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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Pre-production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Filming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rough_cut_and_pre-screenings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rough_cut_and_pre-screenings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Rough cut and pre-screenings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rough_cut_and_pre-screenings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_criticism_and_blasphemy_accusations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_criticism_and_blasphemy_accusations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Initial criticism and blasphemy accusations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_criticism_and_blasphemy_accusations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crucifixion_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crucifixion_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Crucifixion issue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crucifixion_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responses_from_the_cast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responses_from_the_cast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Responses from the cast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responses_from_the_cast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_satire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_satire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Political satire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_satire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Film analysis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Film_analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Film analysis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Film_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Themes_and_motifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes_and_motifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Themes and motifs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes_and_motifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Bible </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belief_and_dogmatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belief_and_dogmatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.2 Belief and dogmatism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belief_and_dogmatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individuality_and_meaninglessness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuality_and_meaninglessness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.3 Individuality and meaninglessness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuality_and_meaninglessness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Other media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Monty Python's Life of Brian</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="حياة براين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حياة براين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Животът на Брайън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Животът на Брайън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_vida_de_Brian" title="La vida de Brian – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="La vida de Brian" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python:_%C5%BDivot_Briana" title="Monty Python: Život Briana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Monty Python: Život Briana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Monty Python's Life of Brian" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_Brian" title="Life of Brian – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Life of Brian" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Leben_des_Brian" title="Das Leben des Brian – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Das Leben des Brian" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82..._%CE%9C%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B9_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82!" title="Ένας Προφήτης... Μα τι Προφήτης! – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ένας Προφήτης... Μα τι Προφήτης!" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_vida_de_Brian" title="La vida de Brian – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="La vida de Brian" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monty Python's Life of Brian" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianen_bizitza" title="Brianen bizitza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brianen bizitza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زندگی برایان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زندگی برایان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python_:_La_Vie_de_Brian" title="Monty Python : La Vie de Brian – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monty Python : La Vie de Brian" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Monty Python's Life of Brian" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84_%EC%98%A4%EB%B8%8C_%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B8" title="라이프 오브 브라이언 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라이프 오브 브라이언" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianov_%C5%BEivot" title="Brianov život – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brianov život" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Monty Python's Life of Brian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Monty Python's Life of Brian" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_di_Nazareth" title="Brian di Nazareth – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brian di Nazareth" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="בריאן כוכב עליון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בריאן כוכב עליון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Monty Python's Life of Brian" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braiena_dz%C4%ABve" title="Braiena dzīve – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Braiena dzīve" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_%C3%A9lete" title="Brian élete – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brian élete" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Житието на Брајан според Монти Пајтон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Житието на Брајан според Монти Пајтон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85)" title="حياه مونتى بايثون لبريان (فيلم) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حياه مونتى بايثون لبريان (فيلم)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Monty Python's Life of Brian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Monty Python's Life of Brian" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3" title="ライフ・オブ・ブライアン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ライフ・オブ・ブライアン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profeten_Brians_liv_og_historie" title="Profeten Brians liv og historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Profeten Brians liv og historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profeten_Brians_liv_og_historie" title="Profeten Brians liv og historie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Profeten Brians liv og historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBywot_Briana" title="Żywot Briana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żywot Briana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Vida_de_Brian" title="A Vida de Brian – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="A Vida de Brian" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via%C8%9Ba_lui_Brian" title="Viața lui Brian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Viața lui Brian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Житие Брайана по Монти Пайтону – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Житие Брайана по Монти Пайтону" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1979 film by Terry Jones</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Life of Brian" redirects here. For the Family Guy episode, see <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Brian_(Family_Guy)" title="Life of Brian (Family Guy)">Life of Brian (Family Guy)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;">Monty Python's Life of Brian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Lifeofbrianfilmposter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Lifeofbrianfilmposter.jpg/220px-Lifeofbrianfilmposter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Lifeofbrianfilmposter.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="383" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Theatrical release poster</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Directed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones" title="Terry Jones">Terry Jones</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Written by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Chapman" title="Graham Chapman">Graham Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Idle" title="Eric Idle">Eric Idle</a></li> <li>Terry Jones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Michael Palin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Produced by</th><td class="infobox-data">John Goldstone</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Starring</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Graham Chapman</li> <li>John Cleese</li> <li>Terry Gilliam</li> <li>Eric Idle</li> <li>Terry Jones</li> <li>Michael Palin</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Cinematography</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Biziou" title="Peter Biziou">Peter Biziou</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Edited by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Doyle_(filmmaker)" title="Julian Doyle (filmmaker)">Julian Doyle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Music by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Burgon" title="Geoffrey Burgon">Geoffrey Burgon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Production companies</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="vertical-align: middle;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HandMade_Films" title="HandMade Films">HandMade Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(Monty)_Pictures" title="Python (Monty) Pictures">Python (Monty) Pictures</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Distributed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_International_Corporation" title="Cinema International Corporation">Cinema International Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release dates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist film-date"> <ul><li>17 August 1979 (1979-08-17) (United States)</li> <li>8 November 1979 (1979-11-08) (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Running time</div></th><td class="infobox-data">94 minutes<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$4 million<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Box office</th><td class="infobox-data">$20.7 million<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Monty Python's Life of Brian (also known as Life of Brian) is a 1979 British <a href="/wiki/Black_comedy_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Black comedy film">black comedy film</a> starring and written by the comedy group <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a> (<a href="/wiki/Graham_Chapman" title="Graham Chapman">Graham Chapman</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Idle" title="Eric Idle">Eric Idle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones" title="Terry Jones">Terry Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Michael Palin</a>). It was directed by Jones. The film tells the story of Brian Cohen (played by Chapman), a young <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaean</a> man who is born on the same day as—and next door to—<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, and is subsequently mistaken for the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>. Following the withdrawal of funding by <a href="/wiki/EMI_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="EMI Films">EMI Films</a> just days before production was scheduled to begin, musician and former <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">Beatle</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a> and his business partner <a href="/wiki/Denis_O%27Brien_(producer)" title="Denis O'Brien (producer)">Denis O'Brien</a> arranged financing for Life of Brian through the formation of their <a href="/wiki/HandMade_Films" title="HandMade Films">HandMade Films</a> company.<a href="#cite_note-rolling_stone-4">[4]</a> The film's themes of religious satire were controversial at the time of its release, drawing accusations of <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> and protests from some religious groups. Thirty-nine local authorities in the United Kingdom imposed either an outright ban or an <a href="/wiki/History_of_British_film_certificates#1970–1982" title="History of British film certificates">X (18 years) certificate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Some countries, including <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, banned its showing, and in a few of these, such as Italy, bans lasted over a decade.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The filmmakers used the notoriety to promote the film, with posters in Sweden reading, "So funny it was banned in Norway!"<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The film was a box office success, the fourth highest-grossing film in the United Kingdom in 1979, and highest-grossing of any British film in the United States that year. It has remained popular and has been named as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_considered_the_best#Comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films considered the best">greatest comedy film of all time</a> by several magazines and television networks, and it later received a 96% rating on <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> with the consensus reading, "One of the more cutting-edge films of the 1970s, this religious farce from the classic comedy troupe is as poignant as it is funny and satirical."<a href="#cite_note-RT-9">[9]</a> In a 2006 <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> poll, Life of Brian was ranked first on their list of the <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_(TV_series)" title="100 Greatest (TV series)">50 Greatest Comedy Films</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Channel4_Comedy-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot">edit</a>]</div> Brian Cohen is born in a stable next door to the one in which <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> is born, which initially confuses the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">three wise men</a> who come to praise the future King of the Jews. Brian later grows up into an idealistic young man who resents the continuing <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Roman occupation of Judea</a>. While listening to Jesus's <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>, Brian becomes infatuated with an attractive young rebel named Judith. His desire for her and hatred of the Romans, further exacerbated by his mother revealing that Brian himself is half-Roman, inspire him to join the "People's Front of Judea" (PFJ), one of many fractious and bickering <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">independence movements</a> that spend more time fighting each other than they do the Romans. PFJ leader Reg tasks Brian to paint slogans overnight on <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Roman governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pilate</a>'s palace, but a <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">Roman officer</a> catches him in the act. However, the officer shows more concern with Brian's appalling <a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin grammar</a> than the act of vandalism, and after correcting the slogan to "<a href="/wiki/Romani_ite_domum" title="Romani ite domum">Romani ite domum</a>", orders him to write it on the wall one hundred times. Brian finishes after sunrise and is chased by guards, before being rescued by Judith. Reg gives a revolutionary speech to the PFJ asking, "What have the Romans ever done for us?" at which point the listeners outline all forms of positive aspects of the Roman occupation such as <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, medicine, education, wine, <a href="/wiki/Public_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Public order">public order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Judaea" title="Roman roads in Judaea">roads</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> system, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a>. He then outlines plans to kidnap <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife" title="Pontius Pilate's wife">Pilate's wife</a>. However, inside Pilate's palace, the PFJ encounters another revolutionary group who had the same idea which sparks a violent argument. Brian is the sole survivor of the fight but is captured by the palace guards. The guards bring Brian before Pilate, but his questioning is cut short when the guards began uncontrollably laughing at the names of Pilate's friend from Rome Biggus Dickus and his wife Incontinentia Buttocks. Escaping, Brian is accidentally scooped up by a passing <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial</a> spaceship that crash lands back on Earth. He tries to blend in among prophets who are preaching in a busy plaza, repeating fragments of Jesus' sermons. Brian stops his sermon mid-sentence when some Roman soldiers depart, leaving his small but intrigued audience demanding to know more. Brian grows frantic when people chase him to the mountains, and there they declare him to be the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>. After spending the night with Judith, a naked Brian discovers an enormous crowd of followers assembled outside his mother's house. Her attempts at dispersing the crowd are rebuffed, so she consents to him addressing them. Although he tells them that they are all individuals and that they need to think for themselves, they ironically parrot his words as doctrine. The PFJ seek to exploit Brian's celebrity status by having him minister to a thronging crowd of followers demanding <a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">miracle cures</a>. Brian sneaks out the back, only to be captured by the Romans and sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>. In celebration of Passover, a crowd has assembled outside the palace of Pilate, who offers to pardon a prisoner of their choice as a show of friendship between the Romans and the people of Judea. However, the crowd shout out names containing the letter "r", mocking Pilate's <a href="/wiki/Rhotacism_(speech_impediment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotacism (speech impediment)">speech impediment</a>, and are further amused by his friend Biggus's <a href="/wiki/Lisp" title="Lisp">lisp</a>. Eventually, Judith appears in the crowd and calls for the release of Brian, which the crowd (assuming it is another joke) parrots, and Pilate agrees to "welease Bwian". The guards eventually catch up to Brian, who is already on the cross. But in a scene that parodies the climax of the film <a href="/wiki/Spartacus_(film)" title="Spartacus (film)">Spartacus</a>, various crucified people all claim to be Brian so they can be freed, and the wrong man is released.