hands of Apple, Android Users Through Hybrid Work"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728132315/https://www.wsj.com/articles/microsoft-aims-to-put-windows-in-hands-of-apple-android-users-through-hybrid-work-11626274801">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Aims+to+Put+Windows+in+Hands+of+Apple%2C+Android+Users+Through+Hybrid+Work&rft.date=2021-07-14&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Tilley&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fmicrosoft-aims-to-put-windows-in-hands-of-apple-android-users-through-hybrid-work-11626274801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2021" class="citation news cs1">Higgins, Tim (June 23, 2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/apples-fight-for-control-over-apps-moves-to-congress-and-eu-11624440601">"Apple's Fight for Control Over Apps Moves to Congress and EU"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728075524/https://www.wsj.com/articles/apples-fight-for-control-over-apps-moves-to-congress-and-eu-11624440601">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Apple%27s+Fight+for+Control+Over+Apps+Moves+to+Congress+and+EU&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fapples-fight-for-control-over-apps-moves-to-congress-and-eu-11624440601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/windows-365-cloud-virtual-pc-150022333.html">"Microsoft unveils Windows 365, a Windows 10 PC in the cloud"</a>. <i>Engadget</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=Microsoft+unveils+Windows+365%2C+a+Windows+10+PC+in+the+cloud&rft.date=2021-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2Fwindows-365-cloud-virtual-pc-150022333.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-365">"Windows 365 Cloud PC | Microsoft"</a>. <i>www.microsoft.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728090712/https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-365">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Microsoft+hosts+the+Windows+source+in+a+monstrous+300+GB+Git+repository&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2017%2F02%2Fmicrosoft-hosts-the-windows-source-in-a-monstrous-300gb-git-repository%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaconStraub2014" class="citation book cs1">Chacon, Scott; Straub, Ben (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Getting-a-Git-Repository#_git_cloning">"2.1 Git Basics – Getting a Git Repository: Cloning an Existing Repository"</a>. <i>Pro Git</i>. The version found here has been updated with corrections and additions from hundreds of contributors. (2nd ed.). Apress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-0077-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-0077-3"><bdi>978-1-4842-0077-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230901193044/https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Getting-a-Git-Repository#_git_cloning">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2023</span> – via the Git Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.1+Git+Basics+%E2%80%93+Getting+a+Git+Repository%3A+Cloning+an+Existing+Repository&rft.btitle=Pro+Git&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4842-0077-3&rft.aulast=Chacon&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Straub%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit-scm.com%2Fbook%2Fen%2Fv2%2FGit-Basics-Getting-a-Git-Repository%23_git_cloning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolee2020" class="citation web cs1">Stolee, Derrick (May 28, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/microsoft/VFSForGit/blob/3790eb06e14d88d71af11958414b59fd3cb2e65d/docs/faq.md#why-are-you-abandoning-vfs-for-git">"Frequently Asked Questions: Why are you abandoning VFS for Git?"</a>. <i>GitHub</i>. Microsoft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501123753/https://github.com/microsoft/VFSForGit/blob/3790eb06e14d88d71af11958414b59fd3cb2e65d/docs/faq.md#why-are-you-abandoning-vfs-for-git">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions%3A+Why+are+you+abandoning+VFS+for+Git%3F&rft.date=2020-05-28&rft.aulast=Stolee&rft.aufirst=Derrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fmicrosoft%2FVFSForGit%2Fblob%2F3790eb06e14d88d71af11958414b59fd3cb2e65d%2Fdocs%2Ffaq.md%23why-are-you-abandoning-vfs-for-git&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/">"Microsoft Support Lifecycle"</a>. Microsoft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011144824/http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Support+Lifecycle&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Flifecycle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2019" class="citation web cs1">Chen, Raymond (July 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20190722-00/?p=102724">"What was the code name for Windows 7?"</a>. <i>The Old New Thing</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926093909/https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20190722-00/?p=102724">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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September 20, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321051025/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/windows-11-enterprise-and-education">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Are laptops included in the desktop platform?.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StatCounter&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.pages=Are+laptops+included+in+the+desktop+platform%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgs.statcounter.com%2Ffaq%23desktop-laptop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gs.statcounter.com/windows-version-market-share/desktop/worldwide/#monthly-202411-202411-bar">"Desktop Windows Version Market Share Worldwide (November 2024)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/StatCounter" title="StatCounter">StatCounter</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StatCounter&rft.atitle=Desktop+Windows+Version+Market+Share+Worldwide+%28November+2024%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgs.statcounter.com%2Fwindows-version-market-share%2Fdesktop%2Fworldwide%2F%23monthly-202411-202411-bar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gs.statcounter.com/windows-version-market-share/desktop/worldwide/#monthly-201706-201806">"Desktop Windows Version Market Share Worldwide | StatCounter Global Stats"</a>. <i>StatCounter Global Stats</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420180627/http://gs.statcounter.com/windows-version-market-share/desktop/worldwide#monthly-201706-201806">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StatCounter+Global+Stats&rft.atitle=Desktop+Windows+Version+Market+Share+Worldwide+%7C+StatCounter+Global+Stats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgs.statcounter.com%2Fwindows-version-market-share%2Fdesktop%2Fworldwide%2F%23monthly-201706-201806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netmarketshare.com/operating-system-market-share.aspx?options=%7B%22filter%22%3A%7B%22%24and%22%3A%5B%7B%22deviceType%22%3A%7B%22%24in%22%3A%5B%22Desktop%2Flaptop%22%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D%2C%22dateLabel%22%3A%22Custom%22%2C%22attributes%22%3A%22share%22%2C%22group%22%3A%22platform%22%2C%22sort%22%3A%7B%22share%22%3A-1%7D%2C%22id%22%3A%22platformsDesktop%22%2C%22dateInterval%22%3A%22Monthly%22%2C%22dateStart%22%3A%222021-08%22%2C%22dateEnd%22%3A%222021-08%22%2C%22segments%22%3A%22-1000%22%7D">"Desktop Operating system market share: August 2021"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Net_Applications" title="Net Applications">Net Applications</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908052821/https://www.netmarketshare.com/operating-system-market-share.aspx?options=%7B%22filter%22%3A%7B%22%24and%22%3A%5B%7B%22deviceType%22%3A%7B%22%24in%22%3A%5B%22Desktop%2Flaptop%22%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D%2C%22dateLabel%22%3A%22Custom%22%2C%22attributes%22%3A%22share%22%2C%22group%22%3A%22platform%22%2C%22sort%22%3A%7B%22share%22%3A-1%7D%2C%22id%22%3A%22platformsDesktop%22%2C%22dateInterval%22%3A%22Monthly%22%2C%22dateStart%22%3A%222021-08%22%2C%22dateEnd%22%3A%222021-08%22%2C%22segments%22%3A%22-1000%22%7D">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Net+Applications&rft.atitle=Desktop+Operating+system+market+share%3A+August+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netmarketshare.com%2Foperating-system-market-share.aspx%3Foptions%3D%257B%2522filter%2522%253A%257B%2522%2524and%2522%253A%255B%257B%2522deviceType%2522%253A%257B%2522%2524in%2522%253A%255B%2522Desktop%252Flaptop%2522%255D%257D%257D%255D%257D%252C%2522dateLabel%2522%253A%2522Custom%2522%252C%2522attributes%2522%253A%2522share%2522%252C%2522group%2522%253A%2522platform%2522%252C%2522sort%2522%253A%257B%2522share%2522%253A-1%257D%252C%2522id%2522%253A%2522platformsDesktop%2522%252C%2522dateInterval%2522%253A%2522Monthly%2522%252C%2522dateStart%2522%253A%25222021-08%2522%252C%2522dateEnd%2522%253A%25222021-08%2522%252C%2522segments%2522%253A%2522-1000%2522%257D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/desktop/worldwide/#monthly-202108-202108-bar">"Desktop Operating System Market Share Worldwide: August 2021"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/StatCounter" title="StatCounter">StatCounter</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200127171354/https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/desktop/worldwide/%23monthly-202001-202001-bar#monthly-202108-202108-bar">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Net+Applications&rft.atitle=Operating+system+market+share%3A+August+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netmarketshare.com%2Foperating-system-market-share.aspx%3Foptions%3D%257B%2522filter%2522%253A%257B%257D%252C%2522dateLabel%2522%253A%2522Custom%2522%252C%2522attributes%2522%253A%2522share%2522%252C%2522group%2522%253A%2522platform%2522%252C%2522sort%2522%253A%257B%2522share%2522%253A-1%257D%252C%2522id%2522%253A%2522platformsDesktop%2522%252C%2522dateInterval%2522%253A%2522Monthly%2522%252C%2522dateStart%2522%253A%25222021-08%2522%252C%2522dateEnd%2522%253A%25222021-08%2522%252C%2522segments%2522%253A%2522-1000%2522%257D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share#monthly-202108-202108-bar">"Operating