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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">==History== In October 1834, the British [[Burning of Parliament|Houses of Parliament were destroyed in a fire]]. Among the items lost were the objects that defined the imperial standards of length and mass. New prototypes were subsequently created to replace the items lost in the fire, among them a new "yardstick" ruler in 1855, and with it a new formal definition of the yard. Two copies of the ruler were subsequently presented to the United States, which in turn adopted the measure for the United States national standard yard. In 1866, the U.S. Congress passed a law that allowed, but did not require, the use of the [[metric system]] in trade and commerce. Included in the law was a table of conversion factors between the customary (i.e. English-derived) and metric units, among them a definition of the meter in terms of the yard, and the kilogram in terms of the pound. In 1893, the [[Mendenhall Order]] changed the fundamental standards of length and mass of the United States from the customary standards based on those of England to metric standards.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/metric/upload/frn-59-5442-1959.pdf |title=National Bureau of Standards, Refinement of values for the yard and pound}}</ref><ref name="Bewoor2009">{{cite book |last1=Bewoor |first1=Arand K. |last2=Kulkarni |first2=Vinay A. |title=Metrology & Measurement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iwcMo9neBRMC&pg=PA18 |access-date=16 September 2012 |date=2009 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-0-07-014000-4 |page=18 }}</ref> There were two factors that influenced the order: for one, the imperial standard yard of 1855 had been found to be unstable and shortening by measurable amounts. Secondly, the United States was a co-signee of the [[Metre Convention|Treaty of the Metre]] of 1875 and had received two meter prototypes on which to base a new fundamental standard. In the United Kingdom, a similar situation developed with the [[Weights and Measures Act 1897]] legalizing the metric system,<ref name="The Law journal reports">{{cite book|editor=John Mews|title=The Law journal reports|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4icyAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA109|access-date=16 September 2012|volume=66|year=1897|publisher=The Law Journal Reports|location=London|page=109|chapter=Statutes of the Realm - 60-61 Victoria}}</ref> and Order in Council 411 (1898) defining the meter and kilogram in terms of the yard and pound.<ref name="BritainPulling1904">{{cite book|author1=Great Britain|last2=Pulling|first2=Alexander|author3=Great Britain. Statute Law Committee|title=The statutory rules and orders revised: being the statutory rules and orders (other than those of a local, personal, or temporary character) in force on December 31, 1903 ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CD0WAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA4-PA25|access-date=17 September 2012|edition=2nd|volume=13|year=1904|publisher=HMSO|location=section 4 - Weights and Measures|pages=4:25–27}}</ref> As a practical matter the British definitions were reversed, resulting in a de facto definition of the imperial yard as 36/39.370113 meter.<ref name="Connor1987">{{cite book|last=Connor|first=R D|title=The Weights and Measures of England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ey1wQgAACAAJ|access-date=17 September 2012|year=1987|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|isbn=978-0-11-290435-9}}</ref> In the 1890s, [[Albert Abraham Michelson|Albert Michelson]] began conducting experiments in [[interferometry]] that led in 1903 to demonstrating the feasibility of using light waves as units of linear measurement. In 1908, two teams of researchers, one led by Michelson, defined the length of the international prototype meter in terms of light waves. In 1927, the [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]] provisionally adopted the 1908 light-wave definition of the meter as a supplemental standard.<ref name="Estermann1959">{{cite book|last=Estermann|first=Immanuel|title=Classical Methods|url=https://archive.org/details/classicalmethods0001este|url-access=registration|access-date=16 September 2012|year=1959|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-475901-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/classicalmethods0001este/page/27 27]}}</ref> In 1930, the [[BSI Group|British Standards Institution]] adopted an [[inch]] of exactly 25.4&nbsp;[[millimetre]]s (mm), based on the 1927 light-wave definition of the meter. The [[American National Standards Institute|American Standards Association]] followed suit in 1933. By 1935, industry in 16 countries had adopted the "industrial inch" as it came to be known.<ref name="MeasuresStandards1936">{{cite book|author1=National Conference on Weights and Measures|author2=United States. Bureau of Standards|author3=National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)|author-link3=National Institute of Standards and Technology|title=Report of the ... National Conference on Weights and Measures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDgJAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA4|access-date=2 August 2012|year=1936|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Standards|page=4}}</ref><ref name="WandmacherJohnson1995">{{cite book|last1=Wandmacher|first1=Cornelius|last2=Johnson|first2=Arnold Ivan|title=Metric Units in Engineering--going SI: How to Use the International Systems of Measurement Units (SI) to Solve Standard Engineering Problems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v5AGFgpcK_wC&pg=PA265|access-date=2 August 2012|year=1995|publisher=ASCE Publications|isbn=978-0-7844-0070-8|page=265}}</ref> In 1946, the British Commonwealth Scientific Conference recommended that members of the British Commonwealth adopt the inch as exactly 25.4&nbsp;mm, and the 36-inch yard as exactly 0.9144&nbsp;meters.