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Brian is successively approached and then abandoned by the PFJ, who praise his martyrdom, the Judean People's Front, who commit mass suicide as a form of political protest, Judith, and his scolding mother. As he despairs, the convict next to him leads the rest in a cheerful song, which Brian and the others join in with ("<a href="/wiki/Always_Look_on_the_Bright_Side_of_Life" title="Always Look on the Bright Side of Life">Always Look on the Bright Side of Life</a>").<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cast">Cast</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cast">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Chapman" title="Graham Chapman">Graham Chapman</a> as Brian Cohen (of Nazareth), Biggus Dickus, 2nd wise man</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Jones-Davies" title="Sue Jones-Davies">Sue Jones-Davies</a> as Judith Iscariot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a> as Reg, <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High priest</a>, Centurion of the Yard, Deadly Dirk, Arthur, 1st wise man</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a> as Another person further forward (at Mount – "Do you hear that? 'Blessed are the Greek'!"), Revolutionary, Blood and Thunder prophet, Geoffrey, Gaoler, Audience Member, Frank, Crucifee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Idle" title="Eric Idle">Eric Idle</a> as Mr Cheeky, Stan/Loretta, Harry the Haggler, Culprit woman who casts first stone, Warris, Intensely dull youth, Otto, Gaoler's assistant, Mr Frisbee III</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones" title="Terry Jones">Terry Jones</a> as Mandy Cohen (Brian's mother), Colin, Simon the Holy Man, Bob Hoskins, Saintly passer-by, Alarmed Crucifixion Assistant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Michael Palin</a> as Mr Big-Nose, Francis, Mrs A, Culprit woman who casts second stone, Ex-leper, Announcer, Ben, <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, Boring Prophet, Eddie, Shoe Follower, Nisus Wettus, 3rd wise man</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Bayler" title="Terence Bayler">Terence Bayler</a> as Mr Gregory, 2nd Centurion, Dennis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Cleveland" title="Carol Cleveland">Carol Cleveland</a> as Mrs Gregory, Woman #1, Elsie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McKeown" title="Charles McKeown">Charles McKeown</a> as False Prophet, Blind Man, Giggling Guard, Stig, Man #1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Colley" title="Kenneth Colley">Kenneth Colley</a> as <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Innes" title="Neil Innes">Neil Innes</a> as A Weedy <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(actor)" title="John Young (actor)">John Young</a> as Matthias</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwen_Taylor" title="Gwen Taylor">Gwen Taylor</a> as Mrs Big-Nose, Woman with ill donkey, Female heckler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Langham" title="Chris Langham">Chris Langham</a> as Alfonso, Giggling Guard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_MacLachlan" title="Andrew MacLachlan">Andrew MacLachlan</a> as Another Official Stoners Helper, Giggling Guard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_McKenna_(writer)" title="Bernard McKenna (writer)">Bernard McKenna</a> as Parvus, Official Stoners Helper, Giggling Guard, Sergeant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a> as Mr Papadopoulos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Knode" title="Charles Knode">Charles Knode</a> as Passer-by (uncredited)</li></ul> Several characters remained unnamed during the film but do have names that are used in the soundtrack album track listing and elsewhere. There is no mention in the film that Eric Idle's ever-cheerful joker is called "Mr Cheeky", or that the Roman guard played by Michael Palin is named "Nisus Wettus". <a href="/wiki/Spike_Milligan" title="Spike Milligan">Spike Milligan</a> appears as a prophet, ignored because his acolytes are chasing after Brian. By coincidence Milligan was visiting his old <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">World War II battlefields in Tunisia</a> where the film was being made. The Pythons were alerted to this and he was included in the scene being filmed that morning. He left in the afternoon before he could be included in any of the close-up or publicity shots for the film.<a href="#cite_note-Channel_4-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-production">Pre-production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-production">edit</a>]</div> There are various stories about the origins of Life of Brian. Shortly after the release of <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Monty Python and the Holy Grail</a> (1975), Eric Idle flippantly suggested that the title of the Pythons' forthcoming feature would be Jesus Christ: Lust for Glory (a play on the UK title for the 1970 American film <a href="/wiki/Patton_(film)" title="Patton (film)">Patton</a>, Patton: Ordeal and Triumph).<a href="#cite_note-From_Fringe_to_Flying_Circus-14">[14]</a> This was after he had become frustrated at repeatedly being asked what it would be called, despite the troupe not having given the matter of a third film any consideration. However, they shared a distrust of organised religion, and, after witnessing the critically acclaimed Holy Grail's enormous financial turnover, confirming an appetite among the fans for more cinematic endeavours, they began to seriously consider a film lampooning the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">New Testament era</a> in the same way that Holy Grail had lampooned <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian legend">Arthurian legend</a>. All they needed was an idea for a plot. Eric Idle and Terry Gilliam, while promoting Holy Grail in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, had come up with a sketch in which Jesus' cross is falling apart because of the idiotic carpenters who built it and he angrily tells them how to do it correctly. However, after an early <a href="/wiki/Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">brainstorming</a> stage, and despite being non-believers, they agreed that Jesus was "definitely a good guy" and found nothing to mock in his actual teachings: "He's not particularly funny, what he's saying isn't mockable, it's very decent stuff", said Idle later.<a href="#cite_note-autobiography-15">[15]</a> After settling on the name Brian for their new protagonist, one idea considered was that of "the 13th disciple".<a href="#cite_note-From_Fringe_to_Flying_Circus-14">[14]</a> The focus eventually shifted to a separate individual born at a similar time and location who would be mistaken for the Messiah, but had no desire to be followed as such.<a href="#cite_note-Bevan-16">[16]</a> The first draft of the screenplay, provisionally titled The Gospel According to St. Brian, was ready by Christmas 1976.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The final pre-production draft was ready in January 1978, following "a concentrated two-week writing and water-skiing period in <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>".<a href="#cite_note-MONTYPYTHONSCRAPBOOK-18">[18]</a> Python fan and former Beatle <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a> set up <a href="/wiki/HandMade_Films" title="HandMade Films">HandMade Films</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Denis_O%27Brien_(producer)" title="Denis O'Brien (producer)">Denis O'Brien</a> to help fund the film at a cost of £3 million.<a href="#cite_note-grdn-19">[19]</a> Harrison put up the money for it as he "wanted to see the movie"—later described by Terry Jones as the "world's most expensive cinema ticket".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The original backers—<a href="/wiki/EMI_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="EMI Films">EMI Films</a> and, particularly, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Delfont" title="Bernard Delfont">Bernard Delfont</a>—had been scared off at the last minute by the subject matter.<a href="#cite_note-From_Fringe_to_Flying_Circus-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-grdn-19">[19]</a> The very last words in the film are: "I said to him, 'Bernie, they'll never make their money back on this one'", teasing Delfont for his lack of faith in the project. Terry Gilliam later said, "They pulled out on the Thursday. The crew was supposed to be leaving on the Saturday. Disastrous. It was because they read the script ... finally."<a href="#cite_note-Welease_Bwian-21">[21]</a> As a reward for his help, Harrison appears in a <a href="/wiki/Cameo_appearance" title="Cameo appearance">cameo appearance</a> as Mr. Papadopoulos, "owner of the Mount", who briefly shakes hands with Brian in a crowd scene (at 1:08:50 in the film). His one word of dialogue (a cheery but out of place <a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Scouse</a> "'ullo") had to be dubbed in later by Michael Palin.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filming">Filming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Filming">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TUNISIE_MONASTIR_RIBAT_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/TUNISIE_MONASTIR_RIBAT_02.jpg/170px-TUNISIE_MONASTIR_RIBAT_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/TUNISIE_MONASTIR_RIBAT_02.jpg/255px-TUNISIE_MONASTIR_RIBAT_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/TUNISIE_MONASTIR_RIBAT_02.jpg/340px-TUNISIE_MONASTIR_RIBAT_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ribat_of_Monastir" title="Ribat of Monastir">Ribat of Monastir</a>, Tunisia. According to Michael Palin, the first scene filmed was the stoning scene along the outside wall.</figcaption></figure> Terry Jones was solely responsible for directing, having amicably agreed with Gilliam (who co-directed Holy Grail) to do so, with Gilliam concentrating on the look of the film.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Holy Grail's production had often been stilted by their differences behind the camera. Gilliam again contributed two animated sequences (one being the opening credits) and took charge of <a href="/wiki/Set_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Set design">set design</a>. However, this did not put an absolute end to their feuding. On the DVD commentary, Gilliam expresses pride in one set in particular, the main hall of <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fortress" title="Antonia Fortress">Pilate's fortress</a>, which had been designed so that it looked like an ancient synagogue that the Romans had converted by dumping <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">their structural artefacts</a> (such as marble floors and columns) on top. He reveals his consternation at Jones for not paying enough attention to it in the <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a>. Gilliam also worked on the <a href="/wiki/Matte_(filmmaking)" title="Matte (filmmaking)">matte</a> paintings, useful in particular for the very first shot of the three wise men against a star-scape and in giving the illusion of the whole of the outside of the fortress being covered in graffiti. Perhaps the most significant contribution from Gilliam was the scene in which Brian accidentally leaps off a high building and lands inside a starship about to engage in an interstellar war. This was done "in camera" using a hand-built model starship and miniature pyrotechnics. Gilliam recounted in an interview: "Well, we didn't know what to do with Brian. He got himself to the top of the tower and we had to rescue him somehow, so I said, 'OK, spaceship for that.' That was purely it."<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The film was shot on location in <a href="/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia" title="Monastir, Tunisia">Monastir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, which allowed the production to reuse sets from <a href="/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli" title="Franco Zeffirelli">Franco Zeffirelli</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth (film)">Jesus of Nazareth</a> (1977).<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The Tunisian shoot was documented by <a href="/wiki/Iain_Johnstone" title="Iain Johnstone">Iain Johnstone</a> for his BBC film <a href="/wiki/The_Pythons_(film)" title="The Pythons (film)">The Pythons</a>. Many locals were employed as extras on Life of Brian. Director Jones noted, "They were all very knowing because they'd all worked for Franco Zeffirelli on Jesus of Nazareth, so I had these elderly Tunisians telling me, 'Well, Mr Zeffirelli wouldn't have done it like that, you know.'"<a href="#cite_note-Welease_Bwian-21">[21]</a> Further location shooting also took place in Tunisia, at <a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a> (Jerusalem outer walls and gateway), <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Roman theatre</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Matmata,_Tunisia" title="Matmata, Tunisia">Matmata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a>).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1969-26">[26]</a> Graham Chapman, suffering from <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>, was so determined to play the lead role—at one point coveted by Cleese—that he sobered up in time for filming, so much so that he also acted as the on-set doctor.<a href="#cite_note-Channel_4-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rough_cut_and_pre-screenings">Rough cut and pre-screenings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rough cut and pre-screenings">edit</a>]</div> Following shooting between 16 September and 12 November 1978,<a href="#cite_note-MONTYPYTHONSCRAPBOOK-18">[18]</a> a two-hour <a href="/wiki/Rough_cut" title="Rough cut">rough cut</a> of the film was put together for its first private showing in January 1979. Over the next few months Life of Brian was re-edited and re-screened a number of times for different preview audiences, losing a number of entire filmed sequences.<a href="#cite_note-From_Fringe_to_Flying_Circus-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editing">Editing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Editing">edit</a>]</div> A number of scenes were cut during the editing process. Five <a href="/wiki/Deleted_scene" title="Deleted scene">deleted scenes</a>, a total of 13 minutes, including the controversial "Otto", were first made available in 1997 on the <a href="/wiki/Criterion_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Criterion Collection">Criterion Collection</a> <a href="/wiki/Laserdisc" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc">Laserdisc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> An unknown amount of raw footage was destroyed in 1998 by the company that bought Handmade Films. However, a number of them (of varying quality) were shown the following year on the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Comedy_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount Comedy Channel">Paramount Comedy Channel</a> in the UK. The scenes shown included three shepherds discussing sheep and completely missing the arrival of the angel heralding Jesus's birth, which would have been at the very start of the film; a segment showing the attempted kidnap of Pilate's wife (a large woman played by John Case) whose escape results in a fistfight; a scene introducing hardline <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> Otto, leader of the Judean People's Front (played by Eric Idle), and his men who practise a suicide run in the courtyard; and a brief scene in which Judith releases some birds into the air in an attempt to summon help. The shepherds' scene has badly distorted sound, and the kidnap scene has poor colour quality.