System Market Share Worldwide: August 2021"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/StatCounter" title="StatCounter">StatCounter</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215213114/https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share#monthly-202108-202108-bar">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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November 21, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/expertzone/chats/transcripts/bottchat.mspx">the original</a> on September 18, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.av-test.org&rft.atitle=Test+antivirus+software+for+Windows+10+%E2%80%93+June+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.av-test.org%2Fen%2Fantivirus%2Fhome-windows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrowdStrike9to5-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CrowdStrike9to5_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristoffel2024" class="citation web cs1">Christoffel, Ryan (July 26, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://9to5mac.com/2024/07/26/microsoft-starts-campaign-to-make-windows-security-more-like-mac-post-crowdstrike/">"Microsoft starts campaign to make Windows security more like Mac post-CrowdStrike"</a>. <i>9to5Mac</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=9to5Mac&rft.atitle=Microsoft+starts+campaign+to+make+Windows+security+more+like+Mac+post-CrowdStrike&rft.date=2024-07-26&rft.aulast=Christoffel&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F9to5mac.com%2F2024%2F07%2F26%2Fmicrosoft-starts-campaign-to-make-windows-security-more-like-mac-post-crowdstrike%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2024" class="citation news cs1">Warren, Tom (November 19, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2024/11/19/24299873/microsoft-windows-resiliency-initiative-crowdstrike-incident">"Microsoft's new Windows Resiliency Initiative aims to avoid another CrowdStrike incident"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2024</span>. <q>...and Microsoft is making changes to Windows, too. It's 'gradually moving functionality from C++ implementation to Rust' in Windows, to help further improve the security of the OS.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Microsoft%27s+new+Windows+Resiliency+Initiative+aims+to+avoid+another+CrowdStrike+incident&rft.date=2024-11-19&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2024%2F11%2F19%2F24299873%2Fmicrosoft-windows-resiliency-initiative-crowdstrike-incident&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140404215516/http://www.winehq.org/">"Wine"</a>. Winehq.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winehq.org/">the original</a> on April 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wine&rft.pub=Winehq.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winehq.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/A-Students-Dream-of-Creati/103396/">"A Student's Dream of Creating A New Operating System Encounters Problems"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i>. September 18, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=A+Student%27s+Dream+of+Creating+A+New+Operating+System+Encounters+Problems&rft.date=1998-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FA-Students-Dream-of-Creati%2F103396%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520072808/http://www.advogato.org/person/chipx86/diary.html?start=134">"Older blog entries for chipx86"</a>. <i>Advogato.org</i>. Advogato. June 27, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advogato.org/person/chipx86/diary.html?start=134">the original</a> on May 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advogato.org&rft.atitle=Older+blog+entries+for+chipx86&rft.date=2002-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advogato.org%2Fperson%2Fchipx86%2Fdiary.html%3Fstart%3D134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://features.slashdot.org/story/98/08/31/2231220/freedows-splits">"Freedows splits"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slashdot" title="Slashdot">Slashdot</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Dice_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Dice Holdings">Dice Holdings</a>. August 31, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slashdot&rft.atitle=Freedows+splits&rft.date=1998-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffeatures.slashdot.org%2Fstory%2F98%2F08%2F31%2F2231220%2Ffreedows-splits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMicrosoft+Windows" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions" title="Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft_Windows" title="Criticism of Microsoft Windows">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_1.0" title="Windows 1.0">1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_2.0" title="Windows 2.0">2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_2.1" title="Windows 2.1">2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">3.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1" title="Windows 3.1">3.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Me" title="Windows Me">Me</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Base <br /> releases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.1" title="Windows NT 3.1">NT 3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.5" title="Windows NT 3.5">NT 3.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.51" title="Windows NT 3.51">NT 3.51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">NT 4.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">XP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Professional_x64_Edition" title="Windows XP Professional x64 Edition">Pro x64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Media_Center_Edition" title="Windows XP Media Center Edition">Media Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">8</a> / <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">8.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server" title="Windows Server">Windows <br /> Server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Server 2003</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Home_Server" title="Windows Home Server">Home Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Server 2008</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Essential_Business_Server_2008" title="Windows Essential Business Server 2008">EBS 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_HPC_Server_2008" title="Windows HPC Server 2008">HPC Server 2008</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2" title="Windows Server 2008 R2">Server 2008 R2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Home_Server_2011" title="Windows Home Server 2011">Home Server 2011</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Server 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012_R2" title="Windows Server 2012 R2">Server 2012 R2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2016" title="Windows Server 2016">Server 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2019" title="Windows Server 2019">Server 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2022" title="Windows Server 2022">Server 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2025" title="Windows Server 2025">Server 2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <br /> releases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Fundamentals_for_Legacy_PCs" title="Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs">Fundamentals for Legacy PCs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">RT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Preinstallation_Environment" title="Windows Preinstallation Environment">Preinstallation Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_MultiPoint_Server" title="Windows MultiPoint Server">MultiPoint Server</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_IoT" title="Windows IoT">Windows <br /> Embedded / <br /> Windows IoT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact" title="Windows Embedded Compact">Embedded <br /> Compact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CE_5.0" title="Windows CE 5.0">CE 5.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_CE_6.0" title="Windows Embedded CE 6.0">Embedded CE 6.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact_7" title="Windows Embedded Compact 7">Embedded Compact 7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Automotive" title="Windows Embedded Automotive">Embedded Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Industry" title="Windows Embedded Industry">Embedded Industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_PC_2000" title="Pocket PC 2000">Pocket PC 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_PC_2002" title="Pocket PC 2002">Pocket PC 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_2003" title="Windows Mobile 2003">Mobile 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_5.0" title="Windows Mobile 5.0">Mobile 5.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.0" title="Windows Mobile 6.0">Mobile 6.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.1" title="Windows Mobile 6.1">Mobile 6.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.5" title="Windows Mobile 6.5">Mobile 6.5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_7" title="Windows Phone 7">Phone 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8" title="Windows Phone 8">Phone 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8.1" title="Windows Phone 8.1">Phone 8.