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<div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Units defined by international agreement</div> <p> The <b>international yard and pound</b> are two units of measurement that were the subject of an agreement among representatives of six nations signed on 1 July 1959: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The agreement defined the <a href="/wiki/Yard" title="Yard">yard</a> as exactly <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999914400000000000♠"></span>0.9144 <a href="/wiki/Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter">meters</a></span> and the <a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoirdupois system">avoirdupois</a> <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pound</a> as exactly <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999453592370000000♠"></span>0.453<span style="margin-left:.25em;">592</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">37</span> <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilograms</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Standards1959_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standards1959-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_yard_and_pound&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1834, the British <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Parliament" title="Burning of Parliament">Houses of Parliament were destroyed in a fire</a>. Among the items lost were the objects that defined the imperial standards of length and mass. New prototypes were subsequently created to replace the items lost in the fire, among them a new "yardstick" ruler in 1855, and with it a new formal definition of the yard. Two copies of the ruler were subsequently presented to the United States, which in turn adopted the measure for the United States national standard yard. </p><p>In 1866, the U.S. Congress passed a law that allowed, but did not require, the use of the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> in trade and commerce. Included in the law was a table of conversion factors between the customary (i.e. English-derived) and metric units, among them a definition of the meter in terms of the yard, and the kilogram in terms of the pound. In 1893, the <a href="/wiki/Mendenhall_Order" title="Mendenhall Order">Mendenhall Order</a> changed the fundamental standards of length and mass of the United States from the customary standards based on those of England to metric standards.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bewoor2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bewoor2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were two factors that influenced the order: for one, the imperial standard yard of 1855 had been found to be unstable and shortening by measurable amounts. Secondly, the United States was a co-signee of the <a href="/wiki/Metre_Convention" title="Metre Convention">Treaty of the Metre</a> of 1875 and had received two meter prototypes on which to base a new fundamental standard. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, a similar situation developed with the <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Act_1897" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Act 1897">Weights and Measures Act 1897</a> legalizing the metric system,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Law_journal_reports_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Law_journal_reports-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Order in Council 411 (1898) defining the meter and kilogram in terms of the yard and pound.<sup id="cite_ref-BritainPulling1904_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritainPulling1904-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a practical matter the British definitions were reversed, resulting in a de facto definition of the imperial yard as 36/39.370113 meter.<sup id="cite_ref-Connor1987_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connor1987-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1890s, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Michelson</a> began conducting experiments in <a href="/wiki/Interferometry" title="Interferometry">interferometry</a> that led in 1903 to demonstrating the feasibility of using light waves as units of linear measurement. In 1908, two teams of researchers, one led by Michelson, defined the length of the international prototype meter in terms of light waves. In 1927, the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> provisionally adopted the 1908 light-wave definition of the meter as a supplemental standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Estermann1959_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estermann1959-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, the <a href="/wiki/BSI_Group" title="BSI Group">British Standards Institution</a> adopted an <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">inch</a> of exactly 25.4 <a href="/wiki/Millimetre" title="Millimetre">millimetres</a> (mm), based on the 1927 light-wave definition of the meter. The <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American Standards Association</a> followed suit in 1933. By 1935, industry in 16 countries had adopted the "industrial inch" as it came to be known.<sup id="cite_ref-MeasuresStandards1936_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeasuresStandards1936-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WandmacherJohnson1995_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WandmacherJohnson1995-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, the British Commonwealth Scientific Conference recommended that members of the British Commonwealth adopt the inch as exactly 25.4 mm, and the 36-inch yard as exactly 0.9144 meters.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British Commonwealth Scientific Conference's recommendations were accepted by the <a href="/wiki/CSA_Group" title="CSA Group">Canadian Standards Association</a> in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1958, the International Committee on Weights and Measures made a recommendation that the meter be defined in atomic terms (specifically in terms of the orange line of <a href="/wiki/Krypton-86" class="mw-redirect" title="Krypton-86">krypton-86</a>). To secure identical values for the yard and pound in precise measurements, representatives of six English-speaking nations—Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, United States and United Kingdom—agreed to adopt a common 'international yard and international pound'. According to that agreement, the international yard equals 0.9144 meters and the international pound equals 0.45359237 kilograms.<sup id="cite_ref-Standards1959_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standards1959-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The international yard was about two millionths of a meter longer than the imperial yard, while the international pound was about six ten-millionths of a kilogram lighter than the imperial pound.