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28">[28]</a> The same scenes that were on the Criterion <a href="/wiki/Laserdisc" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc">laserdisc</a> can now be found on the <a href="/wiki/Criterion_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Criterion Collection">Criterion Collection</a> DVD. The most controversial cuts were the scenes involving Otto, initially a recurring character, who had a thin <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> moustache and spoke with a German accent, shouting accusations of "racial impurity" at Judeans who were conceived (as Brian was) when their mothers were raped by Roman <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">centurions</a>, as well as other Nazi phrases. The logo of the Judean People's Front, designed by Terry Gilliam,<a href="#cite_note-immaculate-29">[29]</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a> with a small line added to each point so it resembled a <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a>, most familiar in the West as the symbol of the anti-Semitic Nazi movement. The rest of this faction also all had the same thin moustaches, and wore a spike on their helmets, similar to those on <a href="/wiki/Pickelhaube" title="Pickelhaube">Imperial German helmets</a>. The official reason for the cutting was that Otto's dialogue slowed down the narrative. However, Gilliam, writing in The Pythons Autobiography by The Pythons, said he thought it should have stayed, saying "Listen, we've alienated the Christians, let's get the Jews now." Idle himself was said to have been uncomfortable with the character; "It's essentially a pretty savage attack on rabid Zionism, suggesting it's rather akin to Nazism, which is a bit strong to take, but certainly a point of view."<a href="#cite_note-autobiography-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Michael Palin</a>'s personal journal entries from the period when various edits of Brian were being test-screened consistently reference the Pythons' and filmmakers' concerns that the Otto scenes were slowing the story down and thus were top of the list to be chopped from the final cut of the film.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1969-26">[26]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Brookes_University" title="Oxford Brookes University">Oxford Brookes University</a> historian David Nash says the removal of the scene represented "a form of self-censorship" and the Otto sequence "which involved a character representative of extreme forms of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>" was cut "in the interests of smoothing the way for the film's distribution in America."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The only scene with Otto that remains in the film is during the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a> sequence. Otto arrives with his "crack suicide squad", sending the Roman soldiers fleeing in terror. Instead of doing anything useful, the squad stab themselves to death as Brian watches. Terry Jones once mentioned that the only reason this excerpt was not cut too was due to <a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">continuity</a> reasons, as their dead bodies were very prominently placed throughout the rest of the scene. He acknowledged that some of the humour of this sole remaining contribution was lost through the earlier edits, but felt they were necessary to the overall pacing. Otto's scenes, and those with Pilate's wife, were cut from the film after the script had gone to the publishers, and so they can be found in the published version of the script. Also present is a scene where, after Brian has led the <a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica" title="Legio V Macedonica">Fifth Legion</a> to the headquarters of the People's Front of Judea, Reg (<a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a>) says "You cunt!! You stupid, bird-brained, flat-headed..."<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The profanity was overdubbed to "you klutz" before the film was released. Cleese approved of this editing as he felt the reaction to the profanity would "get in the way of the comedy."<a href="#cite_note-autobiography-15">[15]</a> An early listing of the sequence of sketches reprinted in Monty Python: The Case Against by Robert Hewison reveals that the film was to have begun with a set of sketches at an English public school. Much of this material was first printed in the <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Life_of_Brian_/_Monty_Python_Scrapbook" title="Monty Python's The Life of Brian / Monty Python Scrapbook">Monty Python's The Life of Brian / Monty Python Scrapbook</a> that accompanied the original script publication of The Life of Brian and then subsequently reused. The song "<a href="/wiki/All_Things_Dull_and_Ugly" class="mw-redirect" title="All Things Dull and Ugly">All Things Dull and Ugly</a>" and the parody scripture reading "Martyrdom of St. Victor" were performed on <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Contractual_Obligation_Album" title="Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album">Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album</a> (1980). The idea of a violent rugby match between school masters and small boys was filmed in <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Meaning_of_Life" title="Monty Python's The Meaning of Life">Monty Python's The Meaning of Life</a> (1983). A sketch about a boy who dies at school appeared on the unreleased <a href="/wiki/The_Hastily_Cobbled_Together_for_a_Fast_Buck_Album" title="The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album">The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album</a> (1981). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Soundtrack">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian_(album)" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian (album)">Monty Python's Life of Brian (album)</a></div> An album was also released by Monty Python in 1979 in conjunction with the film. In addition to the "<a href="/wiki/Brian_Song" title="Brian Song">Brian Song</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Always_Look_on_the_Bright_Side_of_Life" title="Always Look on the Bright Side of Life">Always Look on the Bright Side of Life</a>", it contains scenes from the film with brief linking sections performed by Eric Idle and Graham Chapman. The album opens with a brief rendition of "<a href="/wiki/Hava_Nagila" title="Hava Nagila">Hava Nagila</a>" on Scottish bagpipes. A CD version was released in 1997. An album of the songs sung in <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian_(album)" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian (album)">Monty Python's Life of Brian</a> was released on the Disky label. "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" was later re-released with great success, after being sung by British <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> fans. Its popularity became truly evident in 1982 during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> when sailors aboard the destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sheffield_(D80)" title="HMS Sheffield (D80)">HMS Sheffield</a>, severely damaged in an Argentinean <a href="/wiki/Exocet" title="Exocet">Exocet</a> missile attack on 4 May, started singing it while awaiting rescue.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Many people have come to see the song as a life-affirming ode to <a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">optimism</a>. One of its more famous renditions was by the dignitaries of <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>'s bid to host the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Olympic Games</a>, just after they were awarded to Sydney. Idle later performed the song as part of the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony" title="2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony">2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" is also featured in Eric Idle's <a href="/wiki/Spamalot" title="Spamalot">Spamalot</a>, a Broadway musical based upon <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Monty Python and the Holy Grail</a>, and was sung by the rest of the Monty Python group at Graham Chapman's memorial service and at the <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_at_Aspen" title="Monty Python Live at Aspen">Monty Python Live at Aspen</a> special. The song is a staple at <a href="/wiki/Iron_Maiden" title="Iron Maiden">Iron Maiden</a> concerts, where the recording is played after the final encore.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Release">Release</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Release">edit</a>]</div> For the original British and Australian releases, a spoof travelogue narrated by John Cleese, Away from It All, was shown before the film itself. It consisted mostly of stock travelogue footage and featured arch comments from Cleese. For instance, a shot of Bulgarian girls in ceremonial dresses was accompanied by the comment "Hard to believe, isn't it, that these simple happy folk are dedicated to the destruction of Western civilisation as we know it!", <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Communist Bulgaria</a> being a member of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> at the time. Not only was this a spoof of travelogues per se, it was a protest against the then common practice in Britain of showing cheaply made banal short features before a main feature. Life of Brian opened on 17 August 1979 in five North American theatres and grossed US$140,034 ($28,007 per screen) in its opening weekend. Its total gross was $19,398,164. It was the highest grossing British film in North America that year. Released on 8 November 1979 in the UK,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> the film was the fourth highest-grossing film in Britain in 1979. In London, it opened at the Plaza cinema and grossed £40,470 in its opening week.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> On 30 April 2004, Life of Brian was re-released on five North American screens to "cash in" (as Terry Jones put it)<a href="#cite_note-Python's_Jones_Passionate_About_'Life_Of_Brian's'_Return-38">[38]</a> on the box office success of <a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_the_Christ" title="The Passion of the Christ">The Passion of the Christ</a>. It grossed $26,376 ($5,275 per screen) in its opening weekend. It ran until October 2004, playing at 28 screens at its widest point, eventually grossing $646,124 during its re-release. By comparison, a re-release of <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Monty Python and the Holy Grail</a> had earned $1.8 million three years earlier. A DVD of the film was also released that year. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> Reviews from critics were mostly positive on the film's release. Movie historian <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Maltin" title="Leonard Maltin">Leonard Maltin</a> reported that "This will probably offend every creed and denomination equally, but it shouldn't. The funniest and most sustained feature from Britain's bad boys."<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Canby" title="Vincent Canby">Vincent Canby</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> called the film "the foulest-spoken biblical epic ever made, as well as the best-humored—a nonstop orgy of assaults, not on anyone's virtue, but on the funny bone. It makes no difference that some of the routines fall flat because there are always others coming along immediately after that succeed."<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> gave the film three stars out of four, writing, "What's endearing about the Pythons is their good cheer, their irreverence, their willingness to allow comic situations to develop through a gradual accumulation of small insanities."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene_Siskel" title="Gene Siskel">Gene Siskel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> gave the film three and a half stars, calling it "a gentle but very funny parody of the life of Jesus, as well as of biblical movies."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Thomas_(film_critic)" title="Kevin Thomas (film critic)">Kevin Thomas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> declared, "Even those of us who find Monty Python too hit-and-miss and gory must admit that its latest effort has numerous moments of hilarity."<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Clyde Jeavons of <a href="/wiki/The_Monthly_Film_Bulletin" title="The Monthly Film Bulletin">The Monthly Film Bulletin</a> wrote that the script was "occasionally over-raucous and crude", but found the second half of the film "cumulatively hilarious", with "a splendidly tasteless finale, which even <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> might envy."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grenier_(newspaper_columnist)" title="Richard Grenier (newspaper columnist)">Richard Grenier</a>, writing in the <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservative</a> magazine <a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a>, said "Life of Brian contains appreciably more mocking of faddish radicalism and Third World 'national-liberation movements' than it does of religion," citing numerous examples in the film of satire at the expense of "left-wing ideas about imperialism, feminism, and terrorism," reflecting a satirical omnivorousness that Grenier associated with "the tradition of what might be called 'Tory wit,' reaching back to <a href="/wiki/William_Congreve" title="William Congreve">Congreve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a> and all the way forward to <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Amis" title="Kingsley Amis">Kingsley Amis</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Grenier-45">[45]</a> Gary Arnold of <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> had a negative opinion of the film, writing that it was "a cruel fiction to foster the delusion that 'Brian' is bristling with blasphemous nifties and throbbing with impious wit. If only it were! One might find it easier to keep from nodding off."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:29%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Despite the numerous Biblical references, the film is not about Christ, but a nearly-messiah named Brian whose misfortune sees him worshipped by three wise but lost men, accrue disciples, and ultimately crucified for his efforts at pursuing a simple life. Funded by ex-<a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">Beatle</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a>, and fiercely lobbied against on its release, this film has secured a place in cinematic history." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Channel 4 entry for Life of Brian which ranked first on their list of the 50 Greatest Comedy Films.<a href="#cite_note-Channel4_Comedy-10">[10]</a></cite> </div> Over time, Life of Brian has regularly been cited as a significant contender for the title "greatest comedy film of all time", and has been named as such in polls conducted by <a href="/wiki/Total_Film" title="Total Film">Total Film</a> magazine in 2000,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-47">[47]</a> the British TV network <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> where it topped the poll in the <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_(TV_series)" title="100 Greatest (TV series)">50 Greatest Comedy Films</a>,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> lists it as one of the best reviewed comedies, with a 96% approval rating from 67 published reviews, with an average rating of 8.3/10. Its critical consensus reads, "One of the more cutting-edge films of the 1970s, this religious farce from the classic comedy troupe is as poignant as it is funny and satirical."<a href="#cite_note-RT-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a>, which uses a <a href="/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean" title="Weighted arithmetic mean">weighted average</a>, assigned the film a score of 77 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 1999 the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">BFI</a> declared Life of Brian to be the <a href="/wiki/BFI_Top_100_British_films" title="BFI Top 100 British films">28th best British film</a> of all time. It was the seventh highest ranking comedy on this list (four of the better placed efforts were classic <a href="/wiki/Ealing_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Ealing Films">Ealing Films</a>).<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Another Channel 4 poll in 2001 named it the 23rd greatest film of all time (the only comedy that came higher was <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Some_Like_It_Hot" title="Some Like It Hot">Some Like It Hot</a>, which was ranked 5th).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> A 2011 poll by <a href="/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)" title="Time Out (magazine)">Time Out</a> magazine ranked it as the third greatest comedy film ever made, behind <a href="/wiki/Airplane!" title="Airplane!">Airplane!</a> and <a href="/wiki/This_is_Spinal_Tap" class="mw-redirect" title="This is Spinal Tap">This is Spinal Tap</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Empire_(film_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire (film magazine)">Empire</a> magazine ranked Life of Brian 2nd in their list of the 100 best British films, with only <a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)" title="Lawrence of Arabia (film)">Lawrence of Arabia</a> ranking higher.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Various polls have voted the line, "He's not the Messiah, he's a very naughty boy!" (spoken by Brian's mother Mandy to the crowd assembled outside her house), to be the funniest in film history.<a href="#cite_note-line_poll-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Other famous lines from the film have featured in polls, such as, "What have the Romans ever done for us?" and "I'm Brian and so's my wife".