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Mobile" title="Windows 10 Mobile">10 Mobile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_(operating_system)" title="Cairo (operating system)">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Nashville" title="Windows Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Neptune" title="Windows Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Odyssey" title="Windows Odyssey">Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Polaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Polaris">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10X" title="Windows 10X">10X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Development <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_95" title="Development of Windows 95">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_XP" title="Development of Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_Vista" title="Development of Windows Vista">Vista</a></li></ul></li> <li>Editions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_editions" title="Windows XP editions">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_editions" title="Windows Vista editions">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_7_editions" title="Windows 7 editions">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8_editions" title="Windows 8 editions">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_editions" title="Windows 10 editions">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_11_editions" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 11 editions">11</a></li></ul></li> <li>New features <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_XP" title="Features new to Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_Vista" title="Features new to Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_7" title="Features new to Windows 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_8" title="Features new to Windows 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_10" title="Features new to Windows 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Features_new_to_Windows_11" title="Features new to Windows 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li>Removed features <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_XP" title="List of features removed in Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_Vista" title="List of features removed in Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_7" title="List of features removed in Windows 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_8" title="List of features removed in Windows 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_10" title="List of features removed in Windows 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_removed_in_Windows_11" title="List of features removed in Windows 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_version_history" title="Microsoft Windows version history">Version history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_version_history" title="Windows Phone version history">Phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_version_history" title="Windows 10 version history">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Mobile_version_history" title="Windows 10 Mobile version history">10 Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_11_version_history" title="Windows 11 version history">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions" title="Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions">Version comparison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Windows_Vista_and_Windows_XP" title="Comparison of Windows Vista and Windows XP">Vista and XP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft_Windows" title="Criticism of Microsoft Windows">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_XP" title="Criticism of Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_Vista" title="Criticism of Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_10" title="Criticism of Windows 10">10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_for_Pen_Computing" title="Windows for Pen Computing">Windows for Pen Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Plus!" title="Microsoft Plus!">Microsoft Plus!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PowerToys" title="Microsoft PowerToys">Microsoft PowerToys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_Essentials" title="Windows Server Essentials">Windows Server Essentials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions" title="List of Microsoft Windows versions">List of versions</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions" title="Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions">Comparison</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Microsoft_Windows" title="Category:Microsoft Windows">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems_by_Microsoft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft_operating_systems" title="Template:Microsoft operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft_operating_systems" title="Template talk:Microsoft operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft_operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operating_systems_by_Microsoft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Operating systems by Microsoft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop / Server</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Microsoft Windows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_1.0" title="Windows 1.0">1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_2.0" title="Windows 2.0">2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_2.1" title="Windows 2.1">2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">3.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1" title="Windows 3.1">3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">9x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">NT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MSX-DOS" title="MSX-DOS">MSX-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_4.0_(multitasking)" title="MS-DOS 4.0 (multitasking)">Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0/4.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_7" title="MS-DOS 7">MS-DOS 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS/V" title="DOS/V">DOS/V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-DOS" title="Z-DOS">Z-DOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Asha_platform" title="Nokia Asha platform">Nokia Asha platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_X_platform" title="Nokia X platform">Nokia X platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Kin" title="Microsoft Kin">KIN OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zune#Firmware" title="Zune">Zune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Mobile" title="Windows 10 Mobile">Windows 10 Mobile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Embedded / IoT</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThreadX" title="ThreadX">Azure RTOS ThreadX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Sphere" title="Azure Sphere">Azure Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Modular Windows">Modular Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Automotive" title="Windows Embedded Automotive">Windows Embedded Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact" title="Windows Embedded Compact">Windows Embedded Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Industry" title="Windows Embedded Industry">Windows Embedded Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_IoT" title="Windows IoT">Windows IoT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Network</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MS-Net" title="MS-Net">MS-Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAN_Manager" title="LAN Manager">LAN Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SONiC_(operating_system)" title="SONiC (operating system)">SONiC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Linux" title="Azure Linux">Azure Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrelfish_(operating_system)" title="Barrelfish (operating system)">Barrelfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_(operating_system)" title="Cairo (operating system)">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeOS" title="HomeOS">HomeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midori_(operating_system)" title="Midori (operating system)">Midori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singularity_(operating_system)" title="Singularity (operating system)">Singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Venus" title="Microsoft Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verve_(operating_system)" title="Verve (operating system)">Verve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_system_software" title="Xbox system software">Xbox system software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Microsoft_operating_systems" title="Category:Microsoft operating systems">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_operating_systems" title="List of Microsoft operating systems">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_Corporation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft" title="Template:Microsoft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft" title="Template talk:Microsoft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microsoft_Corporation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft Corporation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Microsoft" title="History of Microsoft">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Microsoft" title="Outline of Microsoft">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Allen" title="Paul Allen">Paul Allen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board of directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Nadella" title="Satya Nadella">Satya Nadella</a> (Chairman and CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandi_Peterson" title="Sandi Peterson">Sandi Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Pritzker" title="Penny Pritzker">Penny Pritzker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_A._Rodriguez" title="Carlos A. Rodriguez">Carlos A. Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scharf" title="Charles Scharf">Charles Scharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stanton" title="John W. Stanton">John W. Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Thompson" title="John W. Thompson">John W. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Walmsley" title="Emma Walmsley">Emma Walmsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasree_Warrior" title="Padmasree Warrior">Padmasree Warrior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senior leadership team</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Nadella" title="Satya Nadella">Satya Nadella</a> (CEO)</li> <li>Takeshi Numoto (CMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Guthrie" title="Scott Guthrie">Scott Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Dybeck_Happe" title="Carolina Dybeck Happe">Carolina Dybeck Happe</a> (COO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Hood" title="Amy Hood">Amy Hood</a> (CFO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Scott_(computer_scientist)" title="Kevin Scott (computer scientist)">Kevin Scott</a> (CTO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Smith_(American_lawyer)" title="Brad Smith (American lawyer)">Brad Smith</a> (CLO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Shum" title="Harry Shum">Harry Shum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Spencer_(business_executive)" title="Phil Spencer (business executive)">Phil Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Hogan" title="Kathleen Hogan">Kathleen Hogan</a> (CPO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corporate VPs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Belfiore" title="Joe Belfiore">Joe Belfiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rashid" title="Richard Rashid">Richard Rashid</a> (SVP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cernuda" title="César Cernuda">César Cernuda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employee groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_LGBTQIA%2B_Employee_%26_Allies_at_Microsoft" title="Global LGBTQIA+ Employee & Allies at Microsoft">Global LGBTQIA+ Employee & Allies at Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_and_unions" title="Microsoft and unions">Microsoft and unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_hardware" title="Microsoft hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Kinect" title="Azure Kinect">Azure Kinect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_HoloLens" title="Microsoft HoloLens">HoloLens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeCam" title="LifeCam">LifeCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Surface" title="Microsoft Surface">Surface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Duo" title="Surface Duo">Duo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Go" title="Surface Go">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Hub" title="Surface Hub">Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Laptop" title="Surface Laptop">Laptop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Laptop_Go" title="Surface Laptop Go">Laptop Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Neo" title="Surface Neo">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Pro" title="Surface Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Studio" title="Surface Studio">Studio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox" title="Xbox">Xbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_software" title="List of Microsoft software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipchamp" title="Clipchamp">Clipchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Dynamics_365" title="Microsoft Dynamics 365">Dynamics 365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havok_(software)" title="Havok (software)">Havok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_365" title="Microsoft 365">Microsoft 365</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Teams" title="Microsoft Teams">Teams</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_and_open_source" title="Microsoft and open source">Open source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Platform" title="Microsoft Power Platform">Power Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Servers" title="Microsoft Servers">Servers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Start" title="Microsoft Start">Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tay_(chatbot)" title="Tay (chatbot)">Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_system_software" title="Xbox system software">Xbox OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">VB.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications" title="Visual Basic for Applications">VBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">Visual Basic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/AL" title="C/AL">C/AL a.k.a. Navision Attain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Programming_Language" title="Microsoft Visual Programming Language">MVPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Fx" title="Microsoft Power Fx">Power Fx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transact-SQL" title="Transact-SQL">Transact-SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visual_J%2B%2B" title="Visual J++">Visual J++</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visual_J_Sharp" title="Visual J Sharp">Visual J#</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Web properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Azure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Copilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Learn" title="Microsoft Learn">Learn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_9_(Microsoft)" title="Channel 9 (Microsoft)">Channel 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Developer_Network" title="Microsoft Developer Network">Developer Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_TechNet" title="Microsoft TechNet">TechNet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn_Learning" title="LinkedIn Learning">LinkedIn Learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN" title="MSN">MSN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Translator" title="Microsoft Translator">Translator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Company</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Build" title="Microsoft Build">Build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Ignite" title="Microsoft Ignite">Ignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Inspire" title="Microsoft Inspire">Inspire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIX_(Microsoft)" title="MIX (Microsoft)">MIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Developers_Conference" title="Professional Developers Conference">PDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Hardware_Engineering_Conference" title="Windows Hardware Engineering Conference">WinHEC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Foundation" title=".NET Foundation">.NET Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Digital_Crimes_Unit" title="Microsoft Digital Crimes Unit">Digital Crimes Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_engineering_groups" title="Microsoft engineering groups">Engineering groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mobile" title="Microsoft Mobile">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype_Technologies" title="Skype Technologies">Skype unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Gaming" title="Microsoft Gaming">Gaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activision_Blizzard" title="Activision Blizzard">Activision Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Game_Studios" title="Xbox Game Studios">Xbox Game Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZeniMax_Media" title="ZeniMax Media">ZeniMax Media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Garage" title="Microsoft Garage">Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outercurve_Foundation" title="Outercurve Foundation">Outercurve Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store_(retail)" title="Microsoft Store (retail)">Retail stores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Estates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_campus" title="Microsoft campus">Microsoft campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Egypt">Microsoft Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_India" title="Microsoft India">Microsoft India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Japan" title="Microsoft Japan">Microsoft Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Where_do_you_want_to_go_today%3F" title="Where do you want to go today?">Where do you want to go today?