<ref>Report of the British Commonwealth Scientific Conference. Official Conference, London, 1946. Cmd. 6970. H.M. Stationery Office, 1946</ref><ref>implicitly and logically also defining a 12-inch [[Foot (unit)|foot]] as 30.48 [[centimetre]]s.</ref> The British Commonwealth Scientific Conference's recommendations were accepted by the [[CSA Group|Canadian Standards Association]] in 1951.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Howlett |first=L. E. |date=1959-01-01 |title=Announcement on the International Yard and Pound |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/p59-014 |journal=Canadian Journal of Physics |language=en |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=84 |doi=10.1139/p59-014 |bibcode=1959CaJPh..37...84H |issn=0008-4204}}</ref> In October 1958, the International Committee on Weights and Measures made a recommendation that the meter be defined in atomic terms (specifically in terms of the orange line of [[krypton-86]]). To secure identical values for the yard and pound in precise measurements, representatives of six English-speaking nations—Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, United States and United Kingdom—agreed to adopt a common 'international yard and international pound'. According to that agreement, the international yard equals 0.9144 meters and the international pound equals 0.45359237 kilograms.<ref name="Standards1959" /> The international yard was about two millionths of a meter longer than the imperial yard, while the international pound was about six ten-millionths of a kilogram lighter than the imperial pound.<ref>{{cite news |journal=[[Popular Mechanics]] |date=March 1959 |page=248 |title=Synchronize Yardsticks! |publisher=Hearst Magazines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA248 }}</ref> The metric-based international yard and international pound were adopted by the [[United States National Bureau of Standards]] effective 1 July 1959.<ref name="JudsonStandards1976">{{cite book|author1=Lewis Van Hagen Judson|author2=United States. National Bureau of Standards|author-link2=National Institute of Standards and Technology|title=Weights and measures standards of the United States: a brief history|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_o4XQ7KCv5E0C|access-date=16 September 2012|date=1976|publisher=Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards : for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_o4XQ7KCv5E0C/page/n36 30]–1}}</ref><ref name="MeasuresStandards1957">{{cite book|author1=National Conference on Weights and Measures|author2=United States. Bureau of Standards|author3=National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)|author-link3=National Institute of Standards and Technology|title=Report of the ... National Conference on Weights and Measures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CEgJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA45|access-date=2 August 2012|year=1957|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Standards|pages=45–6}}</ref> In Australia, the international yard and pound were instituted through Statutory Rule No. 142 of 1961, effective 1 January 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2004L00578 |work=Australian Government ComLaw |title=Weights and Measures (National Standards) Regulations - C2004L00578|date=25 November 1961 }}</ref> The UK adopted the international yard and pound for all purposes through the [[Weights and Measures Act 1963]], effective 1 January 1964.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2002/195.html |title=Thoburn v Sunderland City Council |author=EWHC 195 (Admin) |date=18 February 2002}}]</ref> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/International_yard_and_pound" title="International yard and pound">International yard and pound</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_yard_and_pound">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_yard_and_pound</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_yard_and_pound&action=edit&section=1&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-cpdg4","wgBackendResponseTime":217,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.056","walltime":"0.076","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 52.989 1 -total"," 99.87% 52.918 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 41.42% 21.946 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 39.96% 21.177 2 Template:Replace"," 37.20% 19.713 1 Template:Hidden"," 15.71% 8.327 1 Template:Tlx"," 15.13% 8.016 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 2.51% 1.332 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 2.34% 1.238 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 1.93% 1.025 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.011","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043353,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-cpdg4","timestamp":"20241128053630","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>