<a href="#cite_note-line_poll-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_criticism_and_blasphemy_accusations">Initial criticism and blasphemy accusations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Initial criticism and blasphemy accusations">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Webster_(British_author)" title="Richard Webster (British author)">Richard Webster</a> comments in <a href="/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Blasphemy" title="A Brief History of Blasphemy">A Brief History of Blasphemy</a> (1990) that "internalised censorship played a significant role in the handling" of Monty Python's Life of Brian. In his view, "As a satire on religion, this film might well be considered a rather slight production. As blasphemy it was, even in its original version, extremely mild. Yet the film was surrounded from its inception by intense anxiety, in some quarters of the Establishment, about the offence it might cause. As a result it gained a certificate for general release only after some cuts had been made. Perhaps more importantly still, the film was shunned by the BBC and ITV, who declined to show it for fear of offending Christians in the UK. Once again a blasphemy was restrained – or its circulation effectively curtailed – not by the force of law but by the internalisation of this law."<a href="#cite_note-Blasphemy-57">[57]</a> On its initial release in the UK, the film was banned by several <a href="/wiki/Town_council" title="Town council">town councils</a> – some of which had no cinemas within their boundaries, or had not even seen the film. A member of <a href="/wiki/Harrogate_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrogate (borough)">Harrogate council</a>, one of those that banned the film, revealed during a television interview that the council had not seen the film, and had based their opinion on what they had been told by the <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_Festival_of_Light" title="Nationwide Festival of Light">Nationwide Festival of Light</a>, a grouping with an evangelical Christian base, of which they knew nothing.<a href="#cite_note-Channel_4-13">[13]</a> In New York (the film's release in the US preceded British distribution), screenings were <a href="/wiki/Picketing_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Picketing (protest)">picketed</a> by both rabbis and nuns ("Nuns with banners!" observed Michael Palin).<a href="#cite_note-autobiography-15">[15]</a> It was also banned for eight years in Ireland and for a year in Norway (it was marketed in Sweden as "The film that is so funny that it was banned in Norway").<a href="#cite_note-Python's_Jones_Passionate_About_'Life_Of_Brian's'_Return-38">[38]</a> During the film's theatrical run in Finland, a text explaining that the film was a parody of Hollywood historical epics was added to the opening credits.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In the UK, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Whitehouse" title="Mary Whitehouse">Mary Whitehouse</a>, and other traditionalist Christians, pamphleteered and picketed locations where the local cinema was screening the film, a campaign that was felt to have <a href="/wiki/Streisand_effect" title="Streisand effect">boosted publicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Leaflets arguing against the film's representation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> (for example, suggesting that the Wise Men would not have approached the wrong stable as they do in the opening of the film) were documented in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hewison" title="Robert Hewison">Robert Hewison</a>'s book Monty Python: The Case Against. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crucifixion_issue">Crucifixion issue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Crucifixion issue">edit</a>]</div> One of the most controversial scenes was the film's ending: Brian's <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>. Many Christian protesters said that it was mocking Jesus' suffering by turning it into a "Jolly Boys Outing" (such as when Mr Cheeky turns to Brian and says: "See, not so bad once you're up!"), capped by Brian's fellow sufferers suddenly bursting into song. This is reinforced by the fact that several characters throughout the film claim crucifixion is not as bad as it seems. For example, when Brian asks his cellmate in prison what will happen to him, he replies: "Oh, you'll probably get away with crucifixion". In another example, Matthias, an old man who works with the People's Front of Judea, dismisses crucifixion as "a doddle" and says being stabbed would be worse. The director, Terry Jones, issued the following response to this criticism: "Any religion that makes a form of torture into an icon that they worship seems to me a pretty sick sort of religion quite honestly."<a href="#cite_note-Channel_4-13">[13]</a> The Pythons also pointed out that crucifixion was a standard form of execution in ancient times and not just one especially reserved for Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Responses_from_the_cast">Responses from the cast</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Responses from the cast">edit</a>]</div> Shortly after the film was released, Cleese and Palin engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Friday_Night,_Saturday_Morning#Monty_Python's_Life_of_Brian" title="Friday Night, Saturday Morning">debate</a> on the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC2</a> discussion programme <a href="/wiki/Friday_Night,_Saturday_Morning" title="Friday Night, Saturday Morning">Friday Night, Saturday Morning</a> with <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Muggeridge" title="Malcolm Muggeridge">Malcolm Muggeridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Stockwood" title="Mervyn Stockwood">Mervyn Stockwood</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Bishop_of_Southwark" title="Anglican Bishop of Southwark">Bishop of Southwark</a>, who put forward arguments against the film. Muggeridge and Stockwood, it was later claimed, had arrived 15 minutes late to see a screening of the picture prior to the debate, missing the establishing scenes demonstrating that Brian and Jesus were two different characters, and hence contended that it was a send-up of Christ himself.<a href="#cite_note-autobiography-15">[15]</a> Both Pythons later felt that there had been a strange role reversal in the manner of the debate, with two young upstart comedians attempting to make serious, well-researched points, while the Establishment figures engaged in cheap jibes and point scoring. They also expressed disappointment in Muggeridge, whom all in Python had previously respected as a satirist (he had recently converted to Christianity after meeting <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> and experiencing what he described as a miracle). Cleese stated that his reputation had "plummeted" in his eyes, while Palin commented, "He was just being Muggeridge, preferring to have a very strong contrary opinion as opposed to none at all."<a href="#cite_note-autobiography-15">[15]</a> Muggeridge's verdict on the film was that it was "Such a tenth-rate film that it couldn't possibly destroy anyone's genuine faith." In a 2013 interview on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>, Cleese stated that having recently watched the discussion again he "was astonished, first of all, at how stupid [the two members of the Church] were, and how boring the debate became". He added: "I think the sad thing was that there was absolutely no attempt at a proper discussion – no attempt to find any common ground."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:29%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "We always stated Brian wasn't blasphemous, but heretical. It wasn't about what Christ was saying, but about the people who followed Him – the ones who for the next 2,000 years would torture and kill each other because they couldn't agree on what He was saying about peace and love." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Terry Jones speaking in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Bevan-16">[16]</a></cite> </div> The Pythons unanimously deny that they were ever out to destroy people's faith. On the <a href="/wiki/Audio_commentary_(DVD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio commentary (DVD)">DVD audio commentary</a>, they contend that the film is <a href="/wiki/Christian_heresy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian heresy">heretical</a> because it <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">lampoons</a> the practices of modern organised religion, but that it does not blasphemously lampoon the God that Christians and Jews worship. When Jesus does appear in the film (on the Mount, speaking the <a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a>), he is played straight (by actor <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Colley" title="Kenneth Colley">Kenneth Colley</a>) and portrayed with respect. The music and lighting make it clear that there is a genuine <a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">aura</a> around him. The comedy begins when members of the crowd mishear his statements of peace, love and tolerance ("I think he said, 'blessed are the cheese makers'").<a href="#cite_note-theologian-62">[62]</a> Importantly, he is distinct from the character of Brian, which is also evident in the scene where an annoying and ungrateful ex-<a href="/wiki/Leper" class="mw-redirect" title="Leper">leper</a> pesters Brian for money, while moaning that since Jesus cured him, he has lost his source of income in the begging trade (referring to Jesus as a "bloody do-gooder"). James Crossley, however, has argued that the film makes the distinction between Jesus and the character of Brian to make a contrast between the traditional Christ of both faith and cinema and the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">historical figure of Jesus</a> in critical scholarship and how critical scholars have argued that ideas later got attributed to Jesus by his followers. Crossley points out that the film uses the character of Brian to address a number of potentially controversial scholarly theories about Jesus, such as the <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Secret" title="Messianic Secret">Messianic Secret</a>, the Jewishness of Jesus, Jesus the revolutionary, and having a single mother.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In the DVD's audio commentary, Terry Gilliam says, "We were pilloried by religious groups on all sides from Jews to Catholics to Protestants. To me, what's important is that we managed to offend a lot of people. But as you notice, we were very cautious about offending any Muslims. We would say nothing negative about a Muslim, 'cause we'd get a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> after us. But your Jews, your Christians, they're easy to push around."<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Not all the Pythons agree on the definition of the movie's tone. There was a brief exchange that occurred when the surviving members reunited in Aspen, Colorado, in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-Aspen-65">[65]</a> In the section where Life of Brian is discussed, the following dialogue ensued:<a href="#cite_note-Aspen-65">[65]</a> <blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones" title="Terry Jones">Jones</a>: <q>I think the film is heretical, but it's not blasphemous.</q> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Idle" title="Eric Idle">Idle</a>: <q>It's a heresy.</q> <a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">Cleese</a>: <q>I don't think it's a heresy. It's making fun of the way that people misunderstand the teaching.</q> Jones: <q>Of course it's a heresy, John! It's attacking the Church! And that has to be heretical.</q> Cleese: <q>No, it's not attacking the Church, necessarily. It's about people who cannot agree with each other.</q> </blockquote> In a later interview, Jones said the film "isn't blasphemous because it doesn't touch on belief at all. It is heretical, because it touches on dogma and the interpretation of belief, rather than belief itself."<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:29%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Life of Brian is an extraordinary tribute to the life and work and teaching of Jesus – that they couldn't actually blaspheme or make a joke out of it. It is a wonderful satire on the way that Jesus's own teaching has been used to <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">persecute</a> others. They were satirising <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalism</a> and persecution of others and at the same time saying the one person who rises above all this was Jesus." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Theologian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burridge_(priest)" title="Richard Burridge (priest)">Richard Burridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-theologian-62">[62]</a></cite> </div> The film continues to cause controversy; in February 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Thomas_the_Martyr,_Newcastle" title="Church of St Thomas the Martyr, Newcastle">Church of St Thomas the Martyr</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a> held a public screening in the church itself, with song-sheets, organ accompaniment, stewards in costume and false beards for female members of the audience (alluding to an early scene where a group of women disguise themselves as men so that they are able to take part in a <a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">stoning</a>). Although the screening was a sell-out, some Christian groups, notably the conservative <a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(UK)" title="Christian Voice (UK)">Christian Voice</a>, were highly critical of the decision to allow the screening to go ahead. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Green_(Christian_Voice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Green (Christian Voice)">Stephen Green</a>, the head of Christian Voice, insisted that "You don't promote Christ to the community by taking the mick out of him." The Reverend Jonathan Adams, one of the church's clergy, defended his taste in comedy, saying that it did not mock Jesus, and that it raised important issues about the hypocrisy and stupidity that can affect religion.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Again on the film's DVD commentary, Cleese also spoke up for religious people who have come forward and congratulated him and his colleagues on the film's highlighting of double standards among purported followers of their own faith.<a href="#cite_note-autobiography-15">[15]</a> Some bans continued into the 21st century. In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay</a> Council finally permitted the film to be shown after it won an online vote for the English Riviera International Comedy Film Festival.<a href="#cite_note-TorbayBan-68">[68]</a> In 2009, it was announced that a thirty-year-old ban of the film in the Welsh town of <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth" title="Aberystwyth">Aberystwyth</a> had finally been lifted, and the subsequent showing was attended by <a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones" title="Terry Jones">Terry Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Michael Palin</a> alongside mayor <a href="/wiki/Sue_Jones-Davies" title="Sue Jones-Davies">Sue Jones-Davies</a> (who portrayed Judith Iscariot in the film).<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> However, before the showing, an <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth_University" title="Aberystwyth University">Aberystwyth University</a> student discovered that a ban had only been discussed by the council and in fact that it had been shown (or scheduled to be shown) at a cinema in the town in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In 2013, a German official in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia considered the film to be possibly offensive to Christians and hence subject to a local regulation prohibiting its public screening on <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, despite protests by local atheists.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_satire">Political satire</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Political satire">edit</a>]</div> The film pokes fun at revolutionary groups and 1970s <a href="/wiki/British_left" title="British left">British left-wing politics</a>. According to Roger Wilmut, "What the film does do is place modern stereotypes in a historical setting, which enables it to indulge in a number of sharp digs, particularly at trade unionists and guerilla organisations".<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> There are several groups in the film which oppose the <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Roman occupation of Judea</a>, but fall into the familiar pattern of intense competition among factions that appears, to an outsider, to be over ideological distinctions so small as to be invisible, thus portraying the phenomenon of the <a href="/wiki/Narcissism_of_small_differences" title="Narcissism of small differences">narcissism of small differences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Such disunity indeed fatally beleaguered real-life Judean resistance against Roman rule.<a href="#cite_note-Levick1999-77">[77]</a> Michael Palin says that the various separatist movements were modelled on "modern resistance groups, all with obscure acronyms which they can never remember and their conflicting agendas".