</a>" (1994)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Champagne_(advertisement)" title="Champagne (advertisement)">Champagne</a>" (2002)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mojave_Experiment" title="Mojave Experiment">Mojave Experiment</a>" (2006)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I%27m_a_PC" title="I'm a PC">I'm a PC</a>" (2008)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Scroogled" title="Scroogled">Scroogled</a>" (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft" title="Criticism of Microsoft">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundling_of_Microsoft_Windows" title="Bundling of Microsoft Windows">Bundling of Microsoft Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Assistant" title="Office Assistant">Clippy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILoo#Reaction" title="ILoo">iLoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer#Security_vulnerabilities" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bob" title="Microsoft Bob">Microsoft Bob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSAKEY" title="NSAKEY">_NSAKEY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft_Windows" title="Criticism of Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_XP" title="Criticism of Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_Vista" title="Criticism of Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_10" title="Criticism of Windows 10">10</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_litigation" title="Microsoft litigation">Litigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent_v._Microsoft_Corp." title="Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft Corp.">Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Microsoft_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.">Apple v. Microsoft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._Commission" title="Microsoft Corp. v. Commission">Microsoft v. Commission</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FTC_v._Microsoft" title="FTC v. Microsoft">FTC v. Microsoft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._Lindows.com,_Inc." title="Microsoft Corp. v. Lindows.com, Inc.">Microsoft v. Lindows</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_v._MikeRoweSoft" title="Microsoft v. MikeRoweSoft">Microsoft v. MikeRoweSoft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._Shah" title="Microsoft Corp. v. Shah">Microsoft v. Shah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp." title="United States v. Microsoft Corp.">United States v. Microsoft</a></i> (2001 antitrust case)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._United_States" title="Microsoft Corp. v. United States">Microsoft v. United States</a></i> (2018 data privacy case)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Microsoft" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by Microsoft">Acquisitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wunderlist" title="Wunderlist">6Wunderkinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_Software" title="Access Software">Access Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acompli" title="Acompli">Acompli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activision_Blizzard" title="Activision Blizzard">Activision Blizzard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_Activision_Blizzard_by_Microsoft" title="Acquisition of Activision Blizzard by Microsoft">acquisition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altamira_Software" title="Altamira Software">Altamira Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AltspaceVR" title="AltspaceVR">AltspaceVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQuantive" title="AQuantive">aQuantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Amalga" title="Microsoft Amalga">Azyxxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixer_(service)" title="Mixer (service)">Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Ribbon_SoundWorks" title="The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks">The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungie" title="Bungie">Bungie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipchamp" title="Clipchamp">Clipchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquis" title="Colloquis">Colloquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsion_Games" title="Compulsion Games">Compulsion Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectix" title="Connectix">Connectix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumers_Software" title="Consumers Software">Consumers Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danger,_Inc." title="Danger, Inc.">Danger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Fine" title="Double Fine">Double Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Travel" title="MSN Travel">Farecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FASA_Studio" title="FASA Studio">FASA Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Development_Center_Norway" title="Microsoft Development Center Norway">Fast Search & Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_(website)" title="Firefly (website)">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forethought,_Inc." title="Forethought, Inc.">Forethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Defender_Antivirus" title="Microsoft Defender Antivirus">GIANT Company Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains_Software" title="Great Plains Software">Great Plains Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenButton" title="GreenButton">GreenButton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_Networks" title="Groove Networks">Groove Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havok_(company)" title="Havok (company)">Havok Group</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High_Heat_Major_League_Baseball" title="High Heat Major League Baseball">High Heat Major League Baseball</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Hotmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InXile_Entertainment" title="InXile Entertainment">inXile Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish.com" title="Jellyfish.com">Jellyfish.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinkExchange" title="LinkExchange">LinkExchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionhead_Studios" title="Lionhead Studios">Lionhead Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maluuba" title="Maluuba">Maluuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_Incorporated" title="Massive Incorporated">Massive Incorporated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaswitch" title="Metaswitch">Metaswitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MileIQ" title="MileIQ">Mobile Data Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojang_Studios" title="Mojang Studios">Mojang Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja_Theory" title="Ninja Theory">Ninja Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mobile" title="Microsoft Mobile">Nokia Devices and Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Npm" title="Npm">npm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuance_Communications" title="Nuance Communications">Nuance Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_Entertainment" title="Obsidian Entertainment">Obsidian Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Live_Toolbar#Onfolio" title="Windows Live Toolbar">Onfolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pando_Networks" title="Pando Networks">Pando Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptive_Pixel" title="Perceptive Pixel">Perceptive Pixel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlaceWare" title="PlaceWare">PlaceWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playground_Games" title="Playground Games">Playground Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerset_(company)" title="Powerset (company)">Powerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_Play_(company)" title="Press Play (company)">Press Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProClarity" title="ProClarity">ProClarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(company)" title="Rare (company)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">Revolution Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RiskIQ" title="RiskIQ">RiskIQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScreenTonic" class="mw-redirect" title="ScreenTonic">ScreenTonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Islands">Secure Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplygon" title="Simplygon">Simplygon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype_Technologies" title="Skype Technologies">Skype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_Calendar" title="Sunrise Calendar">Sunrise Atelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SwiftKey" title="Microsoft SwiftKey">SwiftKey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TakeLessons" title="TakeLessons">TakeLessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleo" title="Teleo">Teleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellme_Networks" title="Tellme Networks">Tellme Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twisted_Pixel_Games" title="Twisted Pixel Games">Twisted Pixel Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead_Labs" title="Undead Labs">Undead Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermeer_Technologies" title="Vermeer Technologies">Vermeer Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visio_Corporation" title="Visio Corporation">Visio Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_(graphics_software)" title="Flux (graphics software)">Vivaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoloMetrix" title="VoloMetrix">VoloMetrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetShow" title="NetShow">VXtreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_TV" title="MSN TV">WebTV Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysinternals" title="Sysinternals">Winternals Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xamarin" title="Xamarin">Xamarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xandr" title="Xandr">Xandr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppNexus" title="AppNexus">AppNexus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Yammer">Yammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupi" title="Yupi">Yupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZeniMax_Media" title="ZeniMax Media">ZeniMax Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Microsoft" title="Category:Microsoft">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_Windows_components" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft_Windows_components" title="Template:Microsoft Windows components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft_Windows_components" title="Template talk:Microsoft Windows components"><abbr title="Discuss this 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process of Windows">Booting process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_games_included_with_Windows" title="List of games included with Windows">Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management<br />tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App_Installer" title="App Installer">App Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cmd.exe" title="Cmd.exe">Command Prompt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Panel_(Windows)" title="Control Panel (Windows)">Control Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_Manager" title="Device