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The metric-based international yard and international pound were adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Bureau_of_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Bureau of Standards">United States National Bureau of Standards</a> effective 1 July 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-JudsonStandards1976_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JudsonStandards1976-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MeasuresStandards1957_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeasuresStandards1957-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, the international yard and pound were instituted through Statutory Rule No. 142 of 1961, effective 1 January 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK adopted the international yard and pound for all purposes through the <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Act_1963" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Act 1963">Weights and Measures Act 1963</a>, effective 1 January 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_yard_and_pound&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary units</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_yard_and_pound&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Standards1959-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Standards1959_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Standards1959_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._National_Bureau_of_Standards1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">United States. National Bureau of Standards</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4aWN-VRV1AoC&pg=PA13"><i>Research Highlights of the National Bureau of Standards</i></a>. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. p. 13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+Highlights+of+the+National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce%2C+National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.date=1959&rft.au=United+States.+National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4aWN-VRV1AoC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+yard+and+pound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/metric/upload/frn-59-5442-1959.pdf">"National Bureau of Standards, Refinement of values for the yard and pound"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Bureau+of+Standards%2C+Refinement+of+values+for+the+yard+and+pound&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpml%2Fwmd%2Fmetric%2Fupload%2Ffrn-59-5442-1959.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+yard+and+pound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bewoor2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bewoor2009_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBewoorKulkarni2009" class="citation book cs1">Bewoor, Arand K.; Kulkarni, Vinay A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iwcMo9neBRMC&pg=PA18"><i>Metrology & Measurement</i></a>. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-014000-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-014000-4"><bdi>978-0-07-014000-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metrology+%26+Measurement&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-07-014000-4&rft.aulast=Bewoor&rft.aufirst=Arand+K.&rft.au=Kulkarni%2C+Vinay+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiwcMo9neBRMC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+yard+and+pound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Law_journal_reports-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Law_journal_reports_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Mews1897" class="citation book cs1">John Mews, ed. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4icyAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA109">"Statutes of the Realm - 60-61 Victoria"</a>. <i>The Law journal reports</i>. Vol. 66. London: The Law Journal Reports. p. 109<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Statutes+of+the+Realm+-+60-61+Victoria&rft.btitle=The+Law+journal+reports&rft.place=London&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=The+Law+Journal+Reports&rft.date=1897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4icyAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+yard+and+pound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritainPulling1904-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BritainPulling1904_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_BritainPullingGreat_Britain._Statute_Law_Committee1904" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain; Pulling, Alexander; Great Britain. Statute Law Committee (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CD0WAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA4-PA25"><i>The statutory rules and orders revised: being the statutory rules and orders (other than those of a local, personal, or temporary character) in force on December 31, 1903 ...</i></a> Vol. 13 (2nd ed.). section 4 - Weights and Measures: HMSO. pp. 4:25–27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+statutory+rules+and+orders+revised%3A+being+the+statutory+rules+and+orders+%28other+than+those+of+a+local%2C+personal%2C+or+temporary+character%29+in+force+on+December+31%2C+1903+...&rft.place=section+4+-+Weights+and+Measures&rft.pages=4%3A25-27&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Great+Britain&rft.au=Pulling%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Great+Britain.+Statute+Law+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCD0WAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA4-PA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+yard+and+pound" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connor1987-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Connor1987_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor1987" class="citation book cs1">Connor, R D (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ey1wQgAACAAJ"><i>The Weights and Measures of England</i></a>. H.M. Stationery Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-290435-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-290435-9"><bdi>978-0-11-290435-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Weights+and+Measures+of+England&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-11-290435-9&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=R+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dey1wQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+yard+and+pound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estermann1959-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Estermann1959_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstermann1959" class="citation book cs1">Estermann, Immanuel (1959). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classicalmethods0001este"><i>Classical Methods</i></a></span>. Academic Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classicalmethods0001este/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-475901-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-475901-5"><bdi>978-0-12-475901-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Methods&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-12-475901-5&rft.aulast=Estermann&rft.aufirst=Immanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassicalmethods0001este&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+yard+and+pound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MeasuresStandards1936-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MeasuresStandards1936_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Conference_on_Weights_and_MeasuresUnited_States._Bureau_of_StandardsNational_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology_(U.S.)1936" class="citation book cs1">National Conference on Weights and Measures; United States. Bureau of Standards; <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)</a> (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WDgJAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA4"><i>Report of the ... National Conference on Weights and Measures</i></a>. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Standards. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+...+National+Conference+on+Weights+and+Measures&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce%2C+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.date=1936&rft.au=National+Conference+on+Weights+and+Measures&rft.au=United+States.+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.au=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology+%28U.S.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWDgJAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA3-PA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+yard+and+pound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WandmacherJohnson1995-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WandmacherJohnson1995_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWandmacherJohnson1995" class="citation book cs1">Wandmacher, Cornelius; Johnson, Arnold Ivan (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v5AGFgpcK_wC&pg=PA265"><i>Metric Units in Engineering--going SI: How to Use the International Systems of Measurement Units (SI) to Solve Standard Engineering Problems</i></a>. ASCE Publications. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-0070-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-0070-8"><bdi>978-0-7844-0070-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metric+Units+in+Engineering--going+SI%3A+How+to+Use+the+International+Systems+of+Measurement+Units+%28SI%29+to+Solve+Standard+Engineering+Problems&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=ASCE+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7844-0070-8&rft.aulast=Wandmacher&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Arnold+Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv5AGFgpcK_wC%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+yard+and+pound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Report of the British Commonwealth Scientific Conference. Official Conference, London, 1946. Cmd. 6970. H.M. Stationery Office, 1946</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">implicitly and logically also defining a 12-inch <a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">foot</a> as 30.48 <a href="/wiki/Centimetre" title="Centimetre">centimetres</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowlett1959" class="citation journal cs1">Howlett, L. E. (1 January 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/p59-014">"Announcement on the International Yard and Pound"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Physics</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 84. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959CaJPh..37...84H">1959CaJPh..37...84H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fp59-014">10.1139/p59-014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4204">0008-4204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Announcement+on+the+International+Yard+and+Pound&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84&rft.date=1959-01-01&rft.issn=0008-4204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fp59-014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1959CaJPh..37...84H&rft.aulast=Howlett&rft.aufirst=L.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrcresearchpress.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1139%2Fp59-014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+yard+and+pound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA248">"Synchronize Yardsticks!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a></i>. Hearst Magazines. March 1959. p. 248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Synchronize+Yardsticks%21&rft.pages=248&rft.date=1959-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvtsDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+yard+and+pound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JudsonStandards1976-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JudsonStandards1976_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis_Van_Hagen_JudsonUnited_States._National_Bureau_of_Standards1976" class="citation book cs1">Lewis Van Hagen Judson; <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">United States. National Bureau of Standards</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_o4XQ7KCv5E0C"><i>Weights and measures standards of the United States: a brief history</i></a>. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards : for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_o4XQ7KCv5E0C/page/n36">30</a>–1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weights+and+measures+standards+of+the+United+States%3A+a+brief+history&rft.pages=30-1&rft.pub=Dept.+of+Commerce%2C+National+Bureau+of+Standards+%3A+for+sale+by+the+Supt.+of+Docs.%2C+U.S.+Govt.+Print.+Off.&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Lewis+Van+Hagen+Judson&rft.au=United+States.+National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_o4XQ7KCv5E0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+yard+and+pound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MeasuresStandards1957-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MeasuresStandards1957_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Conference_on_Weights_and_MeasuresUnited_States._Bureau_of_StandardsNational_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology_(U.S.)1957" class="citation book cs1">National Conference on Weights and Measures; United States. Bureau of Standards; <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CEgJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA45"><i>Report of the ... National Conference on Weights and Measures</i></a>. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Standards. pp. 45–6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+...+National+Conference+on+Weights+and+Measures&rft.pages=45-6&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce%2C+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.date=1957&rft.au=National+Conference+on+Weights+and+Measures&rft.au=United+States.+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.au=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology+%28U.S.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCEgJAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+yard+and+pound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2004L00578">"Weights and Measures (National Standards) Regulations - C2004L00578"</a>. <i>Australian Government ComLaw</i>. 25 November 1961.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Government+ComLaw&rft.atitle=Weights+and+Measures+%28National+Standards%29+Regulations+-+C2004L00578&rft.date=1961-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comlaw.gov.au%2FDetails%2FC2004L00578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+yard+and+pound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEWHC_195_(Admin)2002" class="citation web cs1">EWHC 195 (Admin) (18 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2002/195.html">"Thoburn v Sunderland City Council"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thoburn+v+Sunderland+City+Council&rft.date=2002-02-18&rft.au=EWHC+195+%28Admin%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bailii.org%2Few%2Fcases%2FEWHC%2FAdmin%2F2002%2F195.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+yard+and+pound" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span>]</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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