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romani_ite_domum_HER_Museum_6_July_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Romani_ite_domum_HER_Museum_6_July_2018.jpg/220px-Romani_ite_domum_HER_Museum_6_July_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Romani_ite_domum_HER_Museum_6_July_2018.jpg/330px-Romani_ite_domum_HER_Museum_6_July_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Romani_ite_domum_HER_Museum_6_July_2018.jpg/440px-Romani_ite_domum_HER_Museum_6_July_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Romani_ite_domum" title="Romani ite domum">Romani ite domum</a> ("Romans go home"); recreation of the anti-Roman slogan (in the <a href="/wiki/Hull_and_East_Riding_Museum" title="Hull and East Riding Museum">Hull and East Riding Museum</a>) that Brian writes on the walls of the Jerusalem Palace to prove himself worthy to be a member of the People's Front of Judea</figcaption></figure> The People's Front of Judea, composed of the Pythons' characters, harangue their "rivals" with cries of "splitters" and stand vehemently opposed to the Judean People's Front, the Judean People's Popular Front, the Campaign for a Free <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, and the Popular Front of Judea (the last composed of a single old man,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> mocking the size of real revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a> factions). The infighting among revolutionary organisations is demonstrated most dramatically when the PFJ attempts to kidnap Pontius Pilate's wife, but encounters agents of the Campaign for a Free Galilee, and the two factions begin a violent brawl over which of them conceived of the plan first. When Brian exhorts them to cease their fighting to struggle "against the common enemy", the revolutionaries stop and cry in unison, "the Judean People's Front!" However, they soon resume their fighting and, with two Roman legionaries watching bemusedly, continue until Brian is left the only survivor, at which point he is captured. Other scenes have the freedom fighters wasting time in debate, with one of the debated items being that they should not waste their time debating so much. The famous "what have the Romans ever done for us" scene has drawn significant attention, with Python biographer George Perry noting, "The People's Liberation Front of Judea conducts its meetings as though they have been convened by a group of <a href="/wiki/Union_steward" class="mw-redirect" title="Union steward">shop stewards</a>".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> This joke is the reverse of a similar conversation recorded in the Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>;<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> some authors have even suggested the joke is based on the Talmudic text.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_analysis">Film analysis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Film analysis">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Themes_and_motifs">Themes and motifs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Themes and motifs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bible">Bible</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bible">edit</a>]</div> The depictions of Jesus in two short scenes at the start of the film are strongly based on Christian <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>. The resistance fighters leave the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>, which was a literal recital, angry because Jesus was too pacifistic for them. ("Well, blessed is just about everyone with a vested interest in the status quo…")<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In addition to the respectful depiction of Jesus, the film does not state that there is no God or that Jesus is not the son of God. The appearance of a leper, who says he was healed by Jesus, is in line with the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> and their reports about Jesus performing miracles.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Any direct reference to Jesus disappears after the introductory scenes, yet his life story partially acts as a framework and subtext for the story of Brian. Brian being a bastard of a Roman centurion could refer to the <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a> legend that Jesus was the son of the Roman soldier <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Panthera</a>. Disguised as a prophet, Brian talks about "<a href="/wiki/Matthew_6:28" title="Matthew 6:28">the lilies on the field</a>" and states more clearly, "<a href="/wiki/The_Mote_and_the_Beam" title="The Mote and the Beam">Don't pass judgment on other people or else you might get judged yourself</a>": Brian incoherently repeats statements he heard from Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Another significant figure in the film who is named in the Gospels is <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, the central antagonist. Although the humour largely involves Jews, there is no sinister Jew to compare with <a href="/wiki/Judas" class="mw-redirect" title="Judas">Judas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a>. An anti-Semitic interpretation of the story is therefore excluded, according to scholars.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The crucifixion scene, a central part of Christian iconography, is viewed from a historical context within the narrative style of the film. It is a historically accurate enactment of a routinely done mass crucifixion.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belief_and_dogmatism">Belief and dogmatism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Belief and dogmatism">edit</a>]</div> The intended subject of the satire was not Jesus and his teachings but religious <a href="/wiki/Dogmatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogmatism">dogmatism</a>, according to film theorists and statements from Monty Python.<a href="#cite_note-SinMPP-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> This is made clear in the beginning of the film during the Sermon on the Mount. Not only do the poor acoustics make it more difficult to hear what Jesus says, but the audience fails to interpret what was said correctly and sensibly. When Jesus said, "blessed are the peacemakers", the audience understands the phonetically similar word "Cheesemakers" and in turn interpret it as a metaphor and <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatification</a> of those who produce dairy products.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Life of Brian satirises, in the words of <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, the "strong propensity of mankind to [believe in] the extraordinary and the marvellous".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> When Brian cuts his sermon short and turns away from the crowd, they mistake his behaviour as not wanting to share the secret to eternal life and follow him everywhere.<a href="#cite_note-SinMPP-88">[88]</a> In their need to submit to an authority, the crowd declares him first a prophet and eventually a messiah. Even when Brian explicitly denies he is the Messiah, they still follow him, rationalizing that only the true Messiah would have the humility to deny his own divine status. The faithful gather beneath Brian's window en masse to receive God's blessing. This is when Brian utters the main message of the film "you don't need to follow anybody! You've got to think for yourselves!" Monty Python saw this central message of the satire confirmed with the protests of practising Christians after the film was released.<a href="#cite_note-Morgan-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-93">[93]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Stan: I want to be a woman. From now on I want you all to call me Loretta. Reg: What!? Stan: It's my right as a man. Judith: Why do you want to be Loretta, Stan? Stan: I want to have babies. Reg: You want to have babies?!?!?! Stan: It's every man's right to have babies if he wants them. Reg: But you can't have babies. Stan: Don't you oppress me. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Dialogue from The Inalienable Rights scene, with Stan (Idle), Reg (Cleese) and Judith (Jones-Davies).<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></cite> </div> According to Terry Jones, Life of Brian "is not <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> but <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>",<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> because Brian contested the authority of the Church whereas the belief in God remained untouched. He goes on to mention that "Christ [is] saying all of these wonderful things about people living together in peace and love, and then for the next two thousand years people are putting each other to death in His name because they can't agree on how He said it, or in what order He said it."<a href="#cite_note-Morgan-92">[92]</a> The dispute among the followers about the correct interpretation of a sandal, which Brian lost, is in the words of Terry Jones the "history of the Church in three minutes".<a href="#cite_note-Morgan-92">[92]</a> Kevin Shilbrack shares the view that you can enjoy the movie and still be religious.<a href="#cite_note-SinMPP-88">[88]</a> For the most part, lost in the religious controversy was the film's mockery of factional dogmatism among <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> parties. According to John Cleese, an almost unmanageable number of left-wing organisations and parties was formed back then in the United Kingdom. He said that it had been so important to each of them to have one pure doctrine that they would rather fight each other than their political opponent.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In the film, rather than presenting a <a href="/wiki/Common_front" title="Common front">common front</a> as their organisational names should imply, the leader of the People's Front of Judea makes it clear that their hate for the Judean Peoples's Front is greater than their hate for the Romans. They are so caught up in constant debates that the "rather looney bunch of revolutionaries"<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> indirectly accept the occupying forces as well as their execution methods as a fate they all have to endure. So, in the end, even though they have ample opportunity to rescue Brian, they instead leave Brian on the cross, thanking him for his sacrifice.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Hardly mentioned in the discussion was the sideswipe at the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's movement">women's movement</a>, which started to draw a lot of attention in the 1970s. In accordance with the language of political activists, resistance fighter Stan wants to exercise "his right as a man" to be a woman. The group accepts him from that moment on as Loretta, because the right to give birth was not theirs to take. Also as a result from that, the term sibling replaces the terms brother or sister.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Individuality_and_meaninglessness">Individuality and meaninglessness</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Individuality and meaninglessness">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:43%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Brian: "Look, you've got it all wrong. You don't need to follow me. You don't need to follow anybody. You've got to think for yourselves. You're all individuals." Crowd in unison: "YES. WE'RE ALL INDIVIDUALS." Single person in crowd: "I'm not..." </blockquote> </div> One of the most commented-upon scenes in the film is when Brian tells his followers that they are all individuals and don't need to follow anybody.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> According to Edward Slowik, this is a rare moment in which Monty Python puts a philosophical concept into words so openly and directly.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Life of Brian accurately depicts the <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialist</a> view that everybody needs to give meaning to their own life.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Brian can thus be called an existentialist following the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>. He is honest to himself and others and lives as authentic a life as he can. However, Brian is too naïve to be called a hero based on the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>. For Camus, the search for the meaning of one's own life takes place in a deeply meaningless and abstruse world. The "<a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">absurd</a> hero" rebels against this meaninglessness and at the same time holds on to their goals, although they know their fight leaves no impact in the long run. Contrary to that, Brian isn't able to recognize the meaninglessness of his own situation and therefore can't triumph over it.<a href="#cite_note-Philosophy_pp.14-103">[103]</a> In Monty Python and Philosophy, Kevin Shilbrack states that the fundamental view of the film is that the world is absurd, and every life needs to be lived without a greater meaning. He points out that the second-last verse of the song the film finishes on, "<a href="/wiki/Always_Look_on_the_Bright_Side_of_Life" title="Always Look on the Bright Side of Life">Always Look on the Bright Side of Life</a>", expresses this message clearly: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> For life is quite absurd And death's the final word You must always face the curtain with a bow. Forget about your sin – give the audience a grin Enjoy it, it's your last chance anyhow. </div></blockquote> Shilbrack concludes that the finale shows that the executions had no purpose since the deaths were meaningless and no better world was waiting for them.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> On this note, some people would claim that the film presents a <a href="/wiki/Nihilistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihilistic">nihilistic</a> world view which contradicts any basis of religion.<a href="#cite_note-Philosophy_pp.14-103">[103]</a> However, Life of Brian offers humour to counterbalance the nihilism, Shilbrack states in his text. He comments that "religion and humour are compatible with each other and you should laugh about the absurdity since you can't fight it."<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> Spin-offs include a script-book <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Life_of_Brian_/_Monty_Python_Scrapbook" title="Monty Python's The Life of Brian / Monty Python Scrapbook">The Life of Brian of Nazareth</a>, which was printed back-to-back with <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Life_of_Brian_/_Monty_Python_Scrapbook" title="Monty Python's The Life of Brian / Monty Python Scrapbook">MONTYPYTHONSCRAPBOOK</a> as a single book. The printing of this book also caused problems, due to rarely used laws in the United Kingdom against blasphemy, dictating what can and cannot be written about religion. The publisher refused to print both halves of the book, and original prints were by two companies.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Julian Doyle, the film's editor, wrote The Life of Brian/Jesus, a book which not only describes the filmmaking and editing process but argues that it is the most accurate Biblical film ever made. In October 2008, a memoir by <a href="/wiki/Kim_%22Howard%22_Johnson" title="Kim "Howard" Johnson">Kim "Howard" Johnson</a> titled Monty Python's Tunisian Holiday: My Life with Brian was released. Johnson became friendly with the Pythons during the filming of Life of Brian and the book is based on his notes and memories of the behind-the-scenes filming and make-up.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> With the success of Eric Idle's musical retelling of Monty Python and the Holy Grail, called <a href="/wiki/Spamalot" title="Spamalot">Spamalot</a>, Idle announced that he would be giving Life of Brian a similar treatment. The <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Not_the_Messiah_(He%27s_a_Very_Naughty_Boy)" title="Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy)">Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy)</a>, was commissioned to be part of the festival called <a href="/wiki/Luminato" title="Luminato">Luminato</a> in Toronto in June 2007, and was written/scored by Idle and <a href="/wiki/John_Du_Prez" title="John Du Prez">John Du Prez</a>, who also worked with Idle on Spamalot. Not the Messiah is a spoof of <a href="/wiki/Handel" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel">Handel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a>. It runs approximately 50 minutes, and was conducted at its world premiere by <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Toronto Symphony Orchestra">Toronto Symphony Orchestra</a> music director <a href="/wiki/Peter_Oundjian" title="Peter Oundjian">Peter Oundjian</a>, who is Idle's cousin.<a href="#cite_note-Brian_gets_Musical-108">[108]</a> Not the Messiah received its US premiere at the <a href="/wiki/Caramoor_International_Music_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Caramoor International Music Festival">Caramoor International Music Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Katonah,_New_York" title="Katonah, New York">Katonah</a>, New York. Oundjian and Idle joined forces once again for a double performance of the oratorio in July 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Messiah_US_Premiere-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_media">Other media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other media">edit</a>]</div> In October 2011, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Four" title="BBC Four">BBC Four</a> premiered the <a href="/wiki/Television_film" title="Television film">made-for-television</a> comedy film <a href="/wiki/Holy_Flying_Circus" title="Holy Flying Circus">Holy Flying Circus</a>, written by Tony Roche and directed by Owen Harris. The "Pythonesque" film explores the events surrounding the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Friday_Night,_Saturday_Morning#Monty_Python's_Life_of_Brian" title="Friday Night, Saturday Morning">television debate</a> on talk show <a href="/wiki/Friday_Night,_Saturday_Morning" title="Friday Night, Saturday Morning">Friday Night, Saturday Morning</a> between John Cleese and Michael Palin and <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Muggeridge" title="Malcolm Muggeridge">Malcolm Muggeridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Stockwood" title="Mervyn Stockwood">Mervyn Stockwood</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Bishop_of_Southwark" title="Anglican Bishop of Southwark">Bishop of Southwark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RowanAtkinsonMar07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/RowanAtkinsonMar07.jpg/170px-RowanAtkinsonMar07.