Manager">Device Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX_Diagnostic_Tool" title="DirectX Diagnostic Tool">DirectX Diagnostic Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_Cleanup" title="Disk Cleanup">Disk Cleanup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Drive_Optimizer" title="Microsoft Drive Optimizer">Drive Optimizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driver_Verifier" title="Driver Verifier">Driver Verifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_Viewer" title="Event Viewer">Event Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IExpress" title="IExpress">IExpress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Management_Console" title="Microsoft Management Console">Management Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netsh" title="Netsh">Netsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Monitor" title="Performance Monitor">Performance Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovery_Console" title="Recovery Console">Recovery Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Monitor" title="Resource Monitor">Resource Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settings_(Windows)" title="Settings (Windows)">Settings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysprep" title="Sysprep">Sysprep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSConfig" title="MSConfig">System Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_File_Checker" title="System File Checker">System File Checker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Information_(Windows)" title="System Information (Windows)">System Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Policy_Editor" title="System Policy Editor">System Policy Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Restore" title="System Restore">System Restore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Manager_(Windows)" title="Task Manager (Windows)">Task Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Error_Reporting" title="Windows Error Reporting">Windows Error Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Ink" title="Windows Ink">Windows Ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Update" title="Windows Update">Windows Update</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Insider" title="Windows Insider">Windows Insider</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Preinstallation_Environment#Windows_Recovery_Environment" title="Windows Preinstallation Environment">WinRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Management_Instrumentation" title="Windows Management Instrumentation">WMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_3D_Viewer" title="Microsoft 3D Viewer">3D Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Calculator" title="Windows Calculator">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(Windows)" title="Calendar (Windows)">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Camera" title="Windows Camera">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_Map_(Windows)" title="Character Map (Windows)">Character Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipchamp" title="Clipchamp">Clipchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Clock" title="Windows Clock">Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Copilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Fax_and_Scan" title="Windows Fax and Scan">Fax and Scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback_Hub" title="Feedback Hub">Feedback Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Help" title="Get Help">Get Help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnifier_(Windows)" title="Magnifier (Windows)">Magnifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_(Windows)" title="Mail (Windows)">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Maps" title="Windows Maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player" title="Windows Media Player">Media Player</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player_(2022)" title="Windows Media Player (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mesh" title="Microsoft Mesh">Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Messaging" title="Microsoft Messaging">Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobility_Center" title="Windows Mobility Center">Mobility Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN#Money" title="MSN">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Movies_%26_TV" title="Microsoft Movies & TV">Movies & TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrator_(Windows)" title="Narrator (Windows)">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Notepad" title="Windows Notepad">Notepad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneDrive" title="OneDrive">OneDrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_OneNote" title="Microsoft OneNote">OneNote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Paint" title="Microsoft Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_(Windows)" title="People (Windows)">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_Link" title="Phone Link">Phone Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Windows)" title="Photos (Windows)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_Assist" title="Quick Assist">Quick Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Connection" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Desktop Connection">Remote Desktop Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snipping_Tool" title="Snipping Tool">Snipping Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Speech_Recognition" title="Windows Speech Recognition">Speech Recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN#Sports" title="MSN">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Start" title="Microsoft Start">Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_Notes" title="Sticky Notes">Sticky Notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Tips" title="Microsoft Tips">Tips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_Recorder_(Windows)" title="Sound Recorder (Windows)">Voice Recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN#Weather" title="MSN">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_(app)" title="Xbox (app)">Xbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_shell" title="Windows shell">Shell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Center" title="Action Center">Action Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Aero" title="Windows Aero">Aero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoPlay" title="AutoPlay">AutoPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoRun" title="AutoRun">AutoRun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClearType" title="ClearType">ClearType</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Explorer" title="File Explorer">Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Search" title="Windows Search">Search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFilter" title="IFilter">IFilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexing_Service" title="Indexing Service">Indexing Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Shell_namespace" title="Windows Shell namespace">Namespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_folder#Windows" title="Virtual folder">Saved search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_folder" title="Special folder">Special folder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start_menu" title="Start menu">Start menu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_View" title="Task View">Task View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taskbar" title="Taskbar">Taskbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Spotlight" title="Windows Spotlight">Windows Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_visual_styles" title="Windows XP visual styles">Windows XP visual styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_service" title="Windows service">Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_Intelligent_Transfer_Service" title="Background Intelligent Transfer Service">BITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Log_File_System" title="Common Log File System">CLFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Error_Reporting" title="Windows Error Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Class_Scheduler_Service" title="Multimedia Class Scheduler Service">Multimedia Class Scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Control_Manager" title="Service Control Manager">Service Control Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Task_Scheduler" title="Windows Task Scheduler">Task Scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Zero_Configuration" title="Wireless Zero Configuration">Wireless Zero Configuration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">CDFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_File_System_(Microsoft)" title="Distributed File System (Microsoft)">DFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">IFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">EFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">Hard link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_links" title="NTFS links">links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_volume_mount_point" title="NTFS volume mount point">Mount Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_reparse_point" title="NTFS reparse point">Reparse point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_NTFS" title="Transactional NTFS">TxF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS">ReFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Directory_Rights_Management_Services" title="Active Directory Rights Management Services">Active DRM Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Replication_Service" title="File Replication Service">DFS Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Distributed_Transaction_Coordinator" title="Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator">Distributed Transaction Coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_DNS" title="Microsoft