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/RowanAtkinsonMar07.jpg/255px-RowanAtkinsonMar07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/RowanAtkinsonMar07.jpg/340px-RowanAtkinsonMar07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="1566" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson" title="Rowan Atkinson">Rowan Atkinson</a> lampooned the pompous behaviour from the bishop Mervyn Stockwood in the <a href="/wiki/Friday_Night,_Saturday_Morning#Monty_Python's_Life_of_Brian" title="Friday Night, Saturday Morning">TV debate</a> a week later in a sketch on <a href="/wiki/Not_the_Nine_O%27Clock_News" title="Not the Nine O'Clock News">Not the Nine O'Clock News</a></figcaption></figure> In a <a href="/wiki/Not_the_Nine_O%27Clock_News" title="Not the Nine O'Clock News">Not the Nine O'Clock News</a> sketch, a bishop who has directed a scandalous film called The Life of Christ is hauled over the coals by a representative of the "Church of Python", claiming that the film is an attack on "Our Lord, John Cleese" and on the members of Python, who, in the sketch, are the objects of Britain's true religious faith. This was a parody of the infamous Friday Night, Saturday Morning programme, broadcast a week previously. The bishop (played by <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson" title="Rowan Atkinson">Rowan Atkinson</a>) claims that the reaction to the film has surprised him, as he "didn't expect the <a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Inquisition_(Monty_Python)" title="The Spanish Inquisition (Monty Python)">Spanish Inquisition</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Welease-111">[111]</a> Radio host John Williams of Chicago's <a href="/wiki/WGN_(AM)" title="WGN (AM)">WGN 720 AM</a> has used "<a href="/wiki/Always_Look_on_the_Bright_Side_of_Life" title="Always Look on the Bright Side of Life">Always Look on the Bright Side of Life</a>" in a segment of his Friday shows. The segment is used to highlight good events from the past week in listeners' lives and what has made them smile.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In the 1997 film <a href="/wiki/As_Good_as_It_Gets" title="As Good as It Gets">As Good as It Gets</a>, the misanthropic character played by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a> sings "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" as evidence of the character's change in attitude.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> A BBC history series <a href="/wiki/What_the_Romans_Did_for_Us" title="What the Romans Did for Us">What the Romans Did for Us</a>, written and presented by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Hart-Davis" title="Adam Hart-Davis">Adam Hart-Davis</a> and broadcast in 2000, takes its title from Cleese's rhetorical question "What have the Romans ever done for us?" in one of the film's scenes. (Cleese himself parodied this line in a 1986 BBC advert defending the <a href="/wiki/Television_licensing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Television licensing in the United Kingdom">Television Licence Fee</a>: "What has the BBC ever given us?").<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Former British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Questions" title="Prime Minister's Questions">Prime Minister's Questions</a> of 3 May 2006 made a shorthand reference to the types of political groups, "Judean People's Front" or "People's Front of Judea", lampooned in Life of Brian.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> This was in response to a question from the Labour MP <a href="/wiki/David_Clelland" title="David Clelland">David Clelland</a>, asking "What has the Labour government ever done for us?" – itself a parody of John Cleese's "What have the Romans ever done for us?" On New Year's Day 2007, and again on New Year's Eve, UK television station <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> dedicated an entire evening to the Monty Python phenomenon, during which an hour-long documentary was broadcast called The Secret Life of Brian about the making of The Life of Brian and the controversy that was caused by its release. The Pythons featured in the documentary and reflected upon the events that surrounded the film. This was followed by a screening of the film itself.<a href="#cite_note-Channel_4-13">[13]</a> The documentary (in a slightly extended form) was one of the special features on the 2007 DVD re-release – the "Immaculate Edition", also the first Python release on <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray</a>. In June 2014 <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> hosted an academic conference on the film, in which internationally renowned Biblical scholars and historians discussed the film and its reception, looking both at how the Pythons had made use of scholarship and texts, and how the film can be used creatively within modern scholarship on the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In a panel discussion, including Terry Jones and theologian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burridge_(priest)" title="Richard Burridge (priest)">Richard Burridge</a>, John Cleese described the event as "the most interesting thing to come out of Monty Python".<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The papers from the conference have gone on to prompt the publication of a book, edited by <a href="/wiki/Joan_E._Taylor" title="Joan E. Taylor">Joan E. Taylor</a>, the conference organiser, Jesus and Brian: Exploring the Historical Jesus and His Times via Monty Python's Life of Brian, published by Bloomsbury in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BFI_Top_100_British_films" title="BFI Top 100 British films">BFI Top 100 British films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_considered_the_best" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films considered the best">List of films considered the best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deux_heures_moins_le_quart_avant_J%C3%A9sus-Christ" title="Deux heures moins le quart avant Jésus-Christ">Deux heures moins le quart avant Jésus-Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Clarence" title="The Book of Clarence">The Book of Clarence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/monty-pythons-life-brian-1970-4">"Monty Python's Life of Brian (AA)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification">British Board of Film Classification</a>. 24 August 1979. Retrieved 21 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian+%28AA%29&rft.pub=British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft.date=1979-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Freleases%2Fmonty-pythons-life-brian-1970-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Life-of-Brian-(UK)-(1979)">"Life of Brian (1979)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Numbers_(website)" title="The Numbers (website)">The Numbers</a>. Retrieved 31 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Numbers&rft.atitle=Life+of+Brian+%281979%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-numbers.com%2Fmovie%2FLife-of-Brian-%28UK%29-%281979%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0079470/">"Monty Python's Life of Brian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a>. 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Harper Collins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/montypythonspeak00morg/page/247">247-249</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0380804794" title="Special:BookSources/0380804794"><bdi>0380804794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monty+Python+speaks%21&rft.pages=247-249&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0380804794&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmontypythonspeak00morg%2Fpage%2F247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1990" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Kim "Howard" (1990). 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London: Plexus Publishing Limited. pp. 205–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85965-107-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85965-107-X"><bdi>0-85965-107-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+200+years+of+Monty+Python&rft.place=London&rft.pages=205-213&rft.pub=Plexus+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-85965-107-X&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Kim+%22Howard%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190907114254/http://www.mit.edu/afs.new/sipb/user/ayshames/Python/LORETTA.PYTHON">"The Inalienable Rights scene from "Monty Python's Life of Brian""</a>. MIT. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mit.edu/afs.new/sipb/user/ayshames/Python/LORETTA.PYTHON">the original</a> on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT&rft.atitle=The+Inalienable+Rights+scene+from+%22Monty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mit.edu%2Fafs.new%2Fsipb%2Fuser%2Fayshames%2FPython%2FLORETTA.PYTHON&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman,_GrahamCleese,_JohnGilliam,_TerryIdle,_Eric2003" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Graham; Cleese, John; Gilliam, Terry; Idle, Eric; et al. (2003). The Pythons Autobiography by The Pythons. London: Orion Publishing Group. pp. 272–307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7528-5293-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7528-5293-0"><bdi>0-7528-5293-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pythons+Autobiography+by+The+Pythons&rft.place=London&rft.pages=272-307&rft.pub=Orion+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7528-5293-0&rft.au=Chapman%2C+Graham&rft.au=Cleese%2C+John&rft.au=Gilliam%2C+Terry&rft.au=Idle%2C+Eric&rft.au=Jones%2C+Terry&rft.au=Palin%2C+Michael&rft.au=with+McCabe%2C+Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> John Cleese, Chapter 7 on Immaculate Edition DVD </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> cf. Tatum, p.154 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwebel2007" class="citation journal cs1">Schwebel, Florian (March 2007). "Den Blumen eine Chance". Schnitt-Das Filmmagazin (47): 27–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Schnitt-Das+Filmmagazin&rft.atitle=Den+Blumen+eine+Chance&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=27-28&rft.date=2007-03&rft.aulast=Schwebel&rft.aufirst=Florian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> cf. Tatum, pp.151-162 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818192829/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/read-this/49-of-monty-pythons-most-absurdly-funny-jokes-and-quotes/">"49 of Monty Python's most absurdly funny jokes and quotes"</a>. Yorkshire Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/read-this/49-of-monty-pythons-most-absurdly-funny-jokes-and-quotes/">the original</a> on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yorkshire+Post&rft.atitle=49+of+Monty+Python%27s+most+absurdly+funny+jokes+and+quotes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkshirepost.co.uk%2Fread-this%2F49-of-monty-pythons-most-absurdly-funny-jokes-and-quotes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Slowik in Monty Python and Philosophy, p. 178 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Slowik in Monty Python and Philosophy, p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-Philosophy_pp.14-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philosophy_pp.14_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philosophy_pp.14_103-1">b</a> Shilbrack in Monty Python and Philosophy, pp.14–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Shilbrack in Monty Python and Philosophy, p.20 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Shilbrack in Monty Python and Philosophy, p.23 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> See Hewison. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120914084850/http://www.thomasdunnebooks.com/TD_TitleDetail.aspx?ISBN=0312533799">Monty Python's Tunisian Holiday by Kim "Howard" Johnson at ThomasDunneBooks.com</a>. Retrieved 31 August 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brian_gets_Musical-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Brian_gets_Musical_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBC_Arts2006" class="citation news cs1">CBC Arts (18 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/python-gang-reunited-as-spamalot-opens-in-london-1.597258">"Python gang reunited as Spamalot opens in London"</a>. CBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061030024206/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2006/10/18/python-gang.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Python+gang+reunited+as+Spamalot+opens+in+London&rft.date=2006-10-18&rft.au=CBC+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fentertainment%2Fpython-gang-reunited-as-spamalot-opens-in-london-1.597258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Messiah_US_Premiere-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Messiah_US_Premiere_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweitzer2007" class="citation web cs1">Schweitzer, Vivien (10 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbillarts.com/news/article/6298.html">"Not the Messiah, Eric Idle's Comic Oratorio, to have U.S. Premiere at Caramoor Festival"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PlaybillArts" class="mw-redirect" title="PlaybillArts">PlaybillArts</a>. Retrieved 8 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Not+the+Messiah%2C+Eric+Idle%27s+Comic+Oratorio%2C+to+have+U.S.+Premiere+at+Caramoor+Festival&rft.pub=PlaybillArts&rft.date=2007-04-10&rft.aulast=Schweitzer&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.playbillarts.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F6298.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1981637/">"Holy Flying Circus"</a>. 19 October 2011 – via IMDb.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holy+Flying+Circus&rft.date=2011-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1981637%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welease-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Welease_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2003/mar/28/artsfeatures1">"Welease Bwian"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 5 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Welease+Bwian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2003%2Fmar%2F28%2Fartsfeatures1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905125620/https://wgnradio.com/2017/05/19/always-look-on-the-bright-side-of-life-05-18-17/">"Always look on the Bright Side of Life!"</a>. WGN Radio. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wgnradio.com/2017/05/19/always-look-on-the-bright-side-of-life-05-18-17/">the original</a> on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WGN+Radio&rft.atitle=Always+look+on+the+Bright+Side+of+Life%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwgnradio.com%2F2017%2F05%2F19%2Falways-look-on-the-bright-side-of-life-05-18-17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyrino2005" class="citation book cs1">Cyrino, Monica Silveira (2 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32gPTvDhLAMC&pg=PA187">Big Screen Rome</a>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405116848" title="Special:BookSources/9781405116848"><bdi>9781405116848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Screen+Rome&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2005-12-02&rft.isbn=9781405116848&rft.aulast=Cyrino&rft.aufirst=Monica+Silveira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D32gPTvDhLAMC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEJGRNrbmNc">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheyWorkForYou2006" class="citation web cs1">TheyWorkForYou (3 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=2006-05-03a.958.5#g963.2">"House of Commons Debates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MySociety" title="MySociety">mySociety</a>. Retrieved 30 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+of+Commons+Debates&rft.pub=mySociety&rft.date=2006-05-03&rft.au=TheyWorkForYou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theyworkforyou.com%2Fdebates%2F%3Fid%3D2006-05-03a.958.5%23g963.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_of_Commons2006" class="citation web cs1">House of Commons (3 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/vo060503/debtext/60503-03.htm#60503-03_spmin17">"House of Commons Hansard Debates for 3 May 2006 (pt 3)"</a>. column 963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+of+Commons+Hansard+Debates+for+3+May+2006+%28pt+3%29&rft.pages=column+963&rft.date=2006-05-03&rft.au=House+of+Commons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200506%2Fcmhansrd%2Fvo060503%2Fdebtext%2F60503-03.htm%2360503-03_spmin17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101233647/https://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/trs/events/jandb/index.aspx">"King's College London – Jesus and Brian: A Conference on the Historical Jesus and his Times"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/trs/events/jandb/index.aspx">the original</a> on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King%27s+College+London+%E2%80%93+Jesus+and+Brian%3A+A+Conference+on+the+Historical+Jesus+and+his+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcl.ac.uk%2Fartshums%2Fdepts%2Ftrs%2Fevents%2Fjandb%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CspatcnNWSg">"Interview with John Cleese and Terry Jones"</a>. King's College London. 28 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211103/CspatcnNWSg">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+John+Cleese+and+Terry+Jones&rft.pub=King%27s+College+London&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DCspatcnNWSg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/jesus-and-brian-9780567658319">"Jesus and Brian"</a>. Bloomsbury.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+Brian&rft.pub=Bloomsbury.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsbury.com%2Fuk%2Fjesus-and-brian-9780567658319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_R.2004" class="citation book cs1">Philip R., Davies (14 June 2004). "Life of Brian Research". Whose Bible Is It Anyway? (2nd ed.). London & New York: <a href="/wiki/T%26T_Clark" title="T&T Clark">T&T Clark</a> International. pp. 142–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08073-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08073-0"><bdi>0-567-08073-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+of+Brian+Research&rft.btitle=Whose+Bible+Is+It+Anyway%3F&rft.pages=142-155&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=London+%26+New+York%3A+T%26T+Clark+International&rft.date=2004-06-14&rft.isbn=0-567-08073-0&rft.aulast=Philip+R.&rft.aufirst=Davies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"> This book chapter discusses the ancient sources which may have been used in the film and its critical take on theology.</li> <li>Hewison, Robert. Monty Python: The Case Against. New York: Grove, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-48660-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-48660-5">0-413-48660-5</a>. This book discusses at length the censorship and controversy surrounding the film.</li> <li>Vintaloro, Giordano. "Non sono il Messia, lo giuro su Dio!" – Messianismo e modernità in Life of Brian dei Monty Python. Trieste: Battello Stampatore, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-87208-44-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-87208-44-3">978-88-87208-44-3</a>. [Italian: "I'm not the Messiah, honestly!" – Messianism and modernity in Monty Python's "Life of Brian"]. This book analyses the film structure as a hypertext and Brian the Messiah as a modern leader figure.</li> <li>Larsen, Darl. A Book about the Film Monty Python's Life of Brian. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1538103654" title="Special:BookSources/978-1538103654">978-1538103654</a>.</li> <li>Tatum, W. Barnes. Jesus at the movies. Polebridge Press, Santa Rosa 1997, revised and expanded 2004, S. 149–162, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-944344-67-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-944344-67-4">0-944344-67-4</a></li> <li>Hardcastle, Gary L, and George A. Reisch. Monty Python and Philosophy: Nudge Nudge, Think Think! Chicago, Ill: Open Court, 2006. Print. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8126-9593-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8126-9593-3">0-8126-9593-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">The Story of Brian (Monty Python's Life of Brian: The Immaculate Edition DVD). <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Home_Entertainment" title="Sony Pictures Home Entertainment">Sony Pictures Home Entertainment</a>. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Brian&rft.pub=Sony+Pictures+Home+Entertainment&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonty+Python%27s+Life+of+Brian" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External 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href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/monty_pythons_life_of_brian">Monty Python's Life of Brian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metacritic.com/movie/life-of-brian">Monty Python's Life of Brian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24953#P1712" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/463571/">Monty Python's Life of Brian</a> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">BFI</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Screenonline" title="Screenonline">Screenonline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071002222808/http://www.mwscomp.com/movies/brian/brian.htm">Monty Python's Life of Brian film script</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0934946/">The Secret Life of Brian</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> – A 2007 documentary about the controversy surrounding the film.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/68-monty-python-s-life-of-brian">Monty Python's Life of Brian</a> an essay by George Perry at the <a 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Chapman" title="Graham Chapman">Graham Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Idle" title="Eric Idle">Eric Idle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones" title="Terry Jones">Terry Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Michael Palin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Cleveland" title="Carol Cleveland">Carol Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Innes" title="Neil Innes">Neil Innes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus">Flying Circus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus_episodes" title="List of Monty Python's Flying Circus episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Fliegender_Zirkus" title="Monty Python's Fliegender Zirkus">Fliegender Zirkus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Personal_Best" title="Monty Python's Personal Best">Personal Best</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/And_Now_for_Something_Completely_Different" title="And Now for Something Completely Different">And Now for Something Completely Different</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Life of Brian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_at_the_Hollywood_Bowl" title="Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl">Live at the Hollywood Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Meaning_of_Life" title="Monty Python's The Meaning of Life">The Meaning of Life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Crimson_Permanent_Assurance" title="The Crimson Permanent Assurance">The Crimson Permanent Assurance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studio albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Another_Monty_Python_Record" title="Another Monty Python Record">Another Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Previous_Record" title="Monty Python's Previous Record">Previous Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Monty_Python_Matching_Tie_and_Handkerchief" title="The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerchief">Matching Tie and Handkerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Album_of_the_Soundtrack_of_the_Trailer_of_the_Film_of_Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian_(album)" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian (album)">Life of Brian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Contractual_Obligation_Album" title="Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album">Contractual Obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Meaning_of_Life_(album)" title="Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (album)">The Meaning of Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compilation albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Monty_Python_Instant_Record_Collection" title="The Monty Python Instant Record Collection">Instant Record Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Rip_Off" title="The Final Rip Off">Final Rip Off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Sings" title="Monty Python Sings">Sings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ultimate_Monty_Python_Rip_Off" title="The Ultimate Monty Python Rip Off">Ultimate Rip Off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Instant_Monty_Python_CD_Collection" title="The Instant Monty Python CD Collection">Instant CD Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Total_Rubbish" title="Monty Python's Total Rubbish">Total Rubbish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus_(album)" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus (album)">Flying Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_at_Drury_Lane" title="Live at Drury Lane">Live at Drury Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_at_City_Center" title="Monty Python Live at City Center">Live at City Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parrot_Sketch_Not_Included_%E2%80%93_20_Years_of_Monty_Python" title="Parrot Sketch Not Included – 20 Years of Monty Python">Parrot Sketch Not Included</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_at_Aspen" title="Monty Python Live at Aspen">Live at Aspen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Night_%E2%80%93_30_Years_of_Monty_Python" title="Python Night – 30 Years of Monty Python">Python Night</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Pythons_(film)" title="The Pythons (film)">The Pythons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Python" title="Life of Python">Life of Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python:_Almost_the_Truth_(Lawyers_Cut)" title="Monty Python: Almost the Truth (Lawyers Cut)">Almost the Truth (Lawyers Cut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python:_And_Now_for_Something_Rather_Similar" title="Monty Python: And Now for Something Rather Similar">And Now for Something Rather Similar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python:_The_Meaning_of_Live" title="Monty Python: The Meaning of Live">The Meaning of Live</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage productions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spamalot" title="Spamalot">Spamalot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_the_Messiah_(He%27s_a_Very_Naughty_Boy)" title="Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy)">Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_Without_Monty_Python" title="An Evening Without Monty Python">An Evening Without Monty Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_(Mostly)" title="Monty Python Live (Mostly)">Live (Mostly)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Big_Red_Book" title="Monty Python's Big Red Book">Big Red Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brand_New_Monty_Python_Bok" title="The Brand New Monty Python Bok">Brand New Bok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail_(Book)" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail (Book)">Holy Grail (Book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Life_of_Brian_/_Monty_Python_Scrapbook" title="Monty Python's The Life of Brian / Monty Python Scrapbook">Life of Brian/SCRAPBOOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Meaning_of_Life_(book)" title="Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (book)">The Meaning of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus:_Just_the_Words" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus: Just the Words">Just the Words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fairly_Incomplete_%26_Rather_Badly_Illustrated_Monty_Python_Song_Book" title="The Fairly Incomplete & Rather Badly Illustrated Monty Python Song Book">Song Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Pocketful_of_Python" title="A Pocketful of Python">A Pocketful of Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pythons_Autobiography_by_The_Pythons" title="The Pythons Autobiography by The Pythons">The Pythons Autobiography by The Pythons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live!" title="Monty Python Live!">Live!</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus:_The_Computer_Game" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus: The Computer Game">Flying Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Complete_Waste_of_Time" title="Monty Python's Complete Waste of Time">Complete Waste of Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_%26_the_Quest_for_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python & the Quest for the Holy Grail">Quest for the Holy Grail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Meaning_of_Life_(video_game)" title="Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (video game)">The Meaning of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Cow_Tossing" title="Monty Python's Cow Tossing">Cow Tossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Ministry_of_Silly_Walks" title="Monty Python's The Ministry of Silly Walks">The Ministry of Silly Walks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mr_Praline" title="Mr Praline">Mr Praline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Colonel_(Monty_Python)" title="The Colonel (Monty Python)">The Colonel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr_Creosote" title="Mr Creosote">Mr Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_of_Caerbannog" title="Rabbit of Caerbannog">Rabbit of Caerbannog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recurring_Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus_characters" title="List of recurring Monty Python's Flying Circus characters">Other characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_sketches" class="mw-redirect" title="Monty Python sketches">Sketches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albatross_sketch" title="Albatross sketch">Albatross!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Elk%27s_Theory_on_Brontosauruses" title="Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses">Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architects_Sketch" title="Architects Sketch">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_Clinic" title="Argument Clinic">Argument Clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruces_sketch" title="Bruces sketch">Bruces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheese_Shop_sketch" title="Cheese Shop sketch">Cheese Shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_%22Bomber%22_Harris_vs_Colin_%22Bomber%22_Harris" title="Colin "Bomber" Harris vs Colin "Bomber" Harris">Colin "Bomber" Harris vs Colin "Bomber" Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchy_Frog" title="Crunchy Frog">Crunchy Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Parrot_sketch" title="Dead Parrot sketch">Dead Parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dirty_Fork" title="The Dirty Fork">Dirty Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_Hungarian_Phrasebook" title="Dirty Hungarian Phrasebook">Dirty Hungarian Phrasebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Night_Special" title="Election Night Special">Election Night Special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_Licence" title="Fish Licence">Fish Licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fish-Slapping_Dance" title="The Fish-Slapping Dance">Fish-Slapping Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Yorkshiremen_sketch" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Yorkshiremen sketch">Four Yorkshiremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Funniest_Joke_in_the_World" title="The Funniest Joke in the World">The Funniest Joke in the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Not_to_Be_Seen_sketch" class="mw-redirect" title="How Not to Be Seen sketch">How Not to Be Seen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro_Expedition" title="Kilimanjaro Expedition">Kilimanjaro Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_sketch" title="Lifeboat sketch">Lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_Guidance_Counsellor" title="Marriage Guidance Counsellor">Marriage Guidance Counsellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ministry_of_Silly_Walks" title="The Ministry of Silly Walks">Ministry of Silly Walks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mouse_Problem" title="The Mouse Problem">Mouse Problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudge_Nudge" title="Nudge Nudge">Nudge Nudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_Abuse" title="Patient Abuse">Patient Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophers%27_Football_Match" title="The Philosophers' Football Match">Philosophers' Football Match</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piranha_Brothers" title="Piranha Brothers">Piranha Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Peckinpah%27s_%22Salad_Days%22" title="Sam Peckinpah's "Salad Days"">Sam Peckinpah's "Salad Days"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seduced_Milkmen" title="Seduced Milkmen">Seduced Milkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spam_(Monty_Python_sketch)" title="Spam (Monty Python sketch)">Spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Inquisition_(Monty_Python)" title="The Spanish Inquisition (Monty Python)">Spanish Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertakers_sketch" title="Undertakers sketch">Undertakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Class_Twit_of_the_Year" title="Upper Class Twit of the Year">Upper Class Twit of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_Guidance_Counsellor" title="Vocational Guidance Counsellor">Vocational Guidance Counsellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Forum/Communist_Quiz" title="World Forum/Communist Quiz">World Forum/Communist Quiz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Always_Look_on_the_Bright_Side_of_Life" title="Always Look on the Bright Side of Life">Always Look on the Bright Side of Life</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Brian_Song" title="Brian Song">Brian Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bruces%27_Philosophers_Song" title="Bruces' Philosophers Song">Bruces' Philosophers Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Decomposing_Composers" title="Decomposing Composers">Decomposing Composers</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Eric_the_Half-a-Bee" title="Eric the Half-a-Bee">Eric the Half-a-Bee</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Every_Sperm_Is_Sacred" title="Every Sperm Is Sacred">Every Sperm Is Sacred</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Finland_(song)" title="Finland (song)">Finland</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Song" title="Galaxy Song">Galaxy Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Bet_You_They_Won%27t_Play_This_Song_on_the_Radio" title="I Bet You They Won't Play This Song on the Radio">I Bet You They Won't Play This Song on the Radio</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Like_Chinese" title="I Like Chinese">I Like Chinese</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I%27ve_Got_Two_Legs" title="I've Got Two Legs">I've Got Two Legs</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Lumberjack_Song" title="The Lumberjack Song">The Lumberjack Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Medical_Love_Song" title="Medical Love Song">Medical Love Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell_(song)" title="Oliver Cromwell (song)">Oliver Cromwell</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sit_on_My_Face" title="Sit on My Face">Sit on My Face</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Monty_Python_projects" title="List of Monty Python projects">List of Monty Python projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Foot_of_Cupid" class="mw-redirect" title="The Foot of Cupid">The Foot of Cupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Footlights_Revue" title="Cambridge Footlights Revue">Cambridge Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Sorry,_I%27ll_Read_That_Again" title="I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again">I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Frost_Report" title="The Frost Report">The Frost Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_Last_the_1948_Show" title="At Last the 1948 Show">At Last the 1948 Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twice_a_Fortnight" title="Twice a Fortnight">Twice a Fortnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_Not_Adjust_Your_Set" title="Do Not Adjust Your Set">Do Not Adjust Your Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Have_Ways_of_Making_You_Laugh" title="We Have Ways of Making You Laugh">We Have Ways of Making You Laugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broaden_Your_Mind" title="Broaden Your Mind">Broaden Your Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Irritate_People" title="How to Irritate People">How to Irritate People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_and_Utter_History_of_Britain" title="The Complete and Utter History of Britain">The Complete and Utter History of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Tomlinson_(singer)" title="Fred Tomlinson (singer)">The Fred Tomlinson Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach_Yourself_Heath" title="Teach Yourself Heath">Teach Yourself Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(Monty)_Pictures" title="Python (Monty) Pictures">Python (Monty) Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Tiny_Black_Round_Thing" title="Monty Python's Tiny Black Round Thing">Tiny Black Round Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Fegg%27s_Nasty_Book_for_Boys_and_Girls" title="Bert Fegg's Nasty Book for Boys and Girls">Bert Fegg's Nasty Book for Boys and Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland_Weekend_Television" title="Rutland Weekend Television">Rutland Weekend Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawlty_Towers" title="Fawlty Towers">Fawlty Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripping_Yarns" title="Ripping Yarns">Ripping Yarns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Trees" title="Out of the Trees">Out of the Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Poke_in_the_Eye_(With_a_Sharp_Stick)" title="A Poke in the Eye (With a Sharp Stick)">A Poke in the Eye (With a Sharp Stick)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_v._American_Broadcasting_Companies,_Inc." title="Monty Python v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc.">Monty Python v. ABC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_On_Song" title="Python On Song">Python On Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_You_Need_Is_Cash" title="All You Need Is Cash">All You Need Is Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Policeman%27s_Ball" title="The Secret Policeman's Ball">The Secret Policeman's Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Liar%27s_Autobiography:_Volume_VI" title="A Liar's Autobiography: Volume VI">A Liar's Autobiography: Volume VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hastily_Cobbled_Together_for_a_Fast_Buck_Album" title="The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album">The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wind_in_the_Willows_(1996_film)" title="The Wind in the Willows (1996 film)">The Wind in the Willows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live" title="Monty Python Live">Monty Python Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_for_George" title="Concert for George">Concert for George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaries_1969%E2%80%931979:_The_Python_Years" title="Diaries 1969–1979: The Python Years">Diaries 1969–1979: The Python Years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seventh_Python" title="The Seventh Python">The Seventh Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Flying_Circus" title="Holy Flying Circus">Holy Flying Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Liar%27s_Autobiography:_The_Untrue_Story_of_Monty_Python%27s_Graham_Chapman" title="A Liar's Autobiography: The Untrue Story of Monty Python's Graham Chapman">A Liar's Autobiography: The Untrue Story of Monty Python's Graham Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolutely_Anything" title="Absolutely Anything">Absolutely Anything</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Terry_Jones" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Terry_Jones" title="Template:Terry Jones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Terry_Jones" title="Template talk:Terry Jones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Terry_Jones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Terry Jones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Terry_Jones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones" title="Terry Jones">Terry Jones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books written</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Fegg%27s_Nasty_Book_for_Boys_and_Girls" title="Bert Fegg's Nasty Book for Boys and Girls">Bert Fegg's Nasty Book for Boys and Girls</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_Tales_(Jones_book)" title="Fairy Tales (Jones book)">Fairy Tales</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Saga_of_Erik_the_Viking" title="The Saga of Erik the Viking">The Saga of Erik the Viking</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicobobinus" title="Nicobobinus">Nicobobinus</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams%27s_Starship_Titanic:_A_Novel" title="Douglas Adams's Starship Titanic: A Novel">Douglas Adams's Starship Titanic: A Novel</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_Machines" title="Evil Machines">Evil Machines</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films directed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Monty Python and the Holy Grail</a> (1975)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monty Python's Life of Brian</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Meaning_of_Life" title="Monty Python's The Meaning of Life">Monty Python's The Meaning of Life</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Services" title="Personal Services">Personal Services</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Viking" title="Erik the Viking">Erik the Viking</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wind_in_the_Willows_(1996_film)" title="The Wind in the Willows (1996 film)">The Wind in the Willows</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolutely_Anything" title="Absolutely Anything">Absolutely Anything</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films written only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/And_Now_for_Something_Completely_Different" title="And Now for Something Completely Different">And Now for Something Completely Different</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_at_the_Hollywood_Bowl" title="Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl">Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinth_(1986_film)" title="Labyrinth (1986 film)">Labyrinth</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_(Mostly)" title="Monty Python Live (Mostly)">Monty Python Live (Mostly)</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV series created</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_and_Utter_History_of_Britain" title="The Complete and Utter History of Britain">The Complete and Utter History of Britain</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus">Monty Python's Flying Circus</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Fliegender_Zirkus" title="Monty Python's Fliegender Zirkus">Monty Python's Fliegender Zirkus</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripping_Yarns" title="Ripping Yarns">Ripping Yarns</a> (1976–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades_(TV_series)" title="Crusades (TV series)">Crusades</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazing_Dragons" title="Blazing Dragons">Blazing Dragons</a> (1996–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Inventions" title="Ancient Inventions">Ancient Inventions</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones%27_Medieval_Lives" title="Terry Jones' Medieval Lives">Terry Jones' Medieval Lives</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_1" title="The Story of 1">The Story of 1</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones%27_Barbarians" title="Terry Jones' Barbarians">Terry Jones' Barbarians</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_Bust_Boom" title="Boom Bust Boom">Boom Bust Boom</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_%26_the_Quest_for_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python & the Quest for the Holy Grail">Monty Python & the Quest for the Holy Grail</a> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Graham_Chapman" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Graham_Chapman" title="Template:Graham Chapman"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Graham_Chapman" title="Template talk:Graham Chapman"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Graham_Chapman" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Graham Chapman"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Graham_Chapman" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Chapman" title="Graham Chapman">Graham Chapman</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films written</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Christian_(film)" title="The Magic Christian (film)">The Magic Christian</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Rise_of_Michael_Rimmer" title="The Rise and Rise of Michael Rimmer">The Rise and Rise of Michael Rimmer</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/And_Now_for_Something_Completely_Different" title="And Now for Something Completely Different">And Now for Something Completely Different</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Monty Python and the Holy Grail</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Odd_Job" title="The Odd Job">The Odd Job</a> (1978)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monty Python's Life of Brian</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_at_the_Hollywood_Bowl" title="Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl">Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Meaning_of_Life" title="Monty Python's The Meaning of Life">Monty Python's The Meaning of Life</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowbeard" title="Yellowbeard">Yellowbeard</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake%27s_Journey" title="Jake's Journey">Jake's Journey</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV series created</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Frost_Report" title="The Frost Report">The Frost Report</a> (1966–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_Last_the_1948_Show" title="At Last the 1948 Show">At Last the 1948 Show</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus">Monty Python's Flying Circus</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Fliegender_Zirkus" title="Monty Python's Fliegender Zirkus">Monty Python's Fliegender Zirkus</a> (1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books written</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Liar%27s_Autobiography" class="mw-redirect" title="A Liar's Autobiography">A Liar's Autobiography</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Liar%27s_Autobiography:_The_Untrue_Story_of_Monty_Python%27s_Graham_Chapman" title="A Liar's Autobiography: The Untrue Story of Monty Python's Graham Chapman">A Liar's Autobiography: The Untrue Story of Monty Python's Graham Chapman</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_(Mostly)" title="Monty Python Live (Mostly)">Monty Python Live (Mostly)</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="HandMade_Films" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HandMade_Films" title="Template:HandMade Films"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HandMade_Films" title="Template talk:HandMade Films"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HandMade_Films" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HandMade Films"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="HandMade_Films" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/HandMade_Films" title="HandMade Films">HandMade Films</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_O%27Brien_(producer)" title="Denis O'Brien (producer)">Denis O'Brien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monty Python's Life of Brian</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Sense_of_Freedom" title="A Sense of Freedom">A Sense of Freedom</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Good_Friday" title="The Long Good Friday">The Long Good Friday</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Bandits" title="Time Bandits">Time Bandits</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_at_the_Hollywood_Bowl" title="Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl">Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrubbers" title="Scrubbers">Scrubbers</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Missionary" title="The Missionary">The Missionary</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privates_on_Parade_(film)" title="Privates on Parade (film)">Privates on Parade</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullshot_(film)" title="Bullshot (film)">Bullshot</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Private_Function" title="A Private Function">A Private Function</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_(1985_film)" title="Water (1985 film)">Water</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_(film)" title="Mona Lisa (film)">Mona Lisa</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Surprise" title="Shanghai Surprise">Shanghai Surprise</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withnail_and_I" title="Withnail and I">Withnail and I</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellman_and_True" title="Bellman and True">Bellman and True</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Passion_of_Judith_Hearne" title="The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne">The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_29" title="Track 29">Track 29</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Corners_(film)" title="Five Corners (film)">Five Corners</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Raggedy_Rawney" title="The Raggedy Rawney">The Raggedy Rawney</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checking_Out_(1989_film)" title="Checking Out (1989 film)">Checking Out</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Get_Ahead_in_Advertising" title="How to Get Ahead in Advertising">How to Get Ahead in Advertising</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powwow_Highway" title="Powwow Highway">Powwow Highway</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Dog_Soup_(film)" title="Cold Dog Soup (film)">Cold Dog Soup</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuns_on_the_Run" title="Nuns on the Run">Nuns on the Run</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wrong_Guy" title="The Wrong Guy">The Wrong Guy</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock,_Stock_and_Two_Smoking_Barrels" title="Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels">Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manolete_(film)" title="Manolete (film)">Manolete</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty_Dead_Men_Walking" title="Fifty Dead Men Walking">Fifty Dead Men Walking</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_51" title="Planet 51">Planet 51</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cracks_(film)" title="Cracks (film)">Cracks</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/127_Hours" title="127 Hours">127 Hours</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eloise:_The_Animated_Series" title="Eloise: The Animated Series">Eloise: The Animated Series</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Bandits_(TV_series)" title="Time Bandits (TV series)">Time Bandits</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316753486">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4353122-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no97072864">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16461019k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16461019k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=unn2012702109&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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