DNS">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_domain" title="Windows domain">Domains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folder_redirection" title="Folder redirection">Folder redirection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">Group Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">IIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Message_Queuing" title="Microsoft Message Queuing">MSMQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Access_Protection" title="Network Access Protection">Network Access Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_Services_for_UNIX" title="Print Services for UNIX">Print Services for UNIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Personal_Web_Server" title="Microsoft Personal Web Server">PWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Services" title="Remote Desktop Services">Remote Desktop Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Differential_Compression" title="Remote Differential Compression">Remote Differential Compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Installation_Services" title="Remote Installation Services">Remote Installation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaming_user_profile" title="Roaming user profile">Roaming user profiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Core" title="Server Core">Server Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SharePoint" title="SharePoint">SharePoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_System_Resource_Manager" title="Windows System Resource Manager">System Resource Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Deployment_Services" title="Windows Deployment Services">Windows Deployment Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Services" title="Windows Media Services">Windows Media Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_Update_Services" title="Windows Server Update Services">WSUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Boot_Manager" title="Windows Boot Manager">Boot Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Console" title="Windows Console">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client/Server_Runtime_Subsystem" title="Client/Server Runtime Subsystem">CSRSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_Window_Manager" title="Desktop Window Manager">Desktop Window Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Write_Filter" title="Enhanced Write Filter">Enhanced Write Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Device_Interface" title="Graphics Device Interface">Graphics Device Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files#Hardware_Abstraction_Layer" title="Microsoft Windows library files">Hardware Abstraction Layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I/O_request_packet" title="I/O request packet">I/O request packet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Imaging_Format" title="Windows Imaging Format">Imaging Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_Transaction_Manager" title="Kernel Transaction Manager">Kernel Transaction Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files" title="Microsoft Windows library files">Library files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_Disk_Manager" title="Logical Disk Manager">Logical Disk Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Security_Authority_Subsystem_Service" title="Local Security Authority Subsystem Service">LSASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MinWin" title="MinWin">MinWin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTLDR" title="NTLDR">NTLDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntoskrnl.exe" title="Ntoskrnl.exe">Ntoskrnl.exe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Manager" title="Object Manager">Object Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_XML_Paper_Specification" title="Open XML Paper Specification">Open XML Paper Specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Executable" title="Portable Executable">Portable Executable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic-link_library" title="Dynamic-link library">DLL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.exe" title=".exe">EXE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Registry" title="Windows Registry">Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Resource_Protection" title="Windows Resource Protection">Resource Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Account_Manager" title="Security Account Manager">Security Account Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">Server Message Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Manager_Subsystem" title="Session Manager Subsystem">SMSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Idle_Process" title="System Idle Process">System Idle Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_USER" title="Windows USER">USER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Hardware_Error_Architecture" title="Windows Hardware Error Architecture">WHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winlogon" title="Winlogon">Winlogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinUSB" title="WinUSB">WinUSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security_and_Maintenance" title="Security and Maintenance">Security and Maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppLocker" title="AppLocker">AppLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitLocker" title="BitLocker">BitLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credential_Guard" title="Credential Guard">Credential Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Execution_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Execution Prevention">Data Execution Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Defender_Antivirus" title="Microsoft Defender Antivirus">Defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_family_features" title="Microsoft family features">Family features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_Patch_Protection" title="Kernel Patch Protection">Kernel Patch Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Integrity_Control" title="Mandatory Integrity Control">Mandatory Integrity Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_Media_Path" title="Protected Media Path">Protected Media Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Account_Control" title="User Account Control">User Account Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Interface_Privilege_Isolation" title="User Interface Privilege Isolation">User Interface Privilege Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Firewall" title="Windows Firewall">Windows Firewall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compatibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WoW64" title="WoW64">WoW64</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Scripting" title="Active Scripting">Active Scripting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">WSH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">COM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX_Document" title="ActiveX Document">ActiveX Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COM_Structured_Storage" title="COM Structured Storage">COM Structured storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Component_Object_Model" title="Distributed Component Object Model">DCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding" title="Object Linking and Embedding">OLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLE_Automation" title="OLE Automation">OLE Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Transaction_Server" title="Microsoft Transaction Server">Transaction Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Native_API" title="Windows Native API">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Windows_Platform" title="Universal Windows Platform">Universal Windows Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API">WinAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mixed_Reality" title="Windows Mixed Reality">Windows Mixed Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Runtime" title="Windows Runtime">Windows Runtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinUSB" title="WinUSB">WinUSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solitaire_Collection" title="Microsoft Solitaire Collection">Solitaire Collection</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surf_(video_game)" title="Surf (video game)">Surf</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Full_Tilt!_Pinball#3D_Pinball_for_Windows_–_Space_Cadet" title="Full Tilt! Pinball">3D Pinball</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chess_Titans" title="Chess Titans">Chess Titans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_FreeCell" title="Microsoft FreeCell">FreeCell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Hearts" title="Microsoft Hearts">Hearts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windows_Ultimate_Extras" title="Windows Ultimate Extras">Hold 'Em</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InkBall" title="InkBall">InkBall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purble_Place" title="Purble Place">Purble Place</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solitaire" title="Microsoft Solitaire">Solitaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Spider_Solitaire" title="Microsoft Spider Solitaire">Spider Solitaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Tinker" title="Microsoft Tinker">Tinker</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActiveMovie" title="ActiveMovie">ActiveMovie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Address_Book" title="Windows Address Book">Address Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Anytime_Upgrade" title="Windows Anytime Upgrade">Anytime Upgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_and_Restore" title="Backup and Restore">Backup and Restore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardfile" title="Cardfile">Cardfile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">CardSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Player_(Windows)" title="CD Player (Windows)">CD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Chat" title="Windows Chat">Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Contacts" title="Windows Contacts">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortana_(virtual_assistant)" title="Cortana (virtual assistant)">Cortana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Desktop_Gadgets" title="Windows Desktop Gadgets">Desktop Gadgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Diagnostics" title="Microsoft Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DriveSpace" title="DriveSpace">DriveSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_DVD_Maker" title="Windows DVD Maker">DVD Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Easy_Transfer" title="Windows Easy Transfer">Easy Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Fax" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Food_%26_Drink" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Food & Drink">Food & Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_Music" title="Groove Music">Groove Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Health_%26_Fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Health & Fitness">Health & Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_and_Support_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Help and Support Center">Help and Support Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperACCESS" title="HyperACCESS">HyperTerminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_for_Windows" title="Imaging for Windows">Imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Journal" title="Windows Journal">Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_Compatible" title="Make Compatible">Make Compatible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Center" title="Windows Media Center">Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Meeting_Space" title="Windows Meeting Space">Meeting Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messaging" title="Windows Messaging">Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messenger" title="Windows Messenger">Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_Device_Center" title="Windows Mobile Device Center">Mobile Device Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Movie_Maker" title="Windows Movie Maker">Movie Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Dial-up" title="MSN Dial-up">MSN Dial-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_NetMeeting" title="Microsoft NetMeeting">NetMeeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTBackup" title="NTBackup">NTBackup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook_Express" title="Outlook Express">Outlook Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_3D" title="Paint 3D">Paint 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pay" title="Microsoft Pay">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_Companion" title="Phone Companion">Phone Companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Photo_Gallery" title="Windows Photo Gallery">Photo Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Photo_Viewer" title="Windows Photo Viewer">Photo Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_Manager" title="Program Manager">Program Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Steps_Recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem Steps Recorder">Steps Recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syskey" title="Syskey">Syskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel (Windows)">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinHelp" title="WinHelp">WinHelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WordPad" title="WordPad">WordPad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Write" title="Microsoft Write">Write</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_Cleanup_Wizard" title="Desktop Cleanup Wizard">Desktop Cleanup Wizard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_File_Protection" title="Windows File Protection">File Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_for_Windows" title="Games for Windows">Games for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Control_Interface" title="Media Control Interface">Media Control Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_7" title="MS-DOS 7">MS-DOS 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-Generation_Secure_Computing_Base" title="Next-Generation Secure Computing Base">Next-Generation Secure Computing Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">POSIX subsystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_ScanDisk" title="Microsoft ScanDisk">ScanDisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_for_Windows" title="Video for Windows">Video for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_DOS_machine" title="Virtual DOS machine">Virtual DOS machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_on_Windows" title="Windows on Windows">Windows on Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">Windows Services for UNIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_SideShow" title="Windows SideShow">Windows SideShow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_System_Assessment_Tool" title="Windows System Assessment Tool">Windows System Assessment Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_To_Go" title="Windows To Go">Windows To Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spun off to<br /><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Player_(Windows)" title="DVD Player (Windows)">DVD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_File_Manager" title="Windows File Manager">File Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hover!" title="Hover!">Hover!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mahjong" title="Microsoft Mahjong">Mahjong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Minesweeper" title="Microsoft Minesweeper">Minesweeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Windows_components" title="Category:Windows components">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_components" title="List of Microsoft Windows components">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Operating_systems" title="Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Operating_systems" title="Template talk:Operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operating_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_software_engineering" title="Forensic software engineering">Forensic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_operating_systems" title="History of operating systems">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of user features of operating systems">User features comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">Disk operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_operating_system" title="Distributed operating system">Distributed operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbyist_operating_system" title="Hobbyist operating system">Hobbyist operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_enough_operating_system" title="Just enough operating system">Just enough operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_operating_system" title="Network operating system">Network operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system" title="Object-oriented operating system">Object-oriented operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer_operating_system" title="Supercomputer operating system">Supercomputer operating system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exokernel" title="Exokernel">Exokernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multikernel" title="Multikernel">Multikernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vkernel" title="Vkernel">vkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">Rump kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unikernel" title="Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">User space and kernel space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Computer multitasking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_switch" title="Context switch">Context switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">Interrupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control_block" title="Process control block">Process control block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Scheduling<br />algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-priority_pre-emptive_scheduling" title="Fixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling">Fixed-priority preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue" title="Multilevel feedback queue">Multilevel feedback queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">Round-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortest_job_next" title="Shortest job next">Shortest job next</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)" title="Memory management (operating systems)">Memory management</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/System_resource" title="System resource">resource</a> protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_error" title="Bus error">Bus error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_protection_fault" title="General protection fault">General protection fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">Memory paging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">Memory protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_ring" title="Protection ring">Protection ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmentation_fault" title="Segmentation fault">Segmentation fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">Storage</a> access,<br /><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting#BOOT-LOADER" title="Booting">Boot loader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defragmentation" title="Defragmentation">Defragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">Device